This Country has completed two generations (60 years) as an independent nation in
the year 2007. Now one can evaluate the performance of this country in terms of
improvement in socio-economic conditions and quality of life of SCs and
STs under the leadership of upper Manuvadi Jaathi 1st(brahmin), 2nd(Kshtriya), 3rd(baniya) athmas , who are ruling this
country after independence. They had governed this country under the
modern Constitution  which preaches liberty, equality,
fraternity and justice in the fields of social, economic and political.
Before entering into these domains it is better to under the population
profile of this country. The socio-economic conditions of SCs and STs is dealt
in three sections.

Section- I

Distribution of Population in the Manuvadi Social Order

   
Distribution of population in the Manuvadi social order analyses the
dissection of  population based on different social groups to
understand their de-facto socio-economic status in the  society.
The Manuvadi social order involves the Manuvadi social order and the
societies of other Religious Minorities. The distribution of population
based on the jaathi system of the Manuvadi social order is as follows:

   
According to 2001 census based on religion, 80.5 percent of the people
are Manuvadis, followed by 13.5 percent Muslims and other social groups
including Christians, Sikhs, Buddhists, Zoroastrians etc. constitute
around 6 percent of the  population. Among the Manuvadi, 43 percent
of people belong to the OBCs, followed by 26 percent of upper Jaathi Manuvadis
which includes 11percent upper Jaathi Shudras, 22 percent are SCs
and 9 percent are STs (which the Manuvadi Jaathis believe that they have
no athmas so that they can do whatever they wished to do where as
Buddha never believed in any athma. he said all are equal)

    As far as other religions such as
Muslims, Sikhs, Christians and Buddhists are concerned, they are formed
from the converts from different jaathis. Therefore jaathi is the
foundation of all religions here. If all jaathis and religions are
merged together, the population of this country based on social groups would
constitute 41 percent of OBCs, 30.5 percent of upper jaathi Manuvadis who
include upper jaathi Shudras, 20 percent of SCs and 8.5 percent of STs.
This is how the jaathi based distribution of population has taken place
in this country.

    The Manuvadi
social order (80.5% population of India) consists of brahmins,
kshatriyas, vaishyas, shudras (OBCs) and Ati-Shudras (SCs and STs).
There are 3.5percent of brahmins, 5.5percent of kshatriyas and 6percent
of vaishyas (Baniyas) in the country. Out of the total population, these
people constitute 15 percent and have been the upper jaathi
minority Manuvadis. These people have been foreigners and
have absolute social status and economic power in this society.
Contrary to this, the indigenous people being 85percent of total
population  have been the majority. They are shudras (OBCs),
Ati-Shudras (SCs/ STs) and Religious Minorities (RMs). The RMs includes
Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, and Buddhists etc. Among these RM’s’, Most
Backward jaathis and SC/ST Muslims, SC/ST Christians, SC/ST Sikhs and
Buddhists are the most backward in their socio-economic conditions.
These people have the least social status and economic power in the Manuvadi social order. 

    The shudras comprise around 54 percent
of the Manuvadi
population. Among the shudras, about 11 percent are upper jaathi 
Shudras and remaining 43percent constitute the Most Backward jaathis
(MBCs). They are below the upper jaathi Manuvadi people in social
status and economic power.

    The Religious Minorities
constitute around 20percent of the population. The Religious
Minorities comprise of 15percent of Muslims, 2.5percent of Christians,
2.5percent of Sikhs and they are below the shudras in social status and
economic power. The SCs and STs, who are 20percent and 10percent
respectively, in the total population of this country, have been untouchables. All together their population is 30percent of
the Manuvadi population. They have been the lower jaathis in the Manuvadi
social order. These people do not have any social status in the Manuvadi
social order and economically they have been absolutely poor and
disempowered.

    The population has been distributed in the
Manuvadi social order as shown in the below pyramid. Even though the
Religious Minorities have remained outside the jaathi system of the Manuvadi
social order, their social status and economic power have been put in
the middle of the pyramid in the Manuvadi social order. Even the Rajinder
Sachar Committee report has identified the deprivation based on jaathi
among Muslims. Among Muslims ‘Ashrafs’ are converts from upper jaathi Manuvadis, ‘Ajlafs’ are from OBC’s and ‘Arzals’ are from SC’s. According to
that study report, ‘arzal’ Muslims are the worst sufferers of social
deprivation as they are converts from SC’s (Neena Vyas, 2006).  The
Rajinder Sachar Committee report has noted that “In fact, by and large,
Muslims rank somewhat above the SC’s and ST’s but below OBC’s and upper
caste Hindus in almost all indicators considered” (Vidya Subrahmanian,
2006).    

 Manuvadi Social Order and Her population
 
                                                                       
                                                                       
                              
                                                      
Upper jaathi Manuvadis 15%                                               
               
                                                                 OBCs
(Shudras) 36%                                                           
                                                              
Religious Minorities 20%                                               
                                                                  STs
9%                                                                        
                                                                       
    SCs 20%

                                     Manuvadi Social Order

 
    Even the Chairperson of the National Commission for Enterprises in
the Unorganised Sector (Arjun Sengupta) in his research Report has
collected the opinions of the Manuvadis regarding their identity and has
concluded that the Manuvadi society has strong jaathi foundations. As noted
by Arjun Sengupta “so far they did not have a voice but certainly a
strong individual identity based primarily on their religion or jaathi”
(Arjun Sengupta, 2007).

The followers of Islam and Christianity
were originally indigenous people of this country. Today’s Muslims converted to
Islam religion 800 years ago due to the unbearable inequality,
persecution and atrocities perpetrated on SC’s, ST’s and OBC’s by the
upper jaathi Manuvadis.
In the case of Christians, the people of the lower jathi embraced
Christianity, when the Britishers came to this country and even
today people from SC’s and ST’s are converting to Christianity because
of the same reason. The Manuvadi religion is based on the principles of
inequality, rated jaathi system, jaathi based discrimination and jaathi
based professions and practice of untouchability. Unfortunately, today,
in this country, the Islam and Christianity also practice the jaathi system. The Manuvadi unequal principles have penetrated into these two religions as
well. This is evident from the formation of ‘SC/ST Muslims’ and ‘SC/ST
Christians’ in these religions. In Islam, Arzals are converts from
untouchables (SCs), Ajlafs are converts from OBC’s and Ashrafs are
converts from the upper jaathi Manuvadis. In Islam, SC/ST converts have
remained backward and are constituted as SC/ST Muslims. They are
Khatiks, Mehters, Bhangis, Halakhors, Mochis, Mukris and Garudis
(Rajinder Sachar, 2006). In Christianity, again SC/ST converts have
remained backward and have become SC/ST Christians.

Genetic profile of Indians 

Currently, brahmins, kshtriyas and vaishyas have been the upper jaathi 
manuvadis and are actually the foreigners who came from central Asia
and
they are the minority people. The majority people of PRABUDDHA BHARATH
are shudras,
SCs, STs and Religious Minorities who are the indigenous people together
comprise 85percent of  jaathi  manuvadis population and are the lower  jaathi majority people. The 15percent upper jaathi  minority people are
foreigners and have their roots from central Asia, and the evidences are
available in the fields of Archeology, Anthropology, Linguistics and
history. Besides this, the scientists of genetics have also confirmed
this.

     Balasubramanian. D (2003) in his article has examined
the findings of the DNA analysis of
the PRABUDDHA BHARATH’s population by Prof. Partha Mujumder and
colleagues of
Kolkatta in their study on the origin and ethnicity of the people,
published in the journal, ‘Genome Research’ of the October 2000
issue. This has given an authoritative Genomic view of ethnic PRABUDDHA
BHARATH. The
Dravidian (DR) tribal were widespread throughout before the
arrival of the Indo-European (IE) nomads. This conclusion is consistent
with historical and linguistic inferences (Thapar, Renfrew). The latter
suggests that when the rated jaathi system was formed after the arrival
of the IE speakers about 3500ybp, many indigenous DR people embraced
(freely or forced) the jaathi system. As the IE speakers advanced into
the Gangetic plain, many of the DR tribes retreated to the Southern
parts of PRABUDDHA BHARATH to avoid dominance. According to their findings the
central Asian populations have contributed to the genetic profiles of
upper jaathis, more so in the north of PRABUDDHA BHARATH than in the south. They are
also genetically closer to the upper jaathis than to the middle and lower jaathi population of PRABUDDHA BHARATH. The same conclusion is reached by the
earlier DNA analysis of Andhra University Scientists B. B. Rao, M.
Naidu, B. V. R. Prasad and others.

    In the rated
social jaathi pyramid, one finds a descending scale of (worthiness)
respect and dignity (status) as one goes towards the lower jaathis. That
means there is a descending order from brahmins who have been placed at
the summit down to the untouchables who are at the bottom of the pyramid
and have no (even minimum) social status and opportunities. In other
words in this social order one can see the ascending order of
empowerment of privileges, opportunities, power, respect and dignity and
a descending order of deprivation of power, privileges, opportunities
and only contempt and disrespect towards the lower castes. This Manuvadi
Social Order is an unequal rated jaathi system. It has discrimination as
high and low, which leads to acute exploitation. This jaathi system has
separated the people into exclusive communities and made no
communications and relations among these jaathis. In this unequal 
social order the upper jaathi manuvadi  minority people are getting
advantages in all fields of life whereas the lower jaathi majority people
are reeling under from all sorts of disadvantages and disabilities.
Besides this, the alien upper jaathi manuvadi people have become the ruling
class, while the indigenous lower jaathi majority
people have become the
servile class. Thus even though the Constitution instructs to the
government to establish the social democracy in the country the present
ruling jaathi  has not materialized this goal. Instead of this they are
continuing the tyranny on SCs and STs  through their social
intolerance, social boycott and practice of untouchability.

Social Intolerance and Atrocities

   
Social intolerance is the consequence of social inequality. When the
lower jaathi  people claim their rights for equality and liberty, the
upper jaathi manuvadi people commit atrocities against these lower jaathi 
people. They make not only physical assault on these people but also
impose social and economic boycott to make them fall in line according
to their set of mind and rules. This is because, when the lower jaathi 
people claim equality with upper jaathi manuvadi, this not only hurts their
feelings of superiority but also damages their socio-economic
privileges. Hence they impose social and economic boycott and commit
atrocities against SC’s, ST’s and MBCs. This is what is called social
intolerance. The social boycott includes economic boycott. The upper jaathi people not only prohibit social association and gathering but also
prohibit engaging lower jaathi  people for work.

 Subsequently as
these people are wage earners and they cannot bear the burden of social
boycott, which snatches away their very livelihood. So that, they are
forced to surrender to the upper jaathi dictates in the villages.

Estimates of Atrocities on SC/STs

Numerous

atrocities which are unaccountable are committed on SC/STs on a daily
basis. Some massacres and atrocities have been committed along
with the support of the state organs e.g. State police commit atrocities
against SC/STs and the government is insensitive even to these kinds of
extreme atrocities. An animal (Cow) has more value than the lives of
SC/STs. According to the Chairman of SCs/STs Commission of Karnataka,
Nehru Olekar (2008) “Even animals are treated well by people these days,
However, SC/STs were treated inhumanly and it is miserable to see them
distanced from the mainstream”. Further, he said that untouchability
continued to be practiced rampantly in many places of Karnataka.
According to the report of the National Commission for SC’s and ST’s
1997-98, New Delhi, between 1995 and 1997, 1617 SC/STs were killed in
jaathi related incidents and 90925 were assaulted.

According to
Hudagi more than 42,000 SC/STs were massacred after Independence, but
only a negligible percentage of cases ended up convicting the accused.
Further he has said that the conviction rate in cases relating to the
atrocities on SC/STs was abysmally low. Since Independence out of 3.60
lakh atrocities cases registered in the country, only 4600 cases
constituting 1.27 percent cases ended up in conviction (Special
Correspondent, 2006). While analysing the efficacy of the SCs/STs
(Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989,  “only
one percent of the 1.43 lakh cases registered under the Act resulted in
conviction every year. This was in contrast to 40 percent conviction in
cases registered under the Indian Penal Code”.Criticised
the police and the judiciary for “jaathivadi bias” while dealing with
crimes against the SC/STs. The police unilaterally disposed of the 50
percent of the 30,000 cases relating to crime against the SC/STs without
any trial in the year 2000, while one of the judges had asked how the
“jaathivadi bias” in an upper jaathi man involved in the rape of a SC
woman could be proved (Special Reporter, 2009). This judge, while
delivering a judgment relating to the rape on a SC woman states that
an upper jaathi man cannot rape a SC woman. This is how the jaathivadi
bias runs in the  judiciary. According to the National Crime
Records Bureau’s records for the period 1995-2007, under the SCs/STs
(Prevention of Atrocities) Act of 1989, the police registered 441424
crimes committed on SCs and STs, but the field survey estimates suggest
that the recorded figure is about one-third of the actual figure
(Sivaramakrishnan Aravind, 2010).

The conviction rate in jaathi
atrocity cases committed against SC’s in 2007 was 50.7percent in Uttar
Pradesh, 47.3percent in Rajasthan, and 39.9percent in Madhya Pradesh.
The lowest conviction rate was in Maharashtra with 2.9percent and
Karnataka with 3.2percent for the same year (Rahi Gaikwad, 2010). This
reveals how, the Manu Code is ruling this country even today where even
the administration is hostile to the SC/STs, the administrative setup
which is supposed to be impartial in implementing the provisions of the
Constitution. Thus, the upper jaathi manuvadi and shudras have
been the foot soldiers in implementing Manu Code on lower jaathi people
violating the Constitution.

Causes for Social Intolerance

The following are some of the causes for social intolerance of the upper jaathi manuvadi to commit atrocities on SC/STs.

1. Attempts to enter jaathi manuvadi temples
2. Attempt to take water from the common well or tap
3. Trying to get educational facilities
4. Sitting on a cot or chair in the presence of an upper jaathi manuvadi person
5. Trying to get a cremation ground for burial of their dead
6. Refusing to lift or remove dead animals from the common streets
7. Taking out a marriage procession through main streets of the village
8. Refusing to serve the upper jaathi manuvadi
9. Demanding Government land for cultivation and for due wages
10. Walking in the common streets where the upper jaathi manuvadi live, wearing sandals
11. For daring to play cricket better than the upper jaathi manuvadi children
12. Inter jaathi marriages
13. Religious conversion to other religions

   
If the untouchables violate the rules framed by the upper jaathi manuvadi,
it would cost them their life, body limbs and their little properties.
The government is insensitive to these atrocities. If SC/STs approach
the police to register complaints’ they refuse to register the First
Information Report and no charge sheet will be prepared (Staff Reporter,
2006). Even in government programs like Integrated Child Development
Scheme, jaathi based discrimination is practised.

As
reported in
The Week, dated February 03, 2008, the following are the atrocities
committed on SC/STs in the every day’s life  at present:
Twenty-seven atrocities have been committed against SC/STs every day.
Thirteen SC/STs are murdered every week. Five homes and possessions of
SC/STs are burnt every week, At least three SC/ST women are raped every
day and at least eleven SC/STs are beaten up every day. But as only five
percent of such cases are reported, the actual figures could be much
higher. SC/STs are denied access to water sources in 48.4percent
villages. Public health workers refuse to visit SC/STs homes in
33percent villages. SC/STs are barred from entering police stations in
27.6percent villages. SC/ST children are made to sit separately while
eating in 37.8percent Government schools. Mail is not delivered to SC/ST
homes in 23.5percent villages (The Week, 03-02-2008, P-8 & 9).

Section -II

Economic Democracy in this country

Economic
inequality refers to the skewed distribution of economic resources
among the different economic classes and among the different social
groups in a country. Economic democracy indicates that the equal
distribution of economic resources and opportunities among all the
people in any economy. The articles 38 and 39 of the  Constitution
give direction to establish economic democracy. Neither economic classes nor social groups have been given much
importance in the distribution of economic resources. To measure the
economic inequality ownership of assets, income earnings and employment
profile can be considered. The ownership of economic resources in the
three sectors of the  economy is as follows.

I Primary Sector or Agriculture and Allied Activities

          
The important economic activities of the primary sector are
agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. This sector has
provided livelihood to the 65percent of the population and
contributes about 15percent of income to the Gross Domestic Product
(GDP). The most important source of assets, employment and income in
this sector is land. Now let us examine the ownership of agricultural
land in this sector. According to a report of the Ministry of Rural
Development of 1994-95, the ownership of agricultural land, the assets
of the rural is as follows.

Table 1: Distribution of Agricultural Land in India during 1993

Farmers                                           Percentage of Farmers   Percentage of ownership of Assets  
                                                           

Big and medium farmers                 24                                      71                         

Small and Marginal Farmers         43                                      29                                    

Landless Farmers                            33                                      00
Total                                                 100                                    100

According
to the statistics of table1, 24 percent of big and medium farmers
possess 71percent of agricultural land in the country and are the upper jaathi manuvadis in the jaathi manuvadi social order. 43 percent of small and marginal
farmers who own only 29 percent of land of the nation are lower  jaathi 
majority people. They have only 1to 4 acres of land holdings. The land
owned by SC’s and ST’s have been unsuitable for cultivation as they are
barren land, rocky land and marshy land. The remaining 33 percent of
farmers do not have any land and they belong to the lower  jaathi  farmers
working as landless labourers. According to one estimate, between
75percent and 80percent of all agricultural labourers belong to the SCs’
(Dutt Ruddar and K. P. M. Sundaram, 2007). Hence they are living as
agricultural labourers and bonded labourers in the lands of the upper
jaathi manuvadis landlords. Thus the SCs/STs/OBCs/Muslims, the indigenous
people of this country lead a life of utter dependency without having
any land ownership and even they do not get minimum wages for their work
to fulfil their basic needs.

II. Secondary Sector or Industrial Sector.

          
The important economic activities of this sector are mining,
manufacturing, electricity, gas, water supply, construction etc. In this
sector, the assets are completely owned by the upper  jaathi manuvadis.
However the lower jaathi majority people work here as industrial
labourers, casual workers, security guards and menial jobs in the mines,
industries and other plants of upper jaathi manuvadis. Let us examine some
economic activities in these sectors. 

Manufacturing: In this
sector the property, employment and income is owned by the upper jaathi manuvadis ruling jaathis. The upper  jaathi manuvadi people have the ownership of
large, medium and small-scale industry and indigenous lower  jaathi 
majority people are managing small, cottage and handicraft industries.
As they lack assets, they run enterprises, which require less capital
and earn less income. But the upper  jaathi manuvadis, who are the owners of  assets, invest more and earn more and more income and assets
through establishing capital intensive and less employment generating
large and medium scale industries. In the list of 20 big industrial
houses  none is represented by the SCs and STs.

Narayanmurty
of Infosys, Adi Godrej, Ruia brothers of Essar groups, Kiran Majumdar
Shaw of Biotechnology, Indu Jain of Bennett, Coleman & Co, Shobhana
Bhartia of the Hindustan Times, Ms. Savitri Jindal of O.P. Jindal group,
Anu Aga of Thermax group, also belong to the upper  jaathi manuvadis.
According to the Forbe’s list of 100 richest of this country for 2009, 52
persons are billionaires. The collective asset of these 100 richest
persons is $276 billion equivalent to nearly Rs.13 lakh crores, which is
almost one-fourth of the GDP. The Chinese counter parts have
total net worth of $176 billion which is $100 billion less than our
richest people (The Hindu, 20-11-2009, P. 20). Out of the 10 richest  9 belong to Vaishya jaathi and one belongs other and none
from the SCs and STs. All these billionaires belong to the
upper  jaathi manuvadis.

           Further Santhosh Goel’s study in
1979-80 reveals the jaathi wise distribution of higher postings in
private industries is as follows.

 Table 2: jaathiwise Employment in Private Industries in Percentage

Total higher posts   Caste Recognized   Brahmins   Kshatriyas  Vaishyas  Shudras
3129                          2082                         41.2             18.5              17.9          4.2

Sources: Gail Omvedt, Reservation in the Corporate Sector II,

From

the above table 2, it is clear that more than 80 percent of the higher
posts are held by 15 percent of upper jaathi manuvadis, who are
brahmins, kshatriyas and vaishyas and only 4.2 percent of higher posts
are held by shudras who constitute around 40 percent of the  population.
The
30 percent of population belonging to SCs and STs do not have any share
in higher posts of the  private industries. This situation is
continued even today which is confirmed by the study conducted by the
Sukhdev Thorat, former Chairman of the University Grants Commission.
This is because ownership of assets creates employment but the
indigenous people such as OBCs, SCs, STs and Muslims don’t have meager
or no assets and recruitments are made on jaathi lines. Hence they do
not
have their representation in the higher postings of private industries.
In this sector, they may be workers and security guards and other
fourth class employees. Thus, it is clear from the data that the lower
jaathi majority people lead a dependent life in this sector too.

This
secondary sector provides assets, employment and income to 13 percent
of total population and contributes about 28percent to the
national GDP. But due to jaathi-based distribution of assets, employment
and income, the lower jaathi majority people neither have ownership of
assets nor higher posts. Hence they are working as industrial workers,
security guards and in other menial jobs of the upper jaathi manuvadi’s
industries for low wages.

III. Service Sector or Tertiary Sector.
         
 The economic activities of this sector can be divided into two parts. 1. Private services and 2. Public services.
Private
Services: The private services come under this sector are trade,
commerce, transport and communication, hotel and restaurant, tourism,
finance, insurance, share market, film industry, advertisement, sports,
education, health, legal services, mass media, Government contracts and
services in non-Governmental organisations etc.

A social profile
of more than 300 senior journalists in 37 Hindi and English newspapers 
and television channels in the national capital has found that out of
315 top senior journalists who are the decision makers in the Hindi and
English newspapers and TV channels, 71percent are the upper jaathi manuvadi
men who form 8percent of the country’s population. If men and women of
the upper jaathi manuvadis are taken together, their share in the media is
85percent. These upper jaathi manuvadis account for 16percent of the
population. Among them brahmins alone enjoy 49percent in the national
media. In contrast OBC’s share 4percent whose population is 40percent of
the national population. Muslims constitute around 15percent of the
population but their share is 3percent in the national media.
Conspicuously, the representation of SC’s and ST’s is zero in the
national media. Not even one of the 315 key decision makers belonged to
the SC’s and ST’s whose population is 20percent and 10percent
respectively in the national population.
This indicates that the upper jaathi manuvadis are controlling the entire
media which is the fourth estate of the government.

In the legal
services no leading advocates are found among SCs and STs. Out of 31
judges in the Supreme Court  no one from these communities. Out
of about 620 judges in the High Courts only 20 judges belong to
these communities. In all other service sector activities SCs and STs
are appointed to menial jobs such as scavengers, workers, security
guards, drivers etc with few exceptions. Thus assets, employment and
income of the service sectors are also in the hands of the upper jaathi manuvadi people. Hence, the SCs and STs lead a life engaged in the menial
services in these sectors.

The emerging sectors of the economy
such as aviation, hospitality, animation, journalism, designing,
entertainment, retail sectors etc. would require more number of work
forces. The upper jaathi manuvadi have prepared themselves to take up jobs
in these sectors as the jobs in these sectors demand education, training
and skills while the lower jaathi majority people would not be able to
get employment in these sectors as they were not allowed to have required skills. 
 
Public Services or Government Services

The
governments are established at different levels such as central
government, state governments, quasi-governments and local bodies. To
run the government, it engages its citizens to its various departments
such as defense, police, public works, education and health departments,
public sector undertakings etc. The following table 2.7 provides data
about the employment in the public sector by different organisations
               
Table 3: Employment in the Public Sector by Organisation        
Organisation                   Employment in lakh persons
                                          1991                  2008
Central government       34.10                  27.39 
State governments          71.12                  71.71
Quasi-governments        62.22                  57.96
Local bodies                    23.13                 19.68
Total                                190.57                176.74
                
 Source: GOI: Economic Survey, 2010-11, Table A-52.
  
 The
table 3 highlights that the public sector employs 176.74 lakh persons
during 2008, which constitutes 4percent in the total employment. Of
this, central government has provided employment to 27.39 lakh persons,
state governments employed 71.12 lakh persons, quasi-governments offered
employment to 57.96 lakh persons and local bodies provided employment
to 19.68 lakh persons in the same period. On the whole, the government
sector employees 176.74 lakh persons.

The upper caste Hindus
have enjoyed the majority of employment in the government services.
However due to the reservation policy maintained as per the
Constitution  in this field a small number of lower jaathi people get
employment and lead a respectable life by earning enough income. Though,
according to the Constitutional provisions, 22.5 percent of government
jobs are reserved for SCs and STs among the lower jaathi majority
people,
as per the National Commission for SCs and STs Report, only 12 percent
of reserved jobs have been filled. (Hanumnthappa H, 2001). Similarly,
over the last fifteen years of the implementation of reservation for the
OBC’s only 5percent has been filled out of 27percent of jobs reserved
for them. According to a Home Ministry survey, the OBC representation
was 4.7percent in A group jobs, it was a mere 2.3percent in B category
and 5.9percent in C class (Neena Vyas, 2008A). Thus, as on 1st January,
2005, the quota positions filled in central government services was
12percent for SC’s and ST’s and 4-5percent for OBC’s (Neena Vyas 2008B).
The Muslims’ representation may be around 3percent in the government
services.

On the whole, 20 percent of representation in
government employment has been given to the lower jaathi majority people,
that too, in the lower grade jobs but their population constitutes
around 85percent of the total population of this country, the rest, which is of
80 percent of the government jobs are enjoyed by the upper jaathi manuvadis
whose population is just 15percent. The lower jaathi  majority people who
get employment in government services are able to lead a respectable
and decent life because they get a regular fixed monthly income.

Along
with this government organized sector, the private organized sector has
provided employment to the 98.38 lakh persons which constitutes about
2percent of the total employment in the economy here there is no
reservation policy hence SCs and STs representation is negligible.. The
remaining 94percent constitutes as unorganized sector employment where
there is no labour policy and no social security measures. Thus, the
private sector agriculture, industry and services generate more than 94
percent of employment of the nation. But all the jobs of these sectors
are in the hands of the upper jaathi manuvadis. As almost all the lower
jaathi  majority people are working in the unorganised sector, they are
leading their life, depending on the upper jaathi manuvadis for their
livelihood. This is because the reservation policy does not apply to the
private sectors. The reservation policy applies only to 4percent jobs
of public organised sector. Even in this sector only 20percent of jobs
are given to the lower caste majority people while 80percent of jobs are
grabbed by the upper caste Hindus. Hence the owners of assets in these
sectors have been the upper caste Hindus. In the total employment of the
nation only 4.38 percent of employment is created by the government
services. Due to this only 2 percent of lower caste majority people who
get employment in government sector lead a dignified life in society.
However 98 percent of the lower caste majority people working in the
private sector are leading a life of dependence and are exploited by the
upper caste Hindus.

Fig.2: Indian Social and Economic Inequalities
Economic order

             15percent                        85percent

             85percent                        15percent

                    Social order
 
 
In this diagram, one pyramid shows the jaathi manuvadi social order (jaathi 
system) and another inverse pyramid which represents the economy.
These two pyramids look like a parallelogram indicating 15 percent of
upper jaathi manuvadi people own 85 percent of assets and income in this country.
Conversely 85 percent of lower jaathi majority people own only 15 percent
of assets and income. In this hierarchical social order, assets and
income have been distributed in an ascending order and the deprivation
of the same in a descending order. In other words upper jaathi manuvadis
have the major portion of country’s assets and income and lower jaathi 
majority people have little of the same. This is the economic inequality
of India. Due to this skewed distribution of assets and income, the
majority population of the lower jaathi people is leading a life of
dependency and exploitation.

    Manu’s code created the jaathi 
based ownership of land and other physical properties and education,
training and skills of intellectual properties, it awarded all rights on
economic resources to upper jaathi manuvadis but denied education and
property rights to shudras (OBC’s) and Untouchables (SC’s and ST’s) for
nearly 2000 years, which has not been redressed even after adoption of
the new Constitution on 26th January 1950.  Even after 65 years of
Independence, 70percent of farmland is still in the hands of tiny upper jaathi manuvadis. The equal distribution of assets and income leads to
increase in the rate of economic development. This is because, higher
the equality in the distribution of assets and income, lower the
deficiency in the effective demand for goods and services, so that,
there is a faster economic growth, while lower the equality in the
distribution of assets and income, higher the deficiency in the
effective demand so there is a slower rate of economic growth. To
increase effective demand, the majority people should spend more. To
spend more there should be equality in the distribution of assets and
income. Hence to stimulate and accelerate the economic growth, the
equality in the distribution of assets and income should be brought into
existence.