. While it has become common to link the puruṣârtha to the âśramas,
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Kushinara NIBBĀNA Bhumi Pagoda White Home, Puniya Bhumi Bengaluru, Prabuddha Bharat International.
08/31/20
LESSON 3432 Tue 1 Sep 2020
is itself a fraud.
Complete list was not demanded by
THE SUPREME COURTS OF THE WORLD
GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD
PARLIAMENTS OF THE WORLD
(E) ALL MEDIAS OF THE WORLD
(F)
ALL ELECTION COMMISSIONS OF THE WORLD which declared death sentence to
850,591 people house arrested Coronavirus Cases: 25,384,547Deaths:
850,591Recovered: 17,706,841 plus 7,808,579,170Current World Population with reference to https://srv1.worldometers.info/ Last updated: Last Last updated: September 01, 2020, 00:39 GMT without any trial
GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD
PARLIAMENTS OF THE WORLD
(E) ALL MEDIAS OF THE WORLD
(F)
ALL ELECTION COMMISSIONS OF THE WORLD which declared death sentence to
850,591 people house arrested Coronavirus Cases: 25,384,547Deaths:
850,591Recovered: 17,706,841 plus 7,808,579,170Current World Population with reference to https://srv1.worldometers.
Non-cooperation
and disobedience movement against all governments till the curfew like
lockdown is lifted and normalcy is retained in where 99.9% Awakened Aboriginal Societies have decided to move freely without caring CURFEW LIKE LOCKDOWNS’
and disobedience movement against all governments till the curfew like
lockdown is lifted and normalcy is retained in where 99.9% Awakened Aboriginal Societies have decided to move freely without caring CURFEW LIKE LOCKDOWNS’
saying ‘NO TO
VACCINATIONS’.
VACCINATIONS’.
Wearing ‘SMILES NOT MASKS’ -
https://giphy.com/gifs/moodman-dVdNNiveE8y78ESlav
Whether human beings are evolved from monkeys are not clear.
If evolution is real why are there still monkeys?
This is why.
saying ‘NO SOCIAL DISTANCING’
‘UNITED FOR
FREEDOM’
FREEDOM’
Saying ‘NO TO GOVERNMENT LIES’
As ‘MASKS REDUCE IMMUNITY’ and ‘MASKS
INCREASE INFECTION RISK’
INCREASE INFECTION RISK’
Despite 850,591 Deaths:in the WORLD from
COVID-19, it was ‘FAKE SCIENCE’ and Covid-19 is compared to a ‘BAD
FLU'’
COVID-19, it was ‘FAKE SCIENCE’ and Covid-19 is compared to a ‘BAD
FLU'’
‘CONVID HOAX’.
‘99.9% Awakened People with
Awareness have come together to make their voices heard against
mandatory vaccinations, mandatory masks, mandatory anything really. No
more curfew like lockdowns, no more second wave business’.'TOP DOCTORS
AND NURSES SPEAKING OUT TRUTH AGAINST GOVERNMENT PUSHING FEAR AND
IGNORING SCIENCE.’ means
Awareness have come together to make their voices heard against
mandatory vaccinations, mandatory masks, mandatory anything really. No
more curfew like lockdowns, no more second wave business’.'TOP DOCTORS
AND NURSES SPEAKING OUT TRUTH AGAINST GOVERNMENT PUSHING FEAR AND
IGNORING SCIENCE.’ means
Discovery of Awakened One with Awareness Universe (DAOAU)
For The Welfare, Happiness, Peace of All Sentient and Non-Sentient Beings and for them to Attain Eternal Peace as Final Goal.
For The Welfare, Happiness, Peace of All Sentient and Non-Sentient Beings and for them to Attain Eternal Peace as Final Goal.
KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA-It is a 18 feet Dia All White Pagoda
with may be a table or, but be sure to having above head level based on
the usual use of the room. in 116 CLASSICAL LANGUAGES
Through
http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org
http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org
At
WHITE HOME 668, 5A main Road, 8th Cross, HAL III Stage, Prabuddha
Bharat Puniya Bhumi Bengaluru Magadhi Karnataka State PRABUDDHA
BHARAT
Dr B.R.Ambedkar thundered “Main Bharat Baudhmay karunga.” (I will make India Buddhist)
All Aboriginal Awakened Societies Thunder ” Hum Prapanch Prabuddha Bharatmay karunge.” (We will make world Prabuddha Prapanch
Best
Administration to Discover Awakened One with Awareness Universe for
welfare, happiness and peace for all societies.The ex CJI Sathasivam
committed a grave error of judgement by agreeing that the EVMs are being
tampered through EVMs and ordered for their replacement in a phased
manner as suggested by the ex CEC Sampath because it cost Rs 1600 crore
at that point of time . This judgement helped Murderer of democratic
institutions (MODI) of Bevakoof Jhoothe Psychopaths (BJP) remotely
controlled by the foreigners kicked out from Bene Israel, Tibet, Africa
chitpavan brahmins of RSS (Rowdy Swayam Sevaks) fullo intolerance,
hatred, anger, jealousy, delusion, mob lynching 99.9% All Aboriginal
Awakened Societies to gobble the Master Key to enslave Judiciary,
Parliament, Executive, Media full of chitpavan brahmins who have imposed
curfew like lockdown which is fraud and protested all over the world
lift it for liberty, freedom, equality and fraternity enshrined in the
Constituition.Omit Shah and the Murderer of democratic institutions
(Modi) are own mother’s flesh eaters are supported by the quora and the
PRESSTITUTE MEDIA
Administration to Discover Awakened One with Awareness Universe for
welfare, happiness and peace for all societies.The ex CJI Sathasivam
committed a grave error of judgement by agreeing that the EVMs are being
tampered through EVMs and ordered for their replacement in a phased
manner as suggested by the ex CEC Sampath because it cost Rs 1600 crore
at that point of time . This judgement helped Murderer of democratic
institutions (MODI) of Bevakoof Jhoothe Psychopaths (BJP) remotely
controlled by the foreigners kicked out from Bene Israel, Tibet, Africa
chitpavan brahmins of RSS (Rowdy Swayam Sevaks) fullo intolerance,
hatred, anger, jealousy, delusion, mob lynching 99.9% All Aboriginal
Awakened Societies to gobble the Master Key to enslave Judiciary,
Parliament, Executive, Media full of chitpavan brahmins who have imposed
curfew like lockdown which is fraud and protested all over the world
lift it for liberty, freedom, equality and fraternity enshrined in the
Constituition.Omit Shah and the Murderer of democratic institutions
(Modi) are own mother’s flesh eaters are supported by the quora and the
PRESSTITUTE MEDIA
in Classical English,101) Classical Tamil-பாரம்பரிய இசைத்தமிழ் செம்மொழி,86) Classical Sanskrit छ्लस्सिचल् षन्स्क्रित् ,06) Classical Devanagari,Classical Hindi-Devanagari- शास्त्रीय हिंदी,
https://giphy.com/gifs/IntoAction-corona-coronavirus-covid-dZRexnpBOfoxUsQu4u
COVID-19 doesn’t make racism OK and of course Casteism
https://giphy.com/gifs/IntoAction-virus-corona-coronavirus-fYI4CyOuo3wVi5AxAc
COVID-19
coronavirus is a ‘hoax’ ‘NO MORE CURFEW LIKE LOCKDOWNS’ ‘NO TO
VACCINATIONS’. ‘SMILES NOT MASKS’ ‘NO SOCIAL DISTANCING’
‘UNITE FOR
FREEDOM’ ‘NO TO GOVERNMENT LIES’ ‘MASKS REDUCE IMMUNITY’ and ‘MASKS
INCREASE INFECTION RISK’Despite 850,591 Deaths:in the WORLD from
COVID-19, it was ‘FAKE SCIENCE’ and Covid-19 can be compared to a ‘BAD
FLU'’CONVID HOAX’.Coronavirus Cases: 25,384,547Deaths: 850,591Recovered:
17,706,841 plus 7,808,579,170 Current World Population with reference
to https://srv1.worldometers.info/ Last updated: Last updated: August
31, 2020, 03:01 GMTwithout any trial’99.9% Awakened People with
Awareness have come together to make their voices heard against
mandatory vaccinations, mandatory masks, mandatory anything really. No
more curfew like lockdowns, no more second wave business’.'TOP DOCTORS
AND NURSES SPEAKING OUT TRUTH AGAINST GOVERNMENT PUSHING FEAR AND
IGNORING SCIENCE.’
coronavirus is a ‘hoax’ ‘NO MORE CURFEW LIKE LOCKDOWNS’ ‘NO TO
VACCINATIONS’. ‘SMILES NOT MASKS’ ‘NO SOCIAL DISTANCING’
‘UNITE FOR
FREEDOM’ ‘NO TO GOVERNMENT LIES’ ‘MASKS REDUCE IMMUNITY’ and ‘MASKS
INCREASE INFECTION RISK’Despite 850,591 Deaths:in the WORLD from
COVID-19, it was ‘FAKE SCIENCE’ and Covid-19 can be compared to a ‘BAD
FLU'’CONVID HOAX’.Coronavirus Cases: 25,384,547Deaths: 850,591Recovered:
17,706,841 plus 7,808,579,170 Current World Population with reference
to https://srv1.worldometers.
31, 2020, 03:01 GMTwithout any trial’99.9% Awakened People with
Awareness have come together to make their voices heard against
mandatory vaccinations, mandatory masks, mandatory anything really. No
more curfew like lockdowns, no more second wave business’.'TOP DOCTORS
AND NURSES SPEAKING OUT TRUTH AGAINST GOVERNMENT PUSHING FEAR AND
IGNORING SCIENCE.’
To,
E-filing in the Supreme Judicial Court Clerk’s Office for the Commonwealth
E-filing in the Supreme Judicial Court Clerk’s Office for the Commonwealth
Francis.
Charlotte.
Houlihan@jud.state.ma.us
NYSCEF
NYSCEF
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
GUIDELINES/INSTRUCTIONS FOR FILING IN E-FILING PORTAL
COVID-19 coronavirus is a ‘hoax’
99.9%
All Aboriginal Awakened Societies of the world are aware that COVID-19
coronavirus is a ‘hoax’ and a fraud. There will be protests all over the
world in social media and protesters gathering to claim coronavirus is a
‘hoax’
99.9%
All Aboriginal Awakened Societies of the world are aware that COVID-19
coronavirus is a ‘hoax’ and a fraud. There will be protests all over the
world in social media and protesters gathering to claim coronavirus is a
‘hoax’
There is a non-cooperation movement for
‘NO MORE CURFEW LIKE LOCKDOWNS’
‘NO TO VACCINATIONS’.
‘SMILES NOT MASKS’
‘NO SOCIAL DISTANCING’
The ‘UNITE FOR FREEDOM’
‘NO TO GOVERNMENT LIES’
‘MASKS REDUCE IMMUNITY’ and
‘MASKS INCREASE INFECTION RISK’ are on.
Despite 847,677 Deaths:in the WORLD from COVID-19, it was ‘FAKE SCIENCE’ and Covid-19 can be compared to a ‘BAD FLU'’
CONVID HOAX’.
There would be
‘TOP DOCTORS AND NURSES SPEAKING OUT TRUTH AGAINST GOVERNMENT PUSHING FEAR AND IGNORING SCIENCE.’
‘TOP DOCTORS AND NURSES SPEAKING OUT TRUTH AGAINST GOVERNMENT PUSHING FEAR AND IGNORING SCIENCE.’
‘People
have come together to make their voices heard against mandatory
vaccinations, mandatory masks, mandatory anything really.
have come together to make their voices heard against mandatory
vaccinations, mandatory masks, mandatory anything really.
No more curfew like lockdowns,
‘No more second wave business’.
IN
THE MATTER OF LOST FREEDOM FROM MARCH 2020 TO VISIT OUR DAUGHTER,
SON-IN-LAW AND TWO GRANDSONS RESIDING AT WEST TAMBARAM, CHENNAI. WE ARE
ALL HAVING GOOD HEALTH CONDITION. WE USED TO DRIVE IN CAR TO MEET THEM
IN CHENNAI. OUR SON, DAUGHTER-IN-LAW AND TWO GRANDSONS RESIDING IN USA.
DUE TO OUR GOOD HEALTH CONDITION WE USED TO VISIT TO MEET THEM IN USA.
LIKEWISE THEY WERE ALSO FREE TO MEET US.
THE MATTER OF LOST FREEDOM FROM MARCH 2020 TO VISIT OUR DAUGHTER,
SON-IN-LAW AND TWO GRANDSONS RESIDING AT WEST TAMBARAM, CHENNAI. WE ARE
ALL HAVING GOOD HEALTH CONDITION. WE USED TO DRIVE IN CAR TO MEET THEM
IN CHENNAI. OUR SON, DAUGHTER-IN-LAW AND TWO GRANDSONS RESIDING IN USA.
DUE TO OUR GOOD HEALTH CONDITION WE USED TO VISIT TO MEET THEM IN USA.
LIKEWISE THEY WERE ALSO FREE TO MEET US.
versus …..
Petitioner-
JAGATHEESAN CHANDRASEKHARAN….
JAGATHEESAN CHANDRASEKHARAN….
Respondents
Supreme Judicial Court Clerk’s Office for the Commonwealth and all SUPREME COURTS OF THE WORLD
(C)
ALL GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD
ALL PARLIAMENTS OF THE WORLD
(E) ALL MEDIA OF THE WORLD
(F) ALL ELECTION COMMISSIONS OF THE WORLD
(C)
ALL GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD
ALL PARLIAMENTS OF THE WORLD
(E) ALL MEDIA OF THE WORLD
(F) ALL ELECTION COMMISSIONS OF THE WORLD
Facts of the case -
Freedom
from the ruling races and castes who have imposed curfew like lock down
in the name of The coronavirus may not have originated at a Wuhan wet
market last year but 1,000 miles away in 2012 — deep in a Chinese
mineshaft where workers came down with a mysterious, pneumonia-like
illness after being exposed to bats. with reference to
https://nypost.com/2020/08/15/covid-19-first-appeared-in- chinese-miners-in-2012- scientists/
from the ruling races and castes who have imposed curfew like lock down
in the name of The coronavirus may not have originated at a Wuhan wet
market last year but 1,000 miles away in 2012 — deep in a Chinese
mineshaft where workers came down with a mysterious, pneumonia-like
illness after being exposed to bats. with reference to
https://nypost.com/2020/08/15/
Question(s) of Law Have the just 0.1% of the population
THE SUPREME COURTS OF THE WORLD
GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD
PARLIAMENTS OF THE WORLD
(E) ALL MEDIAS OF THE WORLD
(F)
ALL ELECTION COMMISSIONS OF THE WORLD declared death sentence to
850,591 people house arrested Coronavirus Cases: 25,384,547Deaths:
850,591Recovered: 17,706,841 plus
7,808,579,170Current World Population with reference to
https://srv1.worldometers.info/ Last updated: Last updated: August 31, 2020, 03:01 GMTwithout any trial
Grounds- 99.9% of the world population are awakened to the fact that Birth, Sickness, Old Age and Death are certainities.
Why
should just 0.1% racists and upper casteists and the business
communities for their selfish ends punish people with awareness and
awakeness ?
should just 0.1% racists and upper casteists and the business
communities for their selfish ends punish people with awareness and
awakeness ?
PRAYER
(i)
May all the following be relieved from the clutches of the rulers
PUSHING FEAR AND IGNORING SCIENCE who have won elections by tampering
the EVMs/VVPATs
May all the following be relieved from the clutches of the rulers
PUSHING FEAR AND IGNORING SCIENCE who have won elections by tampering
the EVMs/VVPATs
World Population
7,808,776,051 Current World Population
93,743,414 Births this year
96,839 Births today
39,355,731 Deaths this year
40,655 Deaths today
54,387,684 Net population growth this year
56,184 Net population growth today
Government & Economics
$ 3,831,395,802 Public Healthcare expenditure today
$ 2,616,330,625 Public Education expenditure today
$ 1,184,713,914 Public Military expenditure today
52,981,501 Cars produced this year
101,119,081 Bicycles produced this year
166,781,394 Computers produced this year
Society & Media
1,797,861 New book titles published this year
119,912,830 Newspapers circulated today
168,574TV sets sold worldwide today
1,655,596 Cellular phones sold today
$ 73,973,209 Money spent on videogames today
4,663,814,502 Internet users in the world today
66,735,763,902 Emails sent today
1,786,868 Blog posts written today
198,737,874 Tweets sent today
1,862,173,071 Google searches today
Environment
3,479,951 Forest loss this year (hectares)
4,684,955 Land lost to soil erosion this year (ha)
24,212,176,956 CO2 emissions this year (tons)
8,029,844 Desertification this year (hectares)
6,552,606 Toxic chemicals released in the environment this year (tons)
Food
845,622,436 Undernourished people in the world
1,698,297,148 Overweight people in the world
764,457,470 Obese people in the world
7,730 People who died of hunger today
$ 147,250,285 Money spent for obesity related diseases in the USA today
$ 47,786,025Money spent on weight loss programs in the USA today
Water
2,927,484,135 Water used this year (million L)
563,461 Deaths caused by water related diseases this year
798,295,732 People with no access to a safe drinking water source
Energy
117,982,650 Energy used today (MWh), of which:
100,433,494- from non-renewable sources (MWh)
17,767,158- from renewable sources (MWh)
739,285,148,701 Solar energy striking Earth today (MWh)
24,198,215 Oil pumped today (barrels)
1,498,385,555,200 Oil left (barrels)
15,626 Days to the end of oil (~43 years)
1,093,863,303,841 Natural Gas left (boe)
57,572 Days to the end of natural gas
4,313,463,954,958 Coal left (boe)
148,740Days to the end of coal
Health
8,686,160 Communicable disease deaths this year
326,751 Seasonal flu deaths this year
5,085,919 Deaths of children under 5 this year
28,468,441 Abortions this year
206,813 Deaths of mothers during birth this year
42,064,468 HIV/AIDS infected people
1,124,811 Deaths caused by HIV/AIDS this year
5,495,325 Deaths caused by cancer this year
656,316 Deaths caused by malaria this year
3,826,239,250 Cigarettes smoked today
3,344,889 Deaths caused by smoking this year
1,673,500 Deaths caused by alcohol this year
717,516 Suicides this year
$ 267,675,528,061 Money spent on illegal drugs this year
903,226 Road traffic accident fatalities this year
May all be happy, well and secure!
May all be calm, quiet, alert, attentive and have equanimity of mind with a clear understanding that everything is changing!
May all attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal!
Dismiss all the governments formed by using the EVMs/VVPATs and PUSHING FEAR AND IGNORING SCIENCE.
Orders
may be passed to conduct elections in free and fair manner by using
ballot papers as followed by 120 democracies of the world.Till then
Non-cooperation and disobedience movement against all governments till
the curfew like lockdown is lifted and normalcy is retained
may be passed to conduct elections in free and fair manner by using
ballot papers as followed by 120 democracies of the world.Till then
Non-cooperation and disobedience movement against all governments till
the curfew like lockdown is lifted and normalcy is retained
References:
https://nypost.com/2020/08/15/covid-19-first-appeared-in-chinese-miners-in-2012-scientists/
https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2020/08/30/2337955/thousands-protest-in-london-demand-end-of-anti-covid-19-measures-video
https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2020/08/30/2337955/thousands-protest-in-london-demand-end-of-anti-covid-19-measures-video
“https://i2-prod.mirror.co.uk/incoming/article22286725.ece/BINARY/0_MAIN-PROD-coronavirus_15691JPG.jpg”,”endpointUrl”:”https://communicator-proxy.tm-awx.com/api/publications/mirror/subscriptions/”,”profile”:”Default”,”isPure360NewsLetter”:false}”
data-observed=”false”
data-init=”true”>https://metro.co.uk/2020/08/29/anti-lockdown-protesters-calling-coronavirus-hoax-gather-london-13195529/?ito=cbshare
https://summit.news/2020/03/10/mit-scientist-claims-coronavirus-is-a-deep-state-fraud/https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/1329192/London-anti-lockdown-protesters-coronavirus-pandemic
https://www.irishtimes.com/opinionhttps://www.foxnews.com/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52359100https://acleddata.com/analysis/covid-19-disorder-tracker/https://www.washingtontimes.com/
101) Classical Tamil-பாரம்பரிய இசைத்தமிழ் செம்மொழி,
101) கிளாசிக்கல் தமிழ்பாடம் 3432 செவ்வாய் 1 செப்டம்பர் 2020COVID-19 என்பது ஒரு மோசடி.
முழுமையான பட்டியல் கோரப்படவில்லை
உலகின் உச்ச நீதிமன்றங்கள்
உலகின் அரசாங்கங்கள்
உலகின் பாராளுமன்றங்கள்
(உ) உலகின் அனைத்து ஊடகங்களும்
. கடைசியாக புதுப்பிக்கப்பட்டது: செப்டம்பர் 01, 2020, 00:39 எந்த சோதனையும் இல்லாமல் GMT
NYSCEFnyscef@nycourts.gov ce@gmail.com
efilingsupport@supremecourt.govSUPREME COURT OF INDIAefiling@sci.nic.in
2,927,484,135 இந்த ஆண்டு பயன்படுத்தப்பட்ட நீர் (மில்லியன் எல்) 563,461 இந்த ஆண்டு நீர் தொடர்பான நோய்களால் ஏற்படும் இறப்புகள் 798,295,732 பாதுகாப்பான குடிநீர் ஆதாரம் இல்லாத மக்கள்
sjccommclerk @ sjc.state.ma.usFrancis.Kenneally @ jud.state.ma.usCharlotte.Houlihan @ jud.state.ma.us
101) கிளாசிக்கல் தமிழ்பாடம் 3432 செவ்வாய் 1 செப்டம்பர் 2020COVID-19 என்பது ஒரு மோசடி.
முழுமையான பட்டியல் கோரப்படவில்லை
உலகின் உச்ச நீதிமன்றங்கள்
உலகின் அரசாங்கங்கள்
உலகின் பாராளுமன்றங்கள்
(உ) உலகின் அனைத்து ஊடகங்களும்
. கடைசியாக புதுப்பிக்கப்பட்டது: செப்டம்பர் 01, 2020, 00:39 எந்த சோதனையும் இல்லாமல் GMT
பூட்டுதல் போன்ற ஊரடங்கு உத்தரவு நீக்கப்பட்டு இயல்புநிலை தக்கவைக்கப்படும் வரை அனைத்து அரசாங்கங்களுக்கும் எதிரான ஒத்துழைப்பு மற்றும் ஒத்துழையாமை இயக்கம் 99.9% விழித்தெழுந்த பழங்குடி சங்கங்கள் அக்கறையின்றி சுதந்திரமாக செல்ல முடிவு செய்துள்ளன.
‘NO TO VACCINATIONS’ என்று கூறுகிறது.
‘SMILES NOT MASKS’ அணிவது -
https://giphy.com/gifs/moodman-dVdNNiveE8y78ESlav
மனிதர்கள் குரங்குகளிலிருந்து உருவாகியிருக்கிறார்களா என்பது தெளிவாக இல்லை. பரிணாமம் உண்மையானது என்றால் ஏன் இன்னும் குரங்குகள் உள்ளன? இதனால்தான்.
‘சமூக பரவல் இல்லை’ என்று கூறுகிறது
‘சுதந்திரத்திற்காக யுனைடெட்’
‘அரசாங்க பொய்களுக்கு வேண்டாம்’ என்று கூறுவது
‘MASKS REDUCE IMMUNITY’ மற்றும் ‘MASKS INCREASE INFECTION RISK’
850,591 இறப்புகள் இருந்தபோதிலும்: கோவிட் -19 இலிருந்து உலகில், இது ‘போலி அறிவியல்’ மற்றும் கோவிட் -19 ஒரு ‘பேட் ஃப்ளூ’வுடன் ஒப்பிடப்படுகிறது.
‘CONVID HOAX’.
‘99 .9% விழிப்புணர்வு கொண்ட மக்கள் கட்டாய தடுப்பூசிகள், கட்டாய முகமூடிகள், கட்டாய எதற்கும் எதிராக தங்கள் குரல்களைக் கேட்க ஒன்றாக வந்துள்ளனர். பூட்டுதல்கள் போன்ற ஊரடங்கு உத்தரவு இல்லை, இரண்டாவது அலை வணிகமும் இல்லை. ‘ பொருள்
விழிப்புணர்வு பிரபஞ்சத்துடன் விழித்தெழுந்தவரின் கண்டுபிடிப்பு (DAOAU)
நலன், மகிழ்ச்சி, அனைத்து உணர்வுள்ள மற்றும் உணர்ச்சியற்றவர்களின் அமைதி மற்றும் இறுதி இலக்காக நித்திய அமைதியைப் பெறுவது.
குஷினாரா நிபானா பூமி பகோடா-இது ஒரு 18 அடி தியா ஆல் ஒயிட் பகோடா ஒரு அட்டவணையாக இருக்கலாம் அல்லது அறையின் வழக்கமான பயன்பாட்டின் அடிப்படையில் தலை மட்டத்திற்கு மேல் இருப்பதை உறுதிப்படுத்திக் கொள்ளுங்கள். 116 கிளாசிக்கல் மொழிகளில்
மூலம்
http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org
இல்
வைட் ஹோம் 668, 5 ஏ மெயின் ரோடு, 8 வது கிராஸ், எச்ஏஎல் III ஸ்டேஜ், பிரபுத்த பாரத் புனியா பூமி பெங்களூரு மகதி கர்நாடக மாநில பிரபுத்தா பாரத்
டாக்டர் பி.ஆர்.அம்பேத்கர் “மெயின் பாரத் பவுத்மய் கருங்கா” என்று இடிந்தார். (நான் இந்தியாவை ப Buddhist த்தமாக்குவேன்)
அனைத்து பழங்குடியினரும் விழித்தெழுந்த சங்கங்கள் இடி ”ஹம் பிரபஞ்ச் பிரபுத்த பாரத்மய் கருங்கே.” (உலக பிரபுத பிரபஞ்சத்தை உருவாக்குவோம்
விழிப்புணர்வைக் கொண்ட விழிப்புணர்வைக் கண்டுபிடிப்பதற்கான சிறந்த நிர்வாகம் அனைத்து சமூகங்களுக்கும் நலன், மகிழ்ச்சி மற்றும் அமைதிக்காக உள்ளது. முன்னாள் சி.ஜே.ஐ சதாசிவம் ஈ.வி.எம் கள் ஈ.வி.எம் கள் மூலம் சிதைக்கப்படுவதாக ஒப்புக் கொண்டு தீர்ப்பின் மிகப்பெரிய பிழையைச் செய்ததோடு, பரிந்துரைக்கப்பட்டபடி ஒரு கட்டமாக அவற்றை மாற்ற உத்தரவிட்டார் முன்னாள் சி.இ.சி சம்பத் அவர்களால் அந்த நேரத்தில் ரூ .1600 கோடி செலவாகும். இந்த தீர்ப்பு பெவகூஃப் ஜூத்தே மனநோயாளிகளின் (பிஜேபி) ஜனநாயக நிறுவனங்களின் கொலைகாரருக்கு (பிஜேபி) தொலைதூர கட்டுப்பாட்டில் உள்ள வெளிநாட்டினரால் பென் இஸ்ரேல், திபெத், ஆப்பிரிக்காவிலிருந்து வெளியேற்றப்பட்டது. , கும்பல் கொலை மற்றும் அரசியலமைப்பில் கூறப்பட்டுள்ள சகோதரத்துவம். ஒமிட் ஷா மற்றும் ஜனநாயக நிறுவனங்களின் கொலைகாரன் (மோடி) சொந்த தாயின் மாமிசம் உண்ணும் நபர்கள் கோரா மற்றும் PRESSTITUTE MEDIA ஆல் ஆதரிக்கப்படுகிறார்கள்
கிளாசிக்கல் ஆங்கிலத்தில், 101) கிளாசிக்கல் தமிழ்- சாமுவால், சாமர்த்து, 86) செம்மொழி சமஸ்கிருதம் छ्लस्सिचल्
https://giphy.com/gifs/IntoAction-corona-coronavirus-covid-dZRexnpBOfoxUsQu4uCOVID-19 இனவெறியை சரி செய்யாது, நிச்சயமாக சாதிவெறி
https://giphy.com/gifs/IntoAction-virus-corona-coronavirus-fYI4CyOuo3wVi5AxAc
கோவிட் -19 கொரோனா வைரஸ் என்பது ஒரு ‘புரளி’ ‘பூட்டுதல் போன்ற கூடுதல் சான்றுகள் இல்லை’ ‘இல்லை. ‘ஸ்மைல்ஸ் மாஸ்க் இல்லை’ ‘சமூக பரவல் இல்லை’
‘சுதந்திரத்திற்கான யுனைட்’ ‘அரசாங்க பொய்களுக்கு இல்லை’ ‘முகமூடிகள் குறைப்பு நோய் எதிர்ப்பு சக்தி’ மற்றும் ‘முகமூடிகள் அதிகரிக்கும் பாதிப்பு ஆபத்து’ 850,591 இறப்புகள்: கோவிட் -19 இலிருந்து உலகில், இது ‘போலி அறிவியல்’ மற்றும் கோவிட் 19 உடன் ஒப்பிடலாம் ‘BAD FLU'’CONVID HOAX’.Coronavirus வழக்குகள்: 25,384,547 இறப்புகள்: 850,591 மீட்கப்பட்டது: 17,706,841 மற்றும் 7,808,579,170 தற்போதைய உலக மக்கள் தொகை https://srv1.worldometers.info/ கடைசியாக புதுப்பிக்கப்பட்டது, கடைசியாக புதுப்பிக்கப்பட்டது 01 GMT எந்தவொரு சோதனையும் இல்லாமல் ‘99.9% விழிப்புணர்வு கொண்ட மக்கள் ஒன்று சேர்ந்து கட்டாய தடுப்பூசிகள், கட்டாய முகமூடிகள், கட்டாய எதற்கும் எதிராக தங்கள் குரல்களைக் கேட்கிறார்கள். பூட்டுதல்கள் போன்ற ஊரடங்கு உத்தரவு இல்லை, இரண்டாவது அலை வணிகமும் இல்லை. ‘
க்கு,
காமன்வெல்த் உச்சநீதிமன்ற நீதிமன்ற எழுத்தர் அலுவலகத்தில் மின் தாக்கல்
NYSCEFnyscef@nycourts.gov ce@gmail.com
efilingsupport@supremecourt.govSUPREME COURT OF INDIAefiling@sci.nic.in
மின்-ஃபைலிங் போர்ட்டலில் தாக்கல் செய்வதற்கான வழிகாட்டுதல்கள் / வழிமுறைகள்
COVID-19 கொரோனா வைரஸ் ஒரு ‘புரளி’
99.9% COVID-19 கொரோனா வைரஸ் ஒரு ‘புரளி’ மற்றும் ஒரு மோசடி என்பதை உலகின் அனைத்து பழங்குடி விழித்தெழுந்த சமூகங்களும் அறிந்திருக்கின்றன. சமூக ஊடகங்களில் உலகம் முழுவதும் ஆர்ப்பாட்டங்கள் இருக்கும், மேலும் கொரோனா வைரஸ் ஒரு ‘புரளி’ என்று கூற போராட்டக்காரர்கள் கூடிவருவார்கள்.
இதற்கு ஒத்துழையாமை இயக்கம் உள்ளது
‘பூட்டுதல்களைப் போன்ற கூடுதல் கர்ஃபு இல்லை’
‘NO TO VACCINATIONS’.
‘ஸ்மைல்ஸ் மாஸ்க் இல்லை’ ‘சமூக பரவல் இல்லை’
‘சுதந்திரத்திற்கான யுனைட்’
‘அரசாங்க பொய்களுக்கு இல்லை’
‘MASKS REDUCE IMMUNITY’ மற்றும் ‘MASKS INCREASE INFECTION RISK’ ஆகியவை உள்ளன.
847,677 இறப்புகள் இருந்தபோதிலும்: கோவிட் -19 இலிருந்து உலகில், இது ‘போலி அறிவியல்’ மற்றும் கோவிட் -19 ஐ ‘பேட் ஃப்ளூ’கான்விட் ஹோக்ஸ்’ உடன் ஒப்பிடலாம்.
‘டாப் டாக்டர்கள் மற்றும் நர்ஸ்கள் அரசாங்கத்தை எதிர்த்து உண்மையை வெளிப்படுத்துகின்றன, பயம் மற்றும் அறிவியலுக்கு எதிராக.’
‘கட்டாய தடுப்பூசிகள், கட்டாய முகமூடிகள், கட்டாய எதற்கும் எதிராக மக்கள் தங்கள் குரல்களைக் கேட்க ஒன்றாக வந்துள்ளனர்.
பூட்டுதல்கள் போன்ற ஊரடங்கு உத்தரவு இல்லை,
‘இனி இரண்டாவது அலை வணிகம் இல்லை’.
சென்னை மேற்கு தம்பாரத்தில் வசிக்கும் எங்கள் நாள், சன்-இன்-லா மற்றும் இரண்டு கிராண்ட்சன்களைப் பார்வையிட மார்ச் 2020 முதல் இழந்த சுதந்திரத்தின் விஷயத்தில். நாங்கள் அனைவருக்கும் நல்ல ஆரோக்கிய நிபந்தனை உள்ளது. சென்னையில் அவர்களைச் சந்திக்க காரில் செல்ல நாங்கள் பயன்படுத்தினோம். எங்கள் மகன், DAUGHTER-IN-LA மற்றும் அமெரிக்காவில் வசிக்கும் இரண்டு கிராண்ட்சன்கள். அமெரிக்காவில் அவர்களைச் சந்திக்க நாங்கள் பயன்படுத்திய எங்கள் நல்ல ஆரோக்கிய நிபந்தனைக்கான கட்டணம். யு.எஸ்.வெர்சஸை சந்திக்க அவர்கள் இலவசமாக இருந்தனர் ….. மனுதாரர்-
ஜெகதீசன் சந்திரசேகரன் …. பதிலளித்தவர்கள்
காமன்வெல்த் நிறுவனத்திற்கான உச்சநீதிமன்ற நீதிமன்ற எழுத்தர் அலுவலகம் மற்றும் உலகின் அனைத்து உயர் நீதிமன்றங்களும்
(சி)
உலகின் அனைத்து அரசாங்கங்களும்
உலகின் அனைத்து பாராளுமன்றங்களும்
(உ) உலகின் அனைத்து ஊடகங்களும்
(எஃப்) வழக்கின் உலகத் தேர்தல்களின் அனைத்து தேர்தல் கமிஷன்களும் -
கொரோனா வைரஸ் என்ற பெயரில் பூட்டுதல் போன்ற ஊரடங்கு உத்தரவை விதித்த ஆளும் இனங்கள் மற்றும் சாதியினரிடமிருந்து விடுதலை கடந்த ஆண்டு வுஹான் ஈரமான சந்தையில் தோன்றியிருக்கக்கூடாது, ஆனால் 2012 இல் 1,000 மைல் தொலைவில் உள்ளது - ஒரு சீன சுரங்கப்பாதையில் ஆழமாக தொழிலாளர்கள் ஒரு மர்மத்துடன் இறங்கினர் , வெளவால்களுக்கு ஆளான பிறகு நிமோனியா போன்ற நோய். இதன் அடிப்படையில்
https://nypost.com/2020/08/15/covid-19-first-appeared-in-chinese-miners-in-2012-scientists/
சட்டத்தின் கேள்வி (கள்) மக்கள் தொகையில் 0.1% மட்டுமே
உலகின் உச்ச நீதிமன்றங்கள்
உலகின் அரசாங்கங்கள்
உலகின் பாராளுமன்றங்கள்
(உ) உலகின் அனைத்து ஊடகங்களும்
(எஃப்) உலகின் அனைத்து தேர்தல் கமிஷன்களும் 850,591 பேருக்கு மரண தண்டனை அறிவித்தன வீடு கைது செய்யப்பட்ட கொரோனா வைரஸ் வழக்குகள்: 25,384,547 இறப்புகள்: 850,591 மீட்கப்பட்டது: 17,706,841 பிளஸ்
7,808,579,170 தற்போதைய உலக மக்கள் தொகை
https://srv1.worldometers.info/ கடைசியாக புதுப்பிக்கப்பட்டது: கடைசியாக புதுப்பிக்கப்பட்டது: ஆகஸ்ட் 31, 2020, 03:01 GMT எந்த சோதனையும் இல்லாமல்
மைதானம்- உலக மக்கள் தொகையில் 99.9% பேர் பிறப்பு, நோய், முதுமை மற்றும் இறப்பு ஆகியவை உறுதியானவை என்று விழித்திருக்கிறார்கள்.
0.1% இனவாதிகள் மற்றும் உயர் சாதியினர்கள் மற்றும் வணிக சமூகங்கள் தங்கள் சுயநல நோக்கங்களுக்காக ஏன் மக்களை விழிப்புணர்வு மற்றும் விழிப்புணர்வுடன் தண்டிக்க வேண்டும்?
பிரார்த்தனை
(i) ஈ.வி.எம் / வி.வி.பி.ஏ.டிஸ் வேர்ல்ட் மக்கள்தொகையை சீர்குலைத்து தேர்தலில் வெற்றி பெற்ற ஆட்சியாளர்களின் பிடியிலிருந்து பின்வருபவை அனைத்தும் விடுபடட்டும்.
7,808,776,051 தற்போதைய உலக மக்கள் தொகை 93,743,414 இந்த ஆண்டு பிறப்புகள் 96,839 இன்று பிறப்புகள் 39,355,731 இந்த ஆண்டு இறப்புகள் 40,655 இன்று இறப்புகள் 54,387,684 இந்த ஆண்டு நிகர மக்கள் தொகை வளர்ச்சி 56,184 நிகர மக்கள் தொகை வளர்ச்சி இன்று
அரசு மற்றும் பொருளாதாரம்
Health 3,831,395,802 பொது சுகாதார செலவுகள் இன்று 6 2,616,330,625 பொது கல்வி செலவு இன்று $ 1,184,713,914 பொது இராணுவ செலவு இன்று 52,981,501 இந்த ஆண்டு உற்பத்தி செய்யப்பட்ட கார்கள் 101,119,081 இந்த ஆண்டு உற்பத்தி செய்யப்பட்ட சைக்கிள்கள் 166,781,394 கணினிகள் இந்த ஆண்டு உற்பத்தி செய்யப்பட்டன 166,781,394 கணினிகள்
சமூகம் & ஊடகம்
1,797,861 இந்த ஆண்டு வெளியிடப்பட்ட புதிய புத்தகத் தலைப்புகள் 119,912,830 செய்தித்தாள்கள் இன்று உலகளவில் விற்பனை செய்யப்பட்டுள்ளன 168,574 டிவி செட்டுகள் இன்று உலகளவில் விற்கப்படுகின்றன 1,655,596 செல்லுலார் தொலைபேசிகள் இன்று விற்கப்படுகின்றன $ 73,973,209 இன்று வீடியோ கேம்களுக்காக செலவிடப்பட்ட பணம் இன்று 4,663,814,502 இன்று இணைய பயனர்கள் 66,735,7683,07887783 கூகிள் இன்று தேடுகிறது
சுற்றுச்சூழல்
இந்த ஆண்டு 3,479,951 வன இழப்பு (ஹெக்டேர்) 4,684,955 இந்த ஆண்டு மண் அரிப்புக்கு நிலம் இழந்தது (எக்டர்) 24,212,176,956 CO2 உமிழ்வு இந்த ஆண்டு (டன்) 8,029,844 இந்த ஆண்டு பாலைவனமாக்கல் (ஹெக்டேர்) 6,552,606 இந்த ஆண்டு சுற்றுச்சூழலில் வெளியிடப்பட்ட நச்சு இரசாயனங்கள் (டன்)
உணவு
845,622,436 உலகில் ஊட்டச்சத்து குறைபாடுள்ளவர்கள் 1,698,297,148 உலகில் அதிக எடை கொண்டவர்கள் 764,457,470 உலகில் பருமனான மக்கள் 7,730 இன்று பசியால் இறந்தவர்கள் $ 147,250,285 அமெரிக்காவில் இன்று உடல் பருமன் தொடர்பான நோய்களுக்காக செலவழித்த பணம் $ 47,786,025 இன்று எடை இழப்பு திட்டங்களுக்கு பணம்
2,927,484,135 இந்த ஆண்டு பயன்படுத்தப்பட்ட நீர் (மில்லியன் எல்) 563,461 இந்த ஆண்டு நீர் தொடர்பான நோய்களால் ஏற்படும் இறப்புகள் 798,295,732 பாதுகாப்பான குடிநீர் ஆதாரம் இல்லாத மக்கள்
ஆற்றல்
117,982,650 இன்று பயன்படுத்தப்படும் ஆற்றல் (மெகாவாட்), இதில்: 100,433,494- புதுப்பிக்க முடியாத மூலங்களிலிருந்து (மெகாவாட்) 17,767,158- புதுப்பிக்கத்தக்க மூலங்களிலிருந்து (மெகாவாட்) 739,285,148,701 சூரிய ஆற்றல் தாக்கிய பூமியில் இன்று (மெகாவாட்) 24,198,215 எண்ணெய் பம்புகள் இன்று (பீப்பாய்கள்) ) 15,626 எண்ணெய் முடிவடையும் நாட்கள் (years 43 ஆண்டுகள்) 1,093,863,303,841 இயற்கை எரிவாயு இடது (போ) 57,572 இயற்கை எரிவாயு முடிவடையும் நாட்கள் 4,313,463,954,958 நிலக்கரி இடது (போ) 148,740 நிலக்கரி முடிவடையும் நாட்கள்
ஆரோக்கியம்
8,686,160 இந்த ஆண்டு தொற்று நோய் இறப்புகள் 326,751 இந்த ஆண்டு பருவ காய்ச்சல் இறப்புகள் 5,085,919 இந்த ஆண்டு 5 வயதிற்குட்பட்ட குழந்தைகளின் இறப்புகள் 28,468,441 இந்த ஆண்டு கருக்கலைப்பு 206,813 இந்த ஆண்டு பிறக்கும் போது தாய்மார்களின் இறப்புகள் 42,064,468 எச்.ஐ.வி / எய்ட்ஸ் பாதிக்கப்பட்ட மக்கள் 1,124,811 எச்.ஐ.வி / எய்ட்ஸ் இந்த ஆண்டு புற்றுநோயால் 656,316 இந்த ஆண்டு மலேரியாவால் ஏற்பட்ட இறப்புகள் 3,826,239,250 சிகரெட்டுகள் இன்று புகைபிடித்தன 3,344,889 இந்த ஆண்டு புகைபிடிப்பதால் ஏற்பட்ட இறப்புகள் 1,673,500 இந்த ஆண்டு ஆல்கஹால் ஏற்பட்ட இறப்புகள் 717,516 இந்த ஆண்டு தற்கொலைகள் $ 267,675,528,061 இந்த ஆண்டு சட்டவிரோத போதைப்பொருட்களுக்காக செலவழித்த பணம் இந்த ஆண்டு விபத்து விபத்து 903,226
அனைவரும் மகிழ்ச்சியாகவும், நன்றாகவும், பாதுகாப்பாகவும் இருக்கட்டும்! அனைவரும் அமைதியாகவும், அமைதியாகவும், எச்சரிக்கையாகவும், கவனத்துடன் இருக்கவும், எல்லாமே மாறிக்கொண்டே இருக்கின்றன என்ற தெளிவான புரிதலுடன் மன சமநிலையுடன் இருக்கட்டும்! அனைவரும் தங்கள் இறுதி இலக்காக நித்திய ஆனந்தத்தை அடையட்டும்!
ஈ.வி.எம் / வி.வி.பி.ஏ.டி மற்றும் புஷிங் பயம் மற்றும் இக்னரிங் சயின்ஸ் ஆகியவற்றைப் பயன்படுத்தி உருவாக்கப்பட்ட அனைத்து அரசாங்கங்களையும் நிராகரிக்கவும்.
உலகின் 120 ஜனநாயக நாடுகளைப் பின்பற்றி வாக்குச் சீட்டுகளைப் பயன்படுத்துவதன் மூலம் இலவசமாகவும், நியாயமான முறையிலும் தேர்தல்களை நடத்த உத்தரவு பிறப்பிக்கப்படலாம். அதுவரை பூட்டுதல் போன்ற ஊரடங்கு உத்தரவு நீக்கப்பட்டு இயல்புநிலை தக்கவைக்கப்படும் வரை அனைத்து அரசாங்கங்களுக்கும் எதிரான ஒத்துழையாமை மற்றும் ஒத்துழையாமை இயக்கம்
மேற்கோள்கள்:
https://nypost.com/2020/08/15/covid-19-first-appeared-in-chinese-miners-in-2012-scientists/
https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2020/08/30/2337955/thousands-protest-in-london-demand-end-of-anti-covid-19-measures-video
“https://i2-prod.mirror.co.uk/incoming/article22286725.ece/BINARY/0_MAIN-PROD-coronavirus_15691JPG.jpg”,”endpointUrl”:
. = “true”> https://metro.co.uk/2020/08/29/anti-lockdown-protesters-calling-coronavirus-hoax-gather-london-13195529/?ito=cbshare https://summit.news /2020/03/10/mit-scioist-claims-coronavirus-is-a-deep-state-fraud/https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/1329192/London-anti-lockdown-protesters -கொரோனா வைரஸின் சர்வதேச பரவல்
https://www.irishtimes.com/opinionhttps://www.foxnews.com/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52359100https://acleddata.com/analysis/covid- 19-கோளாறு-டிராக்கர் / https: //www.washingtontimes.com/
sjccommclerk @ sjc.state.ma.usFrancis.Kenneally @ jud.state.ma.usCharlotte.Houlihan @ jud.state.ma.us
86) Classical Sanskrit छ्लस्सिचल् षन्स्क्रित्
86) छ्लस्सिचल् षन्स्क्रित् छ्लस्सिचल् षन्स्क्रित्
छ्OVईड्-19 इस् इत्सेल्f अ fरौद्.
छोम्प्लेते लिस्त् wअस् नोत् देमन्देद् ब्य्
टःE षूPऋEंE छ्Oऊऋट्ष् OF टःE WOऋLड्
ङ्OVEऋणंEण्ट्ष् OF टःE WOऋLड्
PआऋLईआंEण्ट्ष् OF टःE WOऋLड्
(E) आLL ंEडीआष् OF टःE WOऋLड्
(F) आLL ELEछ्टीOण् छ्Oंंईष्षीOण्ष् OF टःE WOऋLड् wहिच्ह् देच्लरेद् देअथ् सेन्तेन्चे तो 850,591 पेओप्ले होउसे अर्रेस्तेद् छोरोनविरुस् छसेसः 25,384,547डेअथ्सः 850,591ऋएचोवेरेदः 17,706,841 प्लुस् 7,808,579,170छुर्रेन्त् Wओर्ल्द् Pओपुलतिओन् wइथ् रेfएरेन्चे तो ह्त्त्प्सः//स्र्व्1.wओर्ल्दोमेतेर्स्.इन्fओ/ Lअस्त् उप्दतेदः Lअस्त् Lअस्त् उप्दतेदः षेप्तेम्बेर् 01, 2020, 00ः39 ङंट् wइथोउत् अन्य् त्रिअल्
णोन्-चोओपेरतिओन् अन्द् दिसोबेदिएन्चे मोवेमेन्त् अगैन्स्त् अल्ल् गोवेर्न्मेन्त्स् तिल्ल् थे चुर्fएw लिके लोच्क्दोwन् इस् लिfतेद् अन्द् नोर्मल्च्य् इस् रेतैनेद् इन् wहेरे 99.9% आwअकेनेद् आबोरिगिनल् षोचिएतिएस् हवे देचिदेद् तो मोवे fरेएल्य् wइथोउत् चरिन्ग् छूऋFEW LईKE LOछ्Kड्OWण्ष्’
सयिन्ग् ‘ण्O ट्O Vआछ्छीणाटीOण्ष्’.
Wएअरिन्ग् ‘षंईLEष् ण्Oट् ंआष्Kष्’
सयिन्ग् ‘ण्O ष्OछीआL डीष्टाण्छीण्ङ्’
‘ऊणीट्Eड् FOऋ FऋEEड्Oं’
षयिन्ग् ‘ण्O ट्O ङ्OVEऋणंEण्ट् LईEष्’
आस् ‘ंआष्Kष् ऋEडूछ्E ईंंऊणीट्Y’ अन्द् ‘ंआष्Kष् ईण्छृEआष्E ईण्FEछ्टीOण् ऋईष्K’
डेस्पिते 850,591 डेअथ्सःइन् थे WOऋLड् fरोम् छ्OVईड्-19, इत् wअस् ‘FआKE ष्छीEण्छ्E’ अन्द् छोविद्-19 इस् चोम्परेद् तो अ ‘Bआड् FLऊ'’
‘छ्Oण्Vईड् ःOआX’.
‘99.9% आwअकेनेद् Pएओप्ले wइथ् आwअरेनेस्स् हवे चोमे तोगेथेर् तो मके थेइर् वोइचेस् हेअर्द् अगैन्स्त् मन्दतोर्य् वच्चिनतिओन्स्, मन्दतोर्य् मस्क्स्, मन्दतोर्य् अन्य्थिन्ग् रेअल्ल्य्. णो मोरे चुर्fएw लिके लोच्क्दोwन्स्, नो मोरे सेचोन्द् wअवे बुसिनेस्स्’.'ट्OP ड्Oछ्ट्Oऋष् आण्ड् णूऋष्Eष् ष्PEआKईण्ङ् Oऊट् टृऊटः आङाईण्ष्ट् ङ्OVEऋणंEण्ट् Pऊषःईण्ङ् FEआऋ आण्ड् ईङ्ण्Oऋईण्ङ् ष्छीEण्छ्E.’ मेअन्स्
डिस्चोवेर्य् ओf आwअकेनेद् Oने wइथ् आwअरेनेस्स् ऊनिवेर्से (डाOआऊ)
Fओर् ठे Wएल्fअरे, ःअप्पिनेस्स्, Pएअचे ओf आल्ल् षेन्तिएन्त् अन्द् णोन्-षेन्तिएन्त् Bएइन्ग्स् अन्द् fओर् थेम् तो आत्तैन् Eतेर्नल् Pएअचे अस् Fइनल् ङोअल्.
Kऊषःईणाऋआ णीBBआणा Bःऊंई Pआङ्Oडा-ईत् इस् अ 18 fएएत् डिअ आल्ल् Wहिते Pअगोद wइथ् मय् बे अ तब्ले ओर्, बुत् बे सुरे तो हविन्ग् अबोवे हेअद् लेवेल् बसेद् ओन् थे उसुअल् उसे ओf थे रोओम्. इन् 116 छ्Lआष्षीछाL Lआण्ङूआङ्Eष्
ठ्रोउघ्
ह्त्त्पः//सर्वजन्.अम्बेद्कर्.ओर्ग्
आत्
Wःईट्E ःOंE 668, 5आ मैन् ऋओअद्, 8थ् छ्रोस्स्, ःआL ईईई ष्तगे, Pरबुद्ध Bहरत् Pउनिय Bहुमि Bएन्गलुरु ंअगधि Kअर्नतक ष्तते PऋआBऊड्डःआ Bःआऋआट्
ड्र् B.ऋ.आम्बेद्कर् थुन्देरेद् “ंऐन् Bहरत् Bऔध्मय् करुन्ग.” (ई wइल्ल् मके ईन्दिअ Bउद्धिस्त्)
आल्ल् आबोरिगिनल् आwअकेनेद् षोचिएतिएस् ठुन्देर् ” ःउम् Pरपन्च्ह् Pरबुद्ध Bहरत्मय् करुन्गे.” (Wए wइल्ल् मके wओर्ल्द् Pरबुद्ध Pरपन्च्ह्
छ्लस्सिचल् Eन्ग्लिस्ह्,101) छ्लस्सिचल् टमिल्-பாரம்பரிய இசைத்தமிழ் செம்மொழி,
Bएस्त् आद्मिनिस्त्रतिओन् तो डिस्चोवेर् आwअकेनेद् Oने wइथ् आwअरेनेस्स् ऊनिवेर्से fओर् wएल्fअरे, हप्पिनेस्स् अन्द् पेअचे fओर् अल्ल् सोचिएतिएस्.ठे एx छ्ञी षथसिवम् चोम्मित्तेद् अ ग्रवे एर्रोर् ओf जुद्गेमेन्त् ब्य् अग्रेएइन्ग् थत् थे EVंस् अरे बेइन्ग् तम्पेरेद् थ्रोउघ् EVंस् अन्द् ओर्देरेद् fओर् थेइर् रेप्लचेमेन्त् इन् अ फसेद् मन्नेर् अस् सुग्गेस्तेद् ब्य् थे एx छ्Eछ् षम्पथ् बेचौसे इत् चोस्त् ऋस् 1600 च्रोरे अत् थत् पोइन्त् ओf तिमे . ठिस् जुद्गेमेन्त् हेल्पेद् ंउर्देरेर् ओf देमोच्रतिच् इन्स्तितुतिओन्स् (ंOडी) ओf Bएवकोओf ञ्होओथे Pस्य्च्होपथ्स् (Bञ्P) रेमोतेल्य् चोन्त्रोल्लेद् ब्य् थे fओरेइग्नेर्स् किच्केद् ओउत् fरोम् Bएने ईस्रएल्, टिबेत्, आfरिच च्हित्पवन् ब्रह्मिन्स् ओf ऋष्ष् (ऋओwद्य् ष्wअयम् षेवक्स्) fउल्लो इन्तोलेरन्चे, हत्रेद्, अन्गेर्, जेअलोउस्य्, देलुसिओन्, मोब् ल्य्न्च्हिन्ग् 99.9% आल्ल् आबोरिगिनल् आwअकेनेद् षोचिएतिएस् तो गोब्ब्ले थे ंअस्तेर् Kएय् तो एन्स्लवे ञुदिचिअर्य्, Pअर्लिअमेन्त्, Exएचुतिवे, ंएदिअ fउल्ल् ओf च्हित्पवन् ब्रह्मिन्स् wहो हवे इम्पोसेद् चुर्fएw लिके लोच्क्दोwन् wहिच्ह् इस् fरौद् अन्द् प्रोतेस्तेद् अल्ल् ओवेर् थे wओर्ल्द् लिfत् इत् fओर् लिबेर्त्य्, fरेएदोम्, एqउअलित्य् अन्द् fरतेर्नित्य् एन्स्ह्रिनेद् इन् थे छोन्स्तितुइतिओन्.Oमित् ष्हह् अन्द् थे ंउर्देरेर् ओf देमोच्रतिच् इन्स्तितुतिओन्स् (ंओदि) अरे ओwन् मोथेर्’स् fलेस्ह् एअतेर्स् अरे सुप्पोर्तेद् ब्य् थे qउओर अन्द् थे PऋEष्ष्टीटूट्E ंEडीआ
छ्OVईड्-19 चोरोनविरुस् इस् अ ‘होअx’ ‘ण्O ंOऋE छूऋFEW LईKE LOछ्Kड्OWण्ष्’ ‘ण्O ट्O Vआछ्छीणाटीOण्ष्’. ‘षंईLEष् ण्Oट् ंआष्Kष्’ ‘ण्O ष्OछीआL डीष्टाण्छीण्ङ्’
‘ऊणीट्E FOऋ FऋEEड्Oं’ ‘ण्O ट्O ङ्OVEऋणंEण्ट् LईEष्’ ‘ंआष्Kष् ऋEडूछ्E ईंंऊणीट्Y’ अन्द् ‘ंआष्Kष् ईण्छृEआष्E ईण्FEछ्टीOण् ऋईष्K’डेस्पिते 850,591 डेअथ्सःइन् थे WOऋLड् fरोम् छ्OVईड्-19, इत् wअस् ‘FआKE ष्छीEण्छ्E’ अन्द् छोविद्-19 चन् बे चोम्परेद् तो अ ‘Bआड् FLऊ'’छ्Oण्Vईड् ःOआX’.छोरोनविरुस् छसेसः 25,384,547डेअथ्सः 850,591ऋएचोवेरेदः 17,706,841 प्लुस् 7,808,579,170 छुर्रेन्त् Wओर्ल्द् Pओपुलतिओन् wइथ् रेfएरेन्चे तो ह्त्त्प्सः//स्र्व्1.wओर्ल्दोमेतेर्स्.इन्fओ/ Lअस्त् उप्दतेदः Lअस्त् उप्दतेदः आउगुस्त् 31, 2020, 03ः01 ङंट्wइथोउत् अन्य् त्रिअल्’99.9% आwअकेनेद् Pएओप्ले wइथ् आwअरेनेस्स् हवे चोमे तोगेथेर् तो मके थेइर् वोइचेस् हेअर्द् अगैन्स्त् मन्दतोर्य् वच्चिनतिओन्स्, मन्दतोर्य् मस्क्स्, मन्दतोर्य् अन्य्थिन्ग् रेअल्ल्य्. णो मोरे चुर्fएw लिके लोच्क्दोwन्स्, नो मोरे सेचोन्द् wअवे बुसिनेस्स्’.'ट्OP ड्Oछ्ट्Oऋष् आण्ड् णूऋष्Eष् ष्PEआKईण्ङ् Oऊट् टृऊटः आङाईण्ष्ट् ङ्OVEऋणंEण्ट् Pऊषःईण्ङ् FEआऋ आण्ड् ईङ्ण्Oऋईण्ङ् ष्छीEण्छ्E.’
टो,
E-fइलिन्ग् इन् थे षुप्रेमे ञुदिचिअल् छोउर्त् छ्लेर्क्’स् Offइचे fओर् थे छोम्मोन्wएअल्थ्
स्ज्च्चोम्म्च्लेर्क्@स्ज्च्.स्तते.म.उस्Fरन्चिस्.Kएन्नेअल्ल्य्@जुद्.स्तते.म.उस्छ्हर्लोत्ते.ःओउलिहन्@जुद्.स्तते.म.उस्
ण्Yष्छ्EFन्य्स्चेf@न्य्चोउर्त्स्.गोव् चे@ग्मैल्.चोम्
एfइलिन्ग्सुप्पोर्त्@सुप्रेमेचोउर्त्.गोव्षूPऋEंE छ्Oऊऋट् OF ईण्डीआएfइलिन्ग्@स्चि.निच्.इन्
ङूईड्ELईण्Eष्/ईण्ष्टृऊछ्टीOण्ष् FOऋ FईLईण्ङ् ईण् E-FईLईण्ङ् POऋटाL
छ्OVईड्-19 चोरोनविरुस् इस् अ ‘होअx’
99.9% आल्ल् आबोरिगिनल् आwअकेनेद् षोचिएतिएस् ओf थे wओर्ल्द् अरे अwअरे थत् छ्OVईड्-19 चोरोनविरुस् इस् अ ‘होअx’ अन्द् अ fरौद्. ठेरे wइल्ल् बे प्रोतेस्त्स् अल्ल् ओवेर् थे wओर्ल्द् इन् सोचिअल् मेदिअ अन्द् प्रोतेस्तेर्स् गथेरिन्ग् तो च्लैम् चोरोनविरुस् इस् अ ‘होअx’
ठेरे इस् अ नोन्-चोओपेरतिओन् मोवेमेन्त् fओर्
‘ण्O ंOऋE छूऋFEW LईKE LOछ्Kड्OWण्ष्’
‘ण्O ट्O Vआछ्छीणाटीOण्ष्’.
‘षंईLEष् ण्Oट् ंआष्Kष्’ ‘ण्O ष्OछीआL डीष्टाण्छीण्ङ्’
ठे ‘ऊणीट्E FOऋ FऋEEड्Oं’
‘ण्O ट्O ङ्OVEऋणंEण्ट् LईEष्’
‘ंआष्Kष् ऋEडूछ्E ईंंऊणीट्Y’ अन्द् ‘ंआष्Kष् ईण्छृEआष्E ईण्FEछ्टीOण् ऋईष्K’ अरे ओन्.
डेस्पिते 847,677 डेअथ्सःइन् थे WOऋLड् fरोम् छ्OVईड्-19, इत् wअस् ‘FआKE ष्छीEण्छ्E’ अन्द् छोविद्-19 चन् बे चोम्परेद् तो अ ‘Bआड् FLऊ'’छ्Oण्Vईड् ःOआX’.ठेरे wओउल्द् बे
‘ट्OP ड्Oछ्ट्Oऋष् आण्ड् णूऋष्Eष् ष्PEआKईण्ङ् Oऊट् टृऊटः आङाईण्ष्ट् ङ्OVEऋणंEण्ट् Pऊषःईण्ङ् FEआऋ आण्ड् ईङ्ण्Oऋईण्ङ् ष्छीEण्छ्E.’
‘Pएओप्ले हवे चोमे तोगेथेर् तो मके थेइर् वोइचेस् हेअर्द् अगैन्स्त् मन्दतोर्य् वच्चिनतिओन्स्, मन्दतोर्य् मस्क्स्, मन्दतोर्य् अन्य्थिन्ग् रेअल्ल्य्.
णो मोरे चुर्fएw लिके लोच्क्दोwन्स्,
‘णो मोरे सेचोन्द् wअवे बुसिनेस्स्’.
ईण् टःE ंआट्ट्Eऋ OF LOष्ट् FऋEEड्Oं FऋOं ंआऋछः 2020 ट्O Vईषीट् Oऊऋ डाऊङःट्Eऋ, ष्Oण्-ईण्-LआW आण्ड् ट्WO ङृआण्ड्ष्Oण्ष् ऋEषीडीण्ङ् आट् WEष्ट् टांBआऋआं, छःEण्णाई. WE आऋE आLL ःआVईण्ङ् ङ्OOड् ःEआLटः छ्Oण्डीटीOण्. WE ऊष्Eड् ट्O डृईVE ईण् छाऋ ट्O ंEEट् टःEं ईण् छःEण्णाई. Oऊऋ ष्Oण्, डाऊङःट्Eऋ-ईण्-LआW आण्ड् ट्WO ङृआण्ड्ष्Oण्ष् ऋEषीडीण्ङ् ईण् ऊषा. डूE ट्O Oऊऋ ङ्OOड् ःEआLटः छ्Oण्डीटीOण् WE ऊष्Eड् ट्O Vईषीट् ट्O ंEEट् टःEं ईण् ऊषा. LईKEWईष्E टःEY WEऋE आLष्O FऋEE ट्O ंEEट् ऊष्.वेर्सुस् …..Pएतितिओनेर्-
ञाङाटःEEषाण् छःआण्डृआष्EKःआऋआण्….ऋएस्पोन्देन्त्स्
षुप्रेमे ञुदिचिअल् छोउर्त् छ्लेर्क्’स् Offइचे fओर् थे छोम्मोन्wएअल्थ् अन्द् अल्ल् षूPऋEंE छ्Oऊऋट्ष् OF टःE WOऋLड्
(छ्)
आLL ङ्OVEऋणंEण्ट्ष् OF टःE WOऋLड्
आLL PआऋLईआंEण्ट्ष् OF टःE WOऋLड्
(E) आLL ंEडीआ OF टःE WOऋLड्
(F) आLL ELEछ्टीOण् छ्Oंंईष्षीOण्ष् OF टःE WOऋLड्Fअच्त्स् ओf थे चसे -
Fरेएदोम् fरोम् थे रुलिन्ग् रचेस् अन्द् चस्तेस् wहो हवे इम्पोसेद् चुर्fएw लिके लोच्क् दोwन् इन् थे नमे ओf ठे चोरोनविरुस् मय् नोत् हवे ओरिगिनतेद् अत् अ Wउहन् wएत् मर्केत् लस्त् येअर् बुत् 1,000 मिलेस् अwअय् इन् 2012 — देएप् इन् अ छ्हिनेसे मिनेस्हfत् wहेरे wओर्केर्स् चमे दोwन् wइथ् अ म्य्स्तेरिओउस्, प्नेउमोनिअ-लिके इल्ल्नेस्स् अfतेर् बेइन्ग् एxपोसेद् तो बत्स्. wइथ् रेfएरेन्चे तो
ह्त्त्प्सः//न्य्पोस्त्.चोम्/2020/08/15/चोविद्-19-fइर्स्त्-अप्पेअरेद्-इन्-च्हिनेसे-मिनेर्स्-इन्-2012-स्चिएन्तिस्त्स्/
Qउएस्तिओन्(स्) ओf Lअw ःअवे थे जुस्त् 0.1% ओf थे पोपुलतिओन्
टःE षूPऋEंE छ्Oऊऋट्ष् OF टःE WOऋLड्
ङ्OVEऋणंEण्ट्ष् OF टःE WOऋLड्
PआऋLईआंEण्ट्ष् OF टःE WOऋLड्
(E) आLL ंEडीआष् OF टःE WOऋLड्
(F) आLL ELEछ्टीOण् छ्Oंंईष्षीOण्ष् OF टःE WOऋLड् देच्लरेद् देअथ् सेन्तेन्चे तो 850,591 पेओप्ले होउसे अर्रेस्तेद् छोरोनविरुस् छसेसः 25,384,547डेअथ्सः 850,591ऋएचोवेरेदः 17,706,841 प्लुस्
7,808,579,170छुर्रेन्त् Wओर्ल्द् Pओपुलतिओन् wइथ् रेfएरेन्चे तो
ह्त्त्प्सः//स्र्व्1.wओर्ल्दोमेतेर्स्.इन्fओ/ Lअस्त् उप्दतेदः Lअस्त् उप्दतेदः आउगुस्त् 31, 2020, 03ः01 ङंट्wइथोउत् अन्य् त्रिअल्
ङ्रोउन्द्स्- 99.9% ओf थे wओर्ल्द् पोपुलतिओन् अरे अwअकेनेद् तो थे fअच्त् थत् Bइर्थ्, षिच्क्नेस्स्, Oल्द् आगे अन्द् डेअथ् अरे चेर्तैनितिएस्.
Wह्य् स्होउल्द् जुस्त् 0.1% रचिस्त्स् अन्द् उप्पेर् चस्तेइस्त्स् अन्द् थे बुसिनेस्स् चोम्मुनितिएस् fओर् थेइर् सेल्fइस्ह् एन्द्स् पुनिस्ह् पेओप्ले wइथ् अwअरेनेस्स् अन्द् अwअकेनेस्स् ?
PऋआYEऋ
(इ) ंअय् अल्ल् थे fओल्लोwइन्ग् बे रेलिएवेद् fरोम् थे च्लुत्च्हेस् ओf थे रुलेर्स् Pऊषःईण्ङ् FEआऋ आण्ड् ईङ्ण्Oऋईण्ङ् ष्छीEण्छ्E wहो हवे wओन् एलेच्तिओन्स् ब्य् तम्पेरिन्ग् थे EVंस्/VVPआट्स्Wओर्ल्द् Pओपुलतिओन्
7,808,776,051 छुर्रेन्त् Wओर्ल्द् Pओपुलतिओन् 93,743,414 Bइर्थ्स् थिस् येअर् 96,839 Bइर्थ्स् तोदय् 39,355,731 डेअथ्स् थिस् येअर् 40,655 डेअथ्स् तोदय् 54,387,684 णेत् पोपुलतिओन् ग्रोwथ् थिस् येअर् 56,184 णेत् पोपुलतिओन् ग्रोwथ् तोदय्
ङोवेर्न्मेन्त् & Eचोनोमिच्स्
$ 3,831,395,802 Pउब्लिच् ःएअल्थ्चरे एxपेन्दितुरे तोदय् $ 2,616,330,625 Pउब्लिच् Eदुचतिओन् एxपेन्दितुरे तोदय् $ 1,184,713,914 Pउब्लिच् ंइलितर्य् एxपेन्दितुरे तोदय् 52,981,501 छर्स् प्रोदुचेद् थिस् येअर् 101,119,081 Bइच्य्च्लेस् प्रोदुचेद् थिस् येअर् 166,781,394 छोम्पुतेर्स् प्रोदुचेद् थिस् येअर्
षोचिएत्य् & ंएदिअ
1,797,861 णेw बोओक् तित्लेस् पुब्लिस्हेद् थिस् येअर् 119,912,830 णेwस्पपेर्स् चिर्चुलतेद् तोदय् 168,574ट्V सेत्स् सोल्द् wओर्ल्द्wइदे तोदय् 1,655,596 छेल्लुलर् फोनेस् सोल्द् तोदय् $ 73,973,209 ंओनेय् स्पेन्त् ओन् विदेओगमेस् तोदय् 4,663,814,502 ईन्तेर्नेत् उसेर्स् इन् थे wओर्ल्द् तोदय् 66,735,763,902 Eमैल्स् सेन्त् तोदय् 1,786,868 Bलोग् पोस्त्स् wरित्तेन् तोदय् 198,737,874 ट्wएएत्स् सेन्त् तोदय् 1,862,173,071 ङोओग्ले सेअर्च्हेस् तोदय्
Eन्विरोन्मेन्त्
3,479,951 Fओरेस्त् लोस्स् थिस् येअर् (हेच्तरेस्) 4,684,955 Lअन्द् लोस्त् तो सोइल् एरोसिओन् थिस् येअर् (ह) 24,212,176,956 छ्O2 एमिस्सिओन्स् थिस् येअर् (तोन्स्) 8,029,844 डेसेर्तिfइचतिओन् थिस् येअर् (हेच्तरेस्) 6,552,606 टोxइच् च्हेमिचल्स् रेलेअसेद् इन् थे एन्विरोन्मेन्त् थिस् येअर् (तोन्स्)
Fओओद्
845,622,436 ऊन्देर्नोउरिस्हेद् पेओप्ले इन् थे wओर्ल्द् 1,698,297,148 Oवेर्wएइघ्त् पेओप्ले इन् थे wओर्ल्द् 764,457,470 Oबेसे पेओप्ले इन् थे wओर्ल्द् 7,730 Pएओप्ले wहो दिएद् ओf हुन्गेर् तोदय् $ 147,250,285 ंओनेय् स्पेन्त् fओर् ओबेसित्य् रेलतेद् दिसेअसेस् इन् थे ऊषा तोदय् $ 47,786,025ंओनेय् स्पेन्त् ओन् wएइघ्त् लोस्स् प्रोग्रम्स् इन् थे ऊषा तोदय्
Wअतेर्
2,927,484,135 Wअतेर् उसेद् थिस् येअर् (मिल्लिओन् L) 563,461 डेअथ्स् चौसेद् ब्य् wअतेर् रेलतेद् दिसेअसेस् थिस् येअर् 798,295,732 Pएओप्ले wइथ् नो अच्चेस्स् तो अ सfए द्रिन्किन्ग् wअतेर् सोउर्चे
Eनेर्ग्य्
117,982,650 Eनेर्ग्य् उसेद् तोदय् (ंWह्), ओf wहिच्हः 100,433,494- fरोम् नोन्-रेनेwअब्ले सोउर्चेस् (ंWह्) 17,767,158- fरोम् रेनेwअब्ले सोउर्चेस् (ंWह्) 739,285,148,701 षोलर् एनेर्ग्य् स्त्रिकिन्ग् Eअर्थ् तोदय् (ंWह्) 24,198,215 Oइल् पुम्पेद् तोदय् (बर्रेल्स्) 1,498,385,555,200 Oइल् लेfत् (बर्रेल्स्) 15,626 डय्स् तो थे एन्द् ओf ओइल् (~43 येअर्स्) 1,093,863,303,841 णतुरल् ङस् लेfत् (बोए) 57,572 डय्स् तो थे एन्द् ओf नतुरल् गस् 4,313,463,954,958 छोअल् लेfत् (बोए) 148,740डय्स् तो थे एन्द् ओf चोअल्
ःएअल्थ्
8,686,160 छोम्मुनिचब्ले दिसेअसे देअथ्स् थिस् येअर् 326,751 षेअसोनल् fलु देअथ्स् थिस् येअर् 5,085,919 डेअथ्स् ओf च्हिल्द्रेन् उन्देर् 5 थिस् येअर् 28,468,441 आबोर्तिओन्स् थिस् येअर् 206,813 डेअथ्स् ओf मोथेर्स् दुरिन्ग् बिर्थ् थिस् येअर् 42,064,468 ःईV/आईड्ष् इन्fएच्तेद् पेओप्ले 1,124,811 डेअथ्स् चौसेद् ब्य् ःईV/आईड्ष् थिस् येअर् 5,495,325 डेअथ्स् चौसेद् ब्य् चन्चेर् थिस् येअर् 656,316 डेअथ्स् चौसेद् ब्य् मलरिअ थिस् येअर् 3,826,239,250 छिगरेत्तेस् स्मोकेद् तोदय् 3,344,889 डेअथ्स् चौसेद् ब्य् स्मोकिन्ग् थिस् येअर् 1,673,500 डेअथ्स् चौसेद् ब्य् अल्चोहोल् थिस् येअर् 717,516 षुइचिदेस् थिस् येअर् $ 267,675,528,061 ंओनेय् स्पेन्त् ओन् इल्लेगल् द्रुग्स् थिस् येअर् 903,226 ऋओअद् त्रffइच् अच्चिदेन्त् fअतलितिएस् थिस् येअर्
ंअय् अल्ल् बे हप्प्य्, wएल्ल् अन्द् सेचुरे!ंअय् अल्ल् बे चल्म्, qउइएत्, अलेर्त्, अत्तेन्तिवे अन्द् हवे एqउअनिमित्य् ओf मिन्द् wइथ् अ च्लेअर् उन्देर्स्तन्दिन्ग् थत् एवेर्य्थिन्ग् इस् च्हन्गिन्ग्!ंअय् अल्ल् अत्तैन् Eतेर्नल् Bलिस्स् अस् थेइर् Fइनल् ङोअल्!
डिस्मिस्स् अल्ल् थे गोवेर्न्मेन्त्स् fओर्मेद् ब्य् उसिन्ग् थे EVंस्/VVPआट्स् अन्द् Pऊषःईण्ङ् FEआऋ आण्ड् ईङ्ण्Oऋईण्ङ् ष्छीEण्छ्E.
Oर्देर्स् मय् बे पस्सेद् तो चोन्दुच्त् एलेच्तिओन्स् इन् fरेए अन्द् fऐर् मन्नेर् ब्य् उसिन्ग् बल्लोत् पपेर्स् अस् fओल्लोwएद् ब्य् 120 देमोच्रचिएस् ओf थे wओर्ल्द्.टिल्ल् थेन् णोन्-चोओपेरतिओन् अन्द् दिसोबेदिएन्चे मोवेमेन्त् अगैन्स्त् अल्ल् गोवेर्न्मेन्त्स् तिल्ल् थे चुर्fएw लिके लोच्क्दोwन् इस् लिfतेद् अन्द् नोर्मल्च्य् इस् रेतैनेद्
ऋएfएरेन्चेसः
ह्त्त्प्सः//न्य्पोस्त्.चोम्/2020/08/15/चोविद्-19-fइर्स्त्-अप्पेअरेद्-इन्-च्हिनेसे-मिनेर्स्-इन्-2012-स्चिएन्तिस्त्स्/
ह्त्त्प्सः//www.तस्निम्नेwस्.चोम्/एन्/नेwस्/2020/08/30/2337955/थोउसन्द्स्-प्रोतेस्त्-इन्-लोन्दोन्-देमन्द्-एन्द्-ओf-अन्ति-चोविद्-19-मेअसुरेस्-विदेओ
“ह्त्त्प्सः//इ2-प्रोद्.मिर्रोर्.चो.उक्/इन्चोमिन्ग्/अर्तिच्ले22286725.एचे/BईणाऋY/0_ंआईण्-PऋOड्-चोरोनविरुस्_15691ञ्Pङ्.ज्प्ग्”,”एन्द्पोइन्तूर्ल्”ः”ह्त्त्प्सः//चोम्मुनिचतोर्-प्रोxय्.त्म्-अwx.चोम्/अपि/पुब्लिचतिओन्स्/मिर्रोर्/सुब्स्च्रिप्तिओन्स्/”,”प्रोfइले”ः”डेfऔल्त्”,”इस्Pउरे360णेwस्Lएत्तेर्”ःfअल्से}” दत-ओब्सेर्वेद्=”fअल्से” दत-इनित्=”त्रुए”>ह्त्त्प्सः//मेत्रो.चो.उक्/2020/08/29/अन्ति-लोच्क्दोwन्-प्रोतेस्तेर्स्-चल्लिन्ग्-चोरोनविरुस्-होअx-गथेर्-लोन्दोन्-13195529/?इतो=च्ब्स्हरे ह्त्त्प्सः//सुम्मित्.नेwस्/2020/03/10/मित्-स्चिएन्तिस्त्-च्लैम्स्-चोरोनविरुस्-इस्-अ-देएप्-स्तते-fरौद्/ह्त्त्प्सः//www.एxप्रेस्स्.चो.उक्/नेwस्/उक्/1329192/Lओन्दोन्-अन्ति-लोच्क्दोwन्-प्रोतेस्तेर्स्-चोरोनविरुस्-पन्देमिच्
ह्त्त्प्सः//www.इरिस्ह्तिमेस्.चोम्/ओपिनिओन्ह्त्त्प्सः//www.fओxनेwस्.चोम्/ह्त्त्प्सः//www.ब्ब्च्.चोम्/नेwस्/wओर्ल्द्-उस्-चनद-52359100ह्त्त्प्सः//अच्लेद्दत.चोम्/अनल्य्सिस्/चोविद्-19-दिसोर्देर्-त्रच्केर्/ह्त्त्प्सः//www.wअस्हिन्ग्तोन्तिमेस्.चोम्/
06) Classical Devanagari,Classical Hindi-Devanagari- शास्त्रीय हिंदी,
०६) शास्त्रीय देवनागरी, शास्त्रीय हिंदी-देवनागरी- कक्षा हिंदी,
COVID-19 अपने आप में एक धोखा है।
द्वारा पूरी सूची की मांग नहीं की गई
विश्व के सर्वोच्च वर्गों
दुनिया के सरकार
दुनिया के पैरामीटर
(() विश्व के सभी मध्यस्थ
(च) विश्व के सभी निर्वाचन आयोगों ने 850,591 लोगों को मृत्युदंड देने की घोषणा की, जिनके घर में कोरोनावायरस केस गिरफ्तार किया गया: 25,384,547Deaths: 850,591Recovered: 17,706,841 प्लस 7,808,579,170Current विश्व जनसंख्या https://srv1.worldometers.info/ के संदर्भ में अंतिम अद्यतन अंतिम अद्यतन: 01 सितंबर, 2020, 00:39 GMT बिना किसी परीक्षण के
राष्ट्रमंडल के लिए सर्वोच्च न्यायिक न्यायालय क्लर्क कार्यालय में ई-फाइलिंग
2,927,484,135 जल का उपयोग इस वर्ष (मिलियन एल) 563,461 इस वर्ष पानी से संबंधित बीमारियों से होने वाली मौतों 798,295,732 एक सुरक्षित पेयजल स्रोत तक पहुंच नहीं वाले लोग
https://nypost.com/2020/08/15/covid-19-first-appeared-in-chinese-miners-in-2012-scientists/
COVID-19 अपने आप में एक धोखा है।
द्वारा पूरी सूची की मांग नहीं की गई
विश्व के सर्वोच्च वर्गों
दुनिया के सरकार
दुनिया के पैरामीटर
(() विश्व के सभी मध्यस्थ
(च) विश्व के सभी निर्वाचन आयोगों ने 850,591 लोगों को मृत्युदंड देने की घोषणा की, जिनके घर में कोरोनावायरस केस गिरफ्तार किया गया: 25,384,547Deaths: 850,591Recovered: 17,706,841 प्लस 7,808,579,170Current विश्व जनसंख्या https://srv1.worldometers.info/ के संदर्भ में अंतिम अद्यतन अंतिम अद्यतन: 01 सितंबर, 2020, 00:39 GMT बिना किसी परीक्षण के
सभी सरकारों के खिलाफ असहयोग और अवज्ञा आंदोलन तब तक बंद हो जाता है जब तक कि कर्फ्यू हटा नहीं दिया जाता है और सामान्य स्थिति बरकरार रखी जाती है, जहां 99.9% जागृत आदिवासी समाजों ने CURFEW LIKE DOWDOWNS की परवाह किए बिना स्वतंत्र रूप से आगे बढ़ने का फैसला किया है।
NO TO VACCINATIONS ’।
‘SMILES NOT MASKS’ पहने -
https://giphy.com/gifs/moodman-dVdNNiveE8y78ESlav
क्या इंसान बंदरों से विकसित होते हैं, यह स्पष्ट नहीं है। यदि विकास वास्तविक है तो अभी भी बंदर क्यों हैं? यही कारण है।
कह रहा है ‘कोई सामाजिक दुष्प्रचार’
‘स्वतंत्रता के लिए उपयुक्त’
‘नो टू गोविन्नेस लाइज़’
As MASKS REDUCE IMMUNITY ’और INC MASKS INCREASE INFECTION RISK’ के रूप में
850,591 मौतों के बावजूद: COVID -19 से दुनिया में, यह ‘FAKE SCIENCE’ था और Covid-19 की तुलना ‘BAD FLU’ से की जाती है।
‘CONVID HOAX ’।
‘99 .9% जागृत लोग जागरूकता के साथ एक साथ आए हैं ताकि अनिवार्य टीकाकरण, अनिवार्य मुखौटे, वास्तव में कुछ भी के खिलाफ सुनाई दे। लॉकडाउन जैसा कोई और कर्फ्यू नहीं, कोई और दूसरी लहर का कारोबार नहीं है। ‘ माध्यम
जागरूकता ब्रह्मांड (DAOAU) के साथ जागृत एक की खोज
कल्याण के लिए, खुशी, सभी संवेदी और गैर-सजातीय लोगों की शांति और उनके लिए अंतिम पदक के रूप में शाश्वत शांति प्राप्त करना।
KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI पगोडा-यह एक 18 फीट का डिया ऑल व्हाइट पैगोडा है जिसमें एक टेबल हो सकती है, लेकिन कमरे के सामान्य उपयोग के आधार पर हेड लेवल से ऊपर होना सुनिश्चित करें। 116 भाषा विज्ञान में
के माध्यम से
http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org
पर
WHITE HOME 668, 5A मुख्य सड़क, 8 वीं क्रॉस, HAL III स्टेज, प्रबुद्ध भारत पुण्यभूमि बेंगलुरु मगधी कर्नाटक राज्य PRABUDDHA BHARAT
डॉ। बी.आर अम्बेडकर ने “मुख्य भारत बौधमे करुंगा (मैं भारत को बौद्ध बनाऊंगा)
सभी आदिवासी जागृत सोसाइटी थंडर “हम प्रपंच प्रबुद्ध भारतमय करुणगे” (हम विश्व प्रबुद्ध प्रपंच बनाएंगे
सभी समाजों के लिए कल्याण, खुशी और शांति के लिए जागरूकता ब्रह्मांड के साथ जागृत एक खोज करने के लिए सर्वश्रेष्ठ प्रशासन। पूर्व CJI शतशिवम ने निर्णय से गंभीर त्रुटि के लिए सहमति व्यक्त की कि EVM के माध्यम से EVM के साथ छेड़छाड़ की जा रही है और चरणबद्ध तरीके से उनके प्रतिस्थापन का आदेश दिया गया है पूर्व सीईसी संपत द्वारा, क्योंकि उस समय इसकी लागत 1600 करोड़ रुपये थी। इस फैसले ने बेवॉफ़ झोटे साइकोपैथ्स (बीजेपी) के लोकतांत्रिक संस्थानों (एमओडीआई) के मर्डरर की मदद की, जो विदेशी रूप से बेने इज़राइल, तिब्बत, अफ्रीका के चिटपावन ब्राह्मणों आरएसएस (राउडी स्वेम सेवक) से प्रभावित थे। , भीड़ 99.9% सभी जागीरदार जागीर समाजों को गुलाम बनाने के लिए मास्टर कुंजी को गुलाम बनाए रखने के लिए न्यायपालिका, संसद, कार्यपालिका, चिटपावन ब्राह्मणों से भरा मीडिया, जो तालाबंदी की तरह कर्फ्यू लगा चुके हैं, जो धोखाधड़ी है और जिसका विरोध दुनिया भर में स्वतंत्रता, स्वतंत्रता, समानता के लिए करते हैं। और भ्रातृत्व संविधान में निहित है। शाह और लोकतांत्रिक संस्थानों (मोदी) के मर्डर खुद माँ के मांस खाने वालों को कोरा और PRESSTITUTE मीडिया द्वारा समर्थित हैं
शास्त्रीय अंग्रेजी में, 101) शास्त्रीय तमिल- பரிய்இசைத தமிழ்செம் English்மொழி, 86) शास्त्रीय संस्कृत छ्लस्सिचल्श शन्स्क्रित्।
https://giphy.com/gifs/IntoAction-corona-coronavirus-covid-dZRexnpBOfoxUsQu4uCOVID-19 जातिवाद को ठीक नहीं बनाता और निश्चित रूप से जातिवाद
https://giphy.com/gifs/IntoAction-virus-corona-coronavirus-fYI4CyOuo3wVi5AxAc
COVID-19 कोरोनावायरस एक ‘धोखा’ ‘और अधिक CURFEW तरह का लॉक’ है ‘’ NO VACCINATIONS ‘’। ‘SMILES NOT MASKS ’S कोई सामाजिक व्यवस्था नहीं’
OM ‘UNITE FOR FREEDOM ’TO NO TO GOVERNMENT LIES’ RED MASKS REDUCE IMMUNITY ’और ASE MASKS INCREASE INFECTION RISK’Despite 850,591 की मौत: COIDID-19 से दुनिया में, यह AK FAKE SCIENCE’ और Covid-19 की तुलना की जा सकती है। ‘BAD FLU'’CONVID HOAX’.Coronavirus Cases: 25,384,547Deaths: 850,591Recovered: 17,706,841 प्लस 7,808,579,175 वर्तमान विश्व जनसंख्या https://srv1.worldometers.info/ के संदर्भ में: अंतिम अद्यतन: 31 अगस्त, 2020 01 GMTwithout किसी भी ट्रायल’99.9% के साथ जागृत जागरूकता वाले लोग अनिवार्य टीकाकरण, अनिवार्य मुखौटे, अनिवार्य रूप से कुछ भी के खिलाफ सुनाई देने वाली आवाज़ों को एक साथ करने के लिए एक साथ आए हैं। लॉकडाउन जैसा कोई और कर्फ्यू नहीं, कोई और दूसरी लहर का कारोबार नहीं है। ‘
राष्ट्रमंडल के लिए सर्वोच्च न्यायिक न्यायालय क्लर्क कार्यालय में ई-फाइलिंग
sjccommclerk @ sjc.state.ma.usFrancis.Kenneally @ jud.state.ma.usCharlotte.Houlihan @ jud.state.ma.us
Charlotte.Houlihan@jud.state.ma.us
NYSCEFnyscef@nycourts.gov ce@gmail.com
INDIAefiling@sci.p.in पर efilingsupport@supremecourt.govSUPREME COURT
ई-फाइलिंग पोर्टल में गाइडिंग के लिए गाइड / निर्देश
COVID-19 कोरोनावायरस एक ‘धोखा’ है
दुनिया के 99.9% सभी आदिवासी जागृत समाज इस बात से अवगत हैं कि COVID-19 कोरोनावायरस एक ‘धोखा’ और धोखाधड़ी है। सोशल मीडिया में दुनिया भर में विरोध प्रदर्शन होंगे और कोरोनोवायरस का दावा करने के लिए प्रदर्शनकारियों का जमावड़ा एक ‘धोखा’ है
के लिए असहयोग आंदोलन है
‘और अधिक CURFEW को पसंद है’
V सं। सं।
‘SMILES NOT MASKS ’S कोई सामाजिक व्यवस्था नहीं’
‘स्वतंत्रता के लिए एकता’
‘सरकार के लिए कोई नहीं’
‘MASKS REDUCE IMMUNITY’ और ‘MASKS INCREASE INFECTION RISK’ चालू हैं।
847,677 मौतों के बावजूद: COVID -19 से दुनिया में, यह ‘FAKE SCIENCE’ थी और Covid-19 की तुलना ‘BAD FLU’CONVID HOAX’ से की जा सकती है।
‘टॉप डॉक्टर्स और नर्सों ने इस मामले को सुलझाने के लिए काम किया है।
‘लोग अनिवार्य टीकाकरण, अनिवार्य मास्क, वास्तव में कुछ भी अनिवार्य के खिलाफ सुनाई देने वाली अपनी आवाज बनाने के लिए एक साथ आए हैं।
लॉकडाउन जैसा कोई और कर्फ्यू नहीं,
‘नो वेव वेव बिज़नेस’।
मार्च, 2020 से हमारे फ्रीगेटर, सोन-इन-ला और दो ग्रंथों की यात्रा के दौरान पश्चिम तंबरम, चेन्नी में होने वाले दो दिनों की यात्रा। हम सभी अच्छे स्वास्थ्य की उम्मीद कर रहे हैं। हम CHENNAI में उन्हें लाने के लिए कार में ड्राइव करने के लिए इस्तेमाल किया। हमारे बेटे, DAUGHTER-IN-LAW और दो GRANDSONS संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में रहते हैं। हमारे अच्छे स्वास्थ्य के संदर्भ में हमें संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में यह देखना है। LIKEWISE ने हमें US.versus ….. करने के लिए स्वतंत्र रखा है। याचिकाकर्ता-
JAGATHEESAN CHANDRASEKHARAN …. उत्तरदाता
राष्ट्रमंडल के लिए सर्वोच्च न्यायिक न्यायालय क्लर्क का कार्यालय और विश्व के सभी सर्वोच्च न्यायालय
(सी)
दुनिया के सभी सरकार
दुनिया के सभी भागों
(() विश्व के सभी मीडिया
(एफ) मामले के दुनिया भर में सभी चुनाव आयोग -
सत्तारूढ़ जातियों और जातियों से स्वतंत्रता, जिन्होंने द कोरोनोवायरस के नाम पर कर्फ्यू लगाया है, की उत्पत्ति शायद पिछले साल वुहान में नहीं हुई थी, लेकिन 2012 में 1,000 मील दूर - एक चीनी खदान में गहरे - मज़दूर एक रहस्यमय स्थिति में आ गए थे , चमगादड़ के संपर्क में आने के बाद निमोनिया जैसी बीमारी। के संदर्भ में
https://nypost.com/2020/08/15/covid-19-first-appeared-in-chinese-miners-in-2012-scientists/
कानून के प्रश्न (the) जनसंख्या का केवल ०.१% हैं
विश्व के सर्वोच्च वर्गों
दुनिया के सरकार
दुनिया के पैरामीटर
(() विश्व के सभी मध्यस्थ
(एफ) विश्व के सभी निर्वाचन आयोगों ने 850,591 लोगों को मृत्युदंड की सजा सुनाई, जिसमें कोरोनोवायरस हाउस गिरफ्तार किए गए: 25,384,547Deaths: 850,591 रिकॉर्ड किए गए: 17,706,841 प्लस
संदर्भ के साथ 7,808,579,170 समवर्ती विश्व जनसंख्या
https://srv1.worldometers.info/ अंतिम अपडेट: अंतिम अपडेट: 31 अगस्त, 2020, 03:01 GMT किसी भी परीक्षण के साथ
ग्राउंड्स- दुनिया की 99.9% आबादी इस तथ्य के प्रति जागृत है कि जन्म, बीमारी, बुढ़ापे और मृत्यु की परिभाषाएं हैं।
सिर्फ 0.1% जातिवाद और उच्च जातिवादियों और व्यापारिक समुदायों को अपने स्वार्थ के लिए लोगों को जागरूकता और जागृति से दंडित क्यों करना चाहिए?
प्रार्थना
(i) सभी शासकों को उन शासकों के चंगुल से छुड़ाया जा सकता है, जिनके पास EVM / VVPATsWorld जनसंख्या से छेड़छाड़ करके चुनाव जीते हैं।
7,808,776,051 वर्तमान विश्व जनसंख्या 93,743,414 इस वर्ष 96,839 बर्थ की आज, 39,355,731 मौतें इस साल 40,655 मौतें आज 54,387,684 शुद्ध जनसंख्या वृद्धि इस वर्ष 56,184 शुद्ध जनसंख्या वृद्धि
सरकार और अर्थशास्त्र
$ 3,831,395,802 पब्लिक हेल्थकेयर खर्च आज $ 2,616,330,625 पब्लिक एजुकेशन खर्च आज $ 1,184,713,914 पब्लिक मिलिट्री खर्च आज 52,981,501 कारें इस साल 101,119,081 साइकिल का उत्पादन किया इस साल 166,781,394 कंप्यूटर्स का उत्पादन कंप्यूटर ने किया
समाज और मीडिया
1,797,861 नए पुस्तक के शीर्षक इस वर्ष प्रकाशित किए गए 119,912,830 समाचार पत्र आज दुनिया भर में बिके हैं, आज 1,655,596 सेल्युलर फोन बिके हैं, आज $ 73,973,209 वीडियोगेम पर खर्च किए गए धन आज 4,667,814,502 इंटरनेट उपयोगकर्ताओं को दुनिया में 66,735,763,902 ईमेल प्राप्त हुए हैं, जो आज 1,868,188 ब्लॉगों पर उपलब्ध हैं। गूगल आज खोजता है
वातावरण
इस वर्ष 3,479,951 वन हानि (हेक्टेयर) 4,684,955 भूमि इस वर्ष (हा) 24,212,176,956 CO2 उत्सर्जन (टन) इस साल (हेक्टेयर) 8,029,844 मरुस्थलीकरण (भूमि) इस साल पर्यावरण (टन) में जारी किए गए 6,552,606 विषैले रसायनों से मिट्टी के कटाव से हार गई।
खाना
दुनिया में 845,622,436 अशिक्षित लोग दुनिया में 1,698,297,148 अधिक वजन वाले लोग दुनिया में 764,457,470 मोटापे से ग्रस्त लोग 7,730 लोग जो आज भूख से मर गए, 147,250,000855 रुपये यूएसए में मोटापे से संबंधित बीमारियों के लिए खर्च किए गए $ 47,786,025Money आज संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका में वजन घटाने के कार्यक्रमों पर खर्च हुए।
पानी2,927,484,135 जल का उपयोग इस वर्ष (मिलियन एल) 563,461 इस वर्ष पानी से संबंधित बीमारियों से होने वाली मौतों 798,295,732 एक सुरक्षित पेयजल स्रोत तक पहुंच नहीं वाले लोग
ऊर्जा
117,982,650 ऊर्जा का उपयोग आज (MWh) में किया गया है, जिनमें से: 100,433,494- गैर-नवीकरणीय स्रोतों से (MWh) 17,767,158- नवीकरणीय स्रोतों से (MWh) 739,285,148,701 सोलर स्ट्राइकिंग अर्थ आज (MWh) 24,198,215 तेल पंप (बैरल) 1,498,385,555-555555 ) तेल के अंत में 15,626 दिन (~ 43 वर्ष) 1,093,863,303,841 प्राकृतिक गैस बचे (बोए) 57,572 दिन प्राकृतिक गैस के अंत में 4,313,463,954,958 कोयला बचे (बोए) 148,740Days कोयले के अंत तक
स्वास्थ्य
8,686,160 संचारी रोग से इस वर्ष 326,751 मौसमी फ्लू से मृत्यु, इस वर्ष 5,085,919 बच्चों की मृत्यु, इस वर्ष 5 से कम 28,468,441 गर्भपात इस वर्ष 206,813 माताओं की मृत्यु इस वर्ष जन्म के दौरान 42,064,468 HIV / AIDS से संक्रमित लोगों की मृत्यु हुई, जिनमें 1,124,811 लोग एचआईवी के कारण हुए। इस वर्ष कैंसर से 656,316 मौतें इस वर्ष मलेरिया के कारण हुईं, 3,826,239,250 सिगरेटों की आज धूम्रपान की वजह से 3,344,889 मौतें, 1,673,500 लोगों की मौत धूम्रपान की वजह से हुई, इस साल 717,516 आत्महत्याओं के कारण इस साल $ 267,675,528,061 पैसा अवैध दवाओं पर खर्च हुआ, 903,226 सड़कें।
सभी खुश, अच्छी तरह से और सुरक्षित रहें! सभी शांत, शांत, सतर्क, चौकस रहें और एक स्पष्ट समझ के साथ मन की समानता हो कि सब कुछ बदल रहा है! सभी अपने अंतिम लक्ष्य के रूप में अनन्त आनंद प्राप्त करें!
EVM / VVPATs और PUSHING FEAR AND IGNORING SCIENCE का उपयोग करके गठित सभी सरकारों को खारिज करें।
दुनिया के 120 लोकतंत्रों के अनुसार मत पत्रों का उपयोग करके स्वतंत्र और निष्पक्ष तरीके से चुनाव कराने के आदेश पारित किए जा सकते हैं। तब तक सभी सरकारों के खिलाफ असहयोग और अवज्ञा आंदोलन तब तक चलेगा जब तक कि कर्फ्यू को हटा नहीं दिया जाता है और सामान्य स्थिति बरकरार रखी जाती है।
संदर्भ:
https://nypost.com/2020/08/15/covid-19-first-appeared-in-chinese-miners-in-2012-scientists/
https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2020/08/30/2337955/thousands-protest-in-london-demand-end-of-anti-covid-19-measures-video
“Https://i2-prod.mirror.co.uk/incoming/article22286725.ece/BINARY/0_MAIN-PROD-coronavirus_15691JPG.jpg”,”endpointUrl”:
“https://communicator-proxy.tm-awx.com/api/publications/mirror/subselines/”,”profile”:”Default” ,”isPure360NewsLetter”:faln}” डेटा-देखे = “गलत” डेटा-इनिट = “सच”> https://metro.co.uk/2020/08/29/anti-lockdown-protesters-calling-coronavirus-hoax-gather-london-13195529/?ito=cbshare https://umummit.news /2020/03/10/mit-scientist-claims-coronavirus-is-a-deep-state-fraud/https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/1329192/London-anti-lockdown-protesters -कोरोनावाइरस महामारी
https://www.irishtimes.com/opinionhttps://www.foxnews.com/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-52359100https://acleddata.com/analysis/covid- 19-विकार-ट्रैकर / https: //www.washingtontimes.com/
08/30/20
LESSON 3431 Mon 31 Aug 2020
Discovery of Awakened One with Awareness Universe (DAOAU)
For
The Welfare, Happiness, Peace of All Sentient and Non-Sentient Beings and for them to Attain Eternal Peace as Final Goal.
KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA-It
is a 18 feet Dia All White Pagoda with may be a table or, but be sure
to having above head level based on the usual use of the room. in 116 CLASSICAL LANGUAGES
Through
At
WHITE HOME
668, 5A main Road, 8th Cross, HAL III Stage,
Prabuddha Bharat Puniya Bhumi Bengaluru
Magadhi Karnataka State
PRABUDDHA BHARAT
Dr B.R.Ambedkar thundered “Main Bharat Baudhmay karunga.” (I will make India Buddhist)
All Aboriginal Awakened Societies Thunder ” Hum Prapanch Prabuddha Bharatmay karunge.” (We will make world Prabuddha Prapanch
Non-cooperation and disobedience movement against all governments till the curfew like lockdown is lifted and normalcy is retained
Best Administration to Discover Awakened One with Awareness Universe for welfare, happiness and peace for all societies.
The ex CJI Sathasivam committed a grave error of judgement by agreeing that the EVMs are being tampered through EVMs and ordered for their replacement in a phased manner as suggested by the ex CEC Sampath because it cost Rs 1600 crore at that point of time . This judgement helped Murderer of democratic institutions (MODI) of Bevakoof Jhoothe Psychopaths (BJP) remotely controlled by the foreigners kicked out from Bene Israel, Tibet, Africa chitpavan brahmins of RSS (Rowdy Swayam Sevaks) fullo intolerance, hatred, anger, jealousy, delusion, mob lynching 99.9% All Aboriginal Awakened Societies to gobble the Master Key to enslave Judiciary, Parliament, Executive, Media full of chitpavan brahmins who have imposed curfew like lockdown which is fraud and protested all over the world lift it for liberty, freedom, equality and fraternity enshrined in the Constituition.Omit Shah and the Murderer of democratic institutions (Modi) are own mother’s flesh eaters are supported by the quora and the PRESSTITUTE MEDIA
COVID-19 coronavirus is a ‘hoax’ ‘NO MORE CURFEW LIKE LOCKDOWNS’ ‘NO TO VACCINATIONS’. ‘SMILES NOT MASKS’ ‘NO SOCIAL DISTANCING’
‘UNITE FOR FREEDOM’ ‘NO TO GOVERNMENT LIES’ ‘MASKS REDUCE IMMUNITY’ and ‘MASKS INCREASE INFECTION RISK’
Despite 850,591 Deaths:in the WORLD from COVID-19, it was ‘FAKE SCIENCE’ and Covid-19 can be compared to a ‘BAD FLU’
‘CONVID HOAX’.
Coronavirus Cases: 25,384,547
Deaths: 850,591
Recovered:
17,706,841
plus
7,808,579,170
Current World Population with reference to https://srv1.worldometers.info/
Last updated: Last updated: August 31, 2020, 03:01 GMTwithout any trial
‘99.9% Awakened People with Awareness have come together to make their voices heard against mandatory vaccinations, mandatory masks, mandatory anything really. No more curfew like lockdowns, no more second wave business’.
‘TOP DOCTORS AND NURSES SPEAKING OUT TRUTH AGAINST GOVERNMENT PUSHING FEAR AND IGNORING SCIENCE.’
To,
E-filing in the Supreme Judicial Court Clerk’s Office for the Commonwealth
Francis.Kenneally@jud.state.ma.us
Charlotte.Houlihan@jud.state.ma.us
NYSCEF
efilingsupport@supremecourt.gov
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
COVID-19 coronavirus is a ‘hoax’
99.9% All Aboriginal Awakened Societies of the world are aware that COVID-19 coronavirus is a ‘hoax’ and a fraud. There will be protests all over the world in social media and protesters gathering to claim coronavirus is a ‘hoax’There is a non-cooperation movement for ‘NO MORE CURFEW LIKE LOCKDOWNS’ ‘NO TO VACCINATIONS’. ‘SMILES NOT MASKS’ ‘NO SOCIAL DISTANCING’
The ‘UNITE FOR FREEDOM’ ‘NO TO GOVERNMENT LIES’ ‘MASKS REDUCE IMMUNITY’ and ‘MASKS INCREASE INFECTION RISK’ are on.
Despite 847,677 Deaths:in the WORLD from COVID-19, it was ‘FAKE SCIENCE’ and Covid-19 can be compared to a ‘BAD FLU’
‘CONVID HOAX’.
There would be
‘TOP DOCTORS AND NURSES SPEAKING OUT TRUTH AGAINST GOVERNMENT PUSHING FEAR AND IGNORING SCIENCE.’
‘People have come together to make their voices heard against mandatory vaccinations, mandatory masks, mandatory anything really. No more curfew like lockdowns, no more second wave business’.
IN THE MATTER OF LOST FREEDOM FROM MARCH 2020 TO VISIT OUR DAUGHTER, SON-IN-LAW AND TWO GRANDSONS RESIDING AT WEST TAMBARAM, CHENNAI. WE ARE ALL HAVING GOOD HEALTH CONDITION. WE USED TO DRIVE IN CAR TO MEET THEM IN CHENNAI. OUR SON, DAUGHTER-IN-LAW AND TWO GRANDSONS RESIDING IN USA. DUE TO OUR GOOD
HEALTH CONDITION WE USED TO VISIT TO MEET THEM IN USA. LIKEWISE THEY WERE ALSO FREE TO MEET US.
versus
…..Petitioner-
JAGATHEESAN CHANDRASEKHARAN
….Respondents
Supreme Judicial Court Clerk’s Office for the Commonwealth and all SUPREME COURTS OF THE WORLD
(C)
ALL GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD
ALL PARLIAMENTS OF THE WORLD
(E) ALL MEDIA OF THE WORLD
(F) ALL ELECTION COMMISSIONS OF THE WORLD
Facts of the case - Freedom from the ruling races and castes who have imposed curfew like lock down in the name of The coronavirus may not have originated at a Wuhan wet market last year but 1,000 miles away in 2012 — deep in a Chinese mineshaft where workers came down with a mysterious, pneumonia-like illness after being exposed to bats. with reference to
https://nypost.com/2020/08/15/covid-19-first-appeared-in-chinese-miners-in-2012-scientists/
Question(s) of Law Have the just 0.1% of the population
THE SUPREME COURTS OF THE WORLD
GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD
PARLIAMENTS OF THE WORLD
(E) ALL MEDIAS OF THE WORLD
(F) ALL ELECTION COMMISSIONS OF THE WORLD declared death sentence to 850,591 people house arrested
Coronavirus Cases: 25,384,547
Deaths: 850,591
Recovered: 17,706,841 plus
7,808,579,170Current World Population with reference to https://srv1.worldometers.info/ Last updated: Last updated: August 31, 2020, 03:01 GMTwithout any trial
Grounds- 99.9% of the world population are awakened to the fact that Birth, Sickness, Old Age and Death are certainities. Why should just 0.1% racists and upper casteists and the business communities for their selfish ends punish people with awareness and awakeness ?
PRAYER
(i) May all the following be relieved from the clutches of the rulers PUSHING FEAR AND IGNORING SCIENCE who have won elections by tampering the EVMs/VVPATs
World Population
7,808,579,170 Current World Population
93,404,066 Births this year
141,288 Births today
39,213,264 Deaths this year
59,316 Deaths today
54,190,801 Net population growth this year
81,972 Net population growth today
Government & Economics
$ 5,589,611,216 Public Healthcare expenditure today
$ 3,817,023,103 Public Education expenditure today
$ 1,728,490,079 Public Military expenditure today
52,786,430 Cars produced this year
100,750,124 Bicycles produced this year
166,185,369 Computers produced this year
Society & Media
1,791,299 New book titles published this year
174,957,577 Newspapers circulated today
245,949 TV sets sold worldwide today
2,415,286 Cellular phones sold today
$ 107,919,763 Money spent on videogames today
4,662,960,985 Internet users in the world today
97,358,812,496 Emails sent today
2,606,339 Blog posts written today
289,921,750 Tweets sent today
2,716,230,948Google searches today
Environment
3,467,353Forest loss this year (hectares)
4,667,995Land lost to soil erosion this year (ha)
24,124,329,762 CO2 emissions this year (tons)
8,000,776 Desertification this year (hectares)
6,528,886 Toxic chemicals released
in the environment this year (tons)
Food
845,601,171Undernourished people in the world
1,698,256,011Overweight people in the world
764,394,102Obese people in the world
11,279People who died of hunger today
$ 214,820,278Money spent for obesity related diseases in the USA today
$ 69,720,181Money spent on weight loss programs in the USA today
Water
2,916,775,020Water used this year (million L)
561,421Deaths caused by water related diseases this year
798,318,766 People with no access to a safe drinking water source
Energy
172,137,601Energy used today (MWh), of which:
146,533,246- from non-renewable sources (MWh)
25,922,421- from renewable sources (MWh)
1,078,622,761,499 Solar energy striking Earth today (MWh)
35,305,384 Oil pumped today (barrels)
1,498,470,351,540 Oil left (barrels)
15,627 Days to the end of oil (~43 years)
1,093,880,110,323 Natural Gas left (boe)
57,573 Days to the end of natural gas
4,313,489,623,039 Coal left (boe)
148,741 Days to the end of coal
Health
8,654,716 Communicable disease deaths this year
325,560 Seasonal flu deaths this year
5,067,509 Deaths of children under 5 this year
28,365,223 Abortions this year
206,065 Deaths of mothers during birth this year
42,062,237 HIV/AIDS infected people
1,120,739 Deaths caused by HIV/AIDS this year
5,475,433 Deaths caused by cancer this year
653,940 Deaths caused by malaria this year
5,582,512,719 Cigarettes smoked today
3,332,781 Deaths caused by smoking this year
1,667,442 Deaths caused by alcohol this year
714,918 Suicides this year
$ 266,706,552,374 Money spent on illegal drugs this year
899,956 Road traffic accident fatalities this year
Till then Non-cooperation and disobedience movement against all governments till the curfew like lockdown is lifted and normalcy is retained
https://nypost.com/2020/08/15/covid-19-first-appeared-in-chinese-miners-in-2012-scientists/
Question(s) of Law Have the just 0.1% of the population
THE SUPREME COURTS OF THE WORLD
GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD
PARLIAMENTS OF THE WORLD
(F) ALL ELECTION COMMISSIONS OF THE WORLD declared death sentence to 850,591 people house arrested
Coronavirus Cases: 25,384,547
Recovered: 17,706,841
plus
7,808,579,170
99.9% of the world population are awakened to the fact that Birth,
Sickness, Old Age and Death are certainities. Why should just 0.1%
racists and upper casteists and the business communities for their
selfish ends punish people with awareness and awakeness ?
(i)
May all the following be relieved from the clutches of the rulers
PUSHING FEAR AND IGNORING SCIENCE who have won elections by tampering
the EVMs/VVPATs
May all the following be relieved from the clutches of the rulers
PUSHING FEAR AND IGNORING SCIENCE who have won elections by tampering
the EVMs/VVPATs
World Population
7,808,579,170 Current World Population
93,404,066 Births this year
141,288 Births today
39,213,264 Deaths this year
59,316 Deaths today
54,190,801 Net population growth this year
81,972 Net population growth today
Government & Economics
Society & Media
4,662,960,985 Internet users in the world today
Environment
Food
845,601,171Undernourished people in the world
1,698,256,011Overweight people in the world
764,394,102Obese people in the world
Water
Energy
172,137,601Energy used today (MWh), of which:
146,533,246- from non-renewable sources (MWh)
25,922,421- from renewable sources (MWh)
35,305,384 Oil pumped today (barrels)
1,498,470,351,540 Oil left (barrels)
15,627 Days to the end of oil (~43 years)
1,093,880,110,323 Natural Gas left (boe)
57,573 Days to the end of natural gas
4,313,489,623,039 Coal left (boe)
148,741 Days to the end of coal
Health
42,062,237 HIV/AIDS infected people
https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/thousands-anti-lockdown-protesters-gather-22597555?utm_source=mirror_newsletter&utm_medium=email&utm_content=EM_Mirror_Nletter_DailyNews_News_mediumteaser_Image_Story&utm_campaign=daily_newsletter&ccid=2549658
Thousands of anti-lockdown protesters gather in London to claim coronavirus is a ‘hoax’
Large
crowds gathered at Trafalgar Square calling for ‘no more lockdowns’ and
‘no to vaccinations’. There appeared to be little social distancing or
people wearing face masks
Click to play
Thousands gather in London’s Trafalgar Square for anti-Covid-19 lockdown protest
Thousands of anti-lockdown protesters have gathered in central London, claiming coronavirus is a “hoax”.
The
“Unite For Freedom” march started in Trafalgar Square at noon on
Saturday, with demonstrators calling for ‘no more lockdowns, ‘no to
vaccinations’ and ‘no to government lies’.
Pictures and video from the protest show thousands of people at the popular tourist hotspot, many holding signs and placards.
There appears to be little or no social distancing among the huge crowds and very few appear to be wearing face coverings.
The brother of former Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, Piers is expected to make a speech later.
Activist Sonia Poulton, who was part of the protest, posted a video on Twitter earlier today.
Are you at the protest? Email webnews@mirror.co.uk
Protesters hold up placards as they gather in Trafalgar Square in central London
(Image: AFP via Getty Images)
She said: “People are coming today to make their voices heard against
mandatory vaccinations, mandatory masks, mandatory anything really. No
more lockdowns, no more second wave business”.
Notorious conspiracy theorist David Icke was also seen making a speech at Trafalgar Square.
Other signs read “masks reduce immunity” and “masks increase infection risk”.
Despite
more than 40,000 deaths in the UK from coronavirus, another sign said
it was “fake science” and Covid-19 can be compared to a “bad flu”.
Another homemade sign read “convid hoax”.
A
flier for the event said that there would be “top doctors and nurses
speaking out truth against government pushing fear and ignoring
science”.
Trafalgar Square earlier today
(Image: Matthew Chattle/REX/Shutterstock)
‘We are the truth’ another sign reads
(Image: Matthew Chattle/REX/Shutterstock)
https://www.tasnimnews.com/en/news/2020/08/30/2337955/thousands-protest-in-london-demand-end-of-anti-covid-19-measures-video
Thousands Protest in London, Demand End of Anti-COVID-19 Measures (+Video)
- August, 30, 2020 - 10:53
- World news
TEHRAN (Tasnim) – Thousands of Brits gathered in London on Saturday at a
‘Unite for Freedom’ rally to protest against the UK government COVID-19
restrictions.
People
began gathering in London’s Trafalgar Square around noon and then
marched to the Houses of Parliament to show opposition to the ongoing
shutdowns, introduced as part of the UK’s response to the pandemic.
The
rally, called under the slogans of “No More Lockdowns – No Social
Distancing – No Masks,” among others, attracted more than 10,000 people
aghast at the looming prospect of another lockdown being introduced, as
talk of pandemic’s “second wave” dominates the media, RT reported.
One
woman told The Guardian’s Jason Rodrigues that the government’s
reactions to the outbreak was “completely out of proportion,” lamenting
how “people’s liberties have been taken away” and arguing that it’s only
going to get “worse and worse” – a common sentiment at the rally.
As the crowds grew, they started chanting slogans like “freedom!” and “save our rights.”
Footage
showed demonstrators, many of whom did not wear masks, holding signs
saying “No ‘New Normal’” and “COVID-1984,” while others outright blasted
the virus as a “hoax.”
It is the latter that the media coverage focused on, with
some headlines blasting the demonstration as a gathering of
“anti-vaxxers” and “conspiracy theorists.”
What didn’t help the
rally’s reputation were the invited controversial speakers like David
Icke, who gave a fiery speech proclaiming COVID-19 an “illusion
pandemic” and praising the rally as an “island of sanity in a world of
madness.” Social media savored the quotes.
“If you find yourself
at a rally in Trafalgar Square arguing against the World Health
Organisation … listening to and agreeing with David Icke … then you
should seek professional advice,” musician John Spiers tweeted.
Another
speaker, Kate Shemirani, encouraged everyone in the crowd to give each
other a hug and then exclaimed, “If this was a real virus, technically
all of you lot should be sick.”
The gathering has received plenty
of media backlash for not adhering to social distancing rules and not
wearing masks – in fact, “take off the mask” became its rallying cry at
one stage. Ironically, such worries have not been as widely expressed
over the ongoing Black Lives Matter protests, which have also drawn
massive attendance, with many ignoring COVID-19 guidances in the name of
social justice.
“How many people calling today’s Trafalgar Square
anti-lockdown protesters ‘covidiots’ said the same about the Black
Lives Matter protests during the actual lockdown?” commenter Martin
Daubney pointed out on Twitter.
London’s rally was just one in a
series of recent anti-lockdown events in Europe, where increasingly many
people are finding it hard to keep up with the ever-changing COVID-19
regulations and are sceptical of the difference such pandemic attributes
as masks make.
Even Britain’s deputy chief medical officer said
this week that evidence that masks protect from COVID-19 is “not very
strong,” despite the mandates in place.
A similar protest in
Berlin was disbanded by police on Saturday after they deemed
demonstrators were failing to adhere to social distancing measures.
Around 3,000 officers were deployed to police the crowd of 18,000.
https://metro.co.uk/2020/08/29/anti-lockdown-protesters-calling-coronavirus-hoax-gather-london-13195529/
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10,000 anti-lockdown protesters gather in London to claim coronavirus is
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The Unite for Freedom rally in London’s Trafalgar Square
The Unite for Freedom rally in London’s Trafalgar Square (Pictures:
Getty/ EPA/ Rex/ PA)
Up to 10,000 coronavirus-deniers have gathered in London’s Trafalgar
Square to protest against lockdowns and vaccination programmes.
The ‘Unite for Freedom’ rally started at noon and called for an ‘end to
Government lies’ and the ‘restoration of all freedoms.’
Pictures from the demonstration showed a sizeable crowd gathered in the
square, holding signs warning that coronavirus is a ‘scam’ and a ‘hoax.’
One man held a homemade placard on which he had scrawled ‘no to
mandatory vaccines.’
Advertisement
Another called the World Health Organisation the ‘World Hoax
Organisation’ and someone else proudly held a sign calling for an ‘end
to medical tyranny.’
More than 40,000 people have now died with the virus in UK, but one
man’s sign said it was ‘fake science’ and comparable to a ‘bad flu.’
One protestor unfurled a flag showing the symbol of the British Union of
Fascists while another woman was seen promoting the QAnon conspiracy
theory that believes a cabal of Satan-worshipping Democrats, Hollywood
celebrities and billionaires run the world while engaging in
paedophilia.
?? Licensed to London News Pictures. 29/08/2020. London, UK. Protesters
in Trafalgar Square take part in a demonstration organised by Stand Up X
in London, United Kingdom on August 29, 2020. The anti-face mask group
is against the British government policy of Covid-19 measures including
vaccinations and lockdown. Photo credit: London News Pictures
Crowds have been gathering since noon (Picture: London News Pictures)
Coronavirus deniers protest in Trafalgar Square, London (Picture: Sophie
Murray-Morris/Metro.co.uk)
This man’s sign says ‘Covid-19 is a scam’ (Picture: Sophie
Murray-Morris/Metro.co.uk)
?? Licensed to London News Pictures. 29/08/2020. London, UK. Protesters
in Trafalgar Square take part in a demonstration organised by Stand Up X
in London, United Kingdom on August 29, 2020. The anti-face mask group
is against the British government policy of Covid-19 measures including
vaccinations and lockdown. Photo credit: London News Pictures
The freedom rally is against mass vaccination programmes (Picture:
London News Pictures)
LONDON, ENGLAND - AUGUST 29: An anti-mask protester holds a sign reading
‘We Do Not Consent’ while a woman next to her coughs at the Unite for
Freedom protest in Trafalgar Sq on August 29, 2020 in London, England.
Speakers, including Jeremy Corbyn’s brother Piers Corbyn, spoke to
hundreds of people gathered in Trafalgar square during an anti-mask
demo. (Photo by Peter Summers/Getty Images)
Protestors warned the Government is planning to extend restrictions
(Picture: Getty Images)
A placard is pictured as people demonstrate against the lockdown and use
of face masks in Trafalgar Square, amid the coronavirus disease
(COVID-19) outbreak, in London, Britain, August 29, 2020. REUTERS/Henry
Nicholls
Protests against lockdowns have been growing (Picture: Reuters)
Pretesters holding placards demonstrate against the lockdown and use of
face masks in Trafalgar Square, amid the coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
outbreak, in London, Britain, August 29, 2020. REUTERS/Henry Nicholls
The London protest was one of a number taking place around the world
(Picture: Reuters)
epa08633723 Thousands of people protest at Trafalgar Square against the
Coronavirus lockdown in London, Britain, 29 August 2020. Protesters
demonstrated against the wearing of masks, government proposed vaccines
and lockdowns. Protesters claim that Covid-19 is a hoax enabling
governments to exert control over the masses. EPA/ANDY RAIN
Lockdown restrictions were criticised (Picture: EPA)
Protestors, none of whom appeared to be wearing face masks, filled the
area beneath the National Gallery.
A flyer for the event said the demo would be addressed by ‘top
professional doctors and nurses speaking out’. Jeremy Corbyn’s brother,
Piers, was due to make an appearance alongside conspiracy theorist David
Icke.
Mr Icke, who was kicked off Facebook for publishing ‘health
misinformation that could cause physical harm’ earlier this year, said
it was a ‘joy to look out over an island of sanity in a world of
madness.’
The flyer called on people to ‘reject the tyranny’ while warning that
the Government is due to vote on a two year extension to ‘draconian
Covid laws’ in September 2020.
It comes as countries around the world continue to battle with thousands
of new infections and deaths a day.
epa08633428 Thousands of people protest at Trafalgar Square against the
Coronavirus lockdown in London, Britain, 29 August 2020. Protesters
demonstrated against the wearing of masks, government proposed vaccines,
and lockdowns. Protesters claim that Covid-19 is a hoax enabling
governments to exert control over the masses. EPA/ANDY RAIN
A protestor holds a sign calling for an end to ‘medical tyranny’
(Picture: EPA)
epa08633430 Thousands of people protest at Trafalgar Square against the
Coronavirus lockdown in London, Britain, 29 August 2020. Protesters
demonstrated against the wearing of masks, government proposed vaccines,
and lockdowns. Protesters claim that Covid-19 is a hoax enabling
governments to exert control over the masses. EPA/ANDY RAIN
Thousands have made the trip to Trafalgar Square (Picture: EPA)
epa08633426 Thousands of people protest at Trafalgar Square against the
Coronavirus lockdown in London, Britain, 29 August 2020. Protesters
demonstrated against the wearing of masks, government proposed vaccines,
and lockdowns. Protesters claim that Covid-19 is a hoax enabling
governments to exert control over the masses. EPA/ANDY RAIN
David Icke is scheduled to speak to the crowds (Picture: EPA)
epa08633462 Thousands of people protest at Trafalgar Square against the
Coronavirus lockdown in London, Britain, 29 August 2020. Protesters
demonstrated against the wearing of masks, government proposed vaccines,
and lockdowns. Protesters claim that Covid-19 is a hoax enabling
governments to exert control over the masses. EPA/ANDY RAIN
The protestors are against the wearing of masks, evidently (Picture:
EPA)
epa08633460 Thousands of people protest at Trafalgar Square against the
Coronavirus lockdown in London, Britain, 29 August 2020. Protesters
demonstrated against the wearing of masks, government proposed vaccines,
and lockdowns. Protesters claim that Covid-19 is a hoax enabling
governments to exert control over the masses. EPA/ANDY RAIN
They claim Covid-19 is a hoax cooked up by the Government to control the
people (Picture: EPA)
LONDON, ENGLAND - AUGUST 29: Anti-mask protesters are seen at the Unite
for Freedom protest in Trafalgar Sq on August 29, 2020 in London,
England. Speakers, including Jeremy Corbyn’s brother Piers Corbyn, spoke
to hundreds of people gathered in Trafalgar square during an anti-mask
demo. (Photo by Peter Summers/Getty Images)
Anti-mask protesters at the Unite for Freedom protest (Picture: Getty
Images)
LONDON, ENGLAND - AUGUST 29: Two men wearing masks are seen at the Unite
for Freedom protest in Trafalgar Sq on August 29, 2020 in London,
England. Speakers, including Jeremy Corbyn’s brother Piers Corbyn, spoke
to hundreds of people gathered in Trafalgar square during an anti-mask
demo. (Photo by Peter Summers/Getty Images)
Perhaps these are the right kind of masks? (Picture: Getty Images)
‘Anti-corona’ protests have also been taking place in Berlin where
thousands of sceptics gathered by the Brandenburg Gate.
Police had tried to stop the protests from taking place but a German
regional court gave the go-ahead for the mass demonstrations.
Around 3,000 officers were deployed to control the crowds of around
20,000 people.
Some activists opposed to the virus measures in Germany have been urging
social media followers across Europe to ‘arm themselves’ for the
gathering.
BERLIN, GERMANY - AUGUST 29: Coronavirus skeptics, right-wing extremists
and others march in protest against coronavirus-related restrictions
and government policy on August 29, 2020 in Berlin, Germany. City
authorities had banned the planned protest, citing the flouting of
social distancing by participants in a similar march that drew at least
17,000 people a few weeks ago, but a court overturned the ban. (Photo by
Sean Gallup/Getty Images)
Another protest against lockdowns is taking place in Berlin (Picture:
Getty)
A woman holds a sign during a rally against the government’s
restrictions following the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, in
Berlin, Germany August 29, 2020. REUTERS/Axel Schmidt
Police tried to prevent activists from gathering but were over-ruled by a
court (Picture: Reuters)
Protestors hold signs with the pictures of Chancellor Angela Merkel and
other Ministers and the word ‘guilty’ (Picture: AP)
BERLIN, GERMANY - AUGUST 29: Coronavirus skeptics and right-wing
extremists clash with police during a march in protest against
coronavirus-related restrictions and government policy on August 29,
2020 in Berlin, Germany. City authorities had banned the planned
protest, citing the flouting of social distancing by participants in a
similar march that drew at least 17,000 people a few weeks ago, but a
court overturned the ban. (Photo by Omer Messinger/Getty Images)
There have been clashes with police in Germany (Picture: Getty)
Until now Germany has managed the coronavirus crisis better than many of
its European counterparts, with rigorous testing helping to hold down
infections and deaths.
But new daily infections have accelerated in recent weeks, as in much of
the world. On Friday, Chancellor Angela Merkel urged citizens to keep
up their guard against the virus.
One of the protestors, Stefan, 43, said: ‘I’m not an extreme right-wing
sympathiser, I’m here to defend our fundamental freedoms.’
Another, Christina Holz, 22, added: ‘We’re here to say: we have to be
careful. Coronavirus crisis or not, we must defend our freedoms.’
As protestors began a march away from the gate, police decided to shut
the event down because people weren’t following social distancing
guidelines.
‘The minimum distancing is not being respected by most (of the
demonstrators) despite repeated requests,’ the police said. ‘There is no
other option than to break up the gathering.’
The latest figures show the pandemic has killed at least 838,271 people
worldwide since surfacing in China late last year. More than 24.7
million cases have been registered.
Get in touch with our news team by emailing us at webnews@metro.co.uk.
For more stories like this, check our news page.
Read more:
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down protesters
gather in London to claim coronavirus is ‘a hoax’
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Tom WilliamsSaturday 29 Aug 2020 1:00 pm
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The Unite for Freedom rally in London’s Trafalgar Square
The Unite for Freedom rally in London’s Trafalgar Square (Pictures:
Getty/ EPA/ Rex/ PA)
Up to 10,000 coronavirus-deniers have gathered in London’s Trafalgar
Square to protest against lockdowns and vaccination programmes.
The ‘Unite for Freedom’ rally started at noon and called for an ‘end to
Government lies’ and the ‘restoration of all freedoms.’
Pictures from the demonstration showed a sizeable crowd gathered in the
square, holding signs warning that coronavirus is a ‘scam’ and a ‘hoax.’
One man held a homemade placard on which he had scrawled ‘no to
mandatory vaccines.’
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Another called the World Health Organisation the ‘World Hoax
Organisation’ and someone else proudly held a sign calling for an ‘end
to medical tyranny.’
More than 40,000 people have now died with the virus in UK, but one
man’s sign said it was ‘fake science’ and comparable to a ‘bad flu.’
One protestor unfurled a flag showing the symbol of the British Union of
Fascists while another woman was seen promoting the QAnon conspiracy
theory that believes a cabal of Satan-worshipping Democrats, Hollywood
celebrities and billionaires run the world while engaging in
paedophilia.
?? Licensed to London News Pictures. 29/08/2020. London, UK. Protesters
in Trafalgar Square take part in a demonstration organised by Stand Up X
in London, United Kingdom on August 29, 2020. The anti-face mask group
is against the British government policy of Covid-19 measures including
vaccinations and lockdown. Photo credit: London News Pictures
Crowds have been gathering since noon (Picture: London News Pictures)
Coronavirus deniers protest in Trafalgar Square, London (Picture: Sophie
Murray-Morris/Metro.co.uk)
This man’s sign says ‘Covid-19 is a scam’ (Picture: Sophie
Murray-Morris/Metro.co.uk)
?? Licensed to London News Pictures. 29/08/2020. London, UK. Protesters
in Trafalgar Square take part in a demonstration organised by Stand Up X
in London, United Kingdom on August 29, 2020. The anti-face mask group
is against the British government policy of Covid-19 measures including
vaccinations and lockdown. Photo credit: London News Pictures
The freedom rally is against mass vaccination programmes (Picture:
London News Pictures)
LONDON, ENGLAND - AUGUST 29: An anti-mask protester holds a sign reading
‘We Do Not Consent’ while a woman next to her coughs at the Unite for
Freedom protest in Trafalgar Sq on August 29, 2020 in London, England.
Speakers, including Jeremy Corbyn’s brother Piers Corbyn, spoke to
hundreds of people gathered in Trafalgar square during an anti-mask
demo. (Photo by Peter Summers/Getty Images)
Protestors warned the Government is planning to extend restrictions
(Picture: Getty Images)
A placard is pictured as people demonstrate against the lockdown and use
of face masks in Trafalgar Square, amid the coronavirus disease
(COVID-19) outbreak, in London, Britain, August 29, 2020. REUTERS/Henry
Nicholls
Protests against lockdowns have been growing (Picture: Reuters)
Pretesters holding placards demonstrate against the lockdown and use of
face masks in Trafalgar Square, amid the coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
outbreak, in London, Britain, August 29, 2020. REUTERS/Henry Nicholls
The London protest was one of a number taking place around the world
(Picture: Reuters)
epa08633723 Thousands of people protest at Trafalgar Square against the
Coronavirus lockdown in London, Britain, 29 August 2020. Protesters
demonstrated against the wearing of masks, government proposed vaccines
and lockdowns. Protesters claim that Covid-19 is a hoax enabling
governments to exert control over the masses. EPA/ANDY RAIN
Lockdown restrictions were criticised (Picture: EPA)
Protestors, none of whom appeared to be wearing face masks, filled the
area beneath the National Gallery.
A flyer for the event said the demo would be addressed by ‘top
professional doctors and nurses speaking out’. Jeremy Corbyn’s brother,
Piers, was due to make an appearance alongside conspiracy theorist David
Icke.
Mr Icke, who was kicked off Facebook for publishing ‘health
misinformation that could cause physical harm’ earlier this year, said
it was a ‘joy to look out over an island of sanity in a world of
madness.’
The flyer called on people to ‘reject the tyranny’ while warning that
the Government is due to vote on a two year extension to ‘draconian
Covid laws’ in September 2020.
It comes as countries around the world continue to battle with thousands
of new infections and deaths a day.
epa08633428 Thousands of people protest at Trafalgar Square against the
Coronavirus lockdown in London, Britain, 29 August 2020. Protesters
demonstrated against the wearing of masks, government proposed vaccines,
and lockdowns. Protesters claim that Covid-19 is a hoax enabling
governments to exert control over the masses. EPA/ANDY RAIN
A protestor holds a sign calling for an end to ‘medical tyranny’
(Picture: EPA)
epa08633430 Thousands of people protest at Trafalgar Square against the
Coronavirus lockdown in London, Britain, 29 August 2020. Protesters
demonstrated against the wearing of masks, government proposed vaccines,
and lockdowns. Protesters claim that Covid-19 is a hoax enabling
governments to exert control over the masses. EPA/ANDY RAIN
Thousands have made the trip to Trafalgar Square (Picture: EPA)
epa08633426 Thousands of people protest at Trafalgar Square against the
Coronavirus lockdown in London, Britain, 29 August 2020. Protesters
demonstrated against the wearing of masks, government proposed vaccines,
and lockdowns. Protesters claim that Covid-19 is a hoax enabling
governments to exert control over the masses. EPA/ANDY RAIN
David Icke is scheduled to speak to the crowds (Picture: EPA)
epa08633462 Thousands of people protest at Trafalgar Square against the
Coronavirus lockdown in London, Britain, 29 August 2020. Protesters
demonstrated against the wearing of masks, government proposed vaccines,
and lockdowns. Protesters claim that Covid-19 is a hoax enabling
governments to exert control over the masses. EPA/ANDY RAIN
The protestors are against the wearing of masks, evidently (Picture:
EPA)
epa08633460 Thousands of people protest at Trafalgar Square against the
Coronavirus lockdown in London, Britain, 29 August 2020. Protesters
demonstrated against the wearing of masks, government proposed vaccines,
and lockdowns. Protesters claim that Covid-19 is a hoax enabling
governments to exert control over the masses. EPA/ANDY RAIN
They claim Covid-19 is a hoax cooked up by the Government to control the
people (Picture: EPA)
LONDON, ENGLAND - AUGUST 29: Anti-mask protesters are seen at the Unite
for Freedom protest in Trafalgar Sq on August 29, 2020 in London,
England. Speakers, including Jeremy Corbyn’s brother Piers Corbyn, spoke
to hundreds of people gathered in Trafalgar square during an anti-mask
demo. (Photo by Peter Summers/Getty Images)
Anti-mask protesters at the Unite for Freedom protest (Picture: Getty
Images)
LONDON, ENGLAND - AUGUST 29: Two men wearing masks are seen at the Unite
for Freedom protest in Trafalgar Sq on August 29, 2020 in London,
England. Speakers, including Jeremy Corbyn’s brother Piers Corbyn, spoke
to hundreds of people gathered in Trafalgar square during an anti-mask
demo. (Photo by Peter Summers/Getty Images)
Perhaps these are the right kind of masks? (Picture: Getty Images)
‘Anti-corona’ protests have also been taking place in Berlin where
thousands of sceptics gathered by the Brandenburg Gate.
Police had tried to stop the protests from taking place but a German
regional court gave the go-ahead for the mass demonstrations.
Around 3,000 officers were deployed to control the crowds of around
20,000 people.
Some activists opposed to the virus measures in Germany have been urging
social media followers across Europe to ‘arm themselves’ for the
gathering.
BERLIN, GERMANY - AUGUST 29: Coronavirus skeptics, right-wing extremists
and others march in protest against coronavirus-related restrictions
and government policy on August 29, 2020 in Berlin, Germany. City
authorities had banned the planned protest, citing the flouting of
social distancing by participants in a similar march that drew at least
17,000 people a few weeks ago, but a court overturned the ban. (Photo by
Sean Gallup/Getty Images)
Another protest against lockdowns is taking place in Berlin (Picture:
Getty)
A woman holds a sign during a rally against the government’s
restrictions following the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak, in
Berlin, Germany August 29, 2020. REUTERS/Axel Schmidt
Police tried to prevent activists from gathering but were over-ruled by a
court (Picture: Reuters)
Protestors hold signs with the pictures of Chancellor Angela Merkel and
other Ministers and the word ‘guilty’ (Picture: AP)
BERLIN, GERMANY - AUGUST 29: Coronavirus skeptics and right-wing
extremists clash with police during a march in protest against
coronavirus-related restrictions and government policy on August 29,
2020 in Berlin, Germany. City authorities had banned the planned
protest, citing the flouting of social distancing by participants in a
similar march that drew at least 17,000 people a few weeks ago, but a
court overturned the ban. (Photo by Omer Messinger/Getty Images)
There have been clashes with police in Germany (Picture: Getty)
Until now Germany has managed the coronavirus crisis better than many of
its European counterparts, with rigorous testing helping to hold down
infections and deaths.
But new daily infections have accelerated in recent weeks, as in much of
the world. On Friday, Chancellor Angela Merkel urged citizens to keep
up their guard against the virus.
One of the protestors, Stefan, 43, said: ‘I’m not an extreme right-wing
sympathiser, I’m here to defend our fundamental freedoms.’
Another, Christina Holz, 22, added: ‘We’re here to say: we have to be
careful. Coronavirus crisis or not, we must defend our freedoms.’
As protestors began a march away from the gate, police decided to shut
the event down because people weren’t following social distancing
guidelines.
‘The minimum distancing is not being respected by most (of the
demonstrators) despite repeated requests,’ the police said. ‘There is no
other option than to break up the gathering.’
The latest figures show the pandemic has killed at least 838,271 people
worldwide since surfacing in China late last year. More than 24.7
million cases have been registered.
Get in touch with our news team by emailing us at webnews@metro.co.uk.
For more stories like this, check our news page.
Read more:
https://metro.co.uk/2020/08/29/anti-lockdown-protesters-calling-coronavirus-hoax-gather-london-13195529/?ito=cbshare
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Coronavirus
MIT Scientist Claims Coronavirus is a “Deep State Fraud”
Says hysteria is being fueled to manipulate financial markets.
Published 6 months ago
on 10 March, 2020
Paul Joseph Watson
101 Comments
MIT scientist Shiva Ayyadurai claims that coronavirus “fear mongering” is a “Deep State fraud” to manipulate financial markets.
Ayyadurai,
who is noted for his controversial claim to be the “inventor of email,”
has a PhD in Biological Engineering and is running as a Republican in
the 2020 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts.
who is noted for his controversial claim to be the “inventor of email,”
has a PhD in Biological Engineering and is running as a Republican in
the 2020 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts.
Responding
to President Donald Trump’s claim that Democrats and the media are
responsible for inflaming the coronavirus scare “far beyond what the
facts would warrant,” Ayyadurai agreed that the panic was being
overblown for political and economic reasons.
to President Donald Trump’s claim that Democrats and the media are
responsible for inflaming the coronavirus scare “far beyond what the
facts would warrant,” Ayyadurai agreed that the panic was being
overblown for political and economic reasons.
“As an MIT PhD in Biological Engineering who studies & does research nearly every day on the Immune System, the #coronavirus
fear mongering by the Deep State will go down in history as one of the
biggest fraud to manipulate economies, suppress dissent, & push
MANDATED Medicine!” tweeted Ayyadurai.
fear mongering by the Deep State will go down in history as one of the
biggest fraud to manipulate economies, suppress dissent, & push
MANDATED Medicine!” tweeted Ayyadurai.
Coronavirus: Berlin police disband protest against COVID-19 curbs
A
demonstrator sits in front of police officers at a rally against the
government’s coronavirus restrictions, Berlin, Germany, August 29, 2020.
(Reuters)
demonstrator sits in front of police officers at a rally against the
government’s coronavirus restrictions, Berlin, Germany, August 29, 2020.
(Reuters)
Reuters Saturday 29 August 2020
Text size A A A
Berlin
police on Saturday disbanded a mass protest in the German capital
against coronavirus curbs a few hours after it had begun after marchers
failed to keep their distance and wear masks as instructed.
police on Saturday disbanded a mass protest in the German capital
against coronavirus curbs a few hours after it had begun after marchers
failed to keep their distance and wear masks as instructed.
The
protest came as infections rise across Europe and as public frustration
at measures to contain the virus grows in some quarters. Similar events
took place in Paris, London and elsewhere on Saturday.
protest came as infections rise across Europe and as public frustration
at measures to contain the virus grows in some quarters. Similar events
took place in Paris, London and elsewhere on Saturday.
Read the latest updates in our dedicated coronavirus section.
“Unfortunately,
we have no other option,” Berlin police said on Twitter, adding people
had failed to comply with the safety conditions of the march.
we have no other option,” Berlin police said on Twitter, adding people
had failed to comply with the safety conditions of the march.
Protesters
were dispersing peacefully although there were some pockets of
disturbance, such as a construction container fire and blocked roads,
police said.
were dispersing peacefully although there were some pockets of
disturbance, such as a construction container fire and blocked roads,
police said.
For all the latest headlines follow our Google News channel online or via the app.
Some
3,000 officers had been deployed to control crowds estimated at 18,000.
Police had been preparing for possible violence as activists opposed to
measures to contain the virus urged social media followers across
Europe to arm themselves and gather in Berlin.
3,000 officers had been deployed to control crowds estimated at 18,000.
Police had been preparing for possible violence as activists opposed to
measures to contain the virus urged social media followers across
Europe to arm themselves and gather in Berlin.
Earlier
this week the city banned the protest but a German regional court
overnight gave the final go-ahead by overruling the earlier decision.
this week the city banned the protest but a German regional court
overnight gave the final go-ahead by overruling the earlier decision.
Flourish logoA Flourish map
Until
now Germany has managed the coronavirus crisis better than many of its
European counterparts, with rigorous testing helping to hold down
infections and deaths.
now Germany has managed the coronavirus crisis better than many of its
European counterparts, with rigorous testing helping to hold down
infections and deaths.
But new daily infections have accelerated in recent weeks, as in much of the world.
On Friday, Chancellor Angela Merkel urged citizens to keep up their guard against the virus.
“This is a serious matter, as serious as it’s ever been, and you need to carry on taking it seriously,” she said.
People mostly without face masks attend a demonstration against coronavirus restrictions in Berlin, Germany, Aug. 1, 2020. (AP)
People mostly without face masks attend a demonstration against coronavirus restrictions in Berlin, Germany, Aug. 1, 2020. (AP)
Protesters
had gathered before the Brandenburg Gate in central Berlin ahead of the
march with signs reading “Stop the corona lies” and “Merkel must go.”
had gathered before the Brandenburg Gate in central Berlin ahead of the
march with signs reading “Stop the corona lies” and “Merkel must go.”
About
two hundred anti-mask activists held a rally in Paris to protest
against sanitary measures with slogans such as “No to the health
dictatorship” and “Let our children breathe.”
two hundred anti-mask activists held a rally in Paris to protest
against sanitary measures with slogans such as “No to the health
dictatorship” and “Let our children breathe.”
In
London, several hundred demonstrators gathered in Trafalgar Square
calling coronavirus a hoax and demanding an end to lockdown
restrictions.
London, several hundred demonstrators gathered in Trafalgar Square
calling coronavirus a hoax and demanding an end to lockdown
restrictions.
Many carried banners saying “Fake News,” or “Masks are Muzzles” and rejecting any mandatory vaccination programs.
The virus has killed more than 40,000 people in Britain
Read more:
Berlin demonstrators decry coronavirus curbs as violating rights, freedoms
Coronavirus: Berlin bans all events with more than 1,000 participants
Last Update: Saturday, 29 August 2020 KSA 17:49 - GMT 14:49
https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/12532373/coronavirus-conspiracy-theorists-pandemic-hoax-march-london/
HOUSANDS of coronavirus conspiracy theorists who believe the pandemic is a HOAX have marched on London today.
Crowds of Covid-deniers swarmed the capital demanding an end to face masks, social distancing and the search for a vaccine.
⚠️ Read our coronavirus live blog for the latest news & updates
19
https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/uk/thousands-of-covid-19-sceptics-and-anti-vaxxers-protest-in-london-1.4342128
Thousands of Covid-19 sceptics and ‘anti-vaxxers’ protest in London
Jeremy Corbyn’s brother and David Icke were due to speak at Trafalgar Square
Thousands
of protesters from across the UK gathered in London’s Trafalgar Square
on August 29th to protest against coronavirus restrictions and mass
vaccinations. Video: Reuters
Thousands
of protesters from across the UK gathered in London’s Trafalgar Square
on Saturday afternoon to protest against coronavirus restrictions and
reject mass vaccinations.
The
event, which began at noon, drew a broad coalition including
coronavirus sceptics, 5G conspiracy theorists and so-called
“anti-vaxxers”.
Carrying placards railing against the World Health Organisation, Bill Gates
and the government restrictions to reduce the spread of coronavirus,
the demonstrators called for an end to movement restrictions and
mandatory face coverings. Many placards described the coronavirus
pandemic as a “hoax” or “scam”.
A
PA system set up in front of Nelson’s Column broadcast speeches by a
number of speakers, who denied the reality and severity of the pandemic
and accused the British government of attempting to curtail civil
liberties.
Anti-mask protesters at Trafalgar Square in London. Photograph: Peter Summers/Getty Images
Among those due to speak were Piers Corbyn, the weather forecaster and older brother of the former Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, the former newspaper columnist and health journalist Dr Vernon Coleman, and the conspiracist celebrity David Icke.
Although
the demonstration focused on coronavirus restrictions, those taking
part espoused anti-authoritarian grievances ranging from the lockdown to
the imprisonment of Julian Assange to claims of child sexual abuse by elites.
On the eve of the protest, Corbyn told the Guardian that a number of groups had come together to join in with the demonstration.
-
Coronavirus: No further deaths and 42 new cases reported in State
-
German politicians condemn attempted Reichstag storming
-
Museveni deploys day of prayer in fight against coronavirus
“In
terms of whether you believe that the virus is a hoax or not, whatever
is happening now is less than or equal to a normal flu, so the lockdowns
and all that goes with them is unjustifiable in any terms,” he said.
“We are calling for MPs to refuse renewal of the Covid Act [Coronavirus Act], and if they do not, we will campaign to have them removed from office.”
Among
those demonstrating on Saturday was 34-year-old Amina, who declined to
give her surname. She carried a placard that said on one side, “Let food
be thy medicine” and on the other, “Health doesn’t come from the tip of
a needle.”
Of
the food message on her placard, she said: “This is what we need to do.
It’s worked for our ancestors, it’s worked for a lot of people around
the world – and still is.”
Amina
said she did not trust vaccines, and shared a number of examples of
vaccines used in the developing world that she said caused widespread
damage. “If you want to profit off the back of my health, then it’s not
my health that’s important to you,” she said.
Anti-mask protesters participate in the Unite for Freedom protest in
Trafalgar Square. Photograph: Peter Summers/Getty Images
Elisha Edwardes
(36) said she was at the protest “to support the movement for freedom”.
“The more I’ve been educated, the less fearful I am,” she said. “If
anything I feel more in control. I’m here to create awareness and I feel
that the mass majority of people have been deceived. And I think it’s
easier to deceive people than convince them they’ve been deceived.
“A
lot of the scenarios we’re seeing now don’t make sense and people are
not questioning it. The lockdown has affected more people than the virus
itself.”
The demonstration mirrored an event in Berlin on Saturday, which drew 18,000 coronavirus sceptics before being dispersed by police in the early afternoon.
Before
it began on Saturday morning, the protest in the German capital had
been the source of much legal and political contestation.
London’s
Metropolitan Police issued an open letter to the demonstrators advising
that anyone attending a gathering of more than 30 people may be at risk
of committing a criminal offence. It was handed to the demonstrators as
they marched down Whitehall.
“Police
officers are with a group of protesters at Whitehall,” the Met wrote on
Twitter. “We have already provided the group with a letter explaining
they are at risk of committing a criminal offence. We are now asking the
group to disperse.” – Guardian
https://www.irishtimes.com/opinion
Thousands of Covid-19 sceptics and ‘anti-vaxxers’ protest in London
Jeremy Corbyn’s brother and David Icke were due to speak at Trafalgar Square
Thousands
of protesters from across the UK gathered in London’s Trafalgar Square
on August 29th to protest against coronavirus restrictions and mass
vaccinations. Video: Reuters
Thousands
of protesters from across the UK gathered in London’s Trafalgar Square
on Saturday afternoon to protest against coronavirus restrictions and
reject mass vaccinations.
The
event, which began at noon, drew a broad coalition including
coronavirus sceptics, 5G conspiracy theorists and so-called
“anti-vaxxers”.
Carrying placards railing against the World Health Organisation, Bill Gates
and the government restrictions to reduce the spread of coronavirus,
the demonstrators called for an end to movement restrictions and
mandatory face coverings. Many placards described the coronavirus
pandemic as a “hoax” or “scam”.
A
PA system set up in front of Nelson’s Column broadcast speeches by a
number of speakers, who denied the reality and severity of the pandemic
and accused the British government of attempting to curtail civil
liberties.
Anti-mask protesters at Trafalgar Square in London. Photograph: Peter Summers/Getty Images
Among those due to speak were Piers Corbyn, the weather forecaster and older brother of the former Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, the former newspaper columnist and health journalist Dr Vernon Coleman, and the conspiracist celebrity David Icke.
Although
the demonstration focused on coronavirus restrictions, those taking
part espoused anti-authoritarian grievances ranging from the lockdown to
the imprisonment of Julian Assange to claims of child sexual abuse by elites.
On the eve of the protest, Corbyn told the Guardian that a number of groups had come together to join in with the demonstration.
-
Coronavirus: No further deaths and 42 new cases reported in State
-
German politicians condemn attempted Reichstag storming
-
Museveni deploys day of prayer in fight against coronavirus
“In
terms of whether you believe that the virus is a hoax or not, whatever
is happening now is less than or equal to a normal flu, so the lockdowns
and all that goes with them is unjustifiable in any terms,” he said.
“We are calling for MPs to refuse renewal of the Covid Act [Coronavirus Act], and if they do not, we will campaign to have them removed from office.”
Among
those demonstrating on Saturday was 34-year-old Amina, who declined to
give her surname. She carried a placard that said on one side, “Let food
be thy medicine” and on the other, “Health doesn’t come from the tip of
a needle.”
Of
the food message on her placard, she said: “This is what we need to do.
It’s worked for our ancestors, it’s worked for a lot of people around
the world – and still is.”
Amina
said she did not trust vaccines, and shared a number of examples of
vaccines used in the developing world that she said caused widespread
damage. “If you want to profit off the back of my health, then it’s not
my health that’s important to you,” she said.
Anti-mask protesters participate in the Unite for Freedom protest in
Trafalgar Square. Photograph: Peter Summers/Getty Images
Elisha Edwardes
(36) said she was at the protest “to support the movement for freedom”.
“The more I’ve been educated, the less fearful I am,” she said. “If
anything I feel more in control. I’m here to create awareness and I feel
that the mass majority of people have been deceived. And I think it’s
easier to deceive people than convince them they’ve been deceived.
“A
lot of the scenarios we’re seeing now don’t make sense and people are
not questioning it. The lockdown has affected more people than the virus
itself.”
The demonstration mirrored an event in Berlin on Saturday, which drew 18,000 coronavirus sceptics before being dispersed by police in the early afternoon.
Before
it began on Saturday morning, the protest in the German capital had
been the source of much legal and political contestation.
London’s
Metropolitan Police issued an open letter to the demonstrators advising
that anyone attending a gathering of more than 30 people may be at risk
of committing a criminal offence. It was handed to the demonstrators as
they marched down Whitehall.
“Police
officers are with a group of protesters at Whitehall,” the Met wrote on
Twitter. “We have already provided the group with a letter explaining
they are at risk of committing a criminal offence. We are now asking the
group to disperse.” – Guardian
https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/1329192/London-anti-lockdown-protesters-coronavirus-pandemic
Anti-lockdown protesters gather in London dismissing coronavirus pandemic as hoax
THOUSANDS of anti-lockdown activists took to the capital’s streets, dismissing the Covid-19 pandemic as a hoax.
John Curtice: Sturgeon ‘ahead’ of Johnson in COVID-19 polls
UP NEXT:
China: Tobias Ellwood calls on the UK to ’stand up’ to country
Many demanded an end to masks and social distancing as they marched through London’s Whitehall yesterday.
Former
Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn’s brother Piers attended and TV sports
presenter-turned conspiracy theorist David Icke addressed crowds at
Trafalgar Square.
Related articles
Environmental
activists Extinction Rebellion also took to the streets, staging
roadblocks, marches, sit-ins, bike rides and picnics across the UK,
including Brighton yesterday.
The group is planning a march
examining Manchester’s link with slavery and colonialism today and will
target banks tomorrow over fossil fuel investment.
It will also restart demonstrations in London, Cardiff and Manchester on Tuesday.
Activists aim to blockade Parliament to stop MPs returning after the summer recess until they agree to debate their demands.
Meanwhile police in Berlin broke up a 18,000-strong demo when marchers failed to observe Covid rules.
Police said there were pockets of disturbances after the protest with roads blocked and skips set alight.
Demonstrations also took place in Paris and Copenhagen.
needs
donation of latest miniature 3D 360 degree cameras to capture places in
360 degree circular vision like circarama and 3D 360 deg projector to
be used in the Meditation as practiced in Lumbini, Buddha Gaya,
Saranath, Kushinara and also Bethlehem, Mecca Madhina and all places
practicing Kindness and compssion including for the physically disabled
18ft Dia circular pagoda for raising funds to help monks, needy poor
and physically disabled people and swimmers.
donation of latest miniature 3D 360 degree cameras to capture places in
360 degree circular vision like circarama and 3D 360 deg projector to
be used in the Meditation as practiced in Lumbini, Buddha Gaya,
Saranath, Kushinara and also Bethlehem, Mecca Madhina and all places
practicing Kindness and compssion including for the physically disabled
18ft Dia circular pagoda for raising funds to help monks, needy poor
and physically disabled people and swimmers.
The Buddha died at the age of 80 by the banks of a river at Kusinari in Prabuddha Bharat. Lying on his side with his head propped up by his handand a serene expression, the Buddha passed into Nibbana. This moment is captured in the image of the Reclining Buddha which can be seen in many statues throughout Thailand, most famously at Wat Po in Bangkok.
Nibbana is a blissful state with no suffering and no reincarnation.
Buddha’s life
All Buddha’s original own words in a theravada chronological order
Buddha’s life
All Buddha’s original own words in a theravada chronological order
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIRCULAR
F.No.01/Judl./2020
05th March, 2020
It is notified for the information of all concerned that the
Competent Authority has been pleased to direct that :
-
(i) With a view to bring uniformity about use of paper & printing
thereon and to minimize consumption of paper & consequently
to save the environment, superior quality A4 size paper (29.7
cm x 21 cm) having not less than 75 GSM with printing on
both sides of the paper with Font - Times New Roman, Font
size 14, in one and half line spacing (for quotations and indents
– font size 12 in single line spacing), with margin of 4 cm on
left & right and 2 cm on top & bottom, shall be used in the
pleadings, petitions, affidavits or other documents to be filed in
this Court;
-
(ii) in conformity with the provisions of Order LIII, Rule 2 of the
Supreme Court Rules, 2013, all communications from the
Registry of this Court shall only be sent to the concerned
Advocates-on-Record through e-mail followed by an SMS alert
on the registered mobile number of the Advocate-on-Record
and thereafter the practice of sending the communication
through hard copy shall be discontinued by the Registry;
-
(iii) the Filing Counter of the Registry, following the existing
procedure with respect to fresh matters, may accept the
Misc. Applications, Review Petitions, Curative Petitions and
Copy to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Secretary, Supreme Court Bar Association with five spare
copies of the Circular with a request that this may be displayed on
the Notice Board of the Bar Association for the information of the
Members of the Bar.
The Secretary, Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association
with five spare copies of the Circular with a request that
this may be displayed on the Notice Board of the Association for
the information of the Members of the Association.
The Registrar (CC) with a request to upload this Circular on
Supreme Court Website.
Filing and Re-filing Counters.
All concerned.
(iv)
-2-
Contempt Petitions in disposed of matters as 1 +1 (1 set of
original papers + 1 paperbook) and after the defects are cured,
rest of the paperbooks shall be filed by the advocates/parties-
in-person; and
a common index shall be placed in the first volume in case
there are more than one volume in a matter and a separate
index of each volume shall be placed in the respective
volume(s).
The directions at Sl.Nos. (i) and (ii) shall come into
force with effect from 1st April, 2020 and directions at Sl.Nos. (iii)
and (iv) with immediate effect.
- sd -
(Sanjeev S. Kalgaonkar)
Secretary General
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
New Delhi, dated January 14, 2020
CIRCULAR
With a view to bring uniformity about use of paper in day-to-day working
on the administrative side, to minimize consumption of paper and
consequently to save the Environment, Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India has
been pleased to direct that henceforth, the Registry shall use A4 size paper
(on both sides) for internal communications at all levels in the Registry.
It is, however, clarified that all the pleadings, petitions, documents etc.
filed in the Registry, on Judicial side, shall continue to be governed as per the
provisions of the Supreme Court Rules, 2013, until further orders.
It is impressed upon all concerned to make sincere and earnest efforts to
be economical in consumption of paper, by using the same on both sides and
they shall bear in mind that the communication so generated should be legible
on both sides.
The concerned Admn. Materials Branch shall ensure quality of the paper
so that the communication must be legible on both sides of paper.
All concerned are therefore directed to strictly follow the above
instructions. The Controlling Officers shall ensure compliance of the above
instructions.
The aforesaid directions shall come into force with effect from
26th January, 2020.
Copy to :-
All concerned.
-sd-
[Sanjeev S. Kalgaonkar]
Secretary General
https://nypost.com/2020/08/15/
through http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org
Classical Buddhism (Teachings of the Awakened One with Awareness) belong to the world, and everyone have exclusive rights:JC
is the most Positive Energy of informative and research oriented site propagating the teachings of the Awakened One with Awareness the Buddha and on Techno-Politico-Socio Transformation and Economic Emancipation Movement followed by millions of people all over the world in 105 Classical languages.
Rendering exact translation as a lesson of this
University in one’s mother tongue to this Google Translation and
propagation entitles to become a Stream Enterer (Sottapanna) and to attain Eternal Bliss as a Final Goal.
UPASAKA JAGATHEESAN CHANDRASEKHARAN
08/29/20
LESSON 3429 Sat 29 Aug 2020
Discovery of Awakened One with Awareness Universe (DAOAU)
For
The Welfare, Happiness, Peace of All Sentient and Non-Sentient Beings and for them to Attain Eternal Peace as Final Goal.
KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA-It
is a 18 feet Dia All White Pagoda with may be a table or, but be sure
to having above head level based on the usual use of the room. in 116 CLASSICAL LANGUAGES
Through
At
WHITE HOME
668, 5A main Road, 8th Cross, HAL III Stage,
Prabuddha Bharat Puniya Bhumi Bengaluru
Magadhi Karnataka State
PRABUDDHA BHARAT
Dr B.R.Ambedkar thundered “Main Bharat Baudhmay karunga.” (I will make India Buddhist)
All Aboriginal Awakened Societies Thunder ” Hum Prapanch Prabuddha Bharatmay karunge.” (We will make world Prabuddha Prapanch
are for
Best Administration to Discover Awakened One with Awareness Universe for welfare, happiness and peace for all societies.
The Caste System and the Stages of Life in Hinduism
It is well-known because of
historical significance and mourning for the murder of Ḥusayn ibn Ali,
the grandson of Muhammad. Muslims begin mourning from the first night of
Muharram and continue for ten nights, climaxing on the 10th of Muharram.
historical significance and mourning for the murder of Ḥusayn ibn Ali,
the grandson of Muhammad. Muslims begin mourning from the first night of
Muharram and continue for ten nights, climaxing on the 10th of Muharram.
Muharram
— the first month of the Islamic calendar — is arrived and it is widely
celebrated by the Muslims across the globe. The month of Muharram marks
the beginning of the Islamic new year, which is called Hijri year. It
is believed that the prophet Muhammed SAW migrated holy city Mecca to
Medina, leading his people. His pilgrim is called as the Hijra.
The general meaning of the adjective Muharram means “banned, barred,
forbidden, illegal, illicit, impermissible, prohibited, unlawful,
unpermitted, unauthorized or even taboo”. The first month Muharram is
one of the four sacred months of the year and second holiest month after
Ramadan. Since Muharram is a lunar calendar, it moves from year to year
when it compared with the Gregorian calendar.
forbidden, illegal, illicit, impermissible, prohibited, unlawful,
unpermitted, unauthorized or even taboo”. The first month Muharram is
one of the four sacred months of the year and second holiest month after
Ramadan. Since Muharram is a lunar calendar, it moves from year to year
when it compared with the Gregorian calendar.
When is Islamic New Year 2020?
In
the month of Muharram, Shia Muslims mourn for ten days in the memory of
Hazrat Imam Hussein, the grandson of Prophet Mohammed and his
companions. Imam Hussein was martyred in Karbala battle, which is
considered to be one of the biggest sacrifices of Islam.
On the
occasion of Muharram, devoted Muslims attend special prayer meetings in
the private mosques or their residences. During the ninth, tenth and
11th day of Muharram, which is known Ashura, Muslims observes fast from
dawn to dusk. This year Ashura, which marks the martyrdom of Hazrat Imam
Hussein will fall on August 20.
On the occasion of Ashura,
devoted Muslims tend to spend wishes to their loves. Making your work
easier, we have brought some Muharram wishes, images, quotes, status and
WhatsApp messages for you to send your friends and relatives at the beginning of the year 1441.
Here are best Muharram wishes, images, WhatsApp messages and quotes
Muharram Wishes, Status & Quotes in Hindi
- “You
Alone We Worship,& You Alone We Ask For Help, For Each And
Everything. May Your Faith In Him Always Bring You Peace And
Prosperity…Have A Blessed Muharram!” - “Kat Rahi Hy Zindahi Aulaad
E Ali K Saye Me Moot Khud Mamoor Hy Meri Hifazaat K Liye Har Ghari
Rehta Hun Main Nad E Ali K Saye Me. Happy Muharram” - “Zikkr-E-Husain Aayaa To Ankhain Chalak Parein, Paani Ko Kitna Piyaar Hai Abb Bhi Hussain Say!”
- “Taa Hashar Ye Khiyal Meray Dil Ka Chain Hai Mohsin Meri Nijaat Ka Zamin Hussain Hai — Happy Muharram”
- “Nijat
Ki Jab Appeal Karna, Hussain * Apna Wakeel Karna, Agar Sar Kay Badle *
Hussain * Mile, To Zindagi Na Taveel Karna. Happy Muharram” - “A
Small Person With Small Dreams, Have So, Much Believes In U My Allah. U
Are For Me, I Am For U, There Is No Words, For My Love, Through Which I
Can Explain What I Feel For U My Allah.” - “Once Again 23rd October Is Always Going To Remember As, The Birthday Of A Great Indian Festival Of India “Happy Muharram″.”
- “Apni
Taqdeaer Jagatey Hain Tere Matam Se, Khoon Ki Raah Bechatey Hain Tere
Matam Se, Apne Izhar-E-Aqeedat Ka Saliqa Ye Hai, Hum Naya Saal Manatey
Hen Tere Matam Se” - “Kiya Jalwaa Karbala Me Dikhaya Hussain Ne, Sajde Main Ja Ke Sarr Katayaa Hussain Ne!”
- “Shah
Ast Hussain, Badshah Ast Hussain, Deen Ast Hussain, Deen Panah Ast
Hussain, Sar Dad, Na Dad Dast, Dar Dast-E-Yazeed, Haqaa Key Binaey La
Ila Ast Hussain” - “All People Are Great Person. We Only Have To
Look On Their Behavior Not On This That Who Are They Or From Where They
Belong, So, This Muharram Remove Barriers & Celebrate Happy Muharram
Together.”
Muharram Wishes in English
- Wishing you all a blessed Muharram. May all the blessings of Allah be with you through this year and always!
- Al-Hijra! Wishing you from the core of my heart a happy new Islamic year that is full of luck, happiness, health and wealth.
- May
Allah forgive all of us and bless us with the opportunity to start
afresh this New Year! Let’s start this year with the determination of
achieving divine blessings of Him. Happy Muharram. - Muharram
Mubarak to all my friends! Wish that this New Year brings on an
abundance of happiness, health and prosperity in your life. - May Allah bless your heart with a joyful spirit that keeps glowing forever! Happy new Islamic year to you all.
- Peaceful
morning, cheerful noon, happy evening, and blissful night; may Allah
grant you a wonderful year ahead! Happy New Hijri 1441. - Wishing you a very happy Muharram. May all of our sins are washed away and wishes are fulfilled through this New Year!
- Salam Maal Hijrah 1441 H. Let’s pray to Allah Almighty to bless us a peaceful, blissful and happy new Islamic year.
- Happy
New Hijri Year 1441. Sending heartfelt wishes to you and your family.
May this New Year bring on everything good and nice for you! - May
Allah turn each moment of this new Islamic year into a special one and
fill your life with immense happiness. Happy New Hijri Year. - May this year brings to you many possibilities and all your dreams turn into reality. Happy Muharram to all.
Muharram Images
FOR
eFILING support please mail at efiling@sci.nic.in
To,
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
copies to
E-filing in the Supreme Judicial Court Clerk’s Office for the Commonwealth
NYSCEF
needs
donation of latest miniature 3D 360 degree cameras to capture places in
360 degree circular vision like circarama and 3D 360 deg projector to
be used in the Meditation as practiced in Lumbini, Buddha Gaya,
Saranath, Kushinara and also Bethlehem, Mecca Madhina and all places
practicing Kindness and compssion including for the physically disabled
18ft Dia circular pagoda for raising funds to help monks, needy poor
and physically disabled people and swimmers.
donation of latest miniature 3D 360 degree cameras to capture places in
360 degree circular vision like circarama and 3D 360 deg projector to
be used in the Meditation as practiced in Lumbini, Buddha Gaya,
Saranath, Kushinara and also Bethlehem, Mecca Madhina and all places
practicing Kindness and compssion including for the physically disabled
18ft Dia circular pagoda for raising funds to help monks, needy poor
and physically disabled people and swimmers.
The Buddha died at the age of 80 by the banks of a river at Kusinari in Prabuddha Bharat. Lying on his side with his head propped up by his handand a serene expression, the Buddha passed into Nibbana. This moment is captured in the image of the Reclining Buddha which can be seen in many statues throughout Thailand, most famously at Wat Po in Bangkok.
Nibbana is a blissful state with no suffering and no reincarnation.
Buddha’s life
All Buddha’s original own words in a theravada chronological order
Buddha’s life
All Buddha’s original own words in a theravada chronological order
The Caste System and the Stages of Life in Hinduism
- FOR eFILING support please mail at
- efiling@sci.nic.in
To,
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
copies to
E-filing in the Supreme Judicial Court Clerk’s Office for the Commonwealth
NYSCEF
FORMAT OF WRIT PETITION
-
A SYNOPSIS AND LIST OF DATES (Specimen enclosed)
-
B FROM NEXT PAGE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
CIVIL WRIT PETITION NO. OF 2005
IN THE MATTER OF
LOST
FREEDOM FROM MARCH 2020 TO VISIT OUR DAUGHTER, SON-IN-LAW AND TWO
GRANDSONS RESIDING AT WEST TAMBARAM, CHENNAI. WE ARE ALL HAVING GOOD
HEALTH CONDITION. WE USED TO DRIVE IN CAR TO MEET THEM IN CHENNAI. OUR
SON, DAUGHTER-IN-LAW AND TWO GRANDSONS RESIDING IN USA. DUE TO OUR GOOD
HEALTH CONDITION WE USED TO VISIT TO MEET THEM IN USA. LIKEWISE THEY
WERE ALSO FREE TO MEET US.
versus
…..Petitioner-
JAGATHEESAN CHANDRASEKHARAN
….Respondents
THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
(C)
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
PARLIAMENT
(E) ALL MEDIA
(F) ELECTION COMMISSION
PETITION UNDER ARTICLE________OF THE CONSTITUTION OF
INDIA FOR ISSUANCE OF A WRIT IN THE NATURE OF
__________UNDER ARTICLE______OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA.
To
Hon’ble The Chief Justice of India and His Lordship’s Companion
Justices of the Supreme Court of India. The Humble petition of the Petitioner
above named.
MOST RESPECTFULLY SHEWETH :
-
Facts of the case - Freedom from the ruling races and castes who have imposed curfew like lock down in the name of The coronavirus may not have originated at a Wuhan wet market
last year but 1,000 miles away in 2012 — deep in a Chinese mineshaft
where workers came down with a mysterious, pneumonia-like illness after
being exposed to bats. with reference tohttps://nypost.com/2020/08/15/
covid-19-first-appeared-in- chinese-miners-in-2012- scientists/ -
Question(s) of Law Have the just 0.1% of the population
THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
GOVERNMENT OF INDIAPARLIAMENT
(E) ALL MEDIA
(F) ELECTION COMMISSION declared death sentence to 840,660 people house arrestedCoronavirus Cases:
24,897,792
Recovered:
17,286,924 plus 7,808,114,239 Current World Population with reference to https://srv1.worldometers.info/ Last updated: August 29, 2020, 01:13 GMT without any trial
Grounds-
99% of the world population are awakened to the fact that Birth,
Sickness, Old Age and Death are certainities. Why should just 0.1%
racists and upper casteists and the business communities for their
selfish ends punish people with awareness and awakeness ?-
Averment:-u
That the present petitioner has not filed any other petition in any
High Court or the Supreme Court of India on the subject matter of
the present petition.
PRAYER
In the above premises, it is prayed that this Hon’ble Court may be pleased:
(i)
May all the following be relieved from the clutches of the rulers who have won elections by tampering the EVMs/VVPATs
World Population
7,808,115,815 Current World Population
92,605,421 Births this year
110,238 Births today
38,877,974 Deaths this year
46,280 Deaths today
53,727,447 Net population growth this year
63,958 Net population growth today
Government & Economics
Society & Media
4,660,952,860 Internet users in the world today
Environment
Food
845,551,126 Undernourished people in the world
1,698,159,193 Overweight people in the world
764,244,966 Obese people in the world
Water
798,372,980 People with no access to a safe drinking water source
Energy
134,307,212 Energy used today (MWh), of which:
114,329,883- from non-renewable sources (MWh)
20,225,495- from renewable sources (MWh)
27,546,379 Oil pumped today (barrels)
1,498,669,918,761Oil left (barrels)
15,629 Days to the end of oil (~43 years)
1,093,919,664,187Natural Gas left (boe)
57,575 Days to the end of natural gas
4,313,550,032,576 Coal left (boe)
148,743 Days to the end of coal
Health
42,056,987 HIV/AIDS infected people
………….
(ii) to pass such other orders and further orders as may be deemed
necessary on the facts and in the circumstances of the case.
FOR WHICH ACT OF KINDNESS, THE PETITIONER SHALL
AS INDUTY BOUND, EVER PRAY.
DRAWN:
FILED ON:
FILED BY:
PETITIONER-IN-PERSON
C.
The Writ Petition should be accompanied by:
(i) Affidavit of the petitioner duly sworn.
(ii)Annexures as referred to in the Writ Petition.
-
(iii) Court fee of Rs.500 per petitioner (In Crl. Matter no court fee is
payable)
-
(iv) Index (As per Specimen enclosed)
(v) Cover page (as per Specimen enclosed)
-
(vi) Any application to be filed, Rs.120/- per application.
-
(vii) Memo of Appearance.
(viii) Applicationseekingpermissionto
case of petition filed by petitioner-in-person), Court fee Rs.120/-
I N D EX
______________________________
Sl. No. PARTICULARS PAGES
______________________________
-
Synopsis and List of Dates
-
Writ Petition alongwith Affidavit
in support
-
Annexures
-
Application if any
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
CIVIL WRIT PETITION NO. OF 2005
…..Petitioner
Versus
……Respondent
P A P E R - B OO K
FOR INDEX KINDLY SEE INSIDE
Filed on:
IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE E-FILING :-
1.
All the documents which required the signature of the parties or
Advocate-on-record shall physically be signed, be scanned and appended
with other pages of the petition at the time of filing the matter.
2.
The pages showing certification stamp of the impugned judgment should
also be scanned and appended with the petition. The pages should not be
of DIM IMPRESSION or small font size.
3. All petitions filed
through this facility be under Supreme Court Rules, 2013 and as per the
mandatory points to be checked (list appended).
4. Petition must be typed in double space justified and be typed in 14 font size and courier format.
5.
Only corrected pages be uploaded at the time of Re-filing and curing
the defect. For Re-Filing of corrected pages, use the Re-Filing option
available at the E-Filing Menu of Supreme Court’s Website.
MANDATORY POINTS TO BE CHECKED
1. SLP(Civil) has been filed in Form No. 28 with Certificate as per SCR2013.
2.
Certified copy of the impugned judgment has been filed and if certified
copy is not available, an application for exemption from filing
certified copy has been filed.
3. In case of appeal by
certificate the appeal is accompanied by judgment and decree or order
appealed from, certificate granted by the High Court and the order
granting the said certificate.
4.A statement has been given in
terms of O.XVI R.4(2)/O.XXI R.3(2) of Supreme Court Rules that the
petitioner has not filed any petition against the impugned judgment and
order earlier. If the petitioner had filed such a petition earlier, the
particulars and result thereof has been given.
5. The petition and the applications have been signed by the Advocate-on-record / Petitioner-in-Person.
6. An affidavit of the petitioner properly attested and identified has been filed.
7. Memo of Appearance has been filed.
8.
Vakalatnama properly executed by the petitioner(s) and duly accepted by
the Advocate has been filed. Vakalatnama duly attested by the Jail
Authority/Proof of Surrender alongwith separate Certificate of the Jail
Authority has been filed, if the petitioner(s) is/are in Jail.
9.
In case where proof of surrender/separate certificate from the Jail
Authority has not been filed, an application for exemption has been
filed.
10. Proper Court fee has been paid as per SCR 2013.
11. Brief List of dates/events has been filed.
12. An application for condonation of delay has been filed, if the matter is barred by limitation.
MODIFIED CHECK LIST
1. (i) Whether SLP (Civil) has been filed in Form No. 28 with certificate as per Notification dated 17.6.1997.
Yes/No
(ii) Whether the prescribed court fee has been paid. Yes/No
2. (i) Whether proper and required numbers of paper-books (1+3) have been filed?
Yes/No
(ii) Whether brief list of dates/ events has been filed?
Yes/No
(iii) Whether paragraphs and pages of paper books have been numbered consecutively and correctly noted in Index?
Yes/No
3.
Whether the contents of the petition/appeal, applications and
accompanying documents are clear, legible and typed in double space on
one side of the paper.
Yes/No
4. Whether the petition and the application bear the signatures of the counsel/In-person.
Yes/No
5.
Whether an affidavit of the petitioner in support of the
petition/appeal/ application has been filed, properly attested and
identified.
Yes/No
6. If there are any vernacular
documents/portions/lines and translation of such documents are not
filed, whether application for exemption from filing Official
Translation, with affidavit and court fee, has been filed.
Yes/No/ NA
7.
If a party in the court below has died, whether application for
bringing LRs on record indicating the date of death, relationship, age
and addresses along with affidavit and court fee has been filed.
Yes/No/ NA
8.
(i) Whether the Vakalatnama has been properly executed by the
Petitioners/ appellants and accepted and identified by the Advocate and
Memo of Appearance filed.
Yes/No
(ii) If a petitioner is
represented through power of attorney, whether the original power of
attorney in English/translated copy has been filed and whether
application for permission to appear before the court has also been
filed?
Yes/No
(iii) (a) Whether the petition is filed by a body registered, under any Act or Rules?
Yes/No
(b) If yes, is copy of the Registration filed?
Yes/No
(iv) (a) Whether the person filing petition for such incorporated body has authority to file the petition?
Yes/No
(b) If yes, is proof of such authority filed Yes/No
9.
Whether the petition/appeal contains a statement in terms of order
XVI/XXI of Supreme Court Rules as to whether the petitioner has filed
any petition against the impugned order / Judgment earlier, and if so,
the result thereof stated in the petition.
Yes/No
10.
Whether certified copy of the impugned judgment has been filed and if
certified copy is not available, whether an application for exemption
from filing certified copy has been filed.
Yes/No
11. Whether the particulars of the impugned judgment passed by the Court(s) below are uniformly written in all the documents.
Yes/No
12.
(i) Whether the addresses of the parties and their representation are
complete and set out properly and whether detailed cause title has been
mentioned in the impugned judgment and if not, whether the memo of
parties has been filed, if required?
Yes/No
(ii) Whether the cause title of the petition/ appeal corresponds to that of the impugned judgment and names of parties therein?
Yes/No
13.
Whether in case of appeal by certificate the appeal is accompanied by
judgment and decree appealed from and order granting certificate.
Yes/No
14.
If the petition/appeal is time barred, whether application for
condonation of delay mentioning the no. of days of delay, with affidavit
and court fee has been filed.
Yes/ No/NA
15. Whether the
Annexures referred to in the petition are true copies of the documents
before the Court below and are filed in chronological order as per list
of dates.
Yes/No
16 Whether the petition/appeal is confined only to the pleadings in the Court/Tribunal below and
Yes/No.
If not whether application for taking additional grounds/ documents with affidavit and court fee has been filed.
Yes/No
17.
(i) In SLP/Appeal against the order passed in Second Appeal whether
copies of the orders passed by the Trial Court and First Appellate Court
have been filed.
Yes/No/NA
(ii) If required copy of the
judgment / order / notification / award etc. is not filed, whether
letter of undertaking has been filed in civil matters?
Yes/No/NA
18.
In matters involving conviction whether separate proof of surrender in
respect of all convicts or application for exemption from surrendering
has been filed (Please see judgment dated 16.6.2006 in Crl. Appeal
No.685/2006
entitled Mayuram Subramanian Srinivasan Versus C.B.I) ( Copy of surrender proof to be included in the paper books.)
Yes/No/NA
Whether
in case where proof of surrender/ separate certificate from the jail
Authority has not been filed, an application for exemption from filing
separate proof of surrender has been filed.
Yes/No
19. In case of quashing of FIR whether a copy of the petition filed before the
High Court under section 482 of Cr.P.C. has been filed.
Yes/No
20. In case of anticipatory bail whether a copy of FIR or translated copy has been filed.
Yes/No
21. (i) Whether the complete listing proforma has been filled in, signed and included in the paper-books?
Yes/No
(ii) If any identical matter is pending/ disposed of by Supreme Court,
whether complete particulars of such matters have been given?
Yes/No/NA
Date:
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIRCULAR
F.No.01/Judl./2020
05th March, 2020
It is notified for the information of all concerned that the
Competent Authority has been pleased to direct that :
-
(i) With a view to bring uniformity about use of paper & printing
thereon and to minimize consumption of paper & consequently
to save the environment, superior quality A4 size paper (29.7
cm x 21 cm) having not less than 75 GSM with printing on
both sides of the paper with Font - Times New Roman, Font
size 14, in one and half line spacing (for quotations and indents
– font size 12 in single line spacing), with margin of 4 cm on
left & right and 2 cm on top & bottom, shall be used in the
pleadings, petitions, affidavits or other documents to be filed in
this Court;
-
(ii) in conformity with the provisions of Order LIII, Rule 2 of the
Supreme Court Rules, 2013, all communications from the
Registry of this Court shall only be sent to the concerned
Advocates-on-Record through e-mail followed by an SMS alert
on the registered mobile number of the Advocate-on-Record
and thereafter the practice of sending the communication
through hard copy shall be discontinued by the Registry;
-
(iii) the Filing Counter of the Registry, following the existing
procedure with respect to fresh matters, may accept the
Misc. Applications, Review Petitions, Curative Petitions and
Copy to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Secretary, Supreme Court Bar Association with five spare
copies of the Circular with a request that this may be displayed on
the Notice Board of the Bar Association for the information of the
Members of the Bar.
The Secretary, Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association
with five spare copies of the Circular with a request that
this may be displayed on the Notice Board of the Association for
the information of the Members of the Association.
The Registrar (CC) with a request to upload this Circular on
Supreme Court Website.
Filing and Re-filing Counters.
All concerned.
(iv)
-2-
Contempt Petitions in disposed of matters as 1 +1 (1 set of
original papers + 1 paperbook) and after the defects are cured,
rest of the paperbooks shall be filed by the advocates/parties-
in-person; and
a common index shall be placed in the first volume in case
there are more than one volume in a matter and a separate
index of each volume shall be placed in the respective
volume(s).
The directions at Sl.Nos. (i) and (ii) shall come into
force with effect from 1st April, 2020 and directions at Sl.Nos. (iii)
and (iv) with immediate effect.
- sd -
(Sanjeev S. Kalgaonkar)
Secretary General
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
New Delhi, dated January 14, 2020
CIRCULAR
With a view to bring uniformity about use of paper in day-to-day working
on the administrative side, to minimize consumption of paper and
consequently to save the Environment, Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India has
been pleased to direct that henceforth, the Registry shall use A4 size paper
(on both sides) for internal communications at all levels in the Registry.
It is, however, clarified that all the pleadings, petitions, documents etc.
filed in the Registry, on Judicial side, shall continue to be governed as per the
provisions of the Supreme Court Rules, 2013, until further orders.
It is impressed upon all concerned to make sincere and earnest efforts to
be economical in consumption of paper, by using the same on both sides and
they shall bear in mind that the communication so generated should be legible
on both sides.
The concerned Admn. Materials Branch shall ensure quality of the paper
so that the communication must be legible on both sides of paper.
All concerned are therefore directed to strictly follow the above
instructions. The Controlling Officers shall ensure compliance of the above
instructions.
The aforesaid directions shall come into force with effect from
26th January, 2020.
Copy to :-
All concerned.
-sd-
[Sanjeev S. Kalgaonkar]
Secretary General
https://nypost.com/2020/08/15/
COVID-19 first appeared in a group of Chinese miners in 2012, scientists say
August 15, 2020 | 2:39pm | Updated
The coronavirus may not have originated at a Wuhan wet market
last year but 1,000 miles away in 2012 — deep in a Chinese mineshaft
where workers came down with a mysterious, pneumonia-like illness after
being exposed to bats.
Virologist Jonathan Latham and molecular biologist Allison Wilson,
both of the non-profit Bioscience Resource Project in Ithaca, arrived at
their finding after translating a 66-page master’s thesis from the
Chinese medical doctor who treated the miners and sent their tissue
samples to the Wuhan Institute of Virology for testing.
“The evidence it contains has led us to reconsider everything we
thought we knew about the origins of the COVID-19 pandemic,” Latham and
Wilson wrote in an article published July 15 on their website, “Independent Science News.”
Latham told The Post that the coronavirus “almost certainly escaped” from the Wuhan lab.
In April 2012, six miners in the Mojiang mine in southwestern China’s
Yunnan province fell ill after spending more than 14 days removing bat
feces. Three eventually died.
In his thesis, the physician Li Xu, who treated the miners, describes
how the patients had a high fever, a dry cough, sore limbs and, in some
cases, headaches — all symptoms now associated with COVID-19, said
Latham and Wilson.
How the miners were treated — for example, with ventilation and a
variety of drugs including steroids, blood thinners and antibiotics —
also resembles how COVID-19 patients are being treated worldwide, they
said.
After conducting multiple tests for hepatitis, dengue fever and even
HIV, the doctor consulted with various specialists throughout China,
including virologist Zhong Nanshan, an international hero who managed
the SARS outbreak in 2003 and is considered the country’s greatest
scientist.
“The remote meeting with Zhong Nanshan is significant,” Latham and
Wilson said. “It implies that the illnesses of the six miners were of
high concern and, second, that a SARS-like coronavirus was considered a
likely cause.”
Zhong NanshanREUTERS
The doctor also sent sample tissues from the miners to the Wuhan lab,
a focal point of coronavirus research in China. There, scientists found
the source of infection was a SARS-like coronavirus from a Chinese
rufous horseshoe bat, according to the thesis.
Latham and Wilson believe the virus — once inside the miners —
“evolved” into SARS CoV-2, “an unusually pathogenic coronavirus highly
adapted to humans,” and the samples somehow escaped from the lab last
year, launching what has morphed into the coronavirus pandemic.
The New York scientists labeled their COVID-19 origins hypothesis
“the Mojiang Miners Passage”; “passaging” is a virologic term for
adapting viruses to new species, they said.
Although scientists at the Wuhan lab had collected coronavirus
samples from bats at the same mine, they missed the 2012 connection,
Latham told The Post.
In fact, Shi Zhengli, a virologist at the Wuhan lab who is known as
“the batwoman” for her extensive research into bat-derived
coronaviruses, told Scientific American in June that the miners had died
from a fungal infection, “although it would have been only a matter of
time before they caught the coronaviruses if the mine had not been
promptly shut,” the magazine reported.
“The mine shaft stunk like hell,” Shi told the magazine. “Bat guano, covered in fungus, littered the cave.”
Chinese researchers in a cave to test bats
EcoHealth Alliance
Reaction to the Latham-Wilson finding has been gradually gaining
positive reviews from the scientific community in the US. Renowned
American geneticist and molecular engineer George Church shared their
work on Twitter in July. The tweet garnered 304 retweets and 403 likes.
Stuart Newman, a leading expert on cell biology and anatomy at New York
Medical College in Westchester called it “the best sourced explanation
yet of the origins of #SARSCoV2” in a July 19 tweet about the report.
“We feel that it’s being circulated underground in the scientific
community,” Latham said. “People think it has merit, but they are
reluctant to go public because the coronavirus has become very
politicized.”
Chinese officials claim the coronavirus, which has infected more than
19 million worldwide and killed nearly 800,000, originated in Wuhan in
December, when it crossed the species barrier from animals on sale at
the Huanan seafood market.
But many scientists still question the infection’s origins,
especially after the market was cleaned up and shut down by government
officials almost as soon as the pandemic began to spread.
through http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org
Classical Buddhism (Teachings of the Awakened One with Awareness) belong to the world, and everyone have exclusive rights:JC
is the most Positive Energy of informative and research oriented site propagating the teachings of the Awakened One with Awareness the Buddha and on Techno-Politico-Socio Transformation and Economic Emancipation Movement followed by millions of people all over the world in 105 Classical languages.
Rendering exact translation as a lesson of this
University in one’s mother tongue to this Google Translation and
propagation entitles to become a Stream Enterer (Sottapanna) and to attain Eternal Bliss as a Final Goal.
UPASAKA JAGATHEESAN CHANDRASEKHARAN
08/27/20
LESSON 3428 Fri 28 Aug 2020
Discovery of Awakened One with Awareness Universe (DAOAU)
For
The Welfare, Happiness, Peace of All Sentient and Non-Sentient Beings and for them to Attain Eternal Peace as Final Goal.
KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA-It
is a 18 feet Dia All White Pagoda with may be a table or, but be sure
to having above head level based on the usual use of the room. in 116 CLASSICAL LANGUAGES
Through
At
WHITE HOME
668, 5A main Road, 8th Cross, HAL III Stage,
Prabuddha Bharat Puniya Bhumi Bengaluru
Magadhi Karnataka State
PRABUDDHA BHARAT
Dr B.R.Ambedkar thundered “Main Bharat Baudhmay karunga.” (I will make India Buddhist)
All Aboriginal Awakened Societies Thunder ” Hum Prapanch Prabuddha Bharatmay karunge.” (We will make world Prabuddha Prapanch
are for
Best Administration to Discover Awakened One with Awareness Universe for welfare, happiness and peace for all societies.
The Caste System and the Stages of Life in Hinduism
FOR
eFILING support please mail at efiling@sci.nic.in
needs
donation of latest miniature 3D 360 degree cameras to capture places in
360 degree circular vision like circarama and 3D 360 deg projector to
be used in the Meditation as practiced in Lumbini, Buddha Gaya,
Saranath, Kushinara and also Bethlehem, Mecca Madhina and all places
practicing Kindness and compssion including for the physically disabled
18ft Dia circular pagoda for raising funds to help monks, needy poor
and physically disabled people and swimmers.
donation of latest miniature 3D 360 degree cameras to capture places in
360 degree circular vision like circarama and 3D 360 deg projector to
be used in the Meditation as practiced in Lumbini, Buddha Gaya,
Saranath, Kushinara and also Bethlehem, Mecca Madhina and all places
practicing Kindness and compssion including for the physically disabled
18ft Dia circular pagoda for raising funds to help monks, needy poor
and physically disabled people and swimmers.
The Buddha died at the age of 80 by the banks of a river at Kusinari in Prabuddha Bharat. Lying on his side with his head propped up by his handand a serene expression, the Buddha passed into Nibbana. This moment is captured in the image of the Reclining Buddha which can be seen in many statues throughout Thailand, most famously at Wat Po in Bangkok.
Nibbana is a blissful state with no suffering and no reincarnation.
Buddha’s life
All Buddha’s original own words in a theravada chronological order
Buddha’s life
All Buddha’s original own words in a theravada chronological order
buddhasaid2us@gmail.comjcs4ever@outlook.com
jchandrasekharan@yahoo.com
The Caste System and the Stages of Life in Hinduism
“>
https://main.sci.gov.in/efiling
To,
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
efiling@sci.nic.in
copies to
E-filing in the Supreme Judicial Court Clerk’s Office for the Commonwealth
sjccommclerk@sjc.state.ma.us
Francis.Kenneally@jud.state.ma.us
Charlotte.Houlihan@jud.state.ma.us
NYSCEF
nyscef@nycourts.gov
ce@gmail.com
efilingsupport@supremecourt.gov
1Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(i)o
Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 93
NO.28
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
[S.C.R., Order XXI Rule 3(1) (a)]
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION
(Under Article 136 of the Constitution of India)
S.L.P. (Civil) No. …………………….. of ………………….
BETWEEN
Position of Parties
In the Court/Tribunal from
whose order the petition
arises
In this Court
Petitioner-JAGATHEESAN CHANDRASEKHARAN
(A) (Here insert the name/names Petitioner/
of the Petitioner Respondent/
Appellant
(B)THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
(C)
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
AND
PARLIAMENT
(D) Here insert the name/names Petitioner/
of Respondent Respondent/
Appellant
(E) ALL MEDIA
(F) ELECTION COMMISSION
To
Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India and His Companion Judges of the Supreme Court of India.
The Special Leave Petition of the Petitioner most respectfully showeth:
1. The petitioner / petitioners above named respectfully submits this petition seeking special leave to appeal against the
judgment/order of (Here specify the Court / Tribunal against whose order the leave to appeal is sought for together with
number of the case, date of the order and nature of the order such as allowing or dismissing the matter or granting or
refusing the interim order, etc.)
Respondent
94 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(i)]
2. QUESTIONS OF LAW :
The following questions of the law arise for consideration by this Hon’ble Court :
(Here set out the questions of law arising for consideration precisely)
I, JAGATHEESAN CHANDRASEKHARAN AGED 77 YEARS ALONG WITH MY WIFE LOST OUR FREEDOM FROM MARCH 2020 TO VISIT OUR DAUGHTER, SON-IN-LAW AND TWO GRANDSONS RESIDING AT WEST TAMBARAM, CHENNAI. WE ARE ALL HAVING GOOD HEALTH CONDITION. WE USED TO DRIVE IN CAR TO MEET THEM IN CHENNAI. OUR SON, DAUGHTER-IN-LAW AND TWO GRANDSONS RESIDING IN USA. DUE TO OUR GOOD HEALTH CONDITION WE USED TO VISIT TO MEET THEM IN USA. LIKEWISE THEY WERE ALSO FREE TO MEET US.
We are just 10 people out of 7,807,968,299 is Current World Population Last updated: August 28, 2020, 09:21 GMT with reference to https://srv1.worldometers.info/
92,352,722 Births this year
241,336 Births today
53,581,012 Net population growth this year
140,193 Net population growth today
845,535,372 Undernourished people in the world
1,698,128,715 Overweight people in the world
764,198,017 Obese people in the world
798,390,011 People with no access to a safe drinking water source
42,055,340 HIV/AIDS infected people
We are aware of the true fact that Birth, Sickness, Old Age and Death are certainities.
3. DECLARATION IN TERMS OF RULE 3(2) :
The petitioner states that no other petition seeking leave to appeal has been filed by him against the impugned judgment
and order.
For the DECLARATION of DISCOVERY OF AWAKENED ONE WITH AWARENESS UNIVERSE
4. DECLARATION IN TERMS OF RULE 5:
The Annexures produced alongwith the SLP are true copies of the pleadings/documents which formed part of the records
of the case in the Court / Tribunal below against whose order the leave to appeal is sought for in this petition.
DO GOOD AND KEEP PURIFYING THE MIND AND THE ENVIRONMENT AS DECLARATION IN TERMS OF RULE 5
5. GROUNDS :
Leave to appeal is sought for on the following grounds.
(Here specify the grounds precisely and clearly)
THERE EXISTS RACISM, CASTE SYSTEM IN THE STAGES OF LIFE.
There Caste System and the Stages of Life
6. GROUNDS FOR INTERIM RELIEF :
(Here specify briefly the grounds on which interim relief is sought for)
ONLY JUST 0.1% OF THE TOP RACISTS CASTES ARE ENJOYING. THE REST 99.9% ABORIGINAL AWAKENED SOCIETIES MUST ALSO HAVE LIBERTY, EQUALITY, FRATERNITY FOR THEIR WELFARE, HAPPINESS AND PEACE AND FOR THEM TO ATTAIN ETERNAL BLISS AS THEIR FINAL GOAL.
7. MAIN PRAYER :
(Here set out the main prayer)
THERE MUST BE FREE AND FAIR ELECTIONS WITH BALLOT PAPERS REPLACING THE EVMS/VVPATS TO SAVE DEMOCRACY.
8. INTERIM RELIEF :
(Here set out the interim prayer)
DISMISS THE GOVERNMENT ELECTED WITH EVMs/VVPATs
Place :Bengaluru
petitioner
Date:28-8-2020
Settled by :
(Specify the name of the Advocate in case where the petition is
settled by an advocate.)
———————-
FORMAT OF WRIT PETITION
-
A SYNOPSIS AND LIST OF DATES (Specimen enclosed)
-
B FROM NEXT PAGE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
CIVIL WRIT PETITION NO. OF 2005
IN THE MATTER OF
versus
…..Petitioner
….Respondents
PETITION UNDER ARTICLE________OF THE CONSTITUTION OF
INDIA FOR ISSUANCE OF A WRIT IN THE NATURE OF
__________UNDER ARTICLE______OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA.
To
Hon’ble The Chief Justice of India and His Lordship’s Companion
Justices of the Supreme Court of India. The Humble petition of the Petitioner
abovenamed.
MOST RESPECTFULLY SHEWETH :
-
Facts of the case
-
Question(s) of Law
-
Grounds
-
Averment:-
That the present petitioner has not filed any other petition in any
High Court or the Supreme Court of India on the subject matter of
the present petition.
PRAYER
In the above premises, it is prayed that this Hon’ble Court may be pleased:
(i)
………….
(ii) to pass such other orders and further orders as may be deemed
necessary on the facts and in the circumstances of the case.
FOR WHICH ACT OF KINDNESS, THE PETITIONER SHALL
AS INDUTY BOUND, EVER PRAY.
DRAWN:
FILED ON:
FILED BY:
PETITIONER-IN-PERSON
C.
The Writ Petition should be accompanied by:
(i) Affidavit of the petitioner duly sworn.
(ii)Annexures as referred to in the Writ Petition.
-
(iii) Court fee of Rs.500 per petitioner (In Crl. Matter no court fee is
payable)
-
(iv) Index (As per Specimen enclosed)
(v) Cover page (as per Specimen enclosed)
-
(vi) Any application to be filed, Rs.120/- per application.
-
(vii) Memo of Appearance.
(viii) Applicationseekingpermissiontoappearandargueinperson(in
case of petition filed by petitioner-in-person), Court fee Rs.120/-
I N D EX
_________________________________________________________________
Sl. No. PARTICULARS PAGES
_________________________________________________________________
-
Synopsis and List of Dates
-
Writ Petition alongwith Affidavit
in support
-
Annexures
-
Application if any
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
CIVIL WRIT PETITION NO. OF 2005
…..Petitioner
Versus
……Respondent
P A P E R - B OO K
FOR INDEX KINDLY SEE INSIDE
Filed on:
IMPORTANT INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE E-FILING :-
1.
All the documents which required the signature of the parties or
Advocate-on-record shall physically be signed, be scanned and appended
with other pages of the petition at the time of filing the matter.
2.
The pages showing certification stamp of the impugned judgment should
also be scanned and appended with the petition. The pages should not be
of DIM IMPRESSION or small font size.
3. All petitions filed
through this facility be under Supreme Court Rules, 2013 and as per the
mandatory points to be checked (list appended).
4. Petition must be typed in double space justified and be typed in 14 font size and courier format.
5.
Only corrected pages be uploaded at the time of Re-filing and curing
the defect. For Re-Filing of corrected pages, use the Re-Filing option
available at the E-Filing Menu of Supreme Court’s Website.
MANDATORY POINTS TO BE CHECKED
1. SLP(Civil) has been filed in Form No. 28 with Certificate as per SCR2013.
2.
Certified copy of the impugned judgment has been filed and if certified
copy is not available, an application for exemption from filing
certified copy has been filed.
3. In case of appeal by
certificate the appeal is accompanied by judgment and decree or order
appealed from, certificate granted by the High Court and the order
granting the said certificate.
4.A statement has been given in
terms of O.XVI R.4(2)/O.XXI R.3(2) of Supreme Court Rules that the
petitioner has not filed any petition against the impugned judgment and
order earlier. If the petitioner had filed such a petition earlier, the
particulars and result thereof has been given.
5. The petition and the applications have been signed by the Advocate-on-record / Petitioner-in-Person.
6. An affidavit of the petitioner properly attested and identified has been filed.
7. Memo of Appearance has been filed.
8.
Vakalatnama properly executed by the petitioner(s) and duly accepted by
the Advocate has been filed. Vakalatnama duly attested by the Jail
Authority/Proof of Surrender alongwith separate Certificate of the Jail
Authority has been filed, if the petitioner(s) is/are in Jail.
9.
In case where proof of surrender/separate certificate from the Jail
Authority has not been filed, an application for exemption has been
filed.
10. Proper Court fee has been paid as per SCR 2013.
11. Brief List of dates/events has been filed.
12. An application for condonation of delay has been filed, if the matter is barred by limitation.
MODIFIED CHECK LIST
1. (i) Whether SLP (Civil) has been filed in Form No. 28 with certificate as per Notification dated 17.6.1997.
Yes/No
(ii) Whether the prescribed court fee has been paid. Yes/No
2. (i) Whether proper and required numbers of paper-books (1+3) have been filed?
Yes/No
(ii) Whether brief list of dates/ events has been filed?
Yes/No
(iii) Whether paragraphs and pages of paper books have been numbered consecutively and correctly noted in Index?
Yes/No
3.
Whether the contents of the petition/appeal, applications and
accompanying documents are clear, legible and typed in double space on
one side of the paper.
Yes/No
4. Whether the petition and the application bear the signatures of the counsel/In-person.
Yes/No
5.
Whether an affidavit of the petitioner in support of the
petition/appeal/ application has been filed, properly attested and
identified.
Yes/No
6. If there are any vernacular
documents/portions/lines and translation of such documents are not
filed, whether application for exemption from filing Official
Translation, with affidavit and court fee, has been filed.
Yes/No/ NA
7.
If a party in the court below has died, whether application for
bringing LRs on record indicating the date of death, relationship, age
and addresses along with affidavit and court fee has been filed.
Yes/No/ NA
8.
(i) Whether the Vakalatnama has been properly executed by the
Petitioners/ appellants and accepted and identified by the Advocate and
Memo of Appearance filed.
Yes/No
(ii) If a petitioner is
represented through power of attorney, whether the original power of
attorney in English/translated copy has been filed and whether
application for permission to appear before the court has also been
filed?
Yes/No
(iii) (a) Whether the petition is filed by a body registered, under any Act or Rules?
Yes/No
(b) If yes, is copy of the Registration filed?
Yes/No
(iv) (a) Whether the person filing petition for such incorporated body has authority to file the petition?
Yes/No
(b) If yes, is proof of such authority filed Yes/No
9.
Whether the petition/appeal contains a statement in terms of order
XVI/XXI of Supreme Court Rules as to whether the petitioner has filed
any petition against the impugned order / Judgment earlier, and if so,
the result thereof stated in the petition.
Yes/No
10.
Whether certified copy of the impugned judgment has been filed and if
certified copy is not available, whether an application for exemption
from filing certified copy has been filed.
Yes/No
11. Whether the particulars of the impugned judgment passed by the Court(s) below are uniformly written in all the documents.
Yes/No
12.
(i) Whether the addresses of the parties and their representation are
complete and set out properly and whether detailed cause title has been
mentioned in the impugned judgment and if not, whether the memo of
parties has been filed, if required?
Yes/No
(ii) Whether the cause title of the petition/ appeal corresponds to that of the impugned judgment and names of parties therein?
Yes/No
13.
Whether in case of appeal by certificate the appeal is accompanied by
judgment and decree appealed from and order granting certificate.
Yes/No
14.
If the petition/appeal is time barred, whether application for
condonation of delay mentioning the no. of days of delay, with affidavit
and court fee has been filed.
Yes/ No/NA
15. Whether the
Annexures referred to in the petition are true copies of the documents
before the Court below and are filed in chronological order as per list
of dates.
Yes/No
16 Whether the petition/appeal is confined only to the pleadings in the Court/Tribunal below and
Yes/No.
If not whether application for taking additional grounds/ documents with affidavit and court fee has been filed.
Yes/No
17.
(i) In SLP/Appeal against the order passed in Second Appeal whether
copies of the orders passed by the Trial Court and First Appellate Court
have been filed.
Yes/No/NA
(ii) If required copy of the
judgment / order / notification / award etc. is not filed, whether
letter of undertaking has been filed in civil matters?
Yes/No/NA
18.
In matters involving conviction whether separate proof of surrender in
respect of all convicts or application for exemption from surrendering
has been filed (Please see judgment dated 16.6.2006 in Crl. Appeal
No.685/2006
entitled Mayuram Subramanian Srinivasan Versus C.B.I) ( Copy of surrender proof to be included in the paper books.)
Yes/No/NA
Whether
in case where proof of surrender/ separate certificate from the jail
Authority has not been filed, an application for exemption from filing
separate proof of surrender has been filed.
Yes/No
19. In case of quashing of FIR whether a copy of the petition filed before the
High Court under section 482 of Cr.P.C. has been filed.
Yes/No
20. In case of anticipatory bail whether a copy of FIR or translated copy has been filed.
Yes/No
21. (i) Whether the complete listing proforma has been filled in, signed and included in the paper-books?
Yes/No
(ii) If any identical matter is pending/ disposed of by Supreme Court,
whether complete particulars of such matters have been given?
Yes/No/NA
Date:
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIRCULAR
F.No.01/Judl./2020
05th March, 2020
It is notified for the information of all concerned that the
Competent Authority has been pleased to direct that :
-
(i) With a view to bring uniformity about use of paper & printing
thereon and to minimize consumption of paper & consequently
to save the environment, superior quality A4 size paper (29.7
cm x 21 cm) having not less than 75 GSM with printing on
both sides of the paper with Font - Times New Roman, Font
size 14, in one and half line spacing (for quotations and indents
– font size 12 in single line spacing), with margin of 4 cm on
left & right and 2 cm on top & bottom, shall be used in the
pleadings, petitions, affidavits or other documents to be filed in
this Court;
-
(ii) in conformity with the provisions of Order LIII, Rule 2 of the
Supreme Court Rules, 2013, all communications from the
Registry of this Court shall only be sent to the concerned
Advocates-on-Record through e-mail followed by an SMS alert
on the registered mobile number of the Advocate-on-Record
and thereafter the practice of sending the communication
through hard copy shall be discontinued by the Registry;
-
(iii) the Filing Counter of the Registry, following the existing
procedure with respect to fresh matters, may accept the
Misc. Applications, Review Petitions, Curative Petitions and
Copy to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Secretary, Supreme Court Bar Association with five spare
copies of the Circular with a request that this may be displayed on
the Notice Board of the Bar Association for the information of the
Members of the Bar.
The Secretary, Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association
with five spare copies of the Circular with a request that
this may be displayed on the Notice Board of the Association for
the information of the Members of the Association.
The Registrar (CC) with a request to upload this Circular on
Supreme Court Website.
Filing and Re-filing Counters.
All concerned.
(iv)
-2-
Contempt Petitions in disposed of matters as 1 +1 (1 set of
original papers + 1 paperbook) and after the defects are cured,
rest of the paperbooks shall be filed by the advocates/parties-
in-person; and
a common index shall be placed in the first volume in case
there are more than one volume in a matter and a separate
index of each volume shall be placed in the respective
volume(s).
The directions at Sl.Nos. (i) and (ii) shall come into
force with effect from 1st April, 2020 and directions at Sl.Nos. (iii)
and (iv) with immediate effect.
- sd -
(Sanjeev S. Kalgaonkar)
Secretary General
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
New Delhi, dated January 14, 2020
CIRCULAR
With a view to bring uniformity about use of paper in day-to-day working
on the administrative side, to minimize consumption of paper and
consequently to save the Environment, Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India has
been pleased to direct that henceforth, the Registry shall use A4 size paper
(on both sides) for internal communications at all levels in the Registry.
It is, however, clarified that all the pleadings, petitions, documents etc.
filed in the Registry, on Judicial side, shall continue to be governed as per the
provisions of the Supreme Court Rules, 2013, until further orders.
It is impressed upon all concerned to make sincere and earnest efforts to
be economical in consumption of paper, by using the same on both sides and
they shall bear in mind that the communication so generated should be legible
on both sides.
The concerned Admn. Materials Branch shall ensure quality of the paper
so that the communication must be legible on both sides of paper.
All concerned are therefore directed to strictly follow the above
instructions. The Controlling Officers shall ensure compliance of the above
instructions.
The aforesaid directions shall come into force with effect from
26th January, 2020.
Copy to :-
All concerned.
-sd-
[Sanjeev S. Kalgaonkar]
Secretary General
through http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org
Classical Buddhism (Teachings of the Awakened One with Awareness) belong to the world, and everyone have exclusive rights:JC
is the most Positive Energy of informative and research oriented site propagating the teachings of the Awakened One with Awareness the Buddha and on Techno-Politico-Socio Transformation and Economic Emancipation Movement followed by millions of people all over the world in 105 Classical languages.
Rendering exact translation as a lesson of this
University in one’s mother tongue to this Google Translation and
propagation entitles to become a Stream Enterer (Sottapanna) and to attain Eternal Bliss as a Final Goal.
UPASAKA JAGATHEESAN CHANDRASEKHARAN
08/26/20
LESSON 3427 Thu 27 Aug 2020
Discovery of Awakened One with Awareness Universe (DAOAU)
For
The Welfare, Happiness, Peace of All Sentient and Non-Sentient Beings and for them to Attain Eternal Peace as Final Goal.
KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA-It
is a 18 feet Dia All White Pagoda with may be a table or, but be sure
to having above head level based on the usual use of the room. in 116 CLASSICAL LANGUAGES
Through
At
WHITE HOME
668, 5A main Road, 8th Cross, HAL III Stage,
Prabuddha Bharat Puniya Bhumi Bengaluru
Magadhi Karnataka State
PRABUDDHA BHARAT
Dr B.R.Ambedkar thundered “Main Bharat Baudhmay karunga.” (I will make India Buddhist)
All Aboriginal Awakened Societies Thunder ” Hum Prapanch Prabuddha Bharatmay karunge.” (We will make world Prabuddha Prapanch
are for
Best Administration to Discover Awakened One with Awareness Universe for welfare, happiness and peace for all societies.
The Caste System and the Stages of Life in Hinduism
FOR
eFILING support please mail at efiling@sci.nic.in
needs
donation of latest miniature 3D 360 degree cameras to capture places in
360 degree circular vision like circarama and 3D 360 deg projector to
be used in the Meditation as practiced in Lumbini, Buddha Gaya,
Saranath, Kushinara and also Bethlehem, Mecca Madhina and all places
practicing Kindness and compssion including for the physically disabled
18ft Dia circular pagoda for raising funds to help monks, needy poor
and physically disabled people and swimmers.
donation of latest miniature 3D 360 degree cameras to capture places in
360 degree circular vision like circarama and 3D 360 deg projector to
be used in the Meditation as practiced in Lumbini, Buddha Gaya,
Saranath, Kushinara and also Bethlehem, Mecca Madhina and all places
practicing Kindness and compssion including for the physically disabled
18ft Dia circular pagoda for raising funds to help monks, needy poor
and physically disabled people and swimmers.
The Buddha died at the age of 80 by the banks of a river at Kusinari in Prabuddha Bharat. Lying on his side with his head propped up by his handand a serene expression, the Buddha passed into Nibbana. This moment is captured in the image of the Reclining Buddha which can be seen in many statues throughout Thailand, most famously at Wat Po in Bangkok.
Nibbana is a blissful state with no suffering and no reincarnation.
Buddha’s life
All Buddha’s original own words in a theravada chronological order
Buddha’s life
All Buddha’s original own words in a theravada chronological order
https://media.photobucket.com/user/antiglobal/media/scavengers-2.jpg.html?filters[term]=scavengers&filters[primary]=images&filters[secondary]=videos&sort=1&o=3scavengers
https://www.friesian.com/caste.htm
The Caste System and the Stages of Life in Hinduism
The pattern of social classes in Hinduism is called the “caste
system.” The chart shows the major divisions and contents of the
system. Basic caste is called varṇa, 
, or “color.” Subcaste, or jâti, 
, “birth, life, rank,” is a traditional subdivision of varṇa. Sometimes “caste” is avoided as a word for varṇa.
Whether or not that is done, it is common for “caste” to be used for
the subcastes. Combined with the four “stages of life,” the âśramas, 
, the system becomes the varṇâśramadharma, 
, the “dharma of classes and orders.” One’s duty, or dharma, 
, in life depends on the variables of caste, sex, and stage of life.
The Bhagavad Gita says this about the varṇas:
[41] The works of Brahmins, Kṣatriyas, Vaiśyas, and Śûdras are different, in harmony with the three powers of their born nature.[42] The works of a Brahmin (
) are peace; self-harmony, austerity, and purity; loving-forgiveness and righteousness; vision and wisdom and faith.
[43] These are the works of a Kṣatriya (
): a heroic mind, inner fire, constancy, resourcefulness, courage in battle, generosity and noble leadership.
[44] Trade, agriculture and the rearing of cattle is the work of a Vaiśya (
). And the work of the Śûdra (
) is service.
[chapter 18, Juan Mascaró translation, Penguin Books, 1962; spelling of castes altered]
There are literally thousands of subcastes in India, often with
particular geographical ranges, occupational specializations, and an
administrative or corporate structure. 
When Mahâtmâ Gandhi
wanted to go to England to study law, he had to ask his subcaste, the
Modh Bania, for permission to leave India. (”Bania”, means “merchant,”
and “Gandhi” means “greengrocer” — from gandha, “smell,
fragrance,” in Sanskrit — and that should be enough for a good guess
that Gandhi was a Vaiśya.) Sometimes it is denied that the varṇas are “castes” because, while “true” castes, the jâtis, are based on birth, the varṇas are based on the theory of the guṇas (the “three powers” mentioned in the Gita). This is no more than a rationalization: the varṇas came first, and they are based on birth. The guṇas came later, and provide a poor explanation anyway, since the guṇa tamas
is associated with both twice born and once born, caste and outcaste,
overlapping the most important religious and social divisions in the
system. Nevertheless, the varṇas are now divisions at a theoretical level, while the jâtis are the way in which caste is embodied for most practical purposes. Jâtis themselves can be ranked in relation to each other, and occasionally a question may even be raised about the proper varṇa to which a particular jâti belongs. As jâti members change occupations and they rise in prestige, a jâti may rarely even be elevated in the varṇa to which it is regarded as belonging.
The urge to deny that varṇas are “castes”
is part of a larger apologetic that we can understand as a project to
reform the more disturbing characteristics of traditional Hinduism.
Given the eternity of the Vedas, it should be, strictly speaking,
perplexing why and impossible that they need to be “reformed.” If it can be denied, however, the morally objectionable practices were ever proper parts of Vedic religion, then we get both reform and eternal truths at the same time. Thus, the theory of varṇas
was descriptive of individual talents and vocations, not of social
station by birth. And, since, indeed, things like Untouchability are
not even mentioned in sacred texts, such as the Bhagavad Gita, their illegitimacy is self-evident. Satî, 
(”suttee”),
was not a traditional sanctified practice of burning widows, but a
desperate measure by women to avoid rape by British soldiers [note].
“Thugee” was not a plague of murder and terror by devotees of Kâlî but
a fiction invented by the British to discredit Hinduism. All of this
may not seem entirely honest as history; but as a strategy for reform,
its point may be sympathetically well taken. The habit of such creative
interpretation, however, elicites less sympathy when it merely serves a
nationalistic mythology, as discussed elsewhere.
Associated with each varṇa there is a traditional color. 
These
sound suspiciously like skin colors; and, indeed, there is an
expectation in India that higher caste people will have lighter skin —
although there are plenty of exceptions (especially in the South of
India). This all probably goes back to the original invasion of the Arya,
who came from Central Asia and so were undoubtedly light skinned. The
people already in India were quite dark, even as today many people in
India seem positively black. Apart from skin color, Indians otherwise
have “Caucasian” features — narrow noses, thin lips, etc. — and recent
genetic mapping
studies seem to show that Indians are more closely related to the people
of the Middle East and Europe than to anyone else. Because
Untouchables are not a varṇa, they do not have a traditional color. I have supplied blue, since this is otherwise not found, and it is traditionally used for the skin color of Viṣṇu and his incarnations. Chief among those is Kṛṣṇa (Krishna), whose name actually means “black” or “dark,” but he is always shown blue rather than with some natural skin color.
The first three varṇas are called the twice born — dvija, 
. This has nothing to do with reincarnation. Being “twice born” means that you come of age religiously, making you a member of the Vedic religion, eligible to learn Sanskrit, study the Vedas, and perform Vedic rituals. The “second birth” is thus like Confirmation or a Bar Mitzvah. 
This understanding may be interestingly compared with the assertion of the Śatapatha Brâhmaṇa that:
Unborn, indeed, is a man so long as he does not
sacrifice. It is through the sacrifice that he is born, just as an egg
first burst. [Patrick Olivelle, The Âśrama System, Oxford, 1993, p.39]
But sacrifice is performed by a householder, not by a student. The Brâhmaṇa
posits three births, first from the womb (which is compared to a fire
and even to an altar in its own right), then from sacrifice (on the
household fire altar), and finally in the cremation fire. But if we
compare this to the four stages of life, there is a curious parallel.
The student is born again but actually labors in preparation to become a
householder, who is characterized by sacrifice (which cannot be done
without marriage). This parallels the stage of the wandering ascetic,
who ritually dies at the moment of renunciation but then labors in
preparation for actual death and cremation. So, if cremation is a form
of rebirth, then renunciation is the rehearsal for this as studenthood
is for sacrifice. I am not aware, however, that much is ever really
made of this comparison.
According to the Laws of Manu (whose requirements may not
always be observed in modern life), boys are “born again” at specific
ages: 8 for Brahmins; 11 for Kṣatriyas; and 12 for Vaiśyas. A thread
is bestowed at the coming of age to be worn around the waist as the
symbol of being twice born. The equivalent of coming of age for girls
is marriage — although women are not always considered part of the âśrama
system at all. Nevertheless, the bestowal of the thread is part of the
wedding ceremony. That part of the wedding ritual is even preserved in
Jainism. Ancient Iran also had a coming of age ceremony that involved a thread. That and other evidence leads to the speculation that the three classes of the twice born are from the original Indo-European social system — the theory of Georges Dumézil. Even the distant Celts believed in three social classes. The three classes of Plato’s Republic
thus may not have been entirely his idea. Although there must have
been a great deal of early intermarriage in India, nowhere did such an
Indo-European social system become as rigid a system of birth as there. The rigidity may well be due to the influence of the idea of karma, that poor birth is morally deserved.
According to the Laws of Manu, when the twice born come of age, they enter into the four âśramas, ,
or “stages of life.” I notice that dictionaries I have, both of
Sanskirt and Hindi, say that these apply to Brahmins. But there is no
doubt, from the Laws of Manu and from the history, that all they
apply to all the twice born. Nevertheless, various anomalous
constructions of the system occur.
Thus the Vâmana Purâṇa confines the stage of wandering
ascetic to Brahmins, denies studenthood to Vaiśyas, and allows
householdership to Śûdras. Denying studenthood to Vaiśyas and allowing
any âśrama to Śûdras contradicts almost every authority on dharma, including other parts of the Vâmana Purâṇa
itself. These provisions apparently result from the kind of
systematizing beloved of the tradition, i.e. that Brahmins live four
stages, Kṣatriyas three, Vaiśyas two, and Śûdras one. An element of
that may reflect the actual debate that, since marriage defines
householdership, and since Śûdras do legitimately marry, then they
legitimately become householders. Nevertheless, the âśramas were
only rarely allowed to include the once born, and at times Śûdras were
sanctioned with death for ascetic practices. More orthodox but still
anomalous is the version in the Vaikhânasa Dharmasûtra, which allows all four âśramas
for Brahmins, the first three for Kṣatriyas, and the first two for
Vaiśyas. This excludes Śûdras and provides studenthood for Vaiśyas, but
it limits or abolishes the ascetic stages outside the Brahmin varṇa.
Less systematized was how long the stages should each last, and various versions can be found. The Nâradaparivrâjaka Upaniṣad
specified 12 years for a student and 25 years for both householder and
forest dweller. Adding the 8 years of childhood for a Brahmin, this
adds up to 70 years — coincidentally the Biblical “three score and
ten.” The ideal Indian lifespan, however, was more like between 100 and
116 years, which leaves a very long time for the Brahmin to be a
wandering acetic. I suspect that it would have been unusual, however,
for a Kṣatriya or Vaiśya to have lived with a teacher even as much as
the share of the first 20 years allowed by their later coming-of-age.
- The first is the brahmacarya,
, or the stage of the student (brahmacârî 
). For boys, the student is supposed to go live with a teacher (guru, 
), who is a Brahmin, to learn about Sanskrit, the Vedas, rituals, etc. The dharma, ,
of a student includes being obedient, respectful, celibate, and
non-violent. “The teacher is God.” The student is supposed to be
respectful of the teacher even behind his back. A comparable status of
the teacher, without quite the same religious dimension or obligation,
can be found in China.
For girls, the stage of studenthood coincides with that of the
householder, and the husband stands in the place of the teacher. Since
the boys are supposed to be celibate while students, Gandhi used the
term brahmacâri to mean the celibate practitioner that he thought made the best Satyagrahi, the best non-violent activist. There may be an echo in this of the provision in the Laws of Manu
that a student, a Brahmin in particular, may remain with his teacher’s
family for his entire life. This is one of the points in the tradition
that conflicts with another proposition in Manu, that “if a
twice-born seeks renunciation without studying the Vedas, without
fathering sons, and without offering sacrifices [i.e. discharged the
“three debts”], he will proceed downward [The Law Code of Manu,
translated by Patrick Olivelle, Oxford, 2004, 6:37, p.101]. In
completing his time with a teacher, the student takes a ritual bath, and
thus becomes a
, snâtaka,
a “bath-graduate.” This may be regarded as the equivalent of becoming a
householder, but it is distinct both from the ritual return to the
parents, the samâvartana, and from the marriage that genuinely
establishes a householder. These ritual separations are also consistent
with the practice of disfavored alternatives, such as continuing as a
student for life or renouncing ordinary life as a forest dweller or
wandering ascetic. Because of this possibility, one dharma authority called the pre-graduate student a vidyârtha,
, “desirous of knowledge,” and only the post-graduate student a true brahmacârî. This distinction, however, did not catch on.
- The second stage is the gârhasthya,
, or the stage of the householder, which is taken far more seriously in Hinduism than in Jainism or Buddhism
and is usually regarded as mandatory, like studenthood, although debate
continued over the centuries whether or not this stage could be skipped
in favor of a later one (especially with Brahmins). Being a
householder is the stage where the principal dharma of the person
is performed, whether as priest, warrior, etc., or for women mainly as
wife and mother. Arjuna’s duty to fight the battle in the Bhagavad Gita comes from his status as a householder. Besides specific duties, there are general duties that pay off the three Ṛṇa,
, “Debts”:
- a debt to the ancestors, the Manes in the
comparable and probably related Roman practice, that is discharged by
marrying and having sons. One may not be regarded as a true householder
until married; - a debt to the gods that is discharged by the household rituals
and sacrifices, which in general cannot be performed except by man and
wife together; and - a debt to the teacher and the seers that is discharged by
becoming a student and then appropriately teaching one’s wife, children,
and, for Brahmins, other students.
The three debts are sometimes associated with the three Gods of the Trimûrti
— the ancestor debt with Brahmâ, the gods debt with Viṣṇu, and the
teacher debt with Śiva. One way the debts were discharged is through
the five daily Mahâyajña,
, or “Great Sacrifices”:- the pitṛyajña,
,
offerings of food and water to the ancestors, without which the Manes
were originally believed to suffer in the afterlife, a reference to
which still occurs at Bhagavad Gita 1:42;
- the devayajña,
, sacrificial offerings to the gods, as a fire oblation, requiring that a sacred fire be kept in the house (like the Persian fire altar), a ritual act that, again, can only be performed by husband and wife together;
- the brahmayajña,
, Vedic recitation or study as devotion;
- the bhûtayajña,
, offerings to all beings, the bali, 
, offering, which may be food thrown into the air and largely consumed by birds; and
- the manuṣyayajña,
, human (manuṣyâ) offerings, through charity or hospitality.
What we do not see in these specific practices it anything that would discharge the debt to the teacher, unless it is the brahmayajña.
Nevertheless, while the number the debts is all but universally given
as three, there are texts that add a debt of hospitality as a fourth.
Thus, there is a curious connection between the three debts and the five
sacrifices, which is reminiscent of that between the three guṇas and the five elements, seen elsewhere. The original three elements clearly match up with the guṇas,
but later expand, while the sacrifices may easily be seen as
discharging particular debts — hence the temptation to posit a debt of
hospitality. The two systems, however, have resisted complete
systematization and identification.- dharma, ,
the manner of one’s duties, determined by caste, sex, and stage of
life. Dharma applies in being a student, a householder, and, in
attenuated form, a forest dweller. The wandering ascetic is beyond
dharma and beyond caste but, however, is restricted to men. - artha,
,
is material success in life, and the word can mean business, work,
profit, utility, wealth, money, and also political experience and
knowledge. It can involve practical wisdom at both the personal and public level, like οἰκονομία
in Greek. As such, it is a concern only for householders, and not in
the least for students, forest dwellers, or wandering ascetics. The
householder, indeed, surrenders his possessions to his sons on becoming a
forest dweller. However, the wisdom of the forest dweller or even the
wandering ascetic sometimes may have application in public affairs. The
study, theory, or text on artha is arthaśâstra,
. Although previously including works that might be compared to Machiavelli’s The Prince, in Hindi, arthaśâstra now just means “economics.” For politics, Hindi has a new word, râjtantra, 
, which is the tantra, the “basis, chief doctrine, theory,” of râj, “kingship.”
- kâma,
,
is pleasure, which is a concern that also may be confined to the
householder, but it can also exist in attenuated form, or as a matter of
yogic practice, in the forest dweller. - mokṣa,
,
is liberation or salvation, which in Hinduism (as in Jainism and
Buddhism) will mean leaving the cycle of rebirth. This is the primary
concern and occupation of the forest dweller and the sole concern of the
wandering ascetic. The doctrine of karmayoga,
, expounded in the Bhagavad Gita, means that liberation can be obtained by the householder in the course of practicing his dharma.
Also, we would expect that the life long student, who never becomes a
householder, would also have this as an exclusive focus, even while
fulfilling his duties to his teacher. Karmayoga, however, has not been a popular practice in modern religion, and is sometimes not even regarded as a means to salvation.
- a debt to the ancestors, the Manes in the
- The third stage is the vânaprasthya,
, the stage of the forest dweller, or vaikhânasa, 
, the anchorite. This may be entered into optionally, according to Manu,
if (ideally) one’s hair has become gray, one’s skin wrinkled, and a
grandson exists to carry on the family. Husbands and wives may leave
their affairs and possessions with their children and retire together to
the forest as hermits. A hermit cannot step on plowed land. This does
not involve the complete renunciation of the world, for husbands and
wives can still build a shelter, a kuṭi,
,
have sex (once a month), and a sacred fire still should be kept and
minimal rituals performed. This stage is thus not entirely free of dharma.
The Forest Treatises were supposed to have been written by or for
forest dwellers, who have mostly renounced the world and have begun to
consider liberation. I am not aware that forest dwelling is still
practiced in the traditional way. The modern alternatives seem to
consist of the more stark opposition between householding and becoming a
wandering ascetic. Forest dwelling is an institution that doesn’t
really develop as such in Jainism
and Buddhism, although we do have the Buddha repairing to a forest
outside the traveling season — a practice that will develop into
Buddhist monasticism. Hinduism, which might be said to now lack true
monasticism — i.e. there are no monasteries or convents — nevertheless
has mendicants and hermits, where the hermits include these forest
dwelling married couples. The idea that husbands and wives would engage
in ascetic practices together, without celibacy, would appear
extraordinary. In those terms, it is an unfortunate loss if the
institution does not continue in modern Hinduism. We see a good deal of
forest dwelling in the Mahâbhârata,
where Paṇḍu, who himself is on a kind of retreat with his wives in the
forest, hoping to overcome his strange reluctance to consummate his
marriages, accidentially kills an adept and his wife, who have assumed
the form of animals, in the very act of their copulation — and so is
cursed. Paṇḍu and his wives had previously accepted (non-sexual)
instruction from this very couple. Such an episode not only illustrates
various uses for forest dwelling, but it reveals that specifically
sexual practices can be among them. It is ironic that forest dwelling
should have become obsolete, when the term âśrama,, originally
meant a “heritmage” — and might consist of the dwellings of multiple
couples, other hermits, and an instructing teacher — and when it
continues in modern usage, as Hindi âśram, to mean a spiritual
retreat, not unlike the original forest dwelling. The modern Ashram,
however, is not seen as part of traditional life and is often associated
with non-standard or even disreputable teachings and practices from
popular and sometimes heterodox gurus. - The fourth stage is the sannyâsa (sãnyâsa),
, or the stage of the wandering ascetic, the sannyâsî (sãnyâsî), 
, sâdhu, 
, or bikṣu, 
.
If a man desires, he may continue on to this stage, but his wife will
need to return home; traditionally she cannot stay alone as a forest
dweller or wander the highways as a mendicant ascetic, begging for food.
The sannyâsî has renounced the world completely, is regarded as dead by his family (the funeral is held), and is (usually) beyond all dharma
and caste. He (usually) surrenders the sacred thread he received when
he came of age, and all the sacrifices and rituals of daily life are
abandoned. Not just ritually but legally the sannyâsî is
released from debts and contracts, cannot enter into legal transactions
or be a witness in court, and is supposed to be immune from fines,
tolls, and taxes. Indeed, with no possessions, it is not clear how an
ascetic could be responsible for the latter. When a sannyâsî enters a Hindu temple, he is not a worshiper but one of the subjects of worship. Not even the gods are sannyâsîs (they are householders), and so this is where in Hinduism, as in Jainism and Buddhism, it is possible for human beings to be spiritually superior to the gods. It has long been a matter of dispute in Hinduism whether one need really fulfill the requirements of the Laws of Manu (gray hair, etc.) to renounce the world. The Mahâbhârata
says that Brahmins may go directly to Renunciation, but it also says
that the three debts must be paid — and the debt to the ancestors could
only be paid with husbands and wives living together either as
householders or, if renunciates, as forest dwellers (indeed, the
Pâṇḍavas are all born in that way). There are definitely no such
requirements in Jainism or Buddhism. The Buddha left his family right
after his wife had a baby, to the distress of his father, which would
put him in the middle of his dharma as a householder (today there would be lawsuits). Buddhism and Jainism thus developed monastic
institutions, with monks and nuns. For a while, it looked like
something similar might develop in Hinduism. By the 8th century AD, a
Brahmin might enter a monastery, a maṭha,
; but such institutions seem to have died out, and the dharma
authorities never recognized a renunicatory way of life apart from
mendicancy. Today, while wandering ascetics are rather like mendicant
monks, we lack monasteries and nuns, and the Hindu ascetics are,
ideally, supposed to have already lived something like a normal, lay
life. Of course, there is no certification or enforcement of this, as
historically it has been often disputed. Chapter Three of the Bhagavad Gita
embodies a debate of just such an issue. What if someone renounces the
world and changes their mind? Having abandoned caste and dharma,
he does not get them back. The authorities regarded an ascetic
“apostate” as an Outcaste; and if he marries, his children will also be
Outcastes. However, the Mahâbhârata contains the extraordinary
feature that an ascetic is invited in to sire children on two queens
whose husband has just died, leaving no heirs. This is how Dhṛtarâṣṭra
and Paṇḍu were themselves conceived. The first is blind because his
mother closed her eyes to the frightening aspect of the ascetic, while
Paṇḍu is “pale” because of the fright his mother experienced for the
same reason.
The four stages of life may, somewhat improbably, be associated with the four parts of the Vedas:
the saṃhitâs with the stage of the student, who is particularly
obligated to learn them; the brâhmaṇas with the stage of the
householder, who is able to regulate his ritual behavior according to
them; the âraṇyakas with the stage of the forest dweller, who regulates
his ritual behavior according to them and who begins to contemplate
liberation; and finally the upaniṣads with the stage of the wandering
ascetic, who is entirely concerned with meditation on the absolute, Brahman.
The twice born may account for as much as 48% of Hindus, though I
have now seen the number put at more like 18% — quite a difference but
more believable. The Śûdras (58% of Hindus) may represent the
institutional provision that the Arya made for the people they already
found in India. 
The
Śûdras thus remain once born, and traditionally were not allowed to
learn Sanskrit or study the Vedas — on pain of death. Their dharma is to work for the twice born. But even below the Śûdras are the Untouchables, 
(aspṛśya), “not to be touched” (24% of Hindus), who are literally “outcastes,” 
(jâtibhraṣṭa), without a varṇa,
and were regarded as “untouchable” because they are ritually polluting
for caste Hindus. Some Untouchable subcastes are regarded as so
polluted that members are supposed to keep out of sight and do their
work at night: They are called “Unseeables.”
In India, the term “Untouchable” is now regarded as insulting or politically incorrect (like Eta in Japan for the traditional tanners and pariahs). Gandhi’s Harijans, 
(”children of God”), or Dalits, 
(”downtrodden”), are prefered, though to Americans “Untouchables” would
sound more like the gangster-busting federal agent Elliot Ness from the
1920’s. Why there are so many Untouchables is unclear, although caste
Hindus can be ejected from their jâtis and become outcastes and
various tribal or formerly tribal people in India may never have been
properly integrated into the social system. When Mahâtmâ Gandhi’s
subcaste refused him permission to go to England, as noted above, he
went anyway and was ejected from the caste. After he returned, his
family got him back in, but while in England he was technically an
outcaste. Existing tribal people as well as Untouchables are also
called the “scheduled castes” or “scheduled tribes,” since the British
drew up a “schedule” listing the castes that they regarded as backwards,
underprivileged, or oppressed.
The Untouchables, nevertheless, have their own
traditional professions and their own subcastes. Those professions
(unless they can be evaded in the greater social mobility of modern,
urban, anonymous life) involve too much pollution to be performed by
caste Hindus: (1) dealing with the bodies of dead animals (like the
sacred cattle that wander Indian villages) or unclaimed dead humans —
and the caste charged with conducting cremations on the ghats (ghâṭ, 
) at Benares, the most sacred place for a funeral in India [note], nevertheless is itself of Untouchables — castes dealing with corpses may specifically be called câṇḍâla (cãḍâla), 
,
castes; (2) tanning leather, from such dead animals, and manufacturing
leather goods; and (3) cleaning up the human and animal waste for which
in traditional villages there is no sewer system. Mahâtmâ Gandhi
referred to the latter euphemistically as “scavenging” but saw in it the
most horrible thing imposed on the Untouchables by the caste system.
Latrines might be cleaned out by hand, or with no instrument more modern
than a piece of cardboard. Gandhi’s requirement on his farms in South
Africa that everyone share in such tasks comes up in an early scene in
the movie Gandhi. Since Gandhi equated suffering with holiness,
he saw the Untouchables as hallowed by their miserable treatment and so
called them “Harijans” (Hari=Viṣṇu). Later Gandhi went on
fasts in the hope of improving the condition of the Untouchables, or at
least to avoid their being politically classified as non-Hindus. That
Untouchables have over time had recourse by conversion to other
religions, most recently Buddhism or the Baha’i Faith, but historically
mostly to Islâm, has added an element of caste prejudice to Hindu-Muslim
relations.
Today the status of the Śûdras, Untouchables, and other
“scheduled castes,” and the preferential policies that the Indian
government has designed for their advancement ever since Independence,
are sources of serious conflict, including suicides, murders, and riots,
in Indian society. Meanwhile, however, especially since economic liberalization
began in 1991, the social mobility of a modern economy and urban life
has begun to disrupt traditional professions, and oppressions, even of
Untouchables. Village life and economic stasis were the greatest allies
of the caste system, but both are slowly retreating before modernity in
an India that finally gave up the Soviet paradigm of economic planning.
However, in such a large country, with much of the population still in
rural areas, and with some jurisdictions, such as Bengal, still
celebrating Communist ideology and economics, Indian society still has a
long way to go.
The most complete treatment of the âśramas that I know of is in The Âśrama System, The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution,
by Patrick Olivelle [Oxford, 1993]. Much of the information here is
now from this source, even when it is not specifically referenced.
Earlier sources include The Philosophical Traditions of India, by
P. T. Raju [University of Pittsburgh Press, 1971], which I had in a
course while obtaining my Masters degree in Philosophy at the University of Hawai’i, 1972-1974.
The images of representatives of the four varṇas above are taken The Horizon History of the British Empire,
edited by Stephen W. Sears [American Heritage Publishing/BBC/Time-Life
Books/McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973]. Occasionally I receive inquiries
about the source of the images or requests for permission to reuse
them. Without holding the copyright, I cannot give permission for their
commercial use; and I don’t think that the quality of the reproductions
here warrants their inclusion in more polished productions. They are
featured on this page under the rubrick of the “fair use”
of copyrighted material, since they represent very little of the
original work, are not used here for sale or profit, and their inclusion
can involve no financial loss or harm to the original publisher and
copyright holder. Since the original work was published more than 40
years ago, the original copyright should have lapsed, except that they
keep extending the duration of copyright, and I have not kept up with
the new numbers. The provenance of the images themselves is not given
in the original work, in line with the more casual attitude of the time;
and if they are actually reproductions from some traditional Indian
source (as they look, or are made to look), then they have always been
in the public domain and their inclusion in The Horizon History constitutes no claim on them.
The Devotionalistic Gods in Hinduism
History of Philosophy, Indian Philosophy
Copyright (c) 1996, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2020 Kelley L. Ross, Ph.D. All Rights Reserved
The idea that suttee, ,
was just a way of protecting widows from rape by British soldiers was
seriously asserted to my wife by an Indian woman, an academic, at a
conference. I expect it is something widely believed. However, suttee
is attested long before the British arrived in India, or even existed.
Thus, the practice was observed among the Hindus of Java in 1407 by the
Chinese who sailed there under Admiral He. Most remarkably, we have an extended account of it by the Greek historian Diodorus Siculus.
As it happened, there was an contingent from India in the army of Eumenes, one of the Successors of Alexander the Great. At the battle of Paraetacene in 317 BC, the leader of this group was Ceteus, Κητεύς, and we get this account from Diodorus:
Ceteus, the general of the soldiers who had come
from India, was killed in the battle after fighting brilliantly, but he
left two wives who had accompanied him in the army. One of them a bride,
the other married to him some years before, but both of them loving him
deeply… the Indians… established a law that wives, except such as
were pregnant or had children, should be cremated along with their
deceased husbands, and that one who was not willing to obey this law
should not only be a widow for life but also be entirely debarred from
sacrifices and other religious observances as unclean. When these laws
had been established… they not only cared for the safety of their
husbands, as it were their own, but they even vied with each other as
for a very great honour.Such rivalry appeared on this occasion. Although the law ordered
only one of Ceteus’ wives to be cremated with him, both of them appeared
at his funeral, contending for the right of dying with him as for a
prize of valour. When the generals undertook to decide the matter, the
younger wife claimed that the other was pregnant and for that reason
could not take advantage of the law; and the elder asserted that more
justly should the one who had the precedence in years have precedence
also in honour, for in all other matters those who are older are
regarded as having great precedence over the younger in respect and in
honour. The generals, ascertaining from those skilled in midwifery that
the elder was pregnant, decided for the younger. When this happened,
the one who had lost the decision departed weeping, rending the wreath
that was about her head and tearing her hair, just as if some great
disaster had been announced to her; but the other, rejoicing in her
victory, went off to the pyre crowned with fillets that her maidservants
bound upon her head, and magnificently dressed as if for a wedding she
was escorted by her kinsfolk, who sang a hymn in honour of her virtue…
she was assisted to mount the pyre by her brother, and while the
multitude that had gathered for the spectacle watched with amazement,
she ended her life in heroic fashion… stirring some of those who
beheld her to pity, others to extravagant praise. Nevertheless some of
the Greeks denounced the custom as barbarous [ἄγριος, “wild, savage, fierce, brutal”] and cruel [χαλεπός, “harsh, grievous, painful, severe”]. [Diodorus of Sicily, Volume IX, translated by Russel M. Geer, Loeb Classical Library, Harvard University Press, 1947, 1962, pp.319-323]
This extended and detailed passage, which I have abbreviated, is
remarkable in several respects. Like what the Chinese observed on Java,
this event does not even occur in India, but in Persia. Nevertheless,
the women are among their own countrymen and family and are not acting
out of any concern beyond their own customs. We also might note that if
a widow were being killed to be protected from rape, it is odd that
only one out of two should benefit from that protection. And then there
is the date, which is in the 4th century BC, contemporaneous with the
reign of Chandragupta Maurya in India. This probably antedates even the great epics, the 
and the 
, in which the practice is attested.
Although a correspondent has denied this, in the Râmâyaṇa the virtuous 
follows her husband 
, the 7th Incarnation of Viṣṇu, to the funeral pyre. However, there are versions of the Râmayana
where Râma outlives Sîtâ because she has vanished into the Earth,
whence she had been born. So one could deny the suttee of Sîtâ in good
faith.
However, of the two wives of 
in the Mahâbhârata, the younger, 
, follows her husband in death, as in the story from Diodorus. The older wife, 
, stays with the children.
Other references to suttee can be found in “Hobson-Jobson,” A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases,
by Henry Yule & A.C. Burnell [1886, 1985, Curzon Press, 1995].
Yule and Burnell cite Strabo (c. 20 BC), St. Jerome (c. 390 AD), Marco
Polo (1298), Ibn Batuta (c.1343), and many others referring or attesting
to the practice of suttee [pp.879-882]. There can be little doubt that
the practice was of ancient and venerated observance and had nothing to
do with modern imperialism or the British.
Why it occurred at all is a good question. According to the Laws
of Manu, widowers can remarry, and are expected to, but widows cannot.
As even reported by Diodorus, widows cannot engage in religious rites.
However, this is also true for widowers, until they remarried. Vedic
household rites require a married couple. In turn, widows cannot return
to their birth family and are thrown on the mercy of their in-laws.
Without children, it will not be obvious to the in-laws why such a woman
should be supported, even minimally, the rest of her life. And in
arranged marriages, the normal tensions and estrangements between young
brides and their in-laws are liable to go beyond even the lore of such
things familiar in the West. The motive to be rid of the widow will be
strong, and everything from forceful encouragement to force itself is to
be expected. Recent cases of suttee in India, initially investigated
as suicides (with the attendant crime of “assisting in a suicide”),
evolved into murder cases. The British, having nothing to do with the
origin of suttee, are the ones who made it illegal.
The name of the sacred city of Benares in Hindi is Banâras, 
. In Sanskrit the name is Vârâṇasî, 
. The appearance of a Hindi “b” for Sanskrit “v” is something we also see elsewhere, as in the Hindi name of the month 
for Sanskrit 
. We also see this “b/v” correspondence in the name of the Beas River.
Curiously, the Sanskrit name has become the standard politically
correct name for Benares, despite the perfectly good name in Hindi, and
despite the Sanskrit name containing a letter 
for a retroflex sound that does not exist as an independent phoneme in
Hindi. For anyone not deliberately pronouncing the name as Sanskrit, the is pronounced like an ordinary dental 
.
I am intrigued about how something like this happens. The
English name “Benares” is simply based on the name in Hindi, which is
the dominant language of the region. Yet people seem to think that
names like this get changed in order to reject the history of British
imperialism. But the British had nothing to do with it. Restoring a
Sanskrit name would seem to involve a rejection of most of the history
of India. And if “imperialism” has any relevance, perhaps this would be
a rejection of the Empire of the Moghul Emperors, under whom the modern form of Hindi developed. This does not seem to be candidly admitted.
Even stranger is when I see the name “Varanasi” given in Urdu, using the Arabic alphabet, i.e. as 
. I have examined elsewhere
how Hindi and Urdu are in origin the same language, previously called
“Hindustani.” Hindustani from the beginning contained an element of
Arabic and Persian, which persists even in Hindi. The languages diverge
when Hindi borrows or substitutes words from Sanskrit, and Urdu
continues to draw on Arabic and Persian. Urdu does not borrow words
from Sanskrit. Its speakers would have no reason or inclination to do
so.
Thus, I find it incredible that “Varanasi” would actually be used
in Urdu; and given the Muslim origin of Hindustani, it is preposterous
that Muslims would have an interest in losing the history of their own
language in order to adopt a name from Sanskrit, the sacred language of
Hinduism. This is at a whole different level of values, if not
conflict, from the State of Maharaśtra
rejecting the English and Hindi names of Bombay on behalf of the name
“Mumbai” in the Marathi language. My suspicion, therefore, is that the
Urdu version of the name “Varanasi” has been hopefully produced and
offered by someone trying to introduce political correctness into the
usage of Urdu speakers, i.e. Muslims. For all I know, this may be
succeeding; but I would be astonished.
சாதி அமைப்பு மற்றும் இந்து மதம் வாழ்க்கை நிலைகள்
www.friesian.com
அதன் சமயம் சார்ந்த நியாயப்படுத்தல்கள் ஒரு கணக்கு உட்பட சாதி அமைப்பு, ஒரு அடிப்படை அறிமுகம்.
சாதி அமைப்பு மற்றும்
இந்து மதம் வாழ்க்கை நிலைகள்
இந்து மதம் உள்ள சமூக வர்க்கங்களின் முறை “சாதி அமைப்பு” என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. விளக்கப்படம் அமைப்பின் முக்கிய பிரிவுகள் மற்றும் உள்ளடக்கங்களை காட்டுகிறது. அடிப்படை சாதி varn.a, அல்லது எனப்படும் “வண்ண.” Subcaste, அல்லது சாதிகளை,, “பிறப்பு, வாழ்க்கை, ரேங்க்,” varn.a. ஒரு பாரம்பரிய உட்பிரிவின் ஆகும் சில நேரங்களில் “சாதி” varn.a. ஒரு வார்த்தை என தவிர்க்கப்படுகிறது என்று செய்யப்படுகிறது இல்லையோ, அது “சாதி” பொதுவான subcastes பயன்படுத்த வேண்டும். நான்கு “வாழ்க்கை நிலைகளில்,” âshramas இணைந்து,, அமைப்பு varn.âshramadharma ஆகிறது, “வகுப்புகள் மற்றும் உத்தரவுகளை தர்மம்.” ஒரு கடமை, அல்லது தர்மம்,, வாழ்க்கையில் சாதி, பாலினம், மற்றும் வாழ்க்கை நிலை மாறிகள் பொறுத்தது.
பகவத் Gitavarn.as
[41] பிராமணர்கள், Ks.atriyas, வைசியர்கள், மற்றும் சூத்திரர்களின்
படைப்புகள் அவர்களின் பிறந்த இயற்கையின் மூன்று சக்திகளும் இசைவாக,
வித்தியாசமாக இருக்கிறது.
[42] ஒரு பிராமணர் படைப்புகள் () சமாதானம்; சுய நல்லிணக்கம், சிக்கன, மற்றும் தூய்மை; அன்புள்ள பாவமன்னிப்பையும் நீதியையும்; பார்வை, ஞானம், நம்பிக்கை.
(இன்று
மேலே ஒரு பிராமணர் படைப்புகளை 1% சகிப்புத்தன்மையற்ற, வன்முறை, போராளி,
படப்பிடிப்பு, விசாரணையின்றி கொல்லுதல், பைத்தியம் மனநிலை சரியில்லாத
chitpawan பிராமணர் ஆர்எஸ்எஸ் (Rakshsa ஸ்வயம் சேவகர்கள்) நிழலான,
திருட்டுத்தனமாக என்ற பெயரில், ஐந்து இந்துத்துவ வழிபாட்டு discraminating
கடத்தப்பட்டுவிட்டது கூறினார் போன்ற
பைத்தியக்காரத்தனம் பைத்தியப்புகலிடம் சிகிச்சை தேவைப்படும் மனதில்
கறைப்படுத்தப்படுவதையும் இவை, அதிகாரம், பணம் பயிற்சி வெறுப்பு, கோபம்,
பொறாமை மற்றும் மாயை பேராசை. மோசடி வாக்குப் பதிவு இயந்திரங்கள் (தீய
வாக்குப்பதிவு எந்திரங்களை) மோடி ஜனநாயக நிறுவனங்கள் கொலைக்குறிய மாஸ்டர்
கீ விழுங்கிவிட சிதைந்துள்ளது வேண்டும் ( )
எஸ்.சி / எஸ்.டி / இதர பிற்படுத்தப்பட்ட வகுப்பினருக்கு / சிறுபான்மையினர்
மற்றும் ஏழை, மேல் சாதியினருக்கு தலைமை கட்டிட அம்பேத்கர் தந்தையாக நவீன
அரசியல் சாசனத்தில் பொதிந்துள்ளது அவற்றை சுதந்திரம், சமத்துவம் மற்றும்
சகோதரத்துவம் மறுத்து உட்பட நின்றாலும், 99% Sarvajan சமாஜ் எதிராக வேலை
செய்ய. நவீன அரசியலமைப்பின் படி எந்த
சாதிய சுய harmoney, சிக்கன, மற்றும் தூய்மை அமைதியாக இருக்க கற்றாக
முடியும்; அன்புள்ள பாவமன்னிப்பையும் நீதியையும். புத்த பார்வை, ஞானம்,
நம்பிக்கை சில அரசியல் தலைவர்கள் Ks.atriyas, வைசியர்கள், மற்றும்
சூத்திரர்களின் இந்த, 1 சரணடைந்தனர் சுயநலமான மற்றும் பணம் பேராசையால்% chitpawan பிராமணர்கள். அவர்கள் கைக்கூலிகள், அடிமைகள், துவக்க lickers, chamchas, chelas மற்றும் thir சொந்த தாயின் சதை உண்கின்றன மாறிவிட்டன.)
https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-f_OavvtkQlI/VtrvtMOC5eI/AAAAAAABFnI/n8wksqWiBj0/s640/iVGmg_2656.gif
- EASY FOR A 7 YEARS OLD BOY TO UNDERSTAND
BUT DIFFICULT FOR A 70 YEARS OLD MAN TO PRACTICE !
TIPITAKA is of 3 Baskets - 1) Basket of Discipline (Vinaya), 2) of Discourses (Sutta) & 3) of Ultimate Doctrine (Abhidhamma) Pitakas.
தமிழில் திரபிடக மூன்று தொகுப்புகள்TIPITAKA-ஸுத்தபி
from FREE ONLINE eNālāndā Research and
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Microsoft Word - 2224gi
1Hkkx IIμ[k.M 3(i)o
Hkkjr dk jkti=k % vlk/kj.k 93
NO.28
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
[S.C.R., Order XXI Rule 3(1) (a)]
CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
SPECIAL LEAVE PETITION
(Under Article 136 of the Constitution of India)
S.L.P. (Civil) No. …………………….. of ………………….
BETWEEN
Position of Parties
In the Court/Tribunal from
whose order the petition
arises
In this Court
Petitioner
(A) (Here insert the name/names Petitioner/
of the Petitioner Respondent/
Appellant
(B)
(C)
AND
(D) Here insert the name/names Petitioner/
of Respondent Respondent/
Appellant
(E)
(F)
To
Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India and His Companion Judges of the Supreme Court of India.
The Special Leave Petition of the Petitioner most respectfully showeth:
1. The petitioner / petitioners above named respectfully submits this petition seeking special leave to appeal against the
judgment/order of (Here specify the Court / Tribunal against whose order the leave to appeal is sought for together with
number of the case, date of the order and nature of the order such as allowing or dismissing the matter or granting or
refusing the interim order, etc.)
Respondent
94 THE GAZETTE OF INDIA : EXTRAORDINARY [PART II—SEC. 3(i)]
2. QUESTIONS OF LAW :
The following questions of the law arise for consideration by this Hon’ble Court :
(Here set out the questions of law arising for consideration precisely)
3. DECLARATION IN TERMS OF RULE 3(2) :
The petitioner states that no other petition seeking leave to appeal has been filed by him against the impugned judgment
and order.
4. DECLARATION IN TERMS OF RULE 5:
The Annexures produced alongwith the SLP are true copies of the pleadings/documents which formed part of the records
of the case in the Court / Tribunal below against whose order the leave to appeal is sought for in this petition.
5. GROUNDS :
Leave to appeal is sought for on the following grounds.
(Here specify the grounds precisely and clearly)
6. GROUNDS FOR INTERIM RELIEF :
(Here specify briefly the grounds on which interim relief is sought for)
7. MAIN PRAYER :
(Here set out the main prayer)
8. INTERIM RELIEF :
(Here set out the interim prayer)
Place :
Advocate for the petitioner
Date:
Settled by :
(Specify the name of the Advocate in case where the petition is
settled by an advocate.)
———————-
FORMAT OF WRIT PETITION
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A SYNOPSIS AND LIST OF DATES (Specimen enclosed)
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B FROM NEXT PAGE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
CIVIL WRIT PETITION NO. OF 2005
IN THE MATTER OF
versus
…..Petitioner
….Respondents
PETITION UNDER ARTICLE________OF THE CONSTITUTION OF
INDIA FOR ISSUANCE OF A WRIT IN THE NATURE OF
__________UNDER ARTICLE______OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA.
To
Hon’ble The Chief Justice of India and His Lordship’s Companion
Justices of the Supreme Court of India. The Humble petition of the Petitioner
abovenamed.
MOST RESPECTFULLY SHEWETH :
-
Facts of the case
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Question(s) of Law
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Grounds
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Averment:-
That the present petitioner has not filed any other petition in any
High Court or the Supreme Court of India on the subject matter of
the present petition.
PRAYER
In the above premises, it is prayed that this Hon’ble Court may be pleased:
(i)
………….
(ii) to pass such other orders and further orders as may be deemed
necessary on the facts and in the circumstances of the case.
FOR WHICH ACT OF KINDNESS, THE PETITIONER SHALL
AS INDUTY BOUND, EVER PRAY.
DRAWN:
FILED ON:
FILED BY:
PETITIONER-IN-PERSON
C.
The Writ Petition should be accompanied by:
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(ii)Annexures as referred to in the Writ Petition.
-
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(iv) Index (As per Specimen enclosed)
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case of petition filed by petitioner-in-person), Court fee Rs.120/-
I N D EX
_________________________________________________________________
Sl. No. PARTICULARS PAGES
_________________________________________________________________
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Synopsis and List of Dates
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Writ Petition alongwith Affidavit
in support
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Annexures
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Application if any
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
CIVIL WRIT PETITION NO. OF 2005
…..Petitioner
Versus
……Respondent
P A P E R - B OO K
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6. An affidavit of the petitioner properly attested and identified has been filed.
7. Memo of Appearance has been filed.
8. Vakalatnama properly executed by the petitioner(s) and duly accepted by the Advocate has been filed. Vakalatnama duly attested by the Jail Authority/Proof of Surrender alongwith separate Certificate of the Jail Authority has been filed, if the petitioner(s) is/are in Jail.
9. In case where proof of surrender/separate certificate from the Jail Authority has not been filed, an application for exemption has been filed.
10. Proper Court fee has been paid as per SCR 2013.
11. Brief List of dates/events has been filed.
12. An application for condonation of delay has been filed, if the matter is barred by limitation.
MODIFIED CHECK LIST
1. (i) Whether SLP (Civil) has been filed in Form No. 28 with certificate as per Notification dated 17.6.1997.
Yes/No
(ii) Whether the prescribed court fee has been paid. Yes/No
2. (i) Whether proper and required numbers of paper-books (1+3) have been filed?
Yes/No
(ii) Whether brief list of dates/ events has been filed?
Yes/No
(iii) Whether paragraphs and pages of paper books have been numbered consecutively and correctly noted in Index?
Yes/No
3. Whether the contents of the petition/appeal, applications and accompanying documents are clear, legible and typed in double space on one side of the paper.
Yes/No
4. Whether the petition and the application bear the signatures of the counsel/In-person.
Yes/No
5. Whether an affidavit of the petitioner in support of the petition/appeal/ application has been filed, properly attested and identified.
Yes/No
6. If there are any vernacular documents/portions/lines and translation of such documents are not filed, whether application for exemption from filing Official Translation, with affidavit and court fee, has been filed.
Yes/No/ NA
7. If a party in the court below has died, whether application for bringing LRs on record indicating the date of death, relationship, age and addresses along with affidavit and court fee has been filed.
Yes/No/ NA
8. (i) Whether the Vakalatnama has been properly executed by the Petitioners/ appellants and accepted and identified by the Advocate and Memo of Appearance filed.
Yes/No
(ii) If a petitioner is represented through power of attorney, whether the original power of attorney in English/translated copy has been filed and whether application for permission to appear before the court has also been filed?
Yes/No
(iii) (a) Whether the petition is filed by a body registered, under any Act or Rules?
Yes/No
(b) If yes, is copy of the Registration filed?
Yes/No
(iv) (a) Whether the person filing petition for such incorporated body has authority to file the petition?
Yes/No
(b) If yes, is proof of such authority filed Yes/No
9. Whether the petition/appeal contains a statement in terms of order XVI/XXI of Supreme Court Rules as to whether the petitioner has filed any petition against the impugned order / Judgment earlier, and if so, the result thereof stated in the petition.
Yes/No
10. Whether certified copy of the impugned judgment has been filed and if certified copy is not available, whether an application for exemption from filing certified copy has been filed.
Yes/No
11. Whether the particulars of the impugned judgment passed by the Court(s) below are uniformly written in all the documents.
Yes/No
12. (i) Whether the addresses of the parties and their representation are complete and set out properly and whether detailed cause title has been mentioned in the impugned judgment and if not, whether the memo of parties has been filed, if required?
Yes/No
(ii) Whether the cause title of the petition/ appeal corresponds to that of the impugned judgment and names of parties therein?
Yes/No
13. Whether in case of appeal by certificate the appeal is accompanied by judgment and decree appealed from and order granting certificate.
Yes/No
14. If the petition/appeal is time barred, whether application for condonation of delay mentioning the no. of days of delay, with affidavit and court fee has been filed.
Yes/ No/NA
15. Whether the Annexures referred to in the petition are true copies of the documents before the Court below and are filed in chronological order as per list of dates.
Yes/No
16 Whether the petition/appeal is confined only to the pleadings in the Court/Tribunal below and
Yes/No.
If not whether application for taking additional grounds/ documents with affidavit and court fee has been filed.
Yes/No
17. (i) In SLP/Appeal against the order passed in Second Appeal whether copies of the orders passed by the Trial Court and First Appellate Court have been filed.
Yes/No/NA
(ii) If required copy of the judgment / order / notification / award etc. is not filed, whether letter of undertaking has been filed in civil matters?
Yes/No/NA
18. In matters involving conviction whether separate proof of surrender in respect of all convicts or application for exemption from surrendering has been filed (Please see judgment dated 16.6.2006 in Crl. Appeal No.685/2006
entitled Mayuram Subramanian Srinivasan Versus C.B.I) ( Copy of surrender proof to be included in the paper books.)
Yes/No/NA
Whether in case where proof of surrender/ separate certificate from the jail Authority has not been filed, an application for exemption from filing separate proof of surrender has been filed.
Yes/No
19. In case of quashing of FIR whether a copy of the petition filed before the
High Court under section 482 of Cr.P.C. has been filed.
Yes/No
20. In case of anticipatory bail whether a copy of FIR or translated copy has been filed.
Yes/No
21. (i) Whether the complete listing proforma has been filled in, signed and included in the paper-books?
Yes/No
(ii) If any identical matter is pending/ disposed of by Supreme Court,
whether complete particulars of such matters have been given?
Yes/No/NA
Date:
libreoffice
GUIDELINES/INSTRUCTIONS FOR FILING IN E-FILING PORTAL
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CIRCULAR
F.No.01/Judl./2020
05th March, 2020
It is notified for the information of all concerned that the
Competent Authority has been pleased to direct that :
-
(i) With a view to bring uniformity about use of paper & printing
thereon and to minimize consumption of paper & consequently
to save the environment, superior quality A4 size paper (29.7
cm x 21 cm) having not less than 75 GSM with printing on
both sides of the paper with Font - Times New Roman, Font
size 14, in one and half line spacing (for quotations and indents
– font size 12 in single line spacing), with margin of 4 cm on
left & right and 2 cm on top & bottom, shall be used in the
pleadings, petitions, affidavits or other documents to be filed in
this Court;
-
(ii) in conformity with the provisions of Order LIII, Rule 2 of the
Supreme Court Rules, 2013, all communications from the
Registry of this Court shall only be sent to the concerned
Advocates-on-Record through e-mail followed by an SMS alert
on the registered mobile number of the Advocate-on-Record
and thereafter the practice of sending the communication
through hard copy shall be discontinued by the Registry;
-
(iii) the Filing Counter of the Registry, following the existing
procedure with respect to fresh matters, may accept the
Misc. Applications, Review Petitions, Curative Petitions and
Copy to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Secretary, Supreme Court Bar Association with five spare
copies of the Circular with a request that this may be displayed on
the Notice Board of the Bar Association for the information of the
Members of the Bar.
The Secretary, Supreme Court Advocates-on-Record Association
with five spare copies of the Circular with a request that
this may be displayed on the Notice Board of the Association for
the information of the Members of the Association.
The Registrar (CC) with a request to upload this Circular on
Supreme Court Website.
Filing and Re-filing Counters.
All concerned.
(iv)
-2-
Contempt Petitions in disposed of matters as 1 +1 (1 set of
original papers + 1 paperbook) and after the defects are cured,
rest of the paperbooks shall be filed by the advocates/parties-
in-person; and
a common index shall be placed in the first volume in case
there are more than one volume in a matter and a separate
index of each volume shall be placed in the respective
volume(s).
The directions at Sl.Nos. (i) and (ii) shall come into
force with effect from 1st April, 2020 and directions at Sl.Nos. (iii)
and (iv) with immediate effect.
- sd -
(Sanjeev S. Kalgaonkar)
Secretary General
SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
New Delhi, dated January 14, 2020
CIRCULAR
With a view to bring uniformity about use of paper in day-to-day working
on the administrative side, to minimize consumption of paper and
consequently to save the Environment, Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India has
been pleased to direct that henceforth, the Registry shall use A4 size paper
(on both sides) for internal communications at all levels in the Registry.
It is, however, clarified that all the pleadings, petitions, documents etc.
filed in the Registry, on Judicial side, shall continue to be governed as per the
provisions of the Supreme Court Rules, 2013, until further orders.
It is impressed upon all concerned to make sincere and earnest efforts to
be economical in consumption of paper, by using the same on both sides and
they shall bear in mind that the communication so generated should be legible
on both sides.
The concerned Admn. Materials Branch shall ensure quality of the paper
so that the communication must be legible on both sides of paper.
All concerned are therefore directed to strictly follow the above
instructions. The Controlling Officers shall ensure compliance of the above
instructions.
The aforesaid directions shall come into force with effect from
26th January, 2020.
Copy to :-
All concerned.
-sd-
[Sanjeev S. Kalgaonkar]
Secretary General
EVMs A threat to democracy
what is E-Filing? Whether this E-Filing process is a user friendly programme?
E-Filing is Electronic filing of matters in the Registry of Supreme Court of India. Yes, E-Filing is a user friendly
programme prepared by National Informatics Centre.
The Registrar,
Supreme Court of India,
Tilak Marg,
New Delhi-110 001 (India)
PABX NOS.23388922-24,23388942-44,
FAX NOS.23381508,23381584,23384336/23384533/23384447
supremecourt@nic.in
what is the benefit of E-Filing facility ?
Through E-Filing facilitates any
Advocate-on-record (in the Supreme Court of India) or
Petitioner-in-person can file his/her matter through internet facility,
sitting anywhere in the world. It does not require any person to come at
the filing Counter in the Registry of the Supreme Court of India for
just filing his/her matter.
Prequalification - you must have prepared the Petition offline. The steps required for E-Filing process are:
1. Login: For login you need User ID and Password. (Advocate on
record are provided ID and password from the Registry.
Petitioner-in-person has to create his ID and Password by submitting
his/her Identity proof.
http://citizencentre.virtualpune.com/html/supreme-court.shtml
E-FILING by Supreme Court of India
The Supreme Court of India has introduced E-FILING. Now you can file a case in the Supreme Court through the internet and also avail of the following services:
what are the procedures/ steps required to be taken for E-Filing process ?
Filing of cases by any Advocate-on-Record or Petitioner-in-person
through internet from anywhere in the world- Electronic payment of court fee and other charges by visa/master card/debit card
- Electronic registration of defect-free cases
- Electronic communication and removal of filing defects
- Electronic filing of reply/rejoinder/applications/documents
- Service of notices and communications through e-mail
For further details, access website or contact Registrar
Tele : 91-11-23388556
E-mail : shahsg@msn.com
Website : www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in
https://in.news.yahoo.com/google-denies-fixing-indian-lok-sabha-elections-105557389.html
‘FIXING’ Indian Lok Sabha elections
Computer Business Review appeared more certain with the “How Google search results are influencing elections” headline for its version of the story, the Guardian reported.”…. if Google changed its course, it would undermine people’s trust in its results and company.”
A press release put out on 13 May by the American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology, an independent research organisation based in California created a furore around the topic when it released a report headlined “Could Google have fixed the Lok Sabha elections? A landmark new study in India shows it’s possible,” the report added.
(ANI)
Let us appeal to the Computer Business Review and the American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology, an independent research organisation based in California to review and research on the following technology:
Napolean had once said that “I can face two battalions but not two scribes”. Scribes are aware that the Supreme Court had directed that all the EVMs must be replaced with TAMPER PROOF machines. But the CEC had not bothered tto replace all the EVMs and went for Lok Sabha elections. Napoleans suggested scribes have to do some investigative journalism and expose the CEC to save this MURDER of DEMOCRACY and STOP
‘fixing’ Indian Lok Sabha elections
SUB:An Appeal to do research on all Electronic Voting Machines those were to be replaced with Tamper proof machines as per the directives of Supreme court of India
Appeal to the Computer Business Review and the American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology, an independent research organisation
based in California to review and research on the following technology:
Napolean had once said that “I can face two battalions but not two scribes”.
Scribes are aware that the Supreme Court had directed that all the EVMs must be replaced with TAMPER PROOF machines. But the CEC had not
bothered to replace all the EVMs and went for Lok Sabha elections.
Napoleans suggested scribes have to do some investigative journalism and expose the CEC to save this MURDER of DEMOCRACY and STOP
‘fixing’ Indian Lok Sabha elections.
With reference to
https://in.news.yahoo.com/google-denies-fixing-indian-lok-sabha-elections-105557389.html
‘FIXING’ Indian Lok Sabha elections
Computer Business Review appeared more certain with the “How Google search
results are influencing elections” headline for its version of the
story, the Guardian reported.”…. if Google changed its course, it
would undermine people’s trust in its results and company.”
A press release put out on 13 May by the American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology, an independent research organisation based in California created a furore around the topic when it released a report headlined “Could Google have fixed the Lok Sabha elections? A landmark new study in India shows it’s possible,” the report added. (ANI)
http://aibrt.org/index.php/about
The American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology is a nonprofit, nonpartisan 501(c)(3) organization based in Vista, California, USA, which promotes and conducts research that has the potential to increase the well-being and functioning of people worldwide. It currently has ongoing research projects in eleven different topic areas.
Mission
The mission of the American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology is to conduct, promote, and advance research on behavior that
has the potential to improve the human condition, to develop possible applications of such research, and to educate the public about both this research and its applications. It pursues this mission by conducting relevant research, presenting such research at scientific conferences, publishing reports of such research in both scientific and popular publications, developing possible applications of such research and presenting and publishing reports of such applications, and keeping the public informed about relevant research and applications through
classes, workshops, Internet activities, videos, and a variety of other publishing and media activities.
http://mattersindia.com/google-search-threatens-democracy-study/
Google Search threatens democracy: Study
Published: 9:31 am, May 15, 2014 Story By:
Washington: As India eagerly awaits the
outcome of the just concluded general elections, a study by an American
institute says the real threat to democracy comes from an unexpected
corner: Google Search.
Google search results can pose a real threat to democracy as it could swing a close election by influencing the voting preferences of undecided voters, wars the American Institute for Behavioral Research and Technology in California that studied more than 2,000 undecided voters throughout India.
The study conducted in recent weeks suggests that Google has the power to fix elections “without anyone being the wiser.” This is possible because of the power that search rankings have on people’s opinions, the researchers said.
Studies show that the higher the rank, the
more people trust the result, which is why companies are spending
billions now to push their products higher.
“So could highly-ranked search results that
make Arvind Kejriwal look better than Narendra Modi drive votes to
Kejriwal?” the researchers set out to determine, The Times of India
reported.
In research conducted last year in the US,
researchers found that search rankings biased in favor of a candidate
could push the preferences of undecided voters towards that candidate by
15 percent or more.
The researchers have shown that votes can easily be pushed toward one candidate or another by about 12 percent — double that amount in some demographic groups — enough to determine the outcomes of many close races.
“This is a very serious matter — a real
threat to democracy,” said Dr Robert Epstein, lead researcher in the
study and Senior Research Psychologist at the American institute.
“If two candidates were both trying to push their rankings higher, they would be competing, and that’s fine. But if Google, which has a monopoly on search in India, were to favor one candidate, it could easily put that candidate in office by manipulating
search rankings, and no one could counter what they were doing.
“Even if without human intervention the
company’s search algorithm favored one candidate, thousands of votes
would still be driven to that candidate,” said Epstein.
In the new study, participants were
randomly assigned to groups in which search rankings favored either
Kejriwal, Rahul Gandhi, or Modi.
Real search rankings and web pages were used, and people were asked to research all the candidates just as they would on Google. The only difference between the groups was the order in which the search results were displayed.
The new study suggests that biased search
rankings can be used to fix the outcome of races in India in which the
winner is projected to win by a margin up to 2.9 percent.
This can be done just by influencing
undecided voters who use the internet — a small but important group of
voters that is sure to grow in coming years, researchers said.
Worldwide, the researchers said, upwards of 25 percent of national elections are won by margins under 3 percent.
The study also shows that certain demographic groups are especially vulnerable.
The voting preferences of 19 percent of
women over 35 were shifted in the study, as were the voting preferences
of 18 percent of voters who were unemployed.
“Of particular concern is the fact that 99 percent of the people in our study seemed to be unaware that the search rankings they saw were biased. That means Google has the power to manipulate elections without anyone suspecting they’re doing so,” said Epstein.
“To prevent undue influence,
election-related search rankings need to be regulated and monitored, as
well as subjected to equal-time rules,” Epstein said.
https://www.facebook.com/cbronline
‘FIXING’ Indian Lok Sabha elections
Computer Business Review appeared more certain with the “How Google search results are influencing elections” headline
for its version of the story, the Guardian reported.”…. if Google
changed its course, it would undermine people’s trust in its results and
company.”
A press release put out on 13 May by the American Institute for
Behavioral Research and Technology, an independent research organisation
based in California created a furore around the topic when it released a
report headlined “Could Google have fixed the Lok Sabha elections? A
landmark new study in India shows it’s possible,” the report added.
(ANI)
http://mattersindia.com/google-search-threatens-democracy-study/ Google Search threatens democracy: Study
Published: 9:31 am, May 15, 2014 Story By: mattersindia.com
A threat to democracy
Washington:
As India eagerly awaits the outcome of the just concluded general
elections, a study by an American institute says the real threat to
democracy comes from an unexpected corner: Google Search.
Google
search results can pose a real threat to democracy as it could swing a
close election by influencing the voting preferences of undecided
voters, wars the American Institute for Behavioral Research and
Technology in California that studied more than 2,000 undecided voters
throughout India.
The study conducted in recent weeks suggests that Google has the power to fix elections “without anyone being the wiser.”
This is possible because of the power that search rankings have on people’s opinions, the researchers said.
Studies
show that the higher the rank, the more people trust the result, which
is why companies are spending billions now to push their products
higher.
“So could highly-ranked search results that make
Arvind Kejriwal look better than Narendra Modi drive votes to Kejriwal?”
the researchers set out to determine, The Times of India reported.
In
research conducted last year in the US, researchers found that search
rankings biased in favor of a candidate could push the preferences of
undecided voters towards that candidate by 15 percent or more.
The
researchers have shown that votes can easily be pushed toward one
candidate or another by about 12 percent — double that amount in some
demographic groups — enough to determine the outcomes of many close
races.
“This is a very serious matter — a real threat to
democracy,” said Dr Robert Epstein, lead researcher in the study and
Senior Research Psychologist at the American institute.
“If two candidates were both trying to push their rankings higher, they would be competing, and that’s fine. But if
Google, which has a monopoly on search in India, were to favor one
candidate, it could easily put that candidate in office by manipulating
search rankings, and no one could counter what they were doing.
“Even
if without human intervention the company’s search algorithm favored
one candidate, thousands of votes would still be driven to that
candidate,” said Epstein.
In the new study, participants were
randomly assigned to groups in which search rankings favored either
Kejriwal, Rahul Gandhi, or Modi.
Real search rankings and web
pages were used, and people were asked to research all the candidates
just as they would on Google. The only difference between the groups was
the order in which the search results were displayed.
The new
study suggests that biased search rankings can be used to fix the
outcome of races in India in which the winner is projected to win by a
margin up to 2.9 percent.
This can be done just by influencing
undecided voters who use the internet — a small but important group of
voters that is sure to grow in coming years, researchers said.
Worldwide, the researchers said, upwards of 25 percent of national elections are won by margins under 3 percent.
The study also shows that certain demographic groups are especially vulnerable.
The
voting preferences of 19 percent of women over 35 were shifted in the
study, as were the voting preferences of 18 percent of voters who were
unemployed.
“Of particular concern is the fact that 99 percent of
the people in our study seemed to be unaware that the search rankings
they saw were biased. That means Google has the power to manipulate
elections without anyone suspecting they’re doing so,” said Epstein.
“To
prevent undue influence, election-related search rankings need to be
regulated and monitored, as well as subjected to equal-time rules,”
Epstein said.
I, Nostradamus! — Predicting the Outcome of the May 2014 General Elections in Indool’s Paradise. Hacke hay in May!
Over a billion cuckoos cackle, cry and crap in India.
It is a nation where intelligence rules in closed quarters, idiocy in the open. Just like the open toilets under the benign gaze of Mother Nature — there are more cell phones than toilets in India, a survey reports. Oh! the average Indian retorts — and, then, goes on to do “business” as usual, sitting on the haunches, as sorry-assed as before — or sorts.
We are an indifferent, intelligently inclined idiocy — oops! democracy, We make gods out of mud, then, prostrating before them, we remain, as before, a dud. And, some times, in the name of our fancied little god and his glory, my motherland’s favorite sons also kill each other, with the deep ingrained vigor of all our bestial ancestry, and like a whiff of wind are gone — dead.
Lest it becomes confusing, let’s say it as it is — we Indians, like every other human being, are truly one really, really queer kin of apes. In some fields, ahead of others and beyond compare; in other areas, we are as silly and supercilious as a bull-hounded mare. In a nutshell, Indians, at least in the loftier mystical and evolved spiritual circles “get” some things well — like higher metaphysics — while failing miserably, simplistically, in simple,
elementary physics.
After all, who in one’s right mind would yet allow the use of absolutely antiquated, completely out-dated, easily hack-able and highly tamper-able “high school technology” based, obsolete EVMs (electronic voting machines) in national elections, even now — in 2014?
More than 80 democracies in the world have simply done away with them, dumping them in the trash, or simply declared the usage of this simplistic voting system susceptible to fraud, and hence declaring the same as illegal — as the Supreme Courts of Germany and Holland indeed have done. Even Japan, from where EVMs originated, has long abandoned its rogue babies, and is using paper ballot system since then. All the advanced democracies in the West, except the most
dull-headed ones, have reverted to a voter verifiable system or the
ballot paper. In Canada, even at the ,most basic school level, ballot
paper voting is in use.
Last year, the Supreme Court of India, having been convinced of an undeniable, edible possibility of EVMs getting tampered with and that easily hacked — even from afar — had ordered the imbecilic Election Commission and the indolent Government of India to provide about 1600 crore (1600, 0000000) rupees — convert this into your respective currency! — for manufacturing these VVPAT (Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail) voting machines; which show a verifiable paper receipt to the
voter.
This is the Fundamental Right of a citizen of India, as per the laws laid down by the Constitution. However, recent newspaper reports tell us that only 20, 000 such voting machines have been provided for the entire country in this, 2014 election! India has 29 states now — with Telagana being the latest. In most of them, depending upon their size etc., either about 400 VVPAT machines are being deployed, or some such similar ridiculous number — more or less — has been made available in the length and breadth of the country. It’s an asinine, bland, cruel, demeaning joke we 1.25 billion jokers have been “blessed” with by the powers that be.
All “patriotic” hackers of our motherland are going to make hay in May 2014 and Uttar Pradesh Assembly Mar 2017!
As to how EVMs can be hacked into, tampered with, and results favorably manipulated via software interference and other means — from near and from far, far away — this can easily be found by anybody by just going to Google etc. and filling “EVM HACKING, TAMPERING” or something to this effect in the Search. And lo, behold! a plethora of\ information will just overwhelm your overly chilled-out, lesser employed, un-billed brains.
However, the only solace for us naive fools is that quite a few unscrupulous politicians and every other most “honorable” political party worthy of its “salt”, would surely be playing this comic-tragic game of hacking into and hijacking the votes of a billion people! Thus, one who outsmarts the other such fine folks,
armed with their hacking forks in this merry-go-around, will win.
The rest — this or that “tsunami” or wave in favor of one or the other, poll forecasts and the “newbie”, the over enthused,
seeming game changers in the making — well, they may well fall flat on their dumb faces, if not on their smart asses.
That the Supreme Court of India too, while passing the order of putting new VVAT voting machines in use in a “phased manner”, has unwittingly shirked its duty. In fact, it committed a grave error of judgment. Perhaps dealt a fatal blow to Indian democracy. It should have ordered, as a caution, that till the time this newer set of about 1300ooo voting machines is manufactured in full and so deployed throughout India, ballot paper system would be brought in. No such precautionary measure was decreed by the apex court.
Well, crib all you want. But don’t cry, my dear countrymen. After all, the same model of EVMs is yet very much in use in South Africa, Bangla Desh, Bhutan, Nepal, Nigeria, Venezuela etc. These poor folks of the said “non-techy” countries — millions of them — too cannot figure out as to what the hell had, yet is happening, in their dear short-circuited “developed” democracies. Nor will you.
Don’t worry, be happy! You are not alone “out there”.
Oh, by the way, the somewhat notorious lawyer who had brought in this case — of the present lot of EVMs being tamper-able and hack-able — and, who, had successfully fought it so, forcing the Supreme Court to order the installation of a fail-safe voting mechanism (of Voter Verifiable Paper Audit machines replacing the susceptible earlier Electronic Voting Machines) to ensure a free and fair electoral process in India — well, this oh-so-very honorable fellow too has fallen silent,
like a demure maiden. This most vociferous gentleman had openly declared on social websites, especially Twitter, that in case VVPAT machines do not get installed in time for 2014 elections, then, there would be a “constitutional crisis” — putting it out there like an Indian “pehalwan”, a la WWW wrestler, that he would challenge the same in the apex court. He had most emphatically underlined he would ensure that either the new fail-safe voting machines or the old time-tested paper ballot system will be put in use during this general election in India.
However, recently, when asked specifically on Twitter about this matter — as to what this lovely man is doing or is going to do about this impending doomsday electoral scenario — there was a deafening silence from his side. May be owing to the fact that since the Supreme Court judgement late last year, this self-righteous rightist has joined the ultra-rightist political bandwagon.
The latter has been projected by pollsters to overwhelmingly sweep these elections — as a direct result of the doings of the monstrous public relations firm hired from the land of the let-it-be, oops! free. This US firm is the same that was used fruitfully by President Bush and Hillary Clinton for their respective
political campaigns. It has — let there be no doubt about
it — successfully projected its client as the potential winner and the
next numero uno in Indian politics.
What the majority of the Indians have missed in fine print is that the outgoing Chief Minister of the state of Rajasthan, in the last year elections, had officially filed a complaint with the election commission that the EVMs used in his state were pre-programmed and tampered with — and that the same had come from the state of which this presently hyped-up future Prime Minister of India, is the current Chief Minister.
Now, the lawyer who had gone to the dogs to awaken India and the rest of the world about the mischief and malfeasance possible with the old model of EVMs — and had in fact written a book on this subject — is in a wink-wink deep-throat “smadhi”. A silence that speaks truths we dumb billion idiots on this part of slippery earth cannot fathom. Perhaps it’s a precursor of the things to come.
Let us hope the jolly good hackers of this-that party screw-up each other’s devilish, outright evil plans. In a dog eat dog political crap pit we hapless billion creatures have to walk through every election, maybe this time the ape sitting by the side — the wide-eyed hopeful citizen of India — at least gets a tiny part of the
apple pie this messy hacking cat fight will leave behind, on the side lanes. Perhaps these little crumbs will be enough for us to stay afloat. though not gloat.
In a nutshell, simply put, whosoever “out-hacks” the other, will win.
Then again, we are an ancient civilization of more than 33, 0000000 gods and goddesses — some civilized, others not so civil. Let’s hope one of these fancied deities has a soft corner for us dumbos. Otherwise, we are going to get screwed. A billion times over.
Therefore, I made doubly sure I did not vote. I sat on my ass on voting day — not that I don’t do so everyday. This voting day, I absolutely did. Not only figuratively and metaphorically, but literally. I may have many buts in life, but at least today I have a little sore, yet not so sorry a butt.
We are a fool’s paradise.
Long live the banana republic of India!
[The officer pressed the button number 4, but the slip that came out was of number 2 (BJP). As everyone around started laughing. The administrative officials who were present were shocked as journalists had been specially called to witness the use of VVPAT (Voter Verified
Paper Audit Trail) during elections.]
http://www.newsbits.in/evm-scandal-in-madhya-pradesh-vvpat-receipt-shows-vote-going-to-bjp-irrespective-of-button-pressed
EVM scandal in Madhya Pradesh: VVPAT receipt shows vote going to BJP
irrespective of button pressed
Correspondent
08/25/20
LESSON 3426 Wed 26 Aug 2020
Discovery of Awakened One with Awareness Universe (DAOAU)
For
The Welfare, Happiness, Peace of All Sentient and Non-Sentient Beings and for them to Attain Eternal Peace as Final Goal.
KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA-It
is a 18 feet Dia All White Pagoda with may be a table or, but be sure
to having above head level based on the usual use of the room. in 116 CLASSICAL LANGUAGES
Through
At
WHITE HOME
668, 5A main Road, 8th Cross, HAL III Stage,
Prabuddha Bharat Puniya Bhumi Bengaluru
Magadhi Karnataka State
PRABUDDHA BHARAT
Dr B.R.Ambedkar thundered “Main Bharat Baudhmay karunga.” (I will make India Buddhist)
All Aboriginal Awakened Societies Thunder ” Hum Prapanch Prabuddha Bharatmay karunge.” (We will make world Prabuddha Prapanch
are for
Best Administration to Discover Awakened One with Awareness Universe for welfare, happiness and peace for all societies.
*THE CONDUCT OF ELECTIONS RULES, 1961
needs
donation of latest miniature 3D 360 degree cameras to capture places in
360 degree circular vision like circarama and 3D 360 deg projector to
be used in the Meditation as practiced in Lumbini, Buddha Gaya,
Saranath, Kushinara and also Bethlehem, Mecca Madhina and all places
practicing Kindness and compssion including for the physically disabled
18ft Dia circular pagoda for raising funds to help monks, needy poor
and physically disabled people and swimmers.
donation of latest miniature 3D 360 degree cameras to capture places in
360 degree circular vision like circarama and 3D 360 deg projector to
be used in the Meditation as practiced in Lumbini, Buddha Gaya,
Saranath, Kushinara and also Bethlehem, Mecca Madhina and all places
practicing Kindness and compssion including for the physically disabled
18ft Dia circular pagoda for raising funds to help monks, needy poor
and physically disabled people and swimmers.
The
Buddha died at the age of 80 by the banks of a river at Kusinari in
Prabuddha Bharat. Lying on his side with his head propped up by his hand
and a serene expression, the Buddha passed into Nibbana. This moment is
captured in the image of the Reclining Buddha which can be seen in many
statues throughout Thailand, most famously at Wat Po in Bangkok.
Nibbana is a blissful state with no suffering and no reincarnation.
Buddha’s life (English
All Buddha’s original own words in a theravada chronological order
Buddha’s life (English
All Buddha’s original own words in a theravada chronological order
- EASY FOR A 7 YEARS OLD BOY TO UNDERSTAND
BUT DIFFICULT FOR A 70 YEARS OLD MAN TO PRACTICE !
TIPITAKA is of 3 Baskets - 1) Basket of Discipline (Vinaya), 2) of Discourses (Sutta) & 3) of Ultimate Doctrine (Abhidhamma) Pitakas.
தமிழில் திரபிடக மூன்று தொகுப்புகள்TIPITAKA-ஸுத்தபிடக-Section-A
from FREE ONLINE eNālāndā Research and
Practice UNIVERSITY through http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org
complete list of 120 countries in the world which prefer to use ballot papers in the election which are using ballot papers.
http://aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/vo/annex/vo40
https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-here-s-how-the-world-s-democracies-vote-and-why-india-uses-evms-2437873
Best Administration to Discover Awakened One with Awareness Universe for welfare, happiness and peace for all societies. *THE CONDUCT OF ELECTIONS RULES, 1961
99.9% All Aboriginal Awakened Societies of the world have decided to insist on Ballot Papers for fair elections:
Just follow:
*THE CONDUCT OF ELECTIONS RULES, 1961 51
*THE CONDUCT OF ELECTIONS RULES, 19611PART I
Preliminary
1. Short title and commencement.—(1) These rules may be called the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961.
(2) They shall come into force on the 25th day of April, 1961:
Provided that these rules shall not apply to or in relation to any election called but not completedbefore that date and the Representation of the People (Conduct of Elections and Election Petitions)Rules, 1956, shall continue to apply to or in relation to any such election as if these rules had not beenmade. 2. Interpretation.—(1) In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires,—
(a) “Act” means the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (43 of 1951);
(b) “ballot box” includes any box, bag or other receptacle used for the insertion of ballot paper byvoters;
2[(ba) “counterfoil” means the counterfoil attached to a ballot paper printed under theprovisions of these rules;]
3* * * * *
(c) “election by assembly members” means an election to the Council of States by the elected members ofthe Legislative Assembly of a State by the members of the electoral college of a Union territory, or an electionto the Legislative Council of a State by the members of the Legislative Assembly of that State;
(d) “elector”, in relation to an election by assembly members, means any person entitled to vote at thatelection;
(e) “electoral roll”, in relation to an election by assembly members, means the listmaintained under section 152 by the returning officer for that election;
(f) “electoral roll number” of a person means–
(i) the serial number of the entry in the electoral roll in respect of that person;
(ii) the serial number of the part of the electoral roll in which such entry occurs; and(iii) the name of the constituency to which the electoral roll relates;
4[(g) “Form” means a Form appended to these rules and in respect of any election in a State,includes a translation thereof in any of the languages used for official purposes of the State; ________________________________________________________________________________________________* Rules recently amended vide Notifn. No. S.O. 272(E), dated the 27th February, 2004. Published with the Ministry of Law Notifn. No. S.O. 859, dated the 15th April, 1961, see Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II,
Section 3(ii), Page 419. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3875, dated the 15th December, 1966 and omitted by Notifn. No. S.O. 1294(E), dated the 11th November, 2003. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3450, dated the 9th November, 1966, for cl. (g). 52 Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[(gg) “marked copy of the electoral roll” means the copy of the electoral roll set apart for the purposeof marking the names of electors to whom ballot papers are issued at an election;]
(h) “polling station”, in relation to an election by assembly members, means the place fixed undersection 29 for taking the poll at that election;
(i) “presiding officer” includes—
(i) any polling officer performing any of the functions of a presiding officer under sub-section
(2) or sub-section (3) of section 26; and
(ii) any returning officer while presiding over an election under sub-section (2) of section 29;
(j) “returning officer” includes any assistant returning officer performing any function he is authorisedto perform under sub-section (2) of section 22;
(k) “section” means a section of the Act.
(2) For the purposes of the Act or these rules, a person who is unable to write his name shall, unless otherwise
expressly provided in these rules, be deemed to have signed an instrument or other paper if—
(a) he has placed a mark on such instrument or other paper in the presence of the returning officer orthe presiding officer or such other officer as may be specified in this behalf by the Election Commission,and (b) such officer on being satisfied as to his identity has attested the mark as being the mark of that person.
(3) Any requirement under these rules that a notification, order, declaration, notice or list issued or made byany authority shall be published in the Official Gazette shall, unless otherwise expressly provided in these rules, beconstrued as a requirement that it shall be published in the Gazette of India if it relates to an election to, ormembership of, either House of Parliament or an electoral college, and in the Official Gazette of the State, if it relatesto an election to, or membership of, the House or either House of the State Legislature.
(4) The General Clauses Act, 1897 (10 of 1897) shall apply for the interpretation of these rules as it appliesfor the interpretation of an Act of Parliament.
PART II
General provisions
3. Public notice of intended election.—The public notice of an intended election referred to in section 31shall be in Form 1 and shall, subject to any directions of the Election Commission, be published in such manneras the returning officer thinks fit.
4. Nomination paper.—Every nomination paper presented under sub-section (1) of section 33 shall becompleted in such one of the Forms 2A to 2E as may be appropriate:
Provided that a failure to complete or defect in completing, the declaration as to symbols in a nominationpaper in Form 2A or Form 2B shall not be deemed to be a defect of a substantial character within the meaning of sub-section (4) of section 36.
2[4A. Form of affidavit to be filed at the time of delivering nomination paper.—The candidate or hisproposer, as the case may be, shall, at the time of delivering to the returning officer the nomination paper under sub-section (1) of section 33 of the Act, also deliver to him an affidavit sworn by the candidate before a Magistrate of thefirst class or a Notary in Form 26.]________________________________________________________________________________________________
fairobserver.com
Election News, Latest Global Election News Analysis - Fair Observer
Here’s how the world’s democracies vote and why India uses EVMs
It may come as a surprise but electronic voting is not the prevailing
choice among the world’s democracies.Today, only
about a two dozen nations have adopted electronic voting.
There were, at the last count, about 120
democracies in the world.
These include tiny countries like Estonia to the oldest democracy — the United States of America.
The US may be a 241-year-old democracy but it still does not have a
uniform system of voting. Many states use ballot papers while some use
electronic voting. Recall the chaos in 2000 when vice president Al Gore
lost his presidential challenge to George W Bush, thanks to what was
called the ‘hanging chads’ as the US had used paper ballots.
Today, Americans are facing a different challenge when allegations
are raised suggesting that President Donald Trump’s election was
influenced by an unknown Russian hand largely through some kind of cyber
hacking done to influence the voters while there are still no
suggestions of any direct tampering of the electoral process. Many of
the electronic voting machines used in America are all networked and
connected to the Internet. While the Internet gives people ease to vote
from their homes but like all networked devices they are prone to
sophisticated attacks which can result in large scale unnoticed rigging.
This is one flaw which makes many countries shun electronic voting
machines. Very few can even think of implementing non-networked
stand-alone large scale calculator like device based solutions, except
for some creative geeks in the world’s largest democracy.
Germany introduced electronic voting in 2005 and it used
privately-made machines imported from a company in The Netherlands to
conduct its elections but many infirmities were revealed off these
machines and in 2009 a Federal Constitutional Bench held electronic
voting machines as unconstitutional.
Experts say it is really the lack of an enabling law which made the
judiciary in Germany strike down the use of electronic voting. In India,
the Parliament passed an enabling law in 1988 which made use of EVMs
constitutionally valid.
The tiny European country of Estonia with a population of just 1.3
million became the first country in the world in 2005 to have mandatory
electronic voting using the Internet.
Reports suggest that in 2007, Estonia conducted the world’s first
national Internet-based election. Voting was available for three days
and a total 30,275 citizens used Internet voting and it went of
peacefully.
Among the larger countries, Brazil and Venezuela have used
electronic voting systems on a large scale. Brazil, the world’s fifth
largest country with a population of about 207 million, started using
electronic voting in 1996. Since the turn of the century, all elections
in Brazil have taken place using electronic voting machines of which it
owns some four lakh and results of Brazilian elections are usually
available within hours of the balloting closes.
Venezuela introduced electronic voting in 1998 and in 2004 to make
the system more reliable and robust it started a voter verifiable paper
trail. But doubts were raised in the minds of people when it was
revealed that the machines were made in accompany where the winning
candidate had a large stake.
In addition, Venezuela became the first country to use touch screens
to register votes and duplication of votes was avoided by taking thumb
prints of the voters. But some suggested taking the thumb prints
compromised the secret ballot as voters could be traced back. This
should act as deterrent to anyone who holds even remote thoughts of
linking Indian voting system with the Aadhar cards, even though
undoubtedly it offers a tantalising solution to rid some electoral
malpractices.
The EVM in India is called a direct recording device where the voter
has to visit a designated centre to cast their votes. The machine
itself consists of a control unit and a balloting unit connected using a
long cable. Several layers of seals ensure that the machines are not
tampered with in any manner. There is a double randomisation process
which makes it impossible for any person to know which machine will be
used in what constituency, this is done to safeguard that machines are
not pre-programed to cast ballots in favour of a particular candidate.
Even the final placement of the list of the candidates on the
balloting unit is not known till the last day of withdrawal of the
nomination before the election, so tampering with machines is virtually
an impossible task. The candidate names are placed in an alphabetical
order giving it even more variability.
The EC is also promising to hold a ‘challenge’ to offer opportunity
to political parties to “demonstrate that EVMs used in the
recently-concluded assembly elections were tampered or that EVMs can be
tampered even under the laid down technical and administrative
safeguards”.
The Aam Aadmi Party that has been carrying out a high- decibel
campaign suggesting EVMs can be tampered it seems is already planning
not to expose itself in the ‘challenge’ as it is squabbling with the EC
literally over semantics and wants the ‘challenge’ called a ‘hackathon’,
with its leader Arvind Kejriwal saying “sad that EC has backed out of
hackathon”.
In common parlance, there is really no difference. Only that
‘hackathon’ is a word that came into existence after the Internet was
born and usually associated with networked events. In India’s case, the
EC points out the EVMs are stand- alone devices that do not talk to each
other through any means including via the Internet.
It is this unique standalone nature of
the machines which give them the necessary invincibility and make them
as tamper proof as any machine can really be. In a judgement, the
Karnataka High Court called the EVM a “national pride” and acknowledged
the Indian election system as a “global gold standard”.
http://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/%282%29%20THE%20CONDUCT%20OF%20ELECTION%20RULES%2C%201961.pdf
*THE CONDUCT OF ELECTIONS RULES, 19611
51
*THE CONDUCT OF ELECTIONS RULES, 19611
PART I
Preliminary
1. Short title and commencement.—(1) These rules may be called the Conduct of Elections Rules,
1961.
(2) They shall come into force on the 25th day of April, 1961:
Provided that these rules shall not apply to or in relation to any election called but not completed
before that date and the Representation of the People (Conduct of Elections and Election Petitions)
Rules, 1956, shall continue to apply to or in relation to any such election as if these rules had not been
made.
2.
Interpretation.—(1) In these rules, unless the context otherwise requires,—
(a) “Act” means the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (43 of 1951);
(b) “ballot box” includes any box, bag or other receptacle used for the insertion of ballot paper by
voters;
2[(ba) “counterfoil” means the counterfoil attached to a ballot paper printed under the
provisions of these rules;]
3* * * * *
(c) “election by assembly members” means an election to the Council of States by the elected members of
the Legislative Assembly of a State by the members of the electoral college of a Union territory, or an election
to the Legislative Council of a State by the members of the Legislative Assembly of that State;
(d) “elector”, in relation to an election by assembly members, means any person entitled to vote at that
election;
(e) “electoral roll”, in relation to an election by assembly members, means the list
maintained under section 152 by the returning officer for that election;
(f) “electoral roll number” of a person means–
(i) the serial number of the entry in the electoral roll in respect of that person;
(ii) the serial number of the part of the electoral roll in which such entry occurs; and
(iii) the name of the constituency to which the electoral roll relates;
4[(g) “Form” means a Form appended to these rules and in respect of any election in a State,
includes a translation thereof in any of the languages used for official purposes of the State;
________________________________________________________________________________________________
* Rules recently amended vide Notifn. No. S.O. 272(E), dated the 27th February, 2004.
-
Published with the Ministry of Law Notifn. No. S.O. 859, dated the 15th April, 1961, see Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II,
Section 3(ii), Page 419.
-
Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971.
-
Ins.
by Notifn. No. S.O. 3875, dated the 15th December, 1966 and omitted by
Notifn. No. S.O. 1294(E), dated the 11th November, 2003.
-
Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3450, dated the 9th November, 1966, for cl. (g).
52
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[(gg) “marked copy of the electoral roll” means the copy of the electoral roll set apart for the purpose
of marking the names of electors to whom ballot papers are issued at an election;]
(h) “polling station”, in relation to an election by assembly members, means the place fixed under
section 29 for taking the poll at that election;
(i) “presiding officer” includes—
(i) any polling officer performing any of the functions of a presiding officer under sub-section (2)
or sub-section (3) of section 26; and
(ii) any returning officer while presiding over an election under sub-section (2) of section 29;
(j) “returning officer” includes any assistant returning officer performing any function he is authorised
to perform under sub-section (2) of section 22;
(k) “section” means a section of the Act.
(2) For the purposes of the Act or these rules, a person who is unable to write his name shall, unless otherwise
expressly provided in these rules, be deemed to have signed an instrument or other paper if—
(a) he has placed a mark on such instrument or other paper in the presence of the returning officer or
the presiding officer or such other officer as may be specified in this behalf by the Election Commission,
and
(b) such officer on being satisfied as to his identity has attested the mark as being the mark of that person.
(3) Any requirement under these rules that a notification, order, declaration, notice or list issued or made by
any authority shall be published in the Official Gazette shall, unless otherwise expressly provided in these rules, be
construed as a requirement that it shall be published in the Gazette of India if it relates to an election to, or
membership of, either House of Parliament or an electoral college, and in the Official Gazette of the State, if it relates
to an election to, or membership of, the House or either House of the State Legislature.
(4) The General Clauses Act, 1897 (10 of 1897) shall apply for the interpretation of these rules as it applies
for the interpretation of an Act of Parliament.
PART II
General provisions
3. Public notice of intended election.—The public notice of an intended election referred to in section 31
shall be in Form 1 and shall, subject to any directions of the Election Commission, be published in such manner
as the returning officer thinks fit.
4. Nomination paper.—Every nomination paper presented under sub-section (1) of section 33 shall be
completed in such one of the Forms 2A to 2E as may be appropriate:
Provided that a failure to complete or defect in completing, the declaration as to symbols in a nomination
paper in Form 2A or Form 2B shall not be deemed to be a defect of a substantial character within the meaning of sub-
section (4) of section 36.
2[4A. Form of affidavit to be filed at the time of delivering nomination paper.—The candidate or his
proposer, as the case may be, shall, at the time of delivering to the returning officer the nomination paper under sub-
section (1) of section 33 of the Act, also deliver to him an affidavit sworn by the candidate before a Magistrate of the
first class or a Notary in Form 26.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971, for cl.(gg).
2. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 935 (E), dated the 8th September, 2002.
53
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
5. Symbols for elections in parliamentary and assembly constituencies.–(1) The Election
Commission shall, by notification in the Gazette of India, and in the Official Gazette of each State, specify the
symbols that may be chosen by candidates at elections in parliamentary or assembly constituencies and the restrictions
to which their choice shall be subject.
(2) 1[Subject to any general or special direction issued by the Election Commission either under sub-rule
(4) or sub-rule (5) of rule 10, where at any such election], more nomination papers than one are delivered by or on
behalf of a candidate, the declaration as to symbols made in the nomination paper first delivered, and no other
declaration as to symbols, shall be taken into consideration under rule 10 even if that nomination paper has been
rejected.
6. Authentication of certificates issued by the Election Commission.—A certificate issued by the
Election Commission under 2[sub-section (2) of section 9] or under sub-section (3) of section 33 shall be signed by
the Secretary to the Election Commission and shall bear its official seal.
7. Notice of nominations.—The notice of nominations under section 35 shall be in such one of the Forms 3A to
3C as may be appropriate.
3[8. List of validly nominated candidates.—(1) The list of validly nominated candidates referred to in sub-
section (8) of section 36 shall be in Form 4.
(2) The name of every such candidate shall be shown in said list as it appears in his nomination paper:
Provided that if a candidate considers that his name is incorrectly spelt or is otherwise incorrectly shown in
his nomination paper or is different from the name by which he is popularly known, he may, at any time before the list
of contesting candidates is prepared furnish in writing to the returning officer the proper form and spelling of his name
and the returning officer shall, on being satisfied as to the genuineness of the request, make the necessary
correction or alteration in the list in Form 4 and adopt that form and spelling in the list of contesting candidates.]
9. Notice of withdrawal of candidature.—(1) A notice of withdrawal of candidature under sub-section (1) of
section 37 shall be in Form 5 and shall contain the particulars set out therein; and on receipt of such notice, the
returning officer shall note thereon the date and time at which it was delivered.
(2) The notice under sub-section (3) of section 37 shall be in Form 6.
10. Preparation of list of contesting candidates.—(1) The list of contesting candidates referred to in sub-
section (1) of section 38 shall be in Form 7A or Form 7B as may be appropriate and shall contain the particulars set
out therein and shall be prepared in such language or languages as the Election Commission may direct.
4* * * * *
(3) If the list is prepared in more languages than one, the names of candidates therein shall be arranged
alphabetically according to the script of such one of those languages as the Election Commission may direct.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971, for certain words.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 1542, dated the 25th April, 1967, for certain words.
3. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3450, dated the 9th November, 1966, for rule 8.
4. Sub-rule (2) omitted by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964.
54
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
(4) At an election in a parliamentary or assembly constituency, where a poll becomes necessary, the returning
officer shall consider the choice of symbols expressed by the contesting candidates in their nomination papers and
shall, subject to any general or special direction issued in this behalf by the Election Commission,—
(a) allot a different symbol to each contesting candidate in conformity, as far as practicable, with his
choice; and
(b) if more contesting candidates than one have indicated their preference for the same symbol
decide by lot to which of such candidates the symbol will be allotted.
(5) The allotment by the returning officer of any symbol to a candidate shall be final except where it is
inconsistent with any directions issued by the Election Commission in this behalf in which case the Election
Commission may revise the allotment in such manner as it thinks fit.
(6) Every candidate or his election agent shall forthwith be informed of the symbol allotted to the candidate
and be supplied with a specimen thereof by the returning officer.
1[11. Publication of list of contesting candidates and declaration of result in uncontested election.—(1)
The returning officer shall, immediately after its preparation, cause a copy of the list of contesting candidates to
be affixed in some conspicuous place in his office and where the number of contesting candidates is equal to, or less
than, the number of seats to be filled, he shall, immediately after such affixation, declare under sub-section (2) or as
the case may be, sub-section (3) of section 53 the result of the election in such one of the Forms 21 to 21B as may be
appropriate and send signed copies of the declaration to the appropriate authority, the Election Commission and the
chief electoral officer.
(2) If a poll becomes necessary under sub-section (1) of section 53, the returning officer shall supply a copy of
the list of contesting candidates to each such candidate or his election agent, and then shall also publish the list in
the Official Gazette.]
12. Appointment of election agent.—2[(1) Any appointment of an election agent under section 40 shall be
made in Form 8 and the notice of such appointment shall be given by forwarding the same in duplicate to the returning
officer who shall return one copy thereof to the election agent after affixing thereon his seal and signature in token of
his approval of the appointment.]
(2) The revocation of the appointment of an election agent under sub-section (1) of section 42 shall be made
in Form 9.
13. Appointment of polling agents.—(1) The number of polling agents that may be appointed under section
46 shall be one agent and two relief agents.
(2) Every such appointment shall be made in Form 10 and shall be made over to the polling agent for
production at the polling station or the place fixed for the poll, as the case may be.
(3) No polling agent shall be admitted into the polling station or the place fixed for the poll unless he has
delivered to the presiding officer the instrument of his appointment under sub-rule (2) after duly completing and
signing before the presiding officer the declaration contained therein.
14. Revocation of the appointment of a polling agent.—(1) The revocation of the appointment of a
polling agent under sub-section (1) of section 48 shall be made in Form 11 and lodged with the presiding officer.
(2) In the event of any such revocation the candidate or his election agent may, at any time before the poll is
closed, make a fresh appointment in the manner specified in rule 13 and the provisions of that rule shall apply to
every such agent.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 4542, dated the 20th December, 1968 (w.e.f. 1-1-1969) for rule 11.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3450, dated the 9th November, 1966, for sub-rule (1).
55
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
15. Publication of the hours fixed for polling.—The hours fixed for polling under section 56 shall be
published by notification in the Official Gazette.
16. Voting normally to be in person.—Save as hereinafter provided, all electors voting at an election shall
do so in person at the polling station provided for them under section 25 or, as the case may be, at the place of polling
fixed under section 29.
PART III
Postal ballot
17. Definitions.–In this Part,—
1[(a) “service voter'’ means any person specified in clause (a) or clause (b) of section 60, but does not
include “classified service voter” defined in rule 27M;]
(b) “special voter'’ means any person holding an office to which the provisions of sub-section (4) of section
20 of the Representation of the People Act, 1950 (43 of 1950) are declared to apply or the wife of such person,
if he or she has been registered as an elector by virtue of a statement made under sub-section (5) of the said
section;
(c) “voter on election duty” means any polling agent, any polling officer, presiding officer or other public
servant, who is an elector in the constituency and is by reason of his being on election duty unable to vote as
the polling station where he is entitled to vote.
18. Persons entitled to vote by post.—The following persons shall, subject to their fulfilling the requirements
hereinafter specified, be entitled to vote by post, namely:—
(a) at an election in a parliamentary or assembly constituency—
(i) special voters;
(ii) service voters;
(iii) voters on election duty; and
(iv) electors subjected to preventive detention;
(b) at an election in a council constituency—
(i) voters on election duty;
(ii) electors subjected to preventive detention; and
(iii) electors in the whole or any specified parts, of the constituency if directed by the
Election Commission in this behalf under clause (b) of rule 68;
(c) at an election by a assembly members–
(i) electors subjected to preventive detention; and
(ii) all electors if directed by the Election Commission in this behalf under clause (a) of rule 68.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 903(E), dated the 5th August, 2003.
56
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
19. Intimation by special voters.—A special voter who wishes to vote by post at an election shall send an
intimation in Form 12 to the returning officer so as to reach him at least ten days before the date of poll; and on
receipt of the intimation the returning officer shall issue a postal ballot paper to him.
20. Intimation by voters on election duty.—1[(1)] A voter on election duty who wishes to vote by post at an
election shall send an application in Form 12 to the returning officer so as to reach him at least seven days or such
shorter period as the returning officer may allow before the date of poll; and if the returning officer is satisfied
that the applicant is a voter on election duty, he shall issue a postal ballot paper to him.
2[(2) Where such voter, being a polling officer, presiding officer or other public servant on election duty in the
constituency of which he is an elector, wishes to vote in person at an election 3[in a parliamentary or assembly
constituency] and not by post, he shall send an application in Form 12A to the returning officer so as to reach him at
least four days, or such shorter period as the returning officer may allow, before the date of poll; and if the returning
officer is satisfied that the applicant is such public servant and voter on election duty in the constituency, he shall—
(a) issue to the applicant an election duty certificate in Form 12B,
(b) mark ‘EDC’ against his name in the marked copy of the electoral roll to indicate that an election duty
certificate has been issued to him, and
(c) ensure that he is not allowed to vote at the polling station where he would otherwise have been entitled to
vote.]
21. Electors under preventive detention.—(1) The appropriate Government shall, within fifteen days of
the calling of an election, ascertain and intimate to the returning officer the names of the electors, if any,
subjected to preventive detention together with their addresses and electoral roll numbers and the particulars about
their places of detention.
(2) Any elector subjected to preventive detention may, within fifteen days of the calling of an election, send
an intimation to the returning officer that he wishes to vote by post, specifying his name, address, electoral roll
number and place of detention.
(3) The returning officer shall issue a postal ballot paper to every elector subjected to preventive detention
whose name has been intimated to him under sub-rule (1) or under sub-rule (2).
22. Form of ballot paper.—4[(1) Every postal ballot paper shall have a counterfoil attached thereto, and the
said ballot paper and the counterfoil shall be in such form, and the particulars therein shall be in such language or
languages, as the Election Commission may direct.]
(2) The names of the candidates shall be arranged 5[on the postal ballot paper] in the order in which they
appear in the list of contesting candidates.
(3) If two or more candidates bear the same name, they shall be distinguished by the addition of their
occupation or residence or in some other manner.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Rule 20 renumbered as sub-rule (1) of that rule by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964.
2. Ins., ibid.
3. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3450, dated the 9th November, 1966.
4. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971, for sub-rule (1).
5. Ins., ibid.
57
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
23. Issue of ballot paper.—(1) A postal ballot paper shall be sent by post under certificate of posting to the
elector together with—
(a) a declaration in Form 13A;
(b) a cover in Form 13B;
(c) a large cover addressed to the returning officer in Form 13C; and
(d) instructions for the guidance of the elector in Form 13D:
Provided that the returning officer may, in the case of a special voter or a voter on election duty, deliver the
ballot paper and Forms, or cause them to be delivered, to such voter personally.
1[(2) The returning officer shall at the same time—
(a) record on the counterfoil of the ballot paper the electoral roll number of the elector as entered in the
marked copy of the electoral roll;
(b) mark the name of the elector in the marked copy of the electoral roll to indicate that a ballot paper has
been issued to him, without however recording therein the serial number of the ballot paper issued to that
elector; and
(c) ensure that that elector is not allowed to vote at a polling station.]
(3) Before any ballot paper is issued to an elector at an election in a local authorities’ constituency or by assembly
members, the serial number of the ballot paper shall be effectively concealed in such manner as the Election
Commission may direct.
(4) Every officer under whose care or through whom a postal ballot paper is sent shall ensure its delivery to
the addressee without delay.
(5) After ballot papers have been issued to all the electors entitled to vote by post, the returning officer shall—
(a) at an election in a parliamentary or assembly constituency, 2[subject to the provisions of rule 27P,
seal up in a packet] that part of the marked copy of the electoral roll which relates to service voters and
record on the packet a brief description of its contents and the date on which it was sealed and send the
other relevant parts of the marked copy to the several presiding officers 3[or marking the names of electors
to whom ballot papers are issued at the polling stations without however recording therein the serial
numbers of the ballot papers issued to the electors]; and
(b) at any other election, seal up in a packet the marked copy of the electoral roll and record on the
packet a brief description of its contents and the date on which it is sealed.
4[(6) The returning officer shall also seal up in a separate packet the counterfoils of the ballot papers issued to
electors entitled to vote by post and record on the packet a brief description of its contents and the date on which it
was sealed.]
24. Recording of Vote.—(1) An elector who has received a postal ballot paper and desires to vote shall
record his vote on the ballot paper in accordance with the directions contained in Part I of Form 13D and then
enclose it in the cover in Form 13B.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971, for sub-rule (2).
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. 903(E), dated the 5th August, 2003, for “seal up in a packet”.
3. Subs., by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971, for certain words.
4. Ins., ibid.
58
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
(2) The elector shall sign the declaration in Form 13A in the presence of, and have the signature attested by, a
stipendiary magistrate or such other officer specified below, as may be appropriate, to whom he is personally known
or to whose satisfaction he has been identified—
(a) in the case of a service voter, such officer as may be appointed in this behalf by the Commanding
Officer of the unit, ship or establishment in which the voter or her husband, as the case may be, is employed
or such officer as may be appointed in this behalf by the diplomatic or consular representative of India in the
country in which such voter is resident;
(b) in the case of a special voter, an officer not below the rank of a Deputy Secretary to Government;
(c) in the case of a voter on election duty, any gazetted officer 1[or the presiding officer of the polling
station at which he is on election duty];
(d) in the case of an elector under preventive detention, the Superintendent of the Jail or the
Commandant of the detention camp in which the elector is under detention; and
(e) in any other case, such officer as may be notified in this behalf by the Election Commission.
25. Assistance to illiterate or infirm voters.—(1) If an elector is unable through illiteracy, blindness or other
physical infirmity to record his vote on a postal ballot paper and sign the declaration, he shall take the ballot paper,
together with declaration and the covers received by him to an officer competent to attest his signature under sub-rule
(2) of rule 24 and request the officer to record his vote and sign his declaration on his behalf.
(2) Such officer shall thereupon mark the ballot paper in accordance with the wishes of the elector in his
presence, sign the declaration on his behalf and complete the appropriate certificate contained in Form 13A.
26. Re-issue of ballot paper.—(1) When a postal ballot paper and other papers sent under rule 23 are for
any reason returned undelivered, the returning officer may re-issue them by post under certificate of posting or
deliver them or cause them to be delivered to the elector personally on a request being made by him.
(2) If any elector has inadvertently dealt with the ballot paper or any of the other papers sent to him under rule
23 in such a manner that they cannot conveniently be used, a second set of the papers shall be issued to him after
he has returned the spoiled papers and satisfied the returning officer of the inadvertence.
(3) The returning officer shall cancel the spoiled papers so returned and keep them in a separate packet after
noting thereon the particulars of the election and the serial numbers of the cancelled ballot papers.
27. Return of ballot paper.—(1) After an elector has recorded his vote and made his declaration under rule
24 or rule 25, he shall return the ballot paper and declaration to the returning officer in accordance with the
instructions communicated to him in Part II of Form 13D so as to reach the returning officer before 2[the hour fixed
for the commencement of counting of votes].
(2) If any cover containing a postal ballot paper is received by the returning officer after the expiry of the time
fixed in sub-rule (1), he shall note thereon the date and time of its receipt and shall keep all such covers together in a
separate packet.
(3) The returning officer shall keep in safe custody until the commencement of the counting of votes all
covers containing postal ballot papers received by him.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3450, dated the 9th November, 1966.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 479A, dated the 27th January, 1971, for certain words.
59
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[PART IIIA
Procedure for voting by the notified class of electors
27A. Definitions.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,—
(a) “Assistant Returning Officer”, for the notified class of electors, means the Assistant Returning Officer
notified by the Election Commission for the purposes of this Part;
(b) “notified elector” means an elector who belongs to a class of persons notified by the Election
Commission under clause (c) of section 60 of the Act.
27B. Special provisions for voting by the notified class of electors.—Notwithstanding anything contained in
Part III, the provisions of this Part shall apply to a notified elector who wishes to vote by post at an election.
27C. Intimation by a notified elector.—A notified elector, who wishes to vote by post at an election shall send
an application in Form 12C to the Assistant Returning Officer for the notified class of electors so as to reach him at
least ten days before the date of the poll and on receipt of the intimation such Assistant Returning Officer shall issue
a postal ballot paper to him:
Provided that an application which does not furnish complete particulars as required in Form 12C may be
rejected if such Assistant Returning Officer, despite making reasonable efforts, is not in a position to ascertain the
requisite information:
Provided further that an application in Form 12C without a certificate from the authorised officer as required
under Part II of Form 12C shall be rejected.
27D. Form of ballot paper.—(1) Every postal ballot paper shall have a counterfoil attached thereto and the
said ballot paper and the counterfoil shall be in such form and the particulars therein shall be in such language or
languages as the Election Commission may direct.
(2) The names of the candidates shall be arranged on the postal ballot paper in the order in which they appear
in the list of contesting candidates.
(3) If two or more candidates bear the same name, they shall be distinguished by the addition of their
occupation or residence or in some other manner.
27E. Issue of ballot paper.—A postal ballot paper shall be sent by post under certificate of posting to the
notified elector together with—
(a) a declaration in Form 13A;
(b) a cover in Form 13B;
(c) a large cover addressed to the Returning Officer in Form 13C; and
(d) instructions for the guidance of the elector in Form 13E:
Provided that the Assistant Returning Officer of the notified class of electors may deliver, or cause to be delivered,
the ballot paper and the Forms to the notified elector personnel”.
(2) The Assistant Returning Officer for the notified class of electors shall at the same time—
(a) record on the counterfoil of the ballot paper the electoral roll number of the elector as entered in the
marked copy of the electoral roll;
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.
Part IIIA ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 32(E), dated the 1st May, 1996 and
Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 92(E), dated the 27th January, 1998.
60
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
(b) mark the name of the elector in the marked copy of the electoral roll to indicate that a ballot paper has
been issued to him without, however, recording therein the serial number of the ballot paper issued to that
elector;
(c) ensure that the elector is not allowed to vote at a polling station.
(3) Every officer under whose care or through whom a postal ballot paper is sent shall ensure its delivery to
the addressee without delay.
(4) The Assistant Returning Officer for the notified class of electors shall ensure that ballot papers are issued to all
such electors whose intimation has been received in accordance with rule 27C and who are entitled to vote by post
before eight days from the date of poll in the constituency and shall on expiry of the said period of eight days keep
the marked copies of the electoral rolls in sealed envelopes and record on the envelopes a brief description of its
contents and the date on which it was sealed and send the sealed envelopes to the Returning Officer concerned.
(5) The Assistant Returning Officer for the notified class of electors shall also seal in a separate packet the
counterfoils of the ballot papers issued to electors entitled to vote by post and record on the packet a brief
description of its contents and the date on which it was sealed and send the sealed packet to the Returning Officer
concerned.
27F. Recording of vote.—(1) A notified elector who has received a postal ballot paper and desires to vote shall
record his vote on the ballot paper in accordance with the instructions contained in Form 13E and then enclose it in the
cover in Form 13B.
(2) The notified elector shall sign the declaration in Form 13A in the presence of, and have the signature attested
by, an officer authorised under sub-rule (2) of rule 27J.
27G. Assistance to illiterate or infirm electors.—(1) If a notified elector is unable through illiteracy, blindness
or other physical infirmity to record his vote on a postal ballot paper and sign the declaration, he shall take the
ballot paper together with the declaration and the covers received by him to an officer authorised under sub-rule
(2) of rule 27J and request the officer to record his vote and sign his declaration on his behalf.
(2) Such officer shall thereupon mark the ballot paper in accordance with the wishes of the elector in his
presence, sign the declaration on his behalf and complete all the requirements to be made in this behalf.
27H. Re-issue of ballot paper.—(1) When a postal ballot paper and other papers sent under rule 27E are
for any reason returned undelivered, the Assistant Returning Officer for the notified class of electors may re-issue
them by post under certificate of posting or deliver them or cause them to be delivered to the elector personally either
on a request being made by him or of his own.
(2) If any notified elector has inadvertently dealt with the ballot paper or any of the other papers sent to him
under rule 27E in such a manner that they cannot conveniently be used, a second set of the papers shall be issued to
him after he has returned the spoiled papers and satisfied the Assistant Returning Officer for the notified class of
electors of the inadvertence.
(3) The Assistant Returning Officer for the notified class of electors shall cancel the spoiled papers so returned
and keep them in a separate packet after noting thereon the particulars of the election and the serial numbers of the
cancelled ballot papers.
27-I. Return of ballot paper.—(1) After a notified elector has recorded his vote and made his declaration
under rule 27F or rule 27G, he shall return the ballot paper and the declaration to the Returning Officer concerned
before the hour fixed for the commencement of counting of votes.
(2) If any cover containing a postal ballot paper is received by the Returning Officer after the expiry of the time
fixed in sub-rule (1), he shall note thereon the date and time of its receipt and shall keep all such covers together in a
separate packet.
61
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
(3) The Returning Officer shall keep in safe custody until the commencement of the counting of votes all
covers containing postal ballot papers received by him.
27J. Officers authorised to perform certain functions under this Part.—(1) The officers mentioned in sub-
rule (2) shall be the authorised officers for the purpose of—
(a) sub-rule (2) of rule 27G;
(b) issuing certificate in Part II of Form 12C.
(2) Any of the following officers shall be the authorised officers for the purpose of sub-rule (1) —
(a) an oficer incharge of a migrant camp/area;
(b) an officer incharge of an office from where the migrant elector draws his salary as a migrant employee;
(c) an officer incharge of a treasury/bank from where the migrant elector draws his pension as a pensioner;
(d) any gazetted officer.
27K. Marked copy of the electoral roll.—The Returning Officer shall ensure that the marked copy of the
electoral roll received by him from the Assistant Returning Officer for the notified class of electors is used during the
poll in the constituency so that such electors who have been supplied with a postal ballot paper do not cast the vote
again.
27L. Notwithstanding anything contained in rule 54A, the Election Commission may direct, by notification in
the Official Gazette, that the postal ballot papers may be mixed with the ordinary ballot papers at the time of mixing
of ordinary ballot papers under rule 59A and, in that case, the Election Commission may also prescribe, by directions
to the Returning Officers, the manner in which the mixing of postal ballot papers shall be done with the ordinary
ballot papers in the constituency.]
1[PART IIIB
Voting by classified service voters through proxy
27M. Definitions.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,—
(a) “classified service voter” means any person specified in clause (a) of section 60, who opts to give his
vote by proxy;
(b) “proxy” means the person appointed by a classified service voter as his proxy under rule 27N to give
vote on his behalf and in his name;
(c) “service voter” means any person specified in clause (a) of section 60 and registered as an elector in the
last part of the electoral roll for the constituency.
27N. Appointment of proxy by a classified service voter.—(1) A service voter may opt to give his vote by proxy
appointed in the manner provided in sub-rules (2) to (4).
(2) Any service voter opting to vote by proxy may appoint any person as his proxy to give vote on his behalf and in
his name at an election in a parliamentary or assembly constituency:
Provided that such proxy shall be an ordinary resident in the constituency concerned and of not less than 18 years
of age and shall not be disqualified for registration as an elector in an electoral roll under section 16 of the
Representation of the People Act, 1950 (43 of 1950).
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 903(E), dated the 5th August, 2003.
62
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
(3) The appointment of proxy under sub-rule (2) shall be made by the classified service voter in Form 13F.
(4) Any appointment of proxy made under sub-rule (3) shall be deemed to be valid so long as the person making it
continues to be a service voter or till the date he revokes such appointment, or dies, whichever is earlier:
Provided that any revocation of appointment shall be made in Form 13G and shall be effective from the date on
which it is received by the returning officer:
Provided further that where he revokes such appointment, or the proxy appointed by him dies, while he remains a
service voter, he may appoint another person as proxy under these rules, as a substitute proxy in Form 13G and the
substitute proxy so appointed shall be the proxy appointed by such classified service voter under sub-rule (3) from the
date of receipt of the Form 13G by the returning officer.
27-O. Intimation of name of proxy by the classified service voter.—(1) The name of the proxy appointed by a
classified service voter under sub-rule (3), or, as the case may be, under the second proviso to sub-rule (4), of rule 27N
shall be intimated by him to the returning office as soon as may be after such appointment is made, and such intimation
must reach the returning officer not later than the last date for making nominations for the earliest election in the
constituency after such appointment.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule (1), if any intimation under that sub-rule reaches the returning
officer after the last date for making nominations in the constituency, such intimation shall not be valid for the election
then in progress, but shall, subject to the provisions of sub-rule (4) of rule 27N, be valid for any future election in the
constituency.
27P. Action by returning officer on intimation of name of proxy.—(1) On receipt of intimation under rule 27-O
from a classified service voter in regard to his proxy, the returning officer shall mark “CSV” against the name of such
voter in the last part of the electoral roll containing the names of all service voters so as to indicate that the said voter
has appointed his proxy, and the returning officer shall—
(a) If it is an intimation received the last date for making nominations in the constituency, ensure that no
postal ballot paper is issued to such classified service voter; and
(b) if it is an intimation received after the said last date, ensure that a postal ballot paper is issued to such
classified service voter for the election then in progress, in accordance with the provisions contained in Part III
of these rules.
(2) The returning officer shall also prepare, and maintain up-to date, a separate list of all classified service voters
who have given intimation of their proxies under rule 27-O, and also of all such proxies with their complete addresses,
in such form and such manner as the Election Commission may specify from time to time.
(3) As soon as may be after the last date for making nominations in the constituency, the returning officer shall, on
the basis of the list maintained under sub-rule (2) and subject to such further direction as the Election Commission may
give in this behalf, prepare or cause to be prepared polling station-wise sub-lists of all classified service voters and their
proxies having regard to the residential address of each such classified service voter as given in the electoral roll.
(4) Each sub-list prepared under sub-rule (3) shall thereafter be caused to be added by the returning officer at the
end to the relevant part of the electoral roll pertaining to each polling station concerned, and such relevant part of the
electoral roll together with the said sub-list shall be deemed to be the copy of the electoral roll to be used as the marked
copy of the electoral roll under rule 33A or, as the case may be, under rule 49F during the poll at the polling station
concerned.
27Q. Recording of votes of proxy.—(1) A person voting as proxy for a classified service voter shall do so in
person at the polling station concerned in the electoral roll of which the name of such classified service voter is added
under sub-rule (4) of rule 27P.
(2) The person voting as proxy shall record the vote on behalf of the classified service voter at the said polling
station, in the same manner as any other elector assigned to that polling station and the provisions of rules 34, 35 and
36 to 43 or, as the case may be, rules 49G, 49H, 49J to 49R shall apply in relation to the recording of vote by such
proxy as they apply to any other elector at the polling station:
63
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
Provided that any reference to left forefinger of elector in rule 37 or, as the case may be, rule 49K shall be construed
as reference to left middle finger of the person voting as a proxy under this rule.]
PART IV
Voting in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
1[CHAPTER I
VOTING BY BALLOT]
28. Definitions.—2[In this Chapter and Chapter II], unless the context otherwise requires,—
(a) “candidate” means a contesting candidate;
(b) “constituency” means a parliamentary or assembly constituency; and
(c) “polling agent”, in relation to a polling station, means a polling agent of a candidate duly appointed under
section 46 for the polling station and includes a candidate and the election agent of a candidate when present at the
polling station.
29. Design of ballot boxes.—Every ballot box shall be of such design as may be approved by the Election
Commission.
30. Form of ballot papers.—3[(1) Every ballot paper shall have a counterfoil attached thereto, and the said
ballot paper and the counterfoil shall be in such form, and the particulars therein shall be in such language or
languages, as the Election Commission may direct.]
(2) The names of the candidates shall be arranged on the ballot paper in the same order in which they appear in
the list of contesting candidates.
(3) If two or more candidates bear the same name, they shall be distinguished by the addition of their
occupation or residence or in some other manner.
31. Arrangements at polling stations.—(1) Outside each polling station there shall be displayed prominently—
(a) a notice specifying the polling area the electors of which are entitled to vote at the polling station and,
when the polling area has more than one polling station, the particulars of the electors so entitled; and
(b) a copy of the list of contesting candidates.
(2) At each polling station, there shall be set up 4[one or more voting compartments] in which electors can
record their votes screened from observation.
(3) The returning officer shall provide at each polling station a sufficient number of ballot boxes, copies of the
relevant part of the electoral roll, ballot papers, instruments for stamping the distinguishing mark on ballot
papers and articles, necessary for electors to mark the ballot papers.
32. Admission to polling stations.—The presiding officer shall regulate the number of electors, to be admitted
at any one time inside the polling station and shall exclude therefrom all persons other than—
(a) polling officers;
(b) public servants on duty in connection with the election;
(c) persons authorised by the Election Commission;
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 230(E), dated the 24th March, 1992.
2. Subs., ibid., for certain words.
3. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971, for sub-rule (1).
4. Subs., ibid., for certain words.
64
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
(d) candidates, their election agents and subject to the provisions of rule 13, one polling agent of each
candidate;
(e) a child in arms accompanying an elector;
(f) a person accompanying a blind or infirm elector who cannot move without help; and
(g) such other persons as the returning officer or the presiding officer may employ under sub-rule (2) of
rule 34 or sub-rule (1) of rule 35.
33. Preparation of ballot boxes for poll.—(1) Where a paper seal is used for securing a ballot box, the
presiding officer shall affix his own signature on the paper seal and obtain thereon the signatures of such of the
polling agents present as are desirous of affixing the same.
(2) The presiding officer shall thereafter fix the paper seal so signed in the space meant therefor in the ballot
box and shall then secure and seal the box in such manner that the slit for the insertion of ballot paper thereinto
remains open.
(3) The seals used for securing a ballot box shall be affixed in such manner that after the box has been closed it is
not possible to open it without breaking the seals.
(4) Where it is not necessary to use paper seals for securing the ballot boxes, the presiding officer shall secure
and seal the ballot box in such manner that the slit for the insertion of ballot papers remains open and shall allow the
polling agents present to affix, if they so desire, their seals.
(5) Every ballot box used at a polling station shall bear labels, both inside and outside, marked with—
(a) the serial number, if any, and name of the constituency;
(b) the serial number and name of the polling station;
(c) the serial number of the ballot box (to be filled in at the end of the poll on the label outside the ballot box
only); and
(d) the date of poll.
(6) Immediately before the commencement of the poll, the presiding officer shall demonstrate to the polling
agents and other persons present that the ballot box is empty and bears the labels referred to in sub-rule (5).
(7) The ballot box shall then be closed, sealed and secured and placed in full view of the presiding officer and the
polling agents.
1[33A. Marked copy of electoral roll.—Immediately before the commencement of the poll the presiding
officer shall also demonstrate to the polling agents and others present that the marked copy of the electoral roll to be
used during the poll does not contain—
2[(a) any entry other than those made in pursuance of clause (b) of sub-rule (2) of rule 20 or clause (b) of sub-
rule (2) of rule 27E; and]
3[(b) any mark other than the mark made in pursuance of clause (b) of sub-rule (2) of rule 23 or clause (b) of
sub-rule (2) of rule 27E.]]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifin. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23 rd December, 1971, for rule 33A.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 321(E), dated the 1st May, 1996, for cl. (a).
3. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 628(E), dated the 4th August, 1999, for cl. (b).
65
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
34. Facilities for women electors.—(1) Where a polling station is for both men and women electors, the
presiding officer may direct that they shall be admitted into the polling station alternately in separate batches.
(2) The returning officer or the presiding officer may appoint a woman to serve as an attendant at any polling
station to assist women electors and also to assist the presiding officer generally in taking the poll in respect of
women electors, and, in particular, to help in searching any women elector in case it becomes necessary.
35. Identification of electors.—(1) The presiding officer may employ at the polling station such persons as he
thinks fit to help in the identification of the electors or to assist him otherwise in taking the poll.
(2) As each elector enters the polling station, the presiding officer or the polling officer authorised by him in this
behalf shall check the elector’s name and other particulars with the relevant entry in the electoral roll and then call
out the serial number, name and other particulars of the elector.
(3) Where the polling station is situated in a constituency, electors of which have been supplied with identity
cards under the provisions of the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960, the elector shall produce his identity card
before the presiding officer or the polling officer authorised by him in this behalf.
(4) In deciding the right of a person to obtain a ballot paper, the presiding officer or the polling officer, as the
case may be, shall overlook merely clerical or printing errors in an entry in the electoral roll, if he is satisfied that
such person is identical with the elector to whom such entry relates.
1[35A. Facilities for public servants on election duty.—(1) The provisions of rule 35 shall not apply to any
person who produces at the polling station an election duty certificate in Form 12B and asks for the issue of a ballot
paper to him although the polling station is different from the one where he is entitled to vote.
(2) On production of such certificate the presiding officer shall—
(a) obtain thereon the signature of the person producing it;
(b) have the person’s name and electoral roll number as mentioned in the certificate entered at the end of
the marked copy of the electoral roll; and
(c) issue to him a ballot paper, and permit him to vote, in the same manner as for an elector entitled to vote
at that polling station.]
36. Challenging of identity.—(1) Any polling agent may challenge the identity of a person claiming to be a
particular elector by first depositing a sum of two rupees in cash with the presiding officer for each such challenge.
(2) On such deposit being made, the presiding officer shall—
(a) warn the person challenged of the penalty for personation;
(b) read the relevant entry in the electoral roll in full and ask him whether he is the person referred to in that
entry;
(c) enter his name and address in the list of challenged votes in Form 14; and
(d) require him to affix his signature in the said list.
(3) The presiding officer shall thereafter hold a summary inquiry into the challenge and may for that purpose–
(a) require the challenger to adduce evidence in proof of the challenge and the person challenged to
adduce evidence in proof of his identity;
_________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notfin. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964.
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(Statutory Rules and Order)
(b) put to the person challenged any questions necessary for the purpose of establishing his identity and
require him to answer them on oath; and
(c) administer an oath to the person challenged and any other person offering to give evidence.
(4) If, after the inquiry, the presiding officer considers that the challenge has not been established he shall
allow the person challenged to vote; and if he considers that the challenge has been established, he shall debar the
person challenged from voting.
(5) If the presiding officer is of the opinion that the challenge is frivolous or has not been made in good faith, he
shall direct that the deposit made under sub-rule (1) be forfeited to Government, and in any other case, he shall return to
the challenger at the conclusion of the inquiry.
37. Safeguards against personation.—(1) Every elector about whose identity the presiding officer or the
polling officer, as the case may be, is satisfied, shall allow his left forefinger to be inspected by the presiding officer
or polling officer and an indelible ink mark to be put on it.
(2) If any elector—
(a) refuses to allow his left forefinger to be inspected or marked in accordance with sub-rule (1) or has
already such a mark on his left forefinger or does any act with a view to removing the ink mark, or
(b) fails or refuses to produce his identity card as required by sub-rule (3) of rule 35,
he shall not be supplied with any ballot paper or allowed to vote.
(3) Where a poll is taken simultaneously in a parliamentary constituency and an assembly constituency, an
elector whose left forefinger has been marked with indelible ink or who has produced his identity card at one such
election shall, notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rules (1) and (2), be supplied with a ballot paper for the
other election.
(4) Any reference in this rule to the left forefinger of an elector shall, in the case where the elector has his left
forefinger missing, be construed as a reference to any other finger of his left hand, and shall, in the case where all the
fingers of his left hand are missing, be construed as a reference to the forefinger or any other finger of his right hand,
and shall in the case where all his fingers of both the hands are missing be construed as a reference to such extremity
of his left or right arm as he possesses.
1[38. Issue of ballot papers to electors.—(1) Every ballot paper before it is issued to an elector, and the
counterfoil attached thereto shall be stamped on the back with such distinguishing mark as the Election Commission
may direct, and every ballot paper, before it is issued, shall be signed in full on its back by the presiding officer.
(2) At the time of issuing a ballot paper to an elector, the polling officer shall—
(a) record on its counterfoil the electoral roll number of the elector as entered in the marked copy of the
electoral roll;
2[(b) obtain the signature or thumb impression of that elector on the said counterfoil; and]
(c) mark the name of the elector in the marked copy of the electoral roll to indicate that a ballot paper has
been issued to him, without however recording therein the serial number of the ballot paper issued to that elector:
2[Provided that no ballot paper shall be delivered to an elector unless he has put his signature or thumb
impression on the counterfoil of that ballot paper.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971, for rule 38.
2. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 518(E), dated the 7th September, 1979.
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(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule (2) of rule 2, it shall not be necessary for any presiding officer
or polling officer or any other officer to attest the thumb impression of the elector on the counterfoil.]
(4) No person in the polling station shall note down the serial numbers of the ballot papers issued to
particular electors.]
1[39. Maintenance of secrecy of voting by electors within polling station and voting procedure.—(1) Every
elector to whom a ballot paper has been issued under rule 38 or under any other provision of these rules, shall
maintain secrecy of voting within the polling station and for that purpose observe the voting procedure hereinafter laid
down.
(2) The elector on receiving the ballot paper shall forthwith—
(a) proceed to one of the voting compartments;
(b) there make a mark on the ballot paper with the instrument supplied for the purpose on or near the symbol
of the candidate for whom he intends to vote;
(c) fold the ballot paper so as to conceal his vote;
(d) if required, show to the presiding officer the distinguishing mark on the ballot paper;
(e) insert the folded ballot paper into the ballot box; and
(f) quit the polling station.
(3) Every elector shall vote without undue delay.
(4) No elector shall be allowed to enter a voting compartment when another elector is inside it.
(5) If an elector to whom a ballot paper has been issued, refuses, after warning given by the presiding officer, to
observe the procedure as laid down in sub-rule (2), the ballot paper issued to him shall, whether he has recorded his
vote thereon or not, be taken back from him by the presiding officer or a polling officer under the direction of the
presiding officer.
(6) After the ballot paper has been taken back, the presiding officer shall record on its back the words
“Cancelled: voting procedure violated” and put his signature below those words.
(7) All the ballot papers on which the words “Cancelled: voting procedure violated” are recorded, shall be
kept in a separate cover which shall bear on its face the words “Ballot papers: voting procedure violated”.
(8) Without prejudice to any other penalty to which an elector, from whom a ballot paper has been taken back
under sub-rule (5), may be liable, the vote, if any, recorded on such ballot paper shall not be counted.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 1433, dated the 19th April, 1968, for rule 39.
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1[40. Recording of votes of blind or infirm electors.—(1) If the presiding officer is satisfied that owing to
blindness or other physical infirmity an elector is unable to recognise the symbols on the ballot paper or to make a
mark thereon without assistance, the presiding officer shall permit the elector to take with him a companion of
not less than 2[eighteen] years of age to the voting compartment for recording the vote on the ballet paper on his
behalf and in accordance with his wishes, and, if necessary, for folding the ballet paper so as to conceal the vote and
inserting it into the ballot box:
Provided that no person shall be permitted to act as the companion of more than one elector at any polling station
on the same day:
Provided further that before any person is permitted to act as the companion of an elector on any day under this
rule, the person shall be required to declare that he will keep secret the vote recorded by him on behalf of the elector
and that he has not already acted as the companion of any other elector at any polling station on that day.
(2) The presiding officer shall keep a record in Form 14A of all cases under this rule.]
41. Spoilt and returned ballot papers.—(1) An elector who has inadvertently dealt with his ballot paper
in such manner that it cannot be conveniently used as a ballot paper may, on returning it to the presiding officer and
on satisfying him of the inadvertence, be given another ballot paper, and 3[the ballot paper so returned and the
counterfoil of such ballot paper] shall be marked “Spoilt: cancelled” by the presiding officer.
(2) If an elector after obtaining a ballot paper decides not to use it, he shall return it to the presiding officer, and
3[the ballot paper so returned and the counterfoil of such ballot paper] shall be marked as “Returned: cancelled'’ by
the presiding officer.
(3) All ballot papers cancelled under sub-rule (1) or sub-rule (2) shall be kept in a separate packet.
42. Tendered votes.—(1) If a person representing himself to be a particular elector applies for a ballot paper
after another person has already voted as such elector, he shall, on satisfactorily answering such questions relating to
his identity as the presiding officer may ask, be entitled, subject to the following provisions of this rule, to mark a
ballot paper (hereinafter in these rules referred to as a “tendered ballot paper”) in the same manner as any other
elector.
(2) Every such person shall, before being supplied with a tendered ballot paper, sign his name against the entry
relating to him in a list in Form 15.
4[(3) A tendered ballot paper shall be the same as the other ballot papers used at the polling except that—
(a) such tendered ballot paper shall be serially the last in the bundle of ballot papers issued for use at the
polling station; and
(b) such tendered ballot paper and its counterfoil shall be endorsed on the back with the words “tendered
ballot paper” by the presiding officer in his own hand and signed by him.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964, for rule 40.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 542(E), dated the 13th September, 1989, for “twenty-one”.
3. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971, for certain words.
4. Subs., ibid., for sub-rule (3).
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(4) The elector, after marking a tendered ballot paper in the voting compartment and folding it, shall, instead of
putting it into the ballot box, give it to the presiding officer, who shall place it in a cover specially kept for the
purpose :
1[Provided that where such elector is a member of a political party in an election to fill a seat or seats in the
Council of States, the presiding officer shall, before placing the tendered ballot paper in the said cover, allow the
authorised agent of that political party to verify as to which candidate the elector has cast his vote.
Explanation. —For the purposes of this rule, “authorised agent”, in respect of a political party, means an
authorised agent appointed, under sub-rule (2) of rule 39AA as made applicable, by clause (ii) of rule 70, to election, in
a council constituency and, by assembly members other than by postal ballot under clause (a) of rule 68, by that
political party.]
43. Closing of poll.—(1) The presiding officer shall close a polling station at the hour fixed in that behalf under
section 56 and shall not thereafter admit any elector into the polling station:
Provided that all electors present at the polling station before it is closed shall be allowed to cast their votes.
(2) If any question arises whether an elector was present at the polling station before it was closed, it shall be
decided by the presiding officer and his decision shall be final.
44. Sealing of ballot boxes after poll.—(1) As soon as practicable after the closing of the poll, the presiding
officer shall close the slit of the ballot box, and where the box does not contain any mechanical device for closing
the slit, he shall seal up the slit and also allow any polling agent present to affix his seal.
(2) The ballot box shall thereafter be sealed and secured.
(3) Where it becomes necessary to use a second ballot box by reason of the first ballot box getting full, the first
box shall be closed, sealed and secured as provided in sub-rules (1) and (2) before another ballot box is put into use.
(4) The foregoing provisions of this rule shall not apply at a polling station to the presiding officer of which the
Election Commission has issued a direction asking him to proceed in accordance with sub-rule (5).
(5) At any such polling station, as soon as practicable after the close of poll, the presiding officer shall–
(a) transfer all the ballot papers contained in the ballot box or boxes used at that polling station, without
examining or counting them and with due regard to the secrecy of the ballot, into a cloth bag or cloth-lined
cover after demonstrating to the polling agents present that the bag or cover is empty;
(b) allow the polling agents present to inspect each ballot box and demonstrate to them that it has been
emptied;
(c) record on the bag or cover the name of the constituency, the name of the polling station and the date of
the poll; and
(d) seal the bag or cover and allow any polling agent present to affix his seal thereon.
45. Account of ballot papers.— 2[(1)] The presiding officer shall at the close of the poll prepare a ballot paper
account in Form 16 and enclose it in a separate cover with the words “Ballot Paper Account” superscribed thereon.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 272(E), dated the 27th February, 2004.
2. Rule 45 renumbered as sub-rule (1) of that rule by Notifn. No. S.O. 3875, dated the 15th December, 1966.
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1[(2) The presiding officer shall furnish to every polling agent present at the close of the poll a true copy of
the entries made in the ballot paper account after obtaining a receipt from the said polling agent therefor and shall
also attest it as a true copy.]
46. Sealing of other packets.—(1) The presiding officer shall then make into separate packets—
(a) the marked copy of the electoral roll;
2[(aa) the counterfoils of the used ballot paper;]
3[(b) the ballot papers signed in full by the presiding officer under sub-rule (1) of rule 38 but not issued to
the voters;
(bb) any other ballot papers not issued to the voters;
(c) the ballot papers cancelled for violation of voting procedure under rule 39;
(cc) any other cancelled ballot papers;]
(d) the cover containing the tendered ballot papers and the list in Form 15;
(e) the list of challenged votes; and
(f) any other papers directed by the Election Commission to be kept in a sealed packet.
3[(2) Each such packet shall be sealed with the seals of the presiding officer and with the seals either of the
candidate or of his election agent or of his polling agent who may be present at the polling station and may
desire to affix his seals thereon.]
47. Transmission of ballot boxes, etc., to the returning officer.—(1) The presiding officer shall then deliver or cause to be
delivered to the returning officer at such place as the returning officer may direct—
(a) the ballot boxes or, as the case may be, the bags or covers referred to in rule 44;
(b) the ballot paper account;
(c) the sealed packets referred to in rule 46; and
(d) all other papers used at the poll.
(2) The returning officer shall make adequate arrangements for the safe transport of all ballot boxes, packets and other
papers and for their safe custody until the commencement of the counting of votes.
48. Procedure on adjournment of poll.–(1) If the poll at any polling station is adjourned under sub-section (1)
of
section 57, the provisions of rules 44 to 47 shall, as far as
practicable, apply as if the poll was closed at the hour fixed in that
behalf
under section 56.
(2) When an adjourned poll is recommenced under sub-section (2) of section 57, the electors who have already voted at
the poll so adjourned shall not be allowed to vote again.
(3) The returning officer shall provide the presiding officer of the polling station at which such adjourned poll is
held, with the sealed packet containing the marked copy of the electoral roll and a new ballot box.
(4) The presiding officer shall open the sealed packet in the presence of the polling agents present and use the
marked copy of the electoral roll 4[for marking the names of the electors to whom the ballot papers are issued at the
adjourned poll, without however recording therein the serial number thereof].
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 229(E), dated the 26th May, 1975, for sub-rule (2).
2. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971.
3. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 4542, dated the 20th December, 1968, for sub-rule (2) (w.e.f. 1-1-1969).
4. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971, for certain words.
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(Statutory Rules and Order)
(5) The provisions of rules 28 to 47 shall apply in relation to the conduct of an adjourned poll as they apply in
relation to the poll before it was so adjourned.
49. Voting by ballot at notified polling stations.—(1) Notwithstanding anything contained in the
preceding provisions of this Part, the Election Commission may, by notification published in the Official Gazette at
least 15 days before the date, or the first of the dates, of poll appointed for an election, direct that the method of
voting by ballot shall be followed in that election at such polling stations as may be specified in the notification.
(2) Every such polling station is hereafter in these rules referred to as a “notified polling station”.
(3) The provisions of rules 28 to 48 shall apply in relation to every notified polling station subject to the
following modifications, namely:—
(a) in lieu of rule 30, the following rule shall apply:—
“30A. Form of ballot paper.–Every ballot paper shall be of such design as the Election Commission
may decide.”;
(b) in lieu of sub-rules (2) and (3) of rule 31, the following sub-rules shall apply:—
“(2) At each notified polling station there shall be set up one voting compartment in which the ballot
boxes, one for each candidate, shall be placed for the reception of ballot papers during the poll and which
shall be so designed that an elector can insert a ballot paper in any of the ballot boxes without being observed
by any person outside the compartment.
(3) The returning officer shall provide at each notified polling station a sufficient number of ballot
boxes, copies of the relevant part of the electoral roll, ballot papers and such other election materials as
may be required for taking the poll.”;
(c) in lieu of sub-rules (5), (6) and (7) of rule 33, the following sub-rules shall apply:—
“(5) The symbol allotted to each candidate under rule 10 shall be printed on lables which shall be
affixed both inside and outside the ballot box and such ballot box shall thereafter be deemed to have been
allotted to that candidate.
(6) Each ballot box shall also be marked with such other distinguishing marks as the Election
Commission may direct.
(7) Immediately before the commencement of the poll, the presiding officer shall allow inspection of
each ballot box by the polling agents present and demonstrate to them that (a) it is empty, (b) proper
lables have been affixed both inside and outside the box, and (c) the ballot box is marked in accordance with
sub-rule (6).
(8) After all the ballot boxes have been labelled, secured and sealed, they shall be placed in the voting
compartment side by side the same order in which the names of the candidates to whom they have
respectively been allotted appear in the list of contesting candidates.”;
1[(cc) in lieu of rule 38, the following rule shall apply:—
“38B. Issue of ballot papers to electors.–(1) Every ballot paper shall before issue to an elector be—
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971.
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(Statutory Rules and Order)
(a) stamped with such distinguishing mark as the Election Commission may direct; and
(b) signed in full on its back by the presiding officer.
(2) At the time of issuing a ballot paper to an elector, the polling officer shall record the serial number
thereof against the entry relating to the elector in the marked copy of the electoral roll.
(3) Save as provided in sub-rule (2), no person in the polling station shall note down the serial
numbers of the ballot papers issued to particular electors.”;]
(d) in lieu of 1[sub-rule (2) of rule 39], the following sub-rule shall apply:—
“(1) On receiving the ballot paper, the elector shall forthwith go into the voting compartment and
insert the ballot paper through the slit into the ballot box allotted to the candidate for whom he wishes to
vote.”;
2[(e) in lieu of sub-rule (1) of rule 40, the following sub-rule shall apply:—
“(1) If the presiding officer is satisfied that owing to blindness or other physical infirmity an elector is
unable to recognise the symbols on the ballot boxes or to insert the ballot paper into a ballot box, the
presiding officer shall permit the elector to take with him a companion of not less than 3[eighteen] years of
age to the voting compartment for ascertaining from him the name of the candidate for whom he wishes to
vote and for inserting the ballot paper into the ballot box of such candidate in accordance with the wishes
of such elector:
Provided that no person shall be permitted to act as the companion of more than one elector at any polling
station on the same day:
Provided further that before any person is permitted to act as the companion of an elector on any day
under this rule, the person shall be required to declare that he will keep secret the name of the candidate
for whom the elector has voted and that he has not already acted as the companion of any other elector at any
polling station on that day.”];
(f) in lieu of rule 42, the following rules shall apply:—
‘42A. Tendered votes.—(1) If a person representing himself to be a particular elector applies for a
ballot paper after another person has already voted as such elector, he shall, on satisfactorily answering
such questions relating to his identity as the presiding officer may ask, be supplied with a ballot paper in
Form 17 (hereafter in these rules referred to as a “tendered ballot paper”).
(2) Every such person shall, before being supplied with a tendered ballot paper, sign his name against
the entry relating to him in a list in Form 15.
(3) Such person shall thereafter record on the tendered ballot paper the name of the candidate for whom
he wishes to vote; but if owing to illiteracy, blindness, physical infirmity or any other reason he is unable
to make such record, the presiding officer shall do so in accordance with his wishes.
(4) The procedure laid down in sub-rule (3) shall be followed with due regard to secrecy.
(5) Every such tendered ballot paper shall forthwith be placed in a cover specially kept for the purpose.
4[Provided that where the person referred to in sub-rule (3) is a member of a political party in an
election to fill a seat or seats in the Council of States, the presiding officer, notwithstanding anything
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 1433, dated the 19th April, 1968.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964, for cl. (e).
3. Subs by Notifn. No. S.O. 542(E), dated the 13th July, 1989.
4. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 272(E), dated the 27th February, 2004.
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(Statutory Rules and Order)
contained in. sub-rule (3), shall, before the tendered ballot paper is placed in the said cover, allow the
authorised agent of that political party to verify as to whom such person has cast his vote
Explanation. —For the purposes of this rule, “authorised agent”, in respect of a political party, means an
authorised agent appointed, under sub-rule (2) of rule 39AA as made applicable, by clause (ii) of rule 70, to
election, in a council constituency and, by assembly members other than by postal ballot under clause (a) of
rule 68, by that political party.
42B. Presiding officer’s entry into voting compartment during poll.—(1) The presiding officer may,
whenever he considers it necessary to do so, enter the voting compartment during poll and take such steps
as may be necessary to ensure that the ballot boxes therein are not tampered or interfered within any
way.
(2) If the presiding officer has reason to suspect that an elector who has entered the voting
compartment is tampering or otherwise interfering with any ballot box or has remained inside the
voting compartment unduly long, he shall enter the voting compartment and take such steps as may be
necessary to ensure the smooth and prompt progress of the poll.
(3) Whenever the presiding officer enters the voting compartment under this rule he shall permit the
polling agents present to accompany him.
42C. Disposal of ballot papers found wholly or partly outside ballot boxes.— (1) If any ballot paper
which has been issued to an elector has not been inserted by him into any ballot box but is found
anywhere in or near the polling station, whether within or outside the voting compartment it shall be
deemed to have been returned to the presiding officer under sub-rule (2) of rule 41 and dealt with
accordingly.
(2) If a ballot paper is found partly inserted into the ballot box of a candidate, it shall be presumed that
the intention of the elector was to cast that vote for that candidate and the presiding officer shall
accordingly push the ballot paper into the ballot box.’;
(g) in lieu of rule 44, the following rule shall apply:—
“44A. Sealing of ballot boxes after poll.—(1) As soon as practicable after the closing of the poll, the
presiding officer shall close the slit of each ballot box and where the boxes do not contain any
mechanical device for closing the slit, he shall seal up the slit and also allow any polling agent present to
affix his seals.
(2) All the ballot boxes shall thereafter be sealed and secured.”;
1* * * * *
2[(i) clause (aa) of sub-rule (1) of rule 46 shall not apply; and
(j) in lieu of sub-rules (3) and (4) of rule 48, the following sub-rule shall apply: —
“(3) The returning officer shall provide the presiding officer of the polling station at which such
adjourned poll is held with the sealed packet containing the marked copy of the electoral roll and a set of
new ballot boxes.
(4) The presiding officer shall open the sealed packet in the presence of the polling agents present and
use the marked copy of the electoral roll for recording the serial numbers of the ballot papers issued to
elector at the adjourned poll.”].
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Cl.(h) omitted by Notifn. No. S.O. 518(E), dated the 7th September, 1979.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971, for cls. (i) and (j).
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Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[CHAPTER II
VOTING BY ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINES
49A. Design of Electronic Voting Machines.—Every electronic voting machine (hereinafter referred to as the
voting machine) shall have a control unit and a balloting unit and shall be of such designs as may be approved by the
Election Commission.
49B. Preparation of voting machine by the returning Officer.—(1) The balloting unit of the voting machine
shall contain such particulars and in such language or languages as the Election Commission may specify.
(2) The names of the candidates shall be arranged on the balloting unit in the same order in which they
appear in the list of the contesting candidates.
(3) If two or more candidates bear the same name, they shall be distinguished by the addition of their
occupation or residence or in some other manner.
(4) Subject to the foregoing provisions of this rule, the returning officer shall—
(a) fix the label containing the names and symbol of the contesting candidates in the balloting unit and
secure that unit with his seal and the seals of such of the contesting candidates or their election agents present
as are desirous of affixing the same;
(b) set the number of contesting candidates and close the candidate set section in the control unit and
secure it with his seal and the seals of such of the contesting candidates or their election agents present as are
desirous of affixing the same.
49C. Arrangements at the polling stations.—(1) Outside each polling station there shall be displayed
prominently—
(a) a notice specifying the polling area, the electors of which are entitled to vote at the polling station and,
when the polling area has more than one polling station, the particulars of the electors so entitled; and
(b) a copy of the list of contesting candidates.
(2) At each polling station there shall be set up one or more voting compartments in which the electors can
record their votes free from observation.
(3) The returning officer shall provide at each polling station one voting machine and copies of relevant part of
the electoral roll and such other election material as may be necessary for taking the poll.
(4) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-rule (3), the returning officer may, with the previous approval of
the Election Commission, provide one common voting machine for two or more polling stations located in the same
premises.
49D. Admission to polling stations.—The presiding officer shall regulate the number of electors, to be
admitted at any one time inside the polling station and shall exclude therefrom all persons other than—
(a) polling officers;
(b) public servants on duty in connection with the election;
(c) persons authorised by the Election Commission;
(d) candidates, their election agents and subject to the provisions of rule 13, one polling agent of each
candidate;
(e) a child in arms accompanying an elector;
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 230(E), dated the 24th March, 1992.
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(f) a person accompanying a blind or infirm elector who cannot move without help; and
(g) such other person as the returning officer or the presiding officer may employ under sub-rule (2) of
rule 49G or sub-rule (1) of rule 49H.
49E. Preparation of voting machine for poll.—(1) The control unit and balloting unit of every voting machine
used at polling station shall bear a label marked with—
(a) the serial number, if any, and the name of the constituency;
(b) the serial number and name of the polling station or stations as the case may be;
(c) the serial number of the unit; and
(d) the date of poll.
(2) Immediately before the commencement of the poll, the presiding officer shall demonstrate to the polling
agents and other persons present that no voter has been already recorded in the voting machine and it bears the label
referred to in sub-rule (4).
(3) A paper seal shall be used for securing the control unit of the voting machine, and the presiding officer
shall affix his own signature on the paper seal and obtain thereon the signature of such of the polling agents present
as the desirous of affixing the same.
(4) The presiding officer shall thereafter fix the paper seal so signed in the space meant therefor in the control
unit of the voting machine and shall secure and seal the same.
(5) The seal used for securing the control unit shall be fixed in such manner that after the unit has been sealed, it
is not possible to press the “result button” without breaking the seal.
(6) The control unit shall be closed and secured and placed in full view of the presiding officer and the polling
agents and the balloting unit placed in the voting compartment.
49F. Marked copy of electoral roll.—Immediately before the commencement of the poll, the presiding
officer shall also demonstrate to the polling agents and others present that the marked copy of the electoral roll to be
used during the poll does not contain—
(a) any entry other than that made in pursuance of clause (b) of sub-rule (2) of rule 20; and
(b) any mark other than the mark made in pursuance of clause (b) of sub-rule (2) of rule 23.
49G. Facilities for women electors.—(1) Where a polling station is for both men and women electors, the
presiding officer may direct that they shall be admitted into the polling station alternately in separate batches.
(2) The returning officer or the presiding officer may appoint a woman to serve as an attendant at any polling
station to assist women electors and also to assist the presiding officer generally in taking the poll in respect of
women electors, and in particular, to help frisking any woman elector in case it becomes necessary.
49H. Identification of electors.—(1) The presiding officer may employ at the polling station such persons as he
thinks fit to help in the identification of the electors or to assist him otherwise in taking the poll.
(2) As each elector enters the polling station, the presiding officer or the polling officer authorised by him in
this behalf shall check the elector’s name and other particulars with the relevant entry in the electoral roll and then
call out the serial number, name and other particulars of the elector.
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(3) Where the polling station is situated in a constituency electors of which have been supplied with identity
cards under the provisions of the Registration of Electors Rules, 1960, the elector shall produce his identity card
before the presiding officer or the polling officer authorised by him in this behalf.
(4) In deciding the right of a person to cast his vote, the presiding officer or the polling officer, as the case may
be, shall over-look the clerical or printing errors in an entry in the electoral roll if he is satisfied that such person is
identical with the elector to whom such entry relates.
49-I. Facilities for public servants on election duty.—(1) The provisions of rule 49H shall not apply to any
person who produces at the polling station an election duty certificate in Form 12B and seeks permission to cast his
vote at that polling station although it is different from the one where he is entitled to vote.
(2) On production of such certificate, the presiding officer shall—
(a) obtain thereon, the signature of the person producing it;
(b) have the person’s name and electoral roll number as mentioned in the certificate entered at the end of
the marked copy of the electoral roll; and
(c) permit him to cast his vote in the same manner as for an elector entitled to vote at that polling station.
49J. Challenging of identity.—(1) Any polling agent may challenge the identity of a person claiming to be a
particular elector by first depositing a sum of two rupees in cash with the presiding officer for each such challenge.
(2) On such deposit being made, the presiding officer shall—
(a) warn the person challenged of the penalty for personation;
(b) read the relevant entry in the electoral roll in full and ask him whether he is the person referred to in that
entry;
(c) enter his name and address in the list of challenged votes in Form 14; and
(d) require him to affix his signature in the said list.
(3) The presiding officer shall thereafter hold a summary inquiry into the challenge and may for that purpose—
(a) require the challenger to adduce evidence in proof of the challenge and the person challenged to
adduce evidence of proof of his identity;
(b) put to the person challenged any questions necessary for the purpose of establishing his identity and
require him to answer them on oath; and
(c) administer an oath to the person challenged and any other person offering to give evidence.
(4) If, after the inquiry, the presiding officer considers that the challenge has not been established he shall
allow the person challenged to vote; and if he considers that the challenge has been established, he shall debar the
person challenged from voting.
(5) If the presiding officer is of the opinion that the challenge is frivolous or has not been made in good faith, he
shall direct that the deposit made under sub-rule (1) be forfeited to Government and in any other case, returned to
the challenger at the conclusion of the inquiry.
49K. Safeguards against personation.—(1) Every elector about whose identity the presiding officer or the
polling officer, as the case may be, is satisfied, shall allow his left forefinger to be inspected by the presiding officer
or polling officer and an indelible ink mark to be put on it.
(2) If any elector—
(a) refuse to allow his left forefinger to be inspected or marked in accordance with sub-rule (1) or has
already such a mark on his left forefinger or does any act with a view to removing the ink mark, or
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(b) fails or refuses to produce his identity card as required by sub-rule (3) of rule 49H he shall not be
allowed to vote.
(3) Where a poll is taken simultaneously in a Parliamentary constituency and an assembly constituency, an
elector whose left forefinger has been marked with indelible ink or who has produced his identity card at one such
election, shall notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rules (1) and (2) be permitted to cast his vote for the other
election.
(4) Any reference in this rule to the left forefinger of an elector shall, in the case where the elector has his left
forefinger missing, be construed as a reference to any other finger to his left hand, and shall, in the case where all the
fingers of his left hand are missing, be construed as a reference to the forefinger or any other finger of his right hand,
and shall in the case where all his fingers of both the hands are missing be construed as a reference to such extremity
of his left or right arm as he possesses.
49L. Procedure for voting by voting machines.—(1) Before permitting an elector to vote, the polling officer
shall—
(a) record the electoral roll number of the elector as entered in the marked copy of the electoral roll in a
register of voters in Form 17A.
(b) obtain the signature or the thumb impression of the elector on the said register of votes; and
(c) mark the name of the elector in the marked copy of the electoral roll to indicate that he has been allowed
to vote:
1[(d) give details of the document produced by the elector in proof of his/her identification.]
Provided that no elector shall be allowed to vote unless he has his signature or thumb impression on the register
of voters.
(2) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule (2) of rule 2, it shall be necessary for any presiding officer or
polling officer or any other officer to attest the thumb impression of the elector on the register of voters.
49M. Maintenance of secrecy of voting by electors within the polling station and voting procedures.—(1)
Every elector who has been permitted to vote under rule 49L shall maintain secrecy of voting within the polling
station and for that purpose observe the voting procedure hereinafter laid down.
(2) Immediately on being permitted to vote the elector shall proceed to the presiding officer or the polling
officer incharge of the control unit of the voting machine who shall, by pressing the appropriate button on the
control unit, activate the balloting unit; for recording of elector’s vote.
(3) The elector shall thereafter forthwith—
(a) proceed to the voting compartment;
(b) record his vote by pressing the button on the balloting unit against the name and symbol of the
candidate for whom he intends to vote; and
(c) come out of the voting compartment and leave the polling station.
(4) Every elector shall vote without undue delay.
(5) No elector shall be allowed to enter the voting compartment when another elector is inside it.
(6) If an elector who has been permitted to vote under rule 49L or rule 49P refuses after warning given by the
presiding officer to observe the procedure laid down in sub-rule (3) of the said rules, the presiding officer or a
polling officer under the direction of the presiding officer shall not allow such elector to vote.
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 728 (E), dated the 8th May, 2007.
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(7) Where an elector is not allowed to vote under sub-rule (6), a remark to the effect that voting procedure has
been violated shall be made against the elector’s name in the register of voters in Form 17A by the presiding officer
under his signature.
49N. Recording of votes of blind or infirm electors.—(1) If the presiding officer is satisfied that owing
to blindness or other physical infirmities an elector is unable to recognise the symbol on the balloting unit of the
voting machine or unable to record his vote by pressing the appropriate button thereon without assistance the
presiding officer shall permit the elector to take with him a companion of not less than eighteen years of age
to the voting compartment for recording the vote on his behalf and in accordance with his wishes:
Provided that no person shall be permitted to act as the companion of more than one elector at any polling station
on the same day:
Provided further that before any person is permitted to act as the companion of an elector on any day under
this rule that person shall be required to declare that he will keep secret the vote recorded by him on behalf of the
elector and that he has not already acted as the companion of any other elector at any other polling station on that day.
(2) The presiding officer shall keep a record in Form 14A of all cases under this rule.
49-O. Elector deciding not to vote.—If an elector, after his electoral roll number has been duly entered in
the register of voters in Form 17A and has put his signature or thumb impression thereon as required under sub-rule
(1) of rule 49L, decided not to record his vote, a remark to this effect shall be made against the said entry in Form
17A by the presiding officer and the signature or thumb impression of the elector shall be obtained against such
remark.
49P. Tendered votes.—(1) If a person representing himself to be a particular elector seeks to vote after
another person has already voted as such elector, he shall, on satisfactorily answering such questions relating to his
identity as the presiding officer may ask, be, instead of being allowed to vote through the balloting unit, supplied
with a tendered ballot paper which shall be of such design, and the particulars of which shall be in such language or
languages as the Election Commission may specify.
(2) Every such elector shall before being supplied with tendered ballot paper write his name against the entry
relating to him in Form 17B.
(3) On receiving the ballot paper he shall forthwith—
(a) proceed to the voting compartment;
(b) record there his vote on the ballot paper by placing a cross mark `X’ with the instrument or article
supplied for the purpose on or near the symbol of the candidate for whom he intends to vote;
(c) fold the ballot paper so as to conceal his vote;
(d) show to the presiding officer, if required, the distinguishing mark on the ballot paper;
(e) give it to the presiding officer who shall place it in a cover specially kept for the purpose; and
(f) leave the polling station.
(4) If owing to blindness or physical infirmities, such elector is unable to record his vote without assistance; the
presiding officer shall permit him to take with him a companion, subject to the same conditions and after following
the same procedure as laid down in rule 49N for recording the vote in accordance with his wishes.
49Q. Presiding Officer’s entry in the voting compartment during poll.—(1) The presiding officer may
whenever he considers it necessary so to do, enter the voting compartment during poll and take such steps as may be
necessary to ensure that the balloting unit is not tampered or interfered with in any way.
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(2) If the presiding officer has reason to suspect that an elector who has entered the voting compartment is
tampering or otherwise interfering with the balloting unit or has remained inside the voting compartment for unduly
long period, he shall enter the voting compartment and take such steps as may be necessary to ensure the smooth
and orderly progress of the poll.
(3) Whenever the presiding officer enters the voting compartment under this rule, he shall permit the polling agents
present to accompany him if they so desire.
49R. Closing of poll.—(1) The presiding officer shall close a polling station at the hour fixed in that behalf
under section 56 and shall not thereafter admit any elector into the polling station:
Provided that all electors present at the polling station before it is closed shall be allowed to cast their votes.
(2) If any question arises whether an elector was present at the polling station before it was closed it shall be
decided by the presiding officer and his decision shall be final.
49S. Account of votes recorded.—(1) The presiding officer shall at the close of the poll prepare an account of
votes recorded in Form 17C and enclose it in a separate cover with the words ‘Account of Votes Recorded’
superscribed thereon.
(2) The presiding officer shall furnish to every polling agent present at the close of the poll a true copy of the
entries made in Form 17C after obtaining a receipt from the said polling agent therefor and shall attest it as a true
copy.
49T. Sealing of voting machine after poll.—(1) As soon as practicable after the closing of the poll, the presiding
officer shall close the control unit to ensure that no further votes can be recorded and shall detach the balloting unit
from the control unit.
(2) The control unit and the balloting unit shall thereafter be sealed, and secured separately in such manner
as the Election Commission may direct and the seal used for securing them shall be so affixed that it will not be
possible to open the units without breaking the seals.
(3) The polling agents present at the polling station, who desire to affix their seals, shall also be permitted to do
so.
49U. Sealing of other packets.—(1) The presiding officer shall then make into separate packet,—
(a) the marked copy of the electoral roll;
(b) the register of voters in Form 17A;
(c) the cover containing the tendered ballot papers and the list in Form 17B;
(d) the list of challenged votes; and
(e) any other papers directed by the Election Commission to be kept in a sealed packet.
(2) Each packet shall be sealed with the seal of the presiding officer and with the seal either of the candidate or of
his election agent or of his polling agent who may be present at the polling station and may desire to affix his seal
thereon.
49V. Transmission of voting machines, etc., to the returning officer.—(1) The presiding officer shall then
deliver or cause to be delivered to the returning officer at such place as the returning officer may direct,—
(a) the voting machine;
(b) the account of votes recorded in Form 17C;
(c) the sealed packets referred to in rule 49U; and
(d) all other papers used at the poll.
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(2) The returning officer shall make adequate arrangements for the safe transport of the voting machine,
packets and other papers for their safe custody until the commencement of the counting of votes.
49W. Procedure on adjournment of poll.—(1) If the poll at any polling station is adjourned under sub-section
(1) of section 57, the provision of rules 49S to 49V shall, as far as practicable, apply as if the poll was closed at the
hour fixed in that behalf under section 56.
(2) When an adjourned poll is recommended under sub-section (2) of section 57, the electors who have already
voted at the poll so adjourned shall not be allowed to vote again.
(3) The returning officer shall provide the presiding officer of the polling station at which such adjourned poll is
held, with the sealed packet containing the marked copy of the electoral roll, register of voters in Form 17A and a new
voting machine.
(4) The presiding officer shall open the sealed packet in the presence of the polling agents present and use the
marked copy of the electoral roll for marking the names of the electors who are allowed to vote at the adjourned poll.
(5) The provisions of rule 28 and rules 49A to 49V shall apply in relation to the conduct of an adjourned poll
before it was so adjourned.
49X. Closing of voting machine in case of booth capturing.—Where the presiding officer is of opinion that
booth capturing is taking place at a polling station or at a place fixed for the poll, he shall immediately close the
control unit of the voting machine to ensure that no further votes can be recorded and shall detach the balloting that
from the control unit.]
PART V
Counting of votes in Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
50. Definitions.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,—
(a) “candidate” means a contesting candidate;
(b) “constituency” means a parliamentary or assembly constituency;
(c) “counting agent” means a counting agent duly appointed under section 47 and includes a candidate
and the election agent of a candidate when present at the counting;
(d) “notified polling station” means a polling station notified under rule 49;
(e) “polling station” means a polling station provided under section 25 other than a notified polling station.
51. Time and place for counting of votes.—The returning officer shall, at least one week before the date, or
the first of the dates, fixed for the poll, appoint the place or places where the counting of votes will be done and the
date and time at which the counting will commence and shall give notice of the same in writing to each candidate
or his election agent:
Provided that if for any reason the returning officer finds it necessary so to do, he may alter the date, time and
place or places so fixed, or any of them, after giving notice of the same in writing to each candidate or his election
agent.
52. Appointment of counting agents and revocation of such appointments.—(1) The number of
counting agents that a candidate may appoint under section 47 shall, subject to such general or special direction as
the Election Commission may issue in this behalf, not exceed sixteen at the place or each of the places, fixed for
counting under rule 51.
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(2) Every such appointment shall be made in Form 18 in duplicate, one copy of which shall be forwarded to the
returning officer while the other copy shall be made over to the counting agent for production before the returning
officer 1[not later than one hour before the time fixed] for counting under rule 51.
(3) No counting agent shall be admitted into the place fixed for counting unless he has delivered to the
returning officer the second copy of his appointment under sub-rule (2) after duly completing and signing the
declaration contained therein and receiving from the returning officer an authority for entry into the place fixed
for counting.
(4) The revocation of appointment of a counting agent under sub-section (2) of section 48 shall be made in
Form 19 and lodged with the returning officer.
(5) In the event of any such revocation before the commencement of the counting of votes, the candidate or his
election agent may make a fresh appointment in accordance with sub-rule (2).
53. Admission to the place fixed for counting.—(1) The returning officer shall exclude from the place fixed
for counting of votes all persons except—
(a) 2[such persons (to be known as counting supervisors and counting assistants)] as he may appoint to assist
him in the counting;
(b) persons authorised by the Election Commission;
(c) public servants on duty in connection with the election; and
(d) candidates, their election agents and counting agents.
(2) No person who has been employed by or on behalf of, or has been otherwise working for, a candidate in or
about the election shall be appointed under clause (a) of sub-rule (1).
(3) The returning officer shall decide which counting agent or agents shall watch the counting at any particular
counting table or group of counting tables.
(4) Any person who during the counting of votes misconducts himself or fails to obey the lawful directions of
the returning officer may be removed from the place where the votes are being counted by the returning officer or
by any police officer on duty or by any person authorised in this behalf by the returning officer.
54. Maintenance of secrecy of voting.—The returning officer shall, before he commences the counting, read
out the provisions of section 128 to such persons as may be present.
3[54A. Counting of votes received by post.—(1) The returning officer shall first deal with the postal ballot
papers in the manner hereinafter provided.
(2) No cover in Form 13C received by the returning officer after the expiry of the time fixed in that behalf shall
be opened and no vote contained in any such cover shall be counted.
(3) The other covers shall be opened one after another and as each cover is opened, the returning officer shall
first scrutinise the declaration in Form 13A contained therein.
(4) If the said declaration is not found, or has not been duly signed and attested, or is otherwise substantially
defective, or if the serial number of the ballot paper as entered in it differs from the serial number endorsed on the
cover in Form 13B, that cover shall not be opened, and after making an appropriate endorsement thereon, the
returning officer shall reject the ballot paper therein contained.
(5) Each cover so endorsed and the declaration received with it shall be replaced in the cover in Form 13C and
all such covers in Form 13C shall be kept in a separate packet which shall be sealed and on which shall be recorded
the name of the constituency, the date of counting and a brief description of its content.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964, for certain words.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 4542, dated the 20th December, 1968 (w.e.f 1-1-1969), for certain words.
3. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964.
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(Statutory Rules and Order)
(6) The returning officer shall then place all the declarations in Form 13A which he has found to be in order in
a separate packet which shall be sealed before any cover in Form 13B is opened and on which shall be recorded the
particulars referred to in sub-rule (5).
(7) The covers in Form 13B not already dealt with under the foregoing provisions of this rule shall then be
opened one after another and the returning officer shall scrutinise each ballot paper and decide the validity of the vote
recorded thereon.
(8) A postal ballot paper shall be rejected—
1[(a) if it bears any mark (other than the mark to record the vote) or writing by which the elector can be
identified; or]
2[(aa)] if no vote is recorded thereon; or
(b) if noted are given on it in favour of more candidates than one; or
(c) if it is a spurious ballot paper; or
(d) if it is so damaged or mutilated that its identity as a genuine ballot paper cannot be established; or
(e) if it is not returned in the cover sent along with it to the elector by the returning officer.
(9) A vote recorded on a postal ballot paper shall be rejected if the mark indicating the vote is placed on the
ballot paper in such manner as to make it doubtful to which candidate the vote has been given.
(10) A vote recorded on a postal ballot paper shall not be rejected merely on the ground that the mark
indicating the vote is indistinct or made more than once, if the intention that the vote shall be for a particular candidate
clearly appears from the way the paper is marked.
(11) The returning officer shall count all the valid votes given by postal ballot in favour of each candidates,
record the total thereof in the result sheet in Form 20 and announce the same.
(12) Thereafter, all the valid ballot papers and all the rejected ballot papers shall be separately bundled and
kept together in a packet which shall be sealed with the seals of the returning officer and of such of the candidates,
their election agent or counting agents as may desire to affix their seals thereon and on the packet so sealed shall be
recorded the name of the constituency, the date of counting and a brief description of its contents.]
55. Scrutiny and opening of ballot boxes.— 3[(1) The returning officer may have the ballot box or boxes used
at more than one polling station opened and the ballot papers found in such box or boxes counted simultaneously.]
4* * * * *
(2) Before any ballot box is opened at a counting table, the counting agents present at that table shall be allowed
to inspect the paper seal or such other seal as might have been affixed thereon and to satisfy themselves that it is
intact.
(3) The returning officer shall satisfy himself that none of the ballot boxes has in fact been tampered with.
(4) If the returning officer is satisfied that any ballot box has in fact been tampered with, he shall not count
the ballot papers contained in that box and shall follow the procedure laid down in section 58 in respect of that
polling station.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971.
2. cl. (a) relettered as c1. (aa), ibid.
3. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 518(E), dated the 7th September,1979, for sub-rule (1).
4. Sub-rule (1A) omitted, ibid.
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56. 1[Counting of Votes].— 2[(1) The ballot papers taken out of each ballot box shall be arranged in convenient
bundles and scrutinized.]
(2) The returning officer shall reject a ballot paper—
(a) if it bears any mark or writing by which the elector can be identified, or
3[(b) if it bears no mark at all or, to indicate the vote, it bears a mark elsewhere than on or near the symbol
of one of the candidates on the face of the ballot paper or, it bears a mark made otherwise than with the
instrument supplied for the purpose, or]
(c) if votes are given on it in favour of more than one candidates, or
(d) if the mark indicating the vote thereon is placed in such manner as to make it doubtful to which
candidate the vote has been given, or
(e) if it is a spurious ballot paper, or
(f) if it is so damaged or mutilated that its identity as a genuine ballot paper cannot be established, or
(g) if it bears a serial number, or is of a design, different from the serial numbers, or, as the case may be,
design, of the ballot papers authorised for use at the particular polling station, or
(h) if it does not bear 4[both the mark and the signature] which it should have borne under the provisions
of sub-rule (1) of rule 38:
Provided that where the returning officer is satisfied that any such defect as is mentioned in clause (g) or clause
(h) has been caused by any mistake or failure on the part of a presiding officer or polling officer, the ballot paper shall
not be rejected merely on the ground of such defect:
Provided further that a ballot paper shall not be rejected merely on the ground that the mark indicating the vote
is indistinct or made more than once, if the intention that the vote shall be for a particular candidate clearly
appears from the way the paper is marked.
(3) Before rejecting any ballot paper under sub-rule (2), the returning officer shall allow each counting agent
present a reasonable opportunity to inspect the ballot paper but shall not allow him to handle it or any other ballot
paper.
5[(4) The returning officer shall endorse on every ballot paper which he rejects the word “Rejected” and the
grounds of rejection in abbreviated form either in his own hand or by means of a rubber stamp and shall initial such
endorsement.]
(5) All ballot papers rejected under this rule shall be bundled together.
6[(6) Every ballot paper which is not rejected under this rule shall be counted as one valid vote:
Provided that no cover containing tendered ballot papers shall be opened and no such paper shall be counted.
7[(7) After the counting of all ballot papers contained in all the ballot boxes used at a polling station has been
completed,—
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964, for the former marginal heading.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 518(E), dated the 7th September,1979, for sub-rule (1).
3. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 505(E), dated the 18th September, 1973, for cl. (b).
4. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 4542, dated the 20th December, 1968 (w.e.f. 1-1-1969).
5. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 479A, dated the 27th January, 1971, for sub-rule (4).
6. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964, for rule 57.
7. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 518(E), dated the 7th September, 1979, for sub-rule (7).
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(Statutory Rules and Order)
(a) the counting supervisor shall fill in and sign Part II—Result of Counting, in Form 16, which shall also
be signed by the returning officer; and
(b) the returning officer shall make the entries in a result sheet in Form 20 and announce the particulars.]]
1* * * * *
2[57. Sealing of used ballot papers.—The valid ballot papers of each candidate and the rejected ballot papers
shall thereafter be bundled separately and the several bundles made up into a separate packet which shall be sealed
with the seals of the returning officer and of such of the candidates, their election agents or counting agents as may
desire to affix their seals thereon; and on the packets so sealed shall be recorded the following particulars, namely:—
(a) the name of the constituency;
3[(b) the particulars of the polling station where the ballot papers have been used; and]
(c) the date of counting.]
58. Counting of ballot papers transferred to bags or covers under rule 44.—The provisions of rules 55, 56
and 57 shall apply so far as may be in relation to counting of ballot papers and votes, if any, which have been
transferred from ballot boxes to cloth bags or cloth-lined covers under sub-rule (5) of rule 44:
Provided that every reference in the said rules to a ballot box shall be construed as a reference to a bag or cover
to which the contents of a ballot box have been transferred.
59. Counting of votes at notified polling stations.—In relation to the counting of ballot papers found in
ballot boxes used at notified polling stations, 4[rules 50 to 54] and, in lieu of rules 55, 56 and 57, the following rules
shall apply, namely:—
“55A. Scrutiny and opening of ballot boxes.—(1) All ballot boxes used at a notified polling station
shall be opened at the same time but every ballot box shall be dealt with in such manner that its contents do
not get mixed up with the contents of any other ballot box.
(2) Subject to the provisions of sub-rule (1), the returning officer may have the ballot boxes used at
more notified polling stations than one opened and their contents counted simultaneously.
(3) Before any ballot box is opened, the counting agents present shall be allowed to inspect the paper
seal or any other seal that might have been affixed thereon and to satisfy themselves that it is intact.
(4) The returning officer shall satisfy himself that none of the ballot boxes has in fact been tampered
with.
(5) If the returning officer is satisfied that any of the ballot boxes has in fact been tampered with, he
shall not count the ballot papers contained in any of the ballot boxes used at the polling station at which
such box was used and shall proceed as laid down in section 58 in respect of that polling station.
(6) After each ballot box is opened, the counting agents present shall be allowed to inspect the ballot
box and satisfy themselves that it bears the proper symbol inside and has been duly marked in accordance
1. Explanation omitted, by Notifn. No. S.O. 518(E), dated the 7th September, 1979.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964, for rule 57.
3. Cl. (b)
Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 518(E), dated the 7th September, 1979. Earlier
it was omitted by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd
December, 1971.
4. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971.
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with the provisions of sub-rule (6) of rule 33 as modified by clause (c) of sub-rule (3) of rule 49.
(7) If any question arises as to the candidate to whom a particular ballot box was allotted at the poll,
the returning officer shall decide such question by a reference to the symbol inside the box:
Provided that—
(a) if there is no symbol inside the box, or
(b) if the symbol inside the box has been damaged or mutilated beyond recognition, or
(c) if the same symbol is found on two or more boxes used at the same polling station, the
returning officer, shall, wherever possible, decide the question by reference to all relevant
circumstances including the distinguishing marks on the ballot box, and where he does not consider
it possible to decide the question, he shall immediately refer it to the Election Commission for its
decision.
56A. 1[Counting of votes].— (1) The ballot papers taken out of each ballot box shall be arranged in convenient
bundles and scrutinised.
(2) The returning officer shall reject a ballot paper—
(a) if it bears any mark or writing by which the elector can be identified; or
(b) if it is a spurious ballot paper; or
(c) if it is so damaged or mutilated that its identity as a genuine ballot paper cannot be established; or
(d) if it bears a serial number, or is of design, different from the serial numbers or, as the case may be,
design, of the ballot papers authorised for use at the particular polling station; or
(e) if it does not bear 2[both the mark and the signature] which it should have borne under the provisions
of sub-rule (1) of rule 38:
Provided that where the returning officer is satisfied that any such defect as is mentioned in clause (d) or clause
(e) has been caused by any mistake or failure on the part of a presiding officer or polling officer, the ballot paper shall
not be rejected merely on the ground of such defect.
(3) Before rejecting any ballot paper under sub-rule (2), the returning officer shall allow the counting agents
present a reasonable opportunity to inspect the ballot paper but shall not allow them to handle it or any other ballot
paper.
(4) The returning officer shall record on every ballot paper which he rejects the letter ‘R’ and the grounds of
rejection in abbreviated form either in his own hand or by means of a rubber stamp.
(5) All ballot papers taken out of any one ballot box and rejected under this rule shall be made into a separate
bundle.
3[(6) Every ballot paper which is not rejected under this rule shall be counted as one valid vote:
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964, for the former marginal heading.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 4542, dated the 20th December, 1968 (w.e.f 1-1-1969).
3. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964.
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Provided that no cover containing tendered ballot papers shall be opened and no such ballot paper shall be
counted.]
1[(7) After the counting of all ballot papers contained in all the ballot boxes used at a polling station has been
completed,—
(a) the counting supervisor shall fill in and sign Part II—Result of Counting in 2[Form 16] which shall
also be signed by the returning officer; and
(b) the returning officer shall make the entries in a result sheet in Form 20 and announce the particulars.]
3[57A. Sealing of used ballot papers.—(1) The valid ballot papers found in each ballot box, shall thereafter be
bundled together and kept along with the bundle of rejected ballot papers, if any found in that box in a separate
packet which shall be sealed with the seals of the returning officer and of such of the candidates, their election agents
or counting agents as may desire to affix their seals thereon and on the packet so sealed there shall be recorded the
following particulars, namely:—
(a) the name of the constituency,
(b) the particulars of the polling station where the ballot papers have been used,
(c) the name of the candidate to whom the ballot box was allotted, and
(d) the date of counting.
(2) The returning officer shall then place together all the packets made up under sub-rule (1) in respect of each
candidate in a separate container which shall be sealed with the seals of the returning officer and of such of the
candidates, their election agents or their counting agents as may desire to affix their seals thereon and on the container
so sealed shall be recorded the following particulars, namely:—
(a) the name of the constituency,
(b) the names of the candidates, and
(c) the date of counting.]”.
4[59A. 5[Counting of votes in specified constituencies.—Where the Election Commission apprehends
intimidation and victimisation of electors in any constituency and it is of the opinion that it is absolutely
necessary that the ballot papers taken out of all boxes used in that constituency should be mixed before counting, it
may, by notification in the Official Gazette, specify such constituency and for counting of such ballot papers, in lieu
of rules 55, 56, 57 and 59, the following rules shall apply], namely:—
‘55B. Scrutiny and opening of ballot boxes.—(1) The returning officer shall open, or cause to be opened,
simultaneously the ballot box or boxes used at more than one polling station and shall have the total number
of ballot papers found in such box or boxes counted and recorded in Part II of From 16:
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 4542, dated the 20th December, 1968 (w.e.f 1-1-1969).
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 518 (E), dated the 7th September, 1979, for certain words.
3. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964, for rule 57A.
4. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 958(E), dated the 17th November, 1989, for rule 59A.
5. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 105(E), dated the 15th February, 1993, for certain words.
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Provided that discrepancy, if any, between the total number of such ballot papers recorded as aforesaid
and the total number of ballot papers shown against item No. 5 of Part I shall also be recorded in Part II of
Form 16.
(2) Before any ballot box is opened at a counting table, the counting agents present at that table shall be
allowed to inspect the paper seal or such other seal as might have been affixed thereon and to satisfy
themselves that it is intact.
(3) The returning officer shall satisfy himself that none of the ballot boxes has in fact been tampered
with.
(4) If the returning officer is satisfied that any ballot box has in fact been tampered with, he shall not
count the ballot papers contained in that box and shall follow the procedure laid down in section 58 in
respect of that polling station.
56B. Counting of votes.—(1) Subject to such general or special directions, if any, as may be given by
the Election Commission in this behalf, the ballot papers taken out of all boxes 1[used at more than one
polling station in a constituency,] shall be mixed together and then arranged in convenient bundles and
scrutinised.
(2) The returning officer shall reject a ballot paper—
(a) if it bears any mark or writing by which the elector can be identified, or
(b) if it bears no mark at all or, to indicate the vote, it bears a mark elsewhere than on or near the
symbol of one of the candidates on the face of the ballot paper or, it bears a mark made otherwise than
with the instrument supplied for the purpose, or
(c) if votes are given on it in favour of more than one candidate, or
(d) if the mark indicating the vote thereon is placed in such manner as to make it doubtful to which
candidate the vote has been given, or
(e) if it is a spurious ballot paper, or
(f) if it is so damaged or mutilated that its identity as a genuine ballot paper cannot be estasblished,
or
(g) if it bears a serial number, or is of a design, different from the serial numbers, or, as the case
may be, design, of the ballot papers authorised for use at the particular polling station, or
(h) if it does not bear both the mark and the signature which it should have borne under the
provisions of sub-rule (1) of rule 38:
Provided that where the returning officer is satisfied that any such defect as is mentioned in clause
(g) or clause (h) has been caused by any mistake or failure on the part of a presiding officer or polling
officer, the ballot paper shall not be rejected merely on the ground of such defect:
Provided further that a ballot paper shall not be rejected merely on the ground that the mark
indicating the vote is indistinct or made more than once, if the intention that the vote shall be for a
particular candidate clearly appears from the way the paper is marked.
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 105(E), dated the 15th February, 1993, for certain words.
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(3) Before rejecting any ballot paper under sub-rule (2), the returning officer shall allow each
counting agent present a reasonable opportunity to inspect the ballot paper but shall not allow him to
handle it or any other ballot paper.
(4) The returning officer shall endorse on every ballot paper which he rejects the word “Rejected”
and the grounds of rejection in abbreviated form either in his own hand or by means of a rubber
stamp and shall initial such endorsement.
(5) All ballot papers rejected under this rule shall be bundled together.
(6) Every ballot paper which is not rejected under this rule shall be counted as one valid vote:
Provided that no cover containing tendered ballot shall be opened and no such paper shall be
counted.
(7) After the counting of all ballot papers contained in all the ballot boxes used in a constituency
has been completed, the returning officer shall make the entries in a result sheet in Form 20A and
announce the particulars.
Explanation. —For the purpose of this rule, the expression “constituency” shall, in relation
to an election from a parliamentary constituency, mean the assembly constituency comprised therein.
57B. Sealing of used ballot papers.—The valid ballot papers of each candidate and the rejected
ballot papers shall thereafter be bundled separately and the several bundles made up into a separate
packet which shall be sealed with the seals of the returning officer and of such of the candidates, their
election agents or counting agents as may desire to affix their seals thereon and on the packets so sealed
shall be recorded the following particulars, namely:—
(a) the name of the constituency; and
(b) the date of counting.’.
60. Counting to be continuous.—The returning officer shall, as far as practicable, proceed continuously with
the counting and shall, during any intervals when the counting has to be suspended, keep the ballot papers, packets
and all other papers relating to the election sealed with his own seal and the seals of such candidates or election agents
as may desire to affix their seals and take sufficient precaution for their safe custody during such intervals.
61. Recommencement of counting after fresh poll.—(1) If a fresh poll is held under section 58, the
returning officer shall, after completion of that poll, recommence the counting of votes on the date and at the time
and place which have been fixed by him in that behalf and of which notice has been previously given to the candidates
and their election agents.
(2) The provisions of rules 56 and 57 shall apply so far as may be to such further counting.
1* * * * *
63. Re-count of votes.— (1) After the completion of the counting, the returning officer shall record in the
result sheet in Form 20 the total number of votes polled by each candidate and announce the same.
2[(2) After such announcement has been made, a candidate or, in his absence, his election agent or any of his
counting agents may apply in writing to the returning officer to re-count the votes either wholly or in part stating the
grounds on which the demands such re-count.]
1. Rule 62 omitted by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964.
2. Subs., ibid., for sub-rule (2).
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(3) On such an application being made the returning officer shall decide the matter and may allow the
application in whole or in part or may reject it in toto if it appears to him to be frivolous or unreasonable.
(4) Every decision of the returning officer under sub-rule (3) shall be in writing and contain the reasons
therefor.
1[(5) If the returning officer decides under sub-rule (3) to allow a re-count of the votes either wholly or in part,
he shall—
(a) do the re-counting in accordance with 2[rule 54A,] rule 56 or rule 56A, as the case may be;
(b) amend the result sheet in Form 20 to the extent necessary after such re-count; and
(c) announce the amendments so made by him.]
(6) After the total number of votes polled by each candidate has been announced under sub-rule (1) or sub-rule
(5), the returning officer shall complete and sign the result sheet in Form 20 and no application for a re-count shall be
entertained thereafter:
Provided that no step under this sub-rule shall be taken on the completion of the counting until the
candidates and election agents present at the completion thereof have been given a reasonable opportunity to
exercise the right conferred by sub-rule (2).
3[64. Declaration of result of election and return of election.—The returning officer shall, subject to the
provisions of section 65 if and so far as they apply to any particular case, then—
(a) declare in Form 21C or Form 21D, as may be appropriate, the candidate to whom the largest
number of valid votes have been given, to be elected under section 66 and send signed copies thereof to the
appropriate authority, the Election Commission and the chief electoral officer; and
(b) Complete and certify the return of election in Form 21E, and send signed copies thereof to the
Election Commission and the chief electoral officer.]
65. Counting at two or more places. —If ballot papers are counted at more places than one, the provisions of
4[rules 53, 54 and 55 to 60] shall apply to the counting at each such place, but the provisions of 5[rules 54A, 63 and
64] shall apply only to the counting at the last of such places.
66. Grant of certificate of election to returned candidate.—As soon as may be after a candidate has been
declared by the returning officer under the provisions of section 53, or section 66, to be elected, the returning officer
shall grant to such candidate a certificate of election in Form 22 and obtain from the candidate an acknowledgment
of its receipt duly signed by him and immediately send the acknowledgment by registered post to the Secretary of the
House of the People or, as the case may be, the Secretary of the Legislative Assembly.
6[66A. Counting of votes where electronic voting machines have been used.—In relation to the counting of
votes at a polling station, where voting machine has been used,—
(i) the provisions of rules 50 to 54 and in lieu of rules 55, 56 and 57, the following rules shall respectively
apply, namely:—
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964, for sub-rule (2).
2. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3450, dated the 9th November, 1966.
3. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 4542, dated the 20th December, 1968 (w.e.f 1-1-1969), for rule 64.
4. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3450, dated the 9th November, 1966, for “rules 53 to 60″.
5. Subs., ibid., for “rules 62 to 64″.
6. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 230(E), dated the 24th March, 1992.
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‘55C. Scrutiny and inspection of voting machines.—(1) The returning officer may have the control
units of the voting machines used at more than one polling station taken up for scrutiny and inspection
and votes recorded in such units counted simultaneously.
(2) Before the votes recorded in any control unit of voting machine are counted under sub-rule (1),
the candidate or his election agent or his counting agent present at the counting table shall be allowed to
inspect the paper seal and such other vital seals as might have been affixed on the unit and to satisfy
themselves that the seals are intact.
(3) The returning officer shall satisfy himself that none of the voting machines has in fact been
tampered with.
(4) If the returning officer is satisfied that any voting machine has in fact been tampered with, he
shall not count the votes recorded in that machine and shall follow the procedure laid down in section 58,
or section 58A or section 64A, as may be applicable in respect of the polling station or stations where that
machine was used.
56C. Counting of votes.—(1) After the returning officer is satisfied that a voting machine has in fact
not been tampered with, he shall have the votes recorded therein counted by pressing the appropriate
button marked “Result” provided in the control unit whereby the total votes polled and votes polled by
each candidate shall be displayed in respect of each such candidate on the display panel provided for the
purpose in the unit.
(2) As the votes polled by each candidate are displayed on the control unit, the returning officer shall
have,—
(a) the number of such votes recorded separately in respect of each candidate in Part II on
Form 17C;
(b) Part II of Form 17C completed in other respects and signed by the counting supervisor
and also by the candidates or their election agents or their counting agents present; and
(c) corresponding entries made in a result sheet in Form 20 and the particulars so entered in
the result sheet announced.
57C. Sealing of voting machines.—(1) After the result of voting recorded in a control unit has
been ascertained candidate-wise and entered in Part II of Form 17C and Form 20 under rule 56C, the
returning officer shall reseal the unit with his seal and the seals of such of the candidates or their election
agents present who may desire to affix the seals thereon so however that the result of voting recorded
in the unit is not obliterated and the unit retains the memory of such result.
(2) The control unit so sealed shall be kept in specially prepared boxes on which the returning
officer shall record the following particulars, namely:—
(a) the name of the constituency;
(b) the particulars of polling station or stations where the control unit has been used;
(c) serial number of the control unit;
(d) date of poll; and
(e) date of counting.’;
(ii) the provisions of rules 60 to 66 shall, so far as may be, apply in relation to voting by voting machines
and any reference in those rules to,—
(a) ballot paper shall be construed as including a reference to such voting machine;
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(b) any rule shall be construed as a reference to the corresponding rule in Chapter II of Part IV or,
as the case may be, to rule 55C or 56C or 57C].
PART VI
Voting at elections by assembly members and in council constituencies
1[67. Definition.– Unless the context otherwise requires, in this Part—
(a) and in rule 84, “authorised agent”, in respect of a political party, means an authorised agent appointed,
under sub-rule (2) of rule 39AA as made applicable, by clause (ii) of rule 70, to election, in a council
constituency and, by assembly members other than by postal ballot under clause (a) of rule 68, by that political
party;
(b) “election” means an election by assembly members or an election in a council constituency.]
68. Notification as to postal ballot.—The Election Commission may, by notification published in the Official
Gazette at any time before the last date for the withdrawal of candidatures at an election, direct that the method of
voting by postal ballot shall be followed:—
(a) at that election, if it is an election by assembly members; or
(b) in the whole or any specified parts of the constituency, if it is an election in a council constituency.
2[69. Notice to electors at election by assembly members.—At an election by assembly members where a
poll becomes necessary, the returning officer for such election shall, as soon as may be after the last date for the
withdrawal of candidatures, send to each elector a notice informing him of the date, time and place fixed for polling.]
70. Rules for conduct of poll.—The provisions of 3[rules 28 to 35 and 36 to 48] shall apply—
(a) to every election by assembly members in respect of which no direction has been issued under clause (a) of
rule 68, and
(b) to every election in a council constituency unless voting by postal ballot has been directed in the whole of
that constituency under clause (b) of rule 68,
subject to the following modifications, namely:—
(i) clause (a) of sub-rule (l) of rule 31 shall not apply to an election by assembly members;
(ii) 4[in lieu of rules 37 to 40], the following rules shall apply:—
“37A. Method of voting.—(1) Every elector has only one vote at an election irrespective of the number of
seats to be filled.
5[(1A) The provisions of sub-rules (1), (2) and (4) of rule 37 shall apply in relation to electors in the
graduates’ constituencies and teachers’ constituencies as they apply in relation to electors in the Parliamentary
constituencies and Assembly constituencies.]
(2) An elector in giving his vote—
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 272(E), dated the 27th February, 2004.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964, for rule 69.
3. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3450, dated the 9th November, 1966, for “rules 28 to 48″.
4. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 1520, dated the 25th April, 1968, for certain words.
5. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 335(E), dated the 23rd April, 1990.
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(a) shall place on his ballot paper the figure 1 in the Space opposite the name of the
candidate for whom he wishes to vote in the first instance; and
(b) may, in addition, place on his ballot paper the figure 2 or the figures 2 and 3, or the
figures 2, 3 and 4 and so on, in the space opposite the names of the other candidates in the
order of his preference.
1[Explanation.—The figures referred to in clauses (a) and (b) of this sub-rule may be marked in the
international form of Indian numerals or in the Roman form or in the form used in any Indian language
but shall not be indicated in words.]
2[38A. Issue of ballot papers to electors.—(1) Every ballot paper, before it is issued to an
elector, and the counterfoil attached thereto shall be stamped on the back with such distinguishing mark
as the Election Commission may direct, and every ballot paper, before it is issued, shall be signed in
full on its back by the presiding officer.
(2) At the time of issuing a ballot paper to an elector, the polling officer shall—
(a) record on its counterfoil the electoral roll number of the elector as entered in the marked copy of the
electoral roll;
(b) obtain the signature or thumb impression of that elector on the said counterfoil; and
3[(c) mark the name of the elector in the marked copy of the electoral roll to indicate that a
ballot paper has been issued to him, —
(i) and record in the marked copy of the electoral roll, the serial number of the ballot
paper issued to that elector, in the case of an election to fill a seat or seats in the Council of
States;
(ii) without recording therein the serial number of the ballot paper issued to that
elector, in the case of an election to fill a seat or seats in the Legislative Council of a State:”;
3[Provided that no ballot paper shall be delivered to an elector unless he has put his signature
or thumb impression on the counterfoil of that ballot paper.]
(3) Notwithstanding anything contained in sub-rule (2) of rule 2, it shall not be necessary for any presiding
officer or polling officer or any other officer to attest the thumb impression of the elector on the counterfoil.
(4) 3[Subject to rule 39AA., no person] in the polling station shall note down the serial
numbers of the ballot papers issued to particular electors.
3[(5) Before any ballot paper is delivered to an elector at an election to fill a seat or seats in the
Legislative Council of a State by assembly members or in a local authorities’ constituency, the serial
number of the ballot papers shall be effectively concealed in such manner as the Election Commission
may direct.]
4[39A. Maintenance of secrecy of voting by electors within polling station and voting
procedure.—(1) Every elector, to whom a ballot paper has been issued under rule 38A or under any
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3875, dated the 15th December, 1966.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971, for rule 38A.
3. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O.272(E), dated the 27th February, 2004
4. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O.286(E), dated the 8th May, 1974, for rule 39A.
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other provision of these rules, shall maintain secrecy of voting within the polling station and for
that purpose observe the voting procedure hereinafter laid down.
(2) The elector on receiving the ballot paper shall forthwith—
(a) proceed to one of the voting compartments;
(b) record his vote in accordance with sub-rule (2) of rule 37A with the article supplied for
the purpose;
(c) fold the ballot paper so as to conceal his vote;
1[(d) if required, show to the presiding officer, the distinguishing mark on the ballot paper;]
2[(e)] insert the folded paper into the ballot box; and
2[(f)] quit the polling station.
(3) Every elector shall vote without undue delay.
(4) No elector shall be allowed to enter a voting compartment when another elector is inside it.
(5) If an elector to whom a ballot paper has been issued, refuses, after warning given by the
presiding officer to observe the procedure as laid down in sub-rule (2), the ballot paper issued to him
shall, whether he has recorded his vote thereon or not, be taken back from him by the presiding
officer or a polling officer under the direction of the presiding officer.
(6) After the ballot paper has been taken back, the presiding officer shall record on its back the
words “Cancelled: voting procedure violated” and put his signature below those words.
(7) All the ballot papers on which the words “Cancelled: voting procedure violated” are
recorded, shall be kept in a separate cover which shall bear on its face the words “Ballot papers:
voting procedure violated”.
(8) Without prejudice to any other penalty to which an elector, from whom a ballot paper has
been taken back under sub-rule (5), may be liable, vote, if any, recorded on such ballot paper shall
not be counted.]
3[39AA. Information regarding casting of votes. — (1) Notwithstanding anything contained in
rule 39A, the presiding officer shall, between the period when an elector being a member of a political
party records his vote on a ballot paper and before such elector inserts that ballot paper into the ballot
box, allow the authorised agent of that political party to verify as to whom such elector has cast his
vote:
Provided that if such elector refuses to show his marked ballot paper to the authorised agent of his
political party, the ballot paper issued to him shall be taken back by the presiding officer or a polling
officer under the direction of the presiding officer and the ballot paper so taken back shall then be
further dealt with in the manner specified in sub-rules (6) to (8) of rule 39A as if such ballot paper had
been taken back under sub-rule (5) of that rule.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 340(E), dated the 4th June, 1986.
2. Cls. (d) and (e) relettered as cls. (e) and (f), respectively, ibid.
3. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 272(E), dated the 27th February, 2004.
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(2) Every political party, whose member as an elector casts a vote at a polling station, shall, for the
purposes of sub-rule (1), appoint, in Form 22A, two authorised agents.
(3) An authorised agent appointed under sub-rule (2) shall be present throughout the polling hours
at the polling station and the other shall relieve him when he goes out of the polling station or vice
versa.]
1[40A. Recording of votes of illiterate, blind or infirm electors.— (1) If an elector is
unable to read the ballot paper or to record his vote thereon in accordance with rule 37A by reason
of illiteracy, blindness or other infirmity, the presiding officer shall, on being satisfied about such
illiteracy, blindness or infirmity, permit the elector to take with him a companion of not less than
2[eighteen] years of age who is able to read the ballot paper and record the vote thereon on behalf
of, and in accordance with the wishes of, the elector and, if necessary, to fold the ballot paper so as to
conceal the vote and insert it into the ballot box:
Provided that no person shall be permitted to act as the companion of more than one elector at
any polling station on the same day:
Provided further that before any person is permitted to act as the companion of an elector on
any day under this rule, the person shall be required to declare that he will keep secret the vote
recorded by him on behalf of the elector and that he has not already acted as the companion of any
other elector at any polling station on that day:
3[Provided also that at an election by assembly members no such companion shall be an
elector at that election.]
(2) The presiding officer shall keep a record in Form 14A of all the cases under this rule.
(3) The presiding officer shall, when he is so requested by the companion of an elector,
explain to him the instructions for the recording of votes.]”;
(iii) in lieu of rule 44, the following rule shall apply:—
“44B. Sealing of ballot box after poll.—As soon as practicable after the close of the poll, the
4[presiding officer] shall, in the presence of any polling agents who may be present, close the slit for
insertion of ballot papers of each ballot box or where the box does not contain any mechanical device
for closing the slit, seal up the slit and secure the ballot box:
Provided that it shall not be necessary to seal the slit or secure the ballot box if the counting of
votes is to begin immediately after the close of the poll.”;
5[(iv) in rule 46, in sub-rule (1), in lieu of clauses (b) and (c), the following clauses shall apply:—
“(b) the ballot papers signed in full by the presiding officer under sub-rule (1) of rule 38A
but not issued to the voters;
(c) the ballot papers cancelled for violation of voting procedure under rule 39A.”].
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 1520, dated the 25th April, 1968.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 542 (E), dated the 13th July, 1989.
3. Added by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971.
4. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 2912, dated the 21st August, 1964.
5. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 286(E), dated the 8th May, 1974, for cl. (iv).
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PART VII
Counting of votes at Elections by Assembly Members or in Council Constituencies
71. Definitions.—In this Part,—
(1) “continuing candidate” means any candidate not elected and not excluded from the poll at any given
time;
(2) “count” means—
(a) all the operations involved in the counting of the first preferences recorded for candidates; or
(b) all the operations involved in the transfer of the surplus of an elected candidate; or
(c) all the operations involved, in the transfer of the total value of votes of an excluded candidate;
(3) “exhausted paper” means a ballot paper on which no further preference is recorded for a
continuing candidate, provided that a paper shall also be deemed to have become exhausted whenever—
(a) the names of two or more candidates, whether continuing or not, are marked with the same figure
and are next in order of preference; or
(b) the name of the candidate next in order of preference, whether continuing or not, is marked by a
figure not following consecutively after some other figure on the ballot paper or by two or more figures;
(4) “first preference” means the figure 1 set opposite the name of a candidate; “second preference” means
the figure 2 set opposite the name of a candidate; “third preference” means the figure 3 set opposite the
name of a candidate, and so on;
(5) “original vote”, in relation to any candidate, means a vote derived from a ballot paper on which a
first preference is recorded, for such candidate;
(6) “surplus” means the number by which the value of the votes, original and transferred, of any
candidate exceeds the quota;
(7) “transferred vote”, in relation to any candidate, means a vote the value or the part of the value of which
is credited to such candidate and which is derived from a ballot paper on which a second or a subsequent
preference is recorded for such candidate; and
(8) “unexhausted paper” means a ballot paper on which a further preference is recorded for a continuing
candidate.
72. Application of certain rules.—The provisions of rules 51 to 54 shall apply to the counting of votes at any
election by assembly members or in a council constituency as they apply to the counting of votes at an election in a
parliamentary or assembly constituency.
73. Scrutiny and opening of ballot boxes and the packets of postal ballot papers.—(1) The returning officer
shall—
1[(a) first deal with the covers containing the postal ballot papers, if any, in the manner provided in sub-
rules (2) to (7) of rule 54A;
(b) then open the ballot boxes, take out from each box and count the ballot papers contained therein, and
record their number in a statement;]
(c) scrutinise the ballot papers taken out of the ballot boxes as well as the postal ballot papers taken out
from the covers; and
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964, for cls. (a) and (b).
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(d) separate the ballot papers which he deems valid from those which he rejects endorsing on each of the
latter the word “Rejected” and the ground of rejection.
(2) 1[Subject to rule 38A as made applicable, by clause (ii) of rule 70, to election, in a council constituency and, by
assembly members other than by postal ballot under clause (a) of rule 68, a ballot paper shall] be invalid on which—
(a) the figure 1 is not marked; or
(b) the figure 1 is set opposite the name of more than one candidate or is so placed as to render it
doubtful to which candidate it is intended to apply; or
(c) the figure 1 and some other figures are set opposite the name of the same candidate; or
(d) there is any mark or writing by which the elector can be identified; 2[or]
3[(e) there is any figure marked otherwise than with the article supplied for the purpose:
Provided that this clause shall not apply to a postal ballot paper:
Provided further that where the returning officer is satisfied that any such defect as is mentioned in this clause
has been caused by any mistake or failure on the part of a presiding officer or polling officer, the ballot paper shall
not be rejected, merely on the ground of such defect.]
4[Explanation.—The figures referred to in clauses (a), (b) and (c) of this sub-rule may be marked in the
international form of Indian numerals or in the Roman form or in the form used in any Indian language, but shall
not be indicated in words.]
74. Arrangement of valid ballot papers in parcels.—After rejecting the ballot papers which are invalid, the
returning officer shall—
(a) arrange the remaining ballot papers in parcels according to the first preference recorded for each
candidate;
(b) count and record the number of papers in each parcel and the total number; and
(c) credit to each candidate the value of the papers in his parcel.
75. Counting of votes where only one seat is to be filled.—(1) At any election where only one seat is to be
filled, every valid ballot paper shall be deemed to be of the value of 1 at each count, and the quota sufficient to secure
the return of a candidate at the election shall be determined as follows:—
(a) add the values credited to all the candidates under clause (c) of rule 74;
(b) divide the total by 2; and
(c) add 1 to the quotient ignoring the remainder, if any, and the resulting number is the quota.
(2) If, at the end of the first or any subsequent count, the total value of the ballot papers credited to any
candidate is equal to, or greater than, the quota or there is only one continuing candidate, that candidate shall be
declared elected.
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 272(E), dated the 27th February, 2004.
2. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 286(E), dated the 8th May, 1974.
3. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 795(E), dated the 14th December, 1976, for cl. (e).
4. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964.
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Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
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(3) If, at the end of any count, no candidate can be declared elected, the returning officer shall—
(a) exclude from the poll the candidate who up to that stage has been credited with the lowest value;
(b) examine all the ballot papers in his parcels and sub-parcels, arrange the unexhausted papers in sub-
parcels according to the next available preferences recorded thereon for the continuing candidates, count the
number of papers in each such sub-parcel and credit it to the candidate for whom such preference is recorded,
transfer the sub-parcel to that candidate, and make a separate sub-parcel of all the exhausted papers; and
(c) see whether any of the continuing candidates has, after such transfer and credit, secured the quota.
(4) If, when a candidate has to be excluded under clause (a) of sub-rule (3), two or more candidates have been
credited with the same value and stand lowest on the poll, the candidate for whom the lowest number of original votes
are recorded shall be excluded, and if this number also is the same in the case of two or more candidates, the
returning officer shall decide by lot which of them shall be excluded.
Counting of votes when more than one seat is to be filled
76. Ascertainment of quota.—At any election where more than one seat is to be filled, every valid ballot paper
shall be deemed to be of the value of 100, and the quota sufficient to secure the return of a candidate at the election
shall be determined as follows:—
(a) add the values credited to all the candidates under clause (c) of rule 74;
(b) divide the total by a number which exceeds by 1 the number of vacancies to be filled; and
(c) add 1 to the quotient ignoring the remainder, if any, and the resulting number is the quota.
77. General instruction.—In carrying out the provisions of rules 78 to 82, the returning officer shall disregard all
fractions and ignore all preferences recorded for candidates already elected or excluded from the poll.
78. Candidates with quota elected.—If at the end of any count or at the end of the transfer of any parcel or sub-
parcel of an excluded candidate the value of ballot papers credited to a candidate is equal to, or greater than the
quota, that candidate shall be declared elected.
79. Transfer of surplus.—(1) If at the end of any count the value of the ballot papers credited to a candidate is
greater than the quota, the surplus shall be transferred, in accordance with the provisions of this rule, to the continuing
candidates indicated on the ballot papers of that candidate as being next in order of the elector’s preference.
(2) If more than one candidate have a surplus, the largest surplus shall be dealt with first and the others in order
of magnitude:
Provided that every surplus arising on the first count shall be dealt with before those arising on the second count
and so on.
(3) Where there are more surpluses than one to distribute and two or more surpluses are equal, regard shall be had
to the original votes of each candidate and the candidate for whom most original votes are recorded shall have his
surplus first distributed; and if the values of their original votes are equal, the returning officer shall decide by lot
which candidate shall have his surplus first distributed.
(4) (a) If the surplus of any candidate to be transferred arises from original votes only, the returning officer shall
examine all the papers in the parcel belonging to that candidate, divide the unexhausted papers into sub-parcels
98
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
according to the next preferences recorded thereon and make a separate sub-parcel of the exhausted papers.
(b) He shall ascertain the value of the papers in each sub-parcel and of all the unexhausted papers.
(c) If the value of the unexhausted papers is equal to or less than the surplus, he shall transfer all the unexhausted
papers at the value at which they were received by the candidate whose surplus is being transferred.
(d) If the value of the unexhausted papers is greater than the surplus, he shall transfer the sub-parcels of
unexhausted papers and the value at which each paper shall be transferred shall be ascertained by dividing the
surplus by the total number of unexhausted papers.
(5) If the surplus of any candidate to be transferred arises from transferred as well as original votes, the
returning officer shall re-examine all the papers in the sub-parcel last transferred to the candidate, divide the
unexhausted papers into sub-parcels according to the next preferences recorded thereon, and then deal with the
sub-parcels in the same manner as is provided in the case of sub-parcels referred to in sub-rule (4).
(6) The papers transferred to each candidate shall be added in the form of a sub-parcel to the papers
already belonging to such candidate.
(7) All papers in the parcel or sub-parcel of an elected candidate not transferred under this rule shall be set apart
as finally dealt with.
80. Exclusion of candidates lowest on the poll.—(1) If after all surpluses have been transferred as
hereinbefore provided, the number of candidates elected is less than the required number, the returning officer shall
exclude from the poll the candidate lowest on the poll and shall distribute his unexhausted papers among the
continuing candidates according to the next preferences recorded thereon; and any exhausted papers shall be set apart
as finally dealt with.
(2) The papers containing original votes of an excluded candidate shall first be transferred, the transfer value
of each paper being one hundred.
(3) The papers containing transferred votes of an excluded candidate shall then be transferred in the order of
the transfers in which, and at the value at which, he obtained them.
(4) Each of such transfers shall be deemed to be a separate transfer but not a separate count.
(5) If, as a result of the transfer of papers, the value of votes obtained by candidate is equal to or greater than
the quota, the count then proceeding shall be completed but no further papers shall be transferred to him.
(6) The process directed by this rule shall be repeated on the successive exclusions one after another of the
candidates lowest on the poll until such vacancy is filled either by the election of a candidate with the quota or as
hereinafter provided.
(7) If at any time it becomes necessary to exclude a candidate and two or more candidates have the same value
of votes and are the lowest on the poll, regard shall be had to the original votes of each candidate and the candidate for
whom fewest original votes are recorded shall be excluded; and if the values of their original votes are equal the
candidates with the smallest value at the earliest count at which these candidates had unequal values shall be
excluded.
(8) If two or more candidates are lowest on the poll and each has the same value of votes at all counts the
returning officer shall decide by lot which candidate shall be excluded.
81. Filling the last vacancies.—(1) When at the end of any count the number of continuing candidates is
reduced to the number of vacancies remaining unfilled, the continuing candidates shall be declared elected.
(2) When at the end of any count only one vacancy remains unfilled and the value of the papers of some one
candidate exceeds the total value of the papers of all the other continuing candidates together with any surplus not
transferred, that candidate shall be declared elected.
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Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
(3) When at the end of any count only one vacancy remains unfilled and there are only two continuing
candidates and each of them has the same value of votes and no surplus remains capable of transfer, the returning
officer shall decide by lot which of them shall be excluded; and after excluding him in the manner aforesaid, declare
the other candidate to be elected.
82. Provision for re-counts.—(1) Any candidate or, in his absence, his election agent or counting agent may,
at any time during the counting of the votes either before the commencement or after the completion of any
transfer of votes (whether surplus or otherwise) request the returning officer to re-examine and re-count the papers of
all or any candidates (not being papers set aside at any previous transfer as finally dealt with), and the returning
officer shall forthwith re-examine and re-count the same accordingly.
(2) The returning officer may in his discretion re-count the votes either once or more than once in any case in
which he is not satisfied as to the accuracy of any previous count:
Provided that nothing in this sub-rule shall make it obligatory on the returning officer to re-count the same votes
more than once.
83. Illustration of the procedure as to the counting of votes under rules 76 to 81.—An illustration of the
procedure as to the counting of votes in accordance with the provisions of 1[rules 76 to 81] is given in the Schedule to
these rules.
2[84. Declaration of result and return by returning officers.—(1) Upon the completion of counting, the
returning officer shall, subject to the provisions of sub-rule (3) of rule 81,—
(a) declare the result under section 66 in Form 23 or Form 23A as may be appropriate, and send signed
copies thereof to the appropriate authority, the Election Commission and the chief electoral officer;
(b) prepare and certify a return of the election in Form 23B and after reporting the result of the election
under section 67, send signed copies of the said Form to the Election Commission and the chief electoral
officer; and
(c) permit any candidate or his election agent or counting agent to take a copy of, or extract from, such
return in Form 23B.]
1[(2) The returning officer shall thereafter—
(a) place the valid ballot papers in one packet and the rejected ballot papers in another;
(b) seal with the seals of the returning officer and of such of the candidates, their election agents or
counting agents as may desire to affix their seals, each of the packets referred to in clause (a) and the packet
containing the declarations by electors and attestations of their signatures; and
(c) record on each of the sealed packets the descriptions of its contents and the date of election.]
3[Provided that where such counting relates to an election to fill a seat or seats in the Council of States, the
returning officer shall, before sealing the packets under clause (b), allow the authorised agent of a political party to
verify as to whom the electors being members of that political party have cast their votes.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964, for sub-rule (2).
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 4542, dated the 20th December, 1968, for rule 84, (w.e.f. 1-1-1969).
3. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O.272(E), dated the 27th February, 2004.
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Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1* * * * *
85. Grant of certificate of election to returned candidate.—As soon as may be after a candidate has been
declared to be elected the returning officer shall grant to such candidate a certificate of election in Form 24 and
obtain from the candidate an acknowledgment of its receipt duly signed by him and immediately send the
acknowledgment by registered post to the Secretary of the Council of States or, as the case may be, the Secretary of
the Legislative Council.
2[PART VIIA
Contributions report, equitable sharing of time on electronic media and material to be supplied to recognised
political parties
85A. Definitions.—In this Part, unless the context otherwise requires,—
(a) “cable television network” and “cable operator” have the meanings respectively assigned to them in
clause (b) of Explanation to section 39A;
(b) “electronic media” has the meaning assigned to it in clause (a) of Explanation to section 39A;
(c) “political party” has the meaning assigned to it in clause (f) of sub-section (1) of section 2;
(d) “recognised political party” has the meaning assigned to it in the Election Symbols (Reservation and
Allotment) Order, 1968.
85B. Form of contributions report.—The report for a financial year under sub-section (1) of section 29C shall be
submitted in form 24A by the treasurer of a political party or any other person authorised by the political party in this
behalf, before the due date for furnishing a return of its income of that financial year under section 139 of the Income-
tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961), to the Election Commission.
85C. Allocation of equitable sharing of time on electronic media.—(1) The Election Commission shall, for the
purposes of allocating equitable sharing of time on the cable television network and other electronic media under sub-
section (1) of section 39A, categories the cable television networks and electronic media into the two separate
categories that is to say one category which is owned or controlled or financed wholly or substantially by funds
provided to them by the Central Government and the other which is not owned of controlled or financed wholly or
substantially by funds provided to them by the Central Government.
(2) For allocating equitable sharing of time on the cable television network and other electronic media owned or
controlled or financed wholly or substantially by funds provided to them by the Central Government referred to in sub-
rule (1), the Election Commission shall determine, in consultation with the Ministry of the Government of India dealing
with the concerned subject, the maximum time period available on such cable television network and other electronic
media and allocate such time period proportionately among the recognised political parties contesting the election on
the basis of their past performances for the purposes of displaying or propagating any election matter or to address
public in connection with the election under sub-section (1) of section 39A.
(3) For the purposes of this rule, “past performance of a recognised political party” shall be calculated,—
(i) in relation to the election to fill a seat or seats in the House of the People, on the basis of the percentage
of votes cast in the last preceding general election in favour of that recognised political party with reference
to the total votes cast in that general election, to fill the seats in that House;
(ii) in relation to the election to fill a seat or seats in the Legislative Assembly of a State (except the State
of Jammu and Kashmir), on the basis of the percentage of the votes cast in the last preceding general election
in favour of that recognised political party with reference to the total votes cast in that general election, to fill
the seats in that Assembly.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Sub-rule (3) omitted by Notifn. No. S.O. 4542, dated the 10th December, 1968 (w.e.f. 1-1-1969).
2. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 1283(E), dated the 10th November, 2003.
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Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
85D. Supply of material by the Government.—The Central Government shall, at the time of any general
election to be held for the purposes of constituting the house of the People or the Legislative Assembly of a State
provide to the Election Commission such number of copies of electoral roll, as finally published under the
representation of the People Act, 1950 (43 of 1950), as the Election Commission may require for supplying the same
free of cost to the candidate of recognised political parties through such officers as may be specified by the Election
Commission and such officer shall act in accordance with such general or special directions as may be issued by the
Election Commission in this behalf.’.
PART VIII
Election Expenses
86. Particulars of account of election expenses.—(1) The account of election expenses to be kept by a
candidate or his election agent under section 77 shall contain the following particulars in respect of each item of
expenditure from day to day, namely: —
(a) the date on which the expenditure was incurred or authorised;
(b) the nature of the expenditure (as for example, travelling, postage or printing and the like);
(c) the amount of the expenditure—
(i) the amount paid;
(ii) the amount outstanding;
(d) the date of payment;
(e) the name and address of the payee;
(f) the serial number of vouchers, in case of amount paid;
(g) the serial number of bills, if any, in case of amount outstanding;
(h) the name and address of the person to whom the amount outstanding is payable.
(2)
postage, travel by rail and the like, it is not practicable to obtain a voucher.
A voucher shall be obtained for every item of expenditure unless from the nature of the case, such as
(3) All vouchers shall be lodged along with the account of election expenses, arranged according to the date
of payment and serially numbered by the candidate or his election agent and such serial numbers shall be
entered in the account under item (f) of sub-rule (1).
(4) It shall not be necessary to give the particulars mentioned in item (e) of sub-rule (1) in regard to items of
expenditure for which vouchers have not been obtained under sub-rule (2).
87. Notice by 1[district election officer] for inspection of accounts.—The 1[district election officer] shall,
within two days from the date on which the account of election expenses has been lodged by a candidate under
section 78, cause a notice to be affixed to his notice board, specifying—
(a) the date on which the account has been lodged;
(b) the name of the candidate; and
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3875, dated the 15th December, 1966, for “returning officer”.
102
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
(c) the time and place at which such account can be inspected.
88. Inspection of account and the obtaining of copies thereof.—Any person shall on payment of a fee of
one rupee be entitled to inspect any such account and on payment of such fee as may be fixed by the Election
Commission in this behalf be entitled to obtain attested copies of such account or of any part thereof.
89. Report by the 1[district election officer] as to the lodging of the account of election expenses and the
decision of the Election Commission thereon.— (1) As soon as may be after the expiration of the time specified in
section 78 for the lodging of the accounts of election expenses at any election, the 1[district election officer] shall
report to the Election Commission—
(a) the name of each contesting candidate;
(b) whether such candidate has lodged his account of election expenses and if so, the date on which such
account has been lodged; and
(c) whether in his opinion such account has been lodged within the time and in the manner required by the
Act and these rules.
(2) Where the 1[district election officer] is of the opinion that the account of election expenses of any candidate
has not been lodged in the manner required by the Act and these rules, he shall with every such report forward to the
Election Commission the account of election expenses of that candidate and the vouchers lodged along with it.
(3) Immediately after the submission of the report referred to in sub-rule (1) the 1[district election officer]
shall publish a copy thereof affixing the same to his notice board.
(4) As soon as may be after the receipt of the report referred to in sub-rule (1) the Election Commission shall
consider the same and decide whether any contesting candidate has failed to lodge the account of election
expenses within the time and in the manner required by the Act and these rules.
2[(5) Where the Election Commission decides that a contesting candidate has failed to lodge his account of
election expenses within the time and in the manner required by the Act and these rules it shall by notice in writing
call upon the candidate to show cause why he should not be disqualified under section 10A for the failure.
(6) Any contesting candidate who has been called upon to show cause under sub-rule (5) may within twenty
days of the receipt of such notice submit in respect of the matter a representation in writing to the Election
Commission, and shall at the same time send to district election officer a copy of his representation together with a
complete account of his election expenses if he had not already furnished such an account.
(7) The district election officer shall, within five days of the receipt thereof, forward to the Election
Commission the copy of the representation and the account (if any) with such comments as he wishes to make
thereon.
(8) If, after considering the representation submitted by the candidate and the comments made by the
district election officer and after such inquiry as it thinks fit, the Election Commission is satisfied that the
candidate has no good reason or justification for the failure to lodge his account, it shall declare him to be
disqualified under section 10A for a period of three years from the date of the order, and cause the order to be
published in the Official Gazette.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O.3875, dated 15th December, 1966, for “returning officer”.
2. Subs., ibid., for sub-rules (5) to (9).
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Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[90. Maximum election expenses.—The total of the expenditure of which account is to be kept under
section 77 and which is incurred or authorized in connection with an election in a State or Union territory
mentioned in column 1 of the Table below shall not exceed—
(a) in any one parliamentary constituency of that State or Union territory, the amount specified in the
corresponding column 2 of the said Table; and
(b) in any one assembly constituency, if any, of the State or Union territory, the amount specified in the
corresponding column 3 of the said Table—
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 767(E), dated the 29th November, 1979, for rule 90.
104
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[TABLE
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sl. No. Name of State or Union territory Maximum limit of election
expenses in any one
________________________
Parliamentary Assembly
constituency constituency
________________________________________________________________________________________________
12 34
________________________________________________________________________________________________
I. STATES
-
Andhra Pradesh
-
Arunachal Pradesh
-
Assam
-
Bihar
-
Goa
-
Gujarat
-
Haryana
-
Himachal Pradesh
-
Jammu amd Kashmir
-
Karnataka
-
Kerala
-
Madhya Pradesh
-
Maharashtra
-
Manipur
-
Meghalaya
-
Mizoram
-
Nagaland
-
Orissa
-
Punjab
-
Rajasthan
-
Sikkim
-
Tamil Nadu
-
Tripura
-
Uttar Pradesh
-
West Bengal
-
Chhattisgarh
-
Uttarakhand
-
Jharkhand
II. UNION TERRITORIES
-
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
-
Chandigarh
-
Dadra and Nagar Haveli
-
Daman and Diu
-
Delhi
-
Lakshadweep
-
Puducherry
40,00,000
27,00,000
40,00,000
40,00,000
22,00,000
40,00,000
40,00,000
40,00,000
40,00,000
40,00,000
40,00,000
40,00,000
40,00,000
35,00,000
35,00,000
32,00,000
40,00,000
40,00,000
40,00,000
40,00,000
27,00,000
40,00,000
40,00,000
40,00,000
40,00,000
40,00,000
40,00,000
40,00,000
27,00,000
22,00,000
16,00,000
16,00,000
40,00,000
16,00,000
32,00,000
16,00,000
10,00,000
16,00,000
16,00,000
8,00,000
16,00,000
16,00,000
11,00,000
——–
16,00,000
16,00,000
16,00,000
16,00,000
8,00,000
8,00,000
8,00,000
8,00,000
16,00,000
16,00,000
16,00,000
8,00,000
16,00,000
8,00,000
16,00,000
16,00,000
16,00,000
11,00,000
16,00,000
–
–
–
–
14,00,000
–
8,00,000]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 425 (E), dated the 23rd February, 2011.
105
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
PART IX
Miscellaneous
91. Resignation of seats in case of election to more seats than one in a House.—(1) The time within which a
person may resign all but one of the seats in either House of Parliament or in the House or either House of the
Legislature of a State, to which he has been elected shall be—
(a) fourteen days from the date of his election under section 67A; or
(b) where the dates of his election are different in respect of different seats, fourteen days from the last of
those dates.
(2) Such resignation shall be addressed—
(a) to the Speaker or the Chairman of the House concerned; or
(b) whether the office of the Speaker or Chairman is for the time being vacant or is, or is deemed to be,
in abeyance, to the Deputy Speaker or the Deputy Chairman of the House concerned; or
(c) where the post of the Deputy Speaker or Deputy Chairman is also for the time being vacant or is,
deemed to be, in abeyance, to the Election Commission.
(3) Where the resignation has been addressed to the Election Commission under sub-rule (2) the Election
Commission shall, as soon as may be after the receipt of the resignation, send a copy thereof to the Secretary of the
House concerned.
92. Custody of ballot boxes and papers relating to election. —(1) All ballot boxes used at an election shall be
kept in such custody as the chief electoral officer may direct.
1[(1A) All voting machines used at an election shall be kept in the custody of the concerned district election
officer.]
2[(2) The district election officer shall keep in safe custody—
(a) the packets of unused ballot papers with counterfoils attached thereto;
(b) the packets of used ballot papers whether valid, tendered or rejected;
(c) the packets of the counterfoils of used ballot papers;
(d) the packets of the marked copy of the electoral roll or, as the case may be, the list maintained under
sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) of section 152;
1[(dd) the packets containing registers of voters in Form-17A;]
(e) the packets of the declarations by electors and the attestation of their signatures; and
(f) all other papers relating to the election:
Provided that in the case of an election in an assembly constituency or a parliamentary constituency or a
council constituency which extends over more districts that one, the said papers shall be kept in the custody of such
one of the district election officers having jurisdiction over the constituency as the Election Commission may
direct:
Provided further that in the case of an election by assembly members the said papers shall be kept in the
custody of the returning officer.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 230 (E), dated the 24th March, 1992.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971, for sub-rule (2).
106
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[93. Production and inspection of election papers.— (1) While in the custody of the district election officer
or, as the case may be, the returning officer—
(a) the packets of unused ballot papers with counterfoils attached thereto;
(b) the packets of used ballot papers whether valid, tendered or rejected;
(c) the packets of the counterfoils of used ballot papers;
(d) the packets of the marked copy of the electoral roll or, as the case may be, the list maintained under
sub-section (1) or sub-section (2) of section 152; and
2[(dd) the packets containing registers of voters in form 17-A;]
(e) the packets of the declarations by electors and the attestation of their signatures;
shall not be opened and their contents shall not be inspected by, or produced before, any person or authority except
under the order of a competent court.
2[1A) The control units sealed under the provisions of rule 57C and kept in the custody of the district election
officer shall not be opened and shall not be inspected by, or produced before, any person or authority except under
the orders of a competent court.]
(2) Subject to such conditions and to the payment of such fee as the Election Commission may direct, —
(a) all other papers relating to the election shall be open to public inspection; and
(b) copies thereof shall on application be furnished.
(3) copies of the returns by the returning officer forwarded under rule 64, or as the case may be, under clause
(b) of sub-rule (1) of rule 84 shall be furnished by the returning officer, district election officer, chief electoral officer
or the Election Commission on payment of a fee of two rupees for each copy.]
94. Disposal of election papers.—Subject to any direction to the contrary given by the Election Commission
or by a competent court or tribunal—
1[(a) the packets of unused ballot papers shall be retained for a period of six months and shall thereafter
be destroyed in such manner as the Election Commission may direct;]
2[(aa) the voting machines kept in the custody of the district election officer under sub-rule (1A) of
rule 92 shall be retained intact for such period as the Election Commission may direct and shall not be used at
any subsequent election without the previous approval of the Election Commission;]
(b) the other packets referred to in sub-rule (1) of rule 93 shall be retained for a period of one year and shall
thereafter be destroyed:
3[Provided that packets containing the counterfoils of used ballot papers shall not be destroyed except
with the previous approval of the Election Commission;]
(c) all other papers relating to the election shall be retained for such period as the Election Commission
may direct.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971, for rule 93.
2. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 230(E), dated the 24th March, 1992.
3. Added by Notifn. No. S.O. 5573, dated the 23rd December, 1971.
107
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[94A. Form of affidavit to be filed with election petition.—The affidavit referred to in the proviso to sub-
section (1) of section 83 shall be sworn before a magistrate of the first class or a notary or a commissioner of oaths
and shall be in Form 25.]
2[95. Power of the Election Commission to issue directions.—Subject to the other provisions of these rules,
the Election Commission may issue such directions as it may consider necessary to facilitate the proper use and
operation of the voting machines.]
96. List of Members of State Assemblies and electoral colleges.—(1) The returning officer for an election
by the members of the Legislative Assembly of a State, to fill a seat or seats in the Council of States or in the
Legislative Council of a State, shall maintain a list of members of that Assembly with their addresses corrected
up-to-date in such form as the Election Commission may direct.
Explanation.—In this sub-rule any reference to the members of the Legislative Assembly of a State shall, in
relation to an election to the Council of States, be construed as a reference to the elected members of that
Legislative Assembly.
(2) The returning officer for an election by the members of the electoral college of a Union territory to fill a
seat or seats in the Council of States shall maintain a list of members of that electoral college with their addresses
corrected up-to-date in such form as the Election Commission may direct.
97. Number of votes sufficient to secure the return of a candidate in relation to return of forfeiture of
deposits in certain cases.—For the purpose of the proviso to sub-section (4) of section 158—
(a) a candidate who is not elected shall be deemed to get, —
(i) if he is a continuing candidate, the votes obtained by him at the end of the final count, and
(ii) if he is a candidate excluded from the poll, the votes obtained by him at the end of the count
immediately preceding his exclusion;
(b) the quota referred to in rule 75 or rule 76 shall be deemed to be the number of votes sufficient to secure
the return of a candidate.
98. Manner of serving the order of requisition of premises, vehicles, etc.—An order of requisition under
section 160 shall be served—
(a) where the person to whom such order is addressed is a corporation or firm in the manner provided for
the service of summons in rule 2 of Order XXIX or rule 3 of Order XXX, as the case may be, in the First
Schedule to the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Act V of 1908); and
(b) where the person to whom such order is addressed is an individual—
(i) personally by delivering or tendering the order, or
(ii) by registered post, or
(iii) if the person cannot be found, by leaving an authentic copy of the order with any adult member
of his family or by affixing such copy to some conspicuous part of the premises in which he is known to
have last resided or carried on business or personally worked for gain.
99. Time for application for reference to arbitration under section 161.—The time within which any person
interested who is aggrieved by the amount of compensation determined under sub-section (1) of section 168 or within
which the owner of a vehicle, vessel or animal who is aggrieved by the amount of compensation determined under
sub-section (2) of that section may make an application for referring the manner to arbitration shall be fourteen days
from the date of determination of the amount of such compensation or where the amount of such compensation
has been determined in the absence of the person interested or, as the case may be, the owner, fourteen days from
the date on which the intimation of such determination is sent to that person or owner.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 597, dated the 27th February, 1962.
2. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 230(E), dated the 24th March, 1992.
108
Notice is hereby given that:—
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 1
(See rule 3)
NOTICE OF ELECTION
(1) an election is to be held of a member to the House of the People/…………………………………………Legislative
Assembly/………………………………..Legislative Council in the……………………………….constituency;
OR
(1) an election is to be held of a member(s) to the Council of States/…………….legislative Council/…………………by
the elected members of the……………. Legislative Assembly;
(2)
nomination papers may be delivered by a candidate or by any of his
proposers to the Returning
Officer or to ………………………………………………….
Assistant Returning Officer,
at…………………………………………. between 11 A.M. and 3
P.M. on any day (other than public holiday) not later than
the …………………..;
(3) forms of nomination paper may be obtained at the place and time aforesaid;
(4) the nomination papers will be taken up for scrutiny at ………………………….on…………………..at…………
……………………….;
(5) notice of withdrawal of candidature may be delivered either by a candidate or by any of his proposers or by
his election agent who has been authorised in writing by the candidate to deliver it to either of the officers specified
in paragraph (2) above at his office before 3 P.M. on the……………..;
(6) in the event of the election being contested, the poll will be taken on ……………between the hours
of…………………….. and…………….. .
Place………………… Returning Officer.]
Date…………………..
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 321(E), dated the 1st May, 1996.
109
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 2A
(See rule 4)
NOMINATION PAPER
Election to the House of the People
STRIKE OFF PART I OR PART II BELOW WHICHEVER IS NOT APPLICABLE
PART I
(To be used by candidate set up by recognised political party)
I nominate as a candidate for election to the House of the People from the………………………Parliamentary
constituency.
Candidate’s name……………………………Father’s/mother’s/husband’s name…………………His postal address
……………….His name is entered at S. No…………….in Part No………………….. of the electoral roll for
…………………………………*(Assembly constituency comprised within)…………….. Parliamentary constituency.
My
name is…………………..and it is entered at
S.No…………………………in Part No………………..of the
electoral
roll for ………………..*(Assembly constituency comprised
within)…………………….Parliamentary constituency.
Date ……………….
(Signature of Proposer).
_________
PART II
(To be used by candidate NOT set up by recognised political party)
We hereby nominate as candidate for election to the House of the People from the……………………………………..
Parliamentary Constituency.
Candidate’s
name…………………Father’s/mother’s/husband’s
name………………..His postal address……………………..His
name is entered at S.No………………… in Part
No…………………………….of the electoral roll for
………………….*(Assembly constituency comprised within)
……………………….Parliamentary constituency.
We declare that we are electors of the above Parliamentary Constituency and our names are entered in the
electoral roll for that Parliamentary Constituency as indicated below and we append our signatures below in token
of subscribing to this nomination:—
Particulars of the proposers and their signatures
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sl. Name of Component Elector roll No. of proposer Full Name Signature Date
No. Assembly Constituency _____________________
Part No. of S. No. in
Electoral that Part
Roll
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1234567
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
N.B.:—There should be ten electors of the constituency as proposers.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 558(E), dated the 9th August, 1996, for Forms 2A to 2C.
110
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
PART III
I, the candidate mentioned in Part I/Part II (Strike out which is not applicable) assent to this nomination and
hereby declare—
(a) that I have completed………………………….years of age;
[STRIKE OUT b(i) or b(ii) BELOW WHICHEVER IS NOT APPLICABLE]
(b) (i) that I am set up this election by the………….party, which is recognised National Party/State Party in
this State and that the symbol reserved for the above party be allotted to me.
OR
(b) (ii) that I am set up at this election by the ……………………party, which is a registered-
unrecognised political party/that I am contesting this election as an independent candidate. (Strike out
which is not applicable) and that the symbols I have chosen, in order of preference, are:—
(i)………………………………….. (ii)……………………………………………..(iii)……………………………………………
(c) that my name and my father’s/mother’s/husband’s name have been correctly spelt out above
in………………………… (name of the language);
(d) that to the best of my knowledge and belief, I am qualified and not also disqualified for being chosen to
fill the seat in the House of the People.
*I further declare that I am a member of the……………………..
**Caste/tribe which is a scheduled
***caste/tribe of the State of……………..in relation to………………(area) in that State.
I also declare that I have not been, and shall not be.
****nominated as a candidate at the present general election/the bye-elections being held simultaneously, to the
House of the People from more than two Parliamentary Constituencies.
Date………………. (Signature of Candidate).
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Score
out the words “assembly constituency comprised within” in the case of
Jammu and Kashmir, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Chandigarh,
Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu and Lakshadweep.
**Score out this paragraph, if not applicable.
***Score out the words not applicable.
****Not applicable in the case of Jammu and Kashmir, Andaman and Nicobar
Islands, Chandigarh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu and
Lakshadweep.
N.B.—A “recognised political party” means a political party recognised
by the Election Commission under the Election Symbols (Reservation and
Allotment) Order, 1968 in the State concerned.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Whether the candidate—
(i) has been convicted—
1[PART IIIA
(To be filled by the candidate)
(a) of any offence(s) under sub-section (1); or
(b) for contravention of any law specified in sub-section (2), of section 8 of the
Representation of the People Act, 1951 (43 of 1951); or
Yes/No.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 935(E), dated the 3rd September, 2002.
111
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
(ii) has been convicted for any other offence(s) for which he has been sentenced to imprisonment for two years
or more.
If the answer is “Yes”, the candidate shall furnish the following information:
(i) Case/first information report No./Nos………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Police station(s)…………………..District(s)………………………………….State(s)……………………
(iii) Section(s) of the concerned Act(s) and brief description of the offence(s) for which he has been
convicted………….
(iv) Date(s) of conviction(s)…………………………………………………………………………………………
(v) Court(s) which convicted the candidate…………………………………………………………………………
(vi)Punishment(s) imposed [indicate period of imprisonment(s) and/or quantum of
fine(s)]……………………………..
(vii) Date(s) of release from prison…………………………………………………………………………………
(viii) Was/were any appeal(s)/revision(s) filed against above conviction(s)……………………………….Yes/No
(ix) Date and particulars of appeal(s)/application(s) for revision filed…………………………………………….
(x) Name of the court(s) before which the appeal(s)/application(s) for revision filed…………………………….
(xi) Whether the said appeal(s)/application(s) for revision has/have been disposed of or is/are
pending…………………
Place:
(Signature of Candidate)].
(xii) If the said appeal(s)/application(s) for revision has/have been disposed of—
(a) Date(s) of disposal…………………………………..
(b) Nature of order(s) passed…………………………..
Date:
________________________________________________________________________________________________
PART IV
(To be filled by the Returning Officer)
Serial No. of nomination paper………………………………
This nomination was delivered to me at my officeat…………….(hour) on…………………..(date)
by the *candidate/proposer.
Date………………. Returning Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
PART V
Decision of Returning Officer Accepting or Rejecting the Nomination Paper
I have examined this nomination paper in accordance with section 36 of the Representation of the People Act,
1951(43 of 1951) and decide as follows:—
Date…………….
Returning Officer.
(Perforation)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
________________________________________________________________________________________________
* Score out the word not applicable.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
112
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
PART VI
Receipt for Nomination Paper and Notice of Scrutiny
(To be handed over to the person presenting the Nomination Paper)
Serial
No. of nomination
paper…………………………………………………………………………………………..
The
nomination paper of………………………………….a candidate
for election from the…………………………………………
Parliamentary constituency was delivered to me at my office
at……………(hour) on……………….(date) by the
*candidate/proposer. All nomination papers will be taken up for scrutiny
at……………(hour) on……………(date)
at……………….(Place).
Date……………….. Returning Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Score out the word not applicable.
113
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 2B
(See rule 4)
NOMINATION PAPER
Election to the Legislative Assembly of………………………(State)
STRIKE OFF PART I OR PART II BELOW WHICHEVER IS NOT APPLICABLE
PART I
(To be used by candidate set up by recognised political party)
I
nominate as a candidate for election to the Legislative Assembly from
the………………………………..Assembly
Constituency. Candidate’s name………………….
Father’s/mother’s/husband’s
name…………………………………..His postal
address…………………. His name is entered at Sl.
No……………….in Part No…………………………….of the
electoral roll for
………………………………….Assembly constituency. My name
is …………………………………….and it is entered at Sl.
No.
……………………………..in Part
No……………………………….of the electoral roll for
the…………………………….Assembly
constituency.
Date ………………..
(Signature of the Proposer).
__________
PART II
We hereby nominate as candidate for election to the Legislative Assembly from the……………….Assembly
Constituency.
Candidate’s name…………………Father’s/mother’s/husband’s name………………….His postal address…………….
His name is entered at Sl. No………..in Part No……….of the electoral roll for…………..Assembly
constituency.
We declare that we are electors of this Assembly constituency and our names are entered in the electoral roll
for this Assembly constituency as indicated below and we append our signatures below in token of subscribing to
this nomination:-
Particulars of the proposers and their signatures
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sl. Electoral Roll No. of proposer
No. _____________________________
Part No. of electoral Sl. No. in Full name Signature Date
roll constituency that part
________________________________________________________________________________________________
123456
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
N.B.:-There should be ten electors of the constituency as proposers.
114
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
PART III
I, the candidate mentioned in Part I/Part II (Strike out which is not applicable) assent to this nomination and
hereby declare—
(a) that I have completed……………..years of age;
[STRIKE OUT b(I) OR b(II) BELOW WHICHEVER IS NOT APPLICABLE]
(b) (i) that I am set up at this election by the …………………..party, which is recognised National
Party/State Party in this State and that the symbol reserved for the above party be allotted to me.
(ii) that I am set up at this election bythe………………………………..party, which is a
registered unrecognised political party/that I am contesting this election as an independent candidate. (Strike
out which is not applicable) and that the symbols I have chosen, in order of preference, are: —
(i)…………………………….. (ii)…………………….. (iii)………………………….
(c) that my name and my father’s/mother’s/husband’s name have been correctly spelt out above
in…………………………. (name of the language);
(d) That to the best of my knowledge and belief, I am qualified and not also disqualified for being chosen
to fill the seat in the Legislative Assembly of this State.
! I
***caste/tribe of the State of……………….in relation to……………………(area) in that State.
further declare that I am a member of the……………………..**Caste/tribe which is a scheduled
I also declare that I have not been, and shall not be……………
****nominated as a candidate at the present general election/the bye-elections being held simultaneously, to the
Legislative Assembly …………… of (State) from more than two Assembly constituencies.
Date………………….. (Signature of Candidate).
________________________________________________________________________________________________
!Score out this paragraph, if not applicable.
N.B.—A “recognised political party” means a political party recognised by the Election Commission under the Election
Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968 in the State concerned.
115
Whether the candidate—
(i) has been convicted—
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[PART IIIA
(To be filled by the candidate)
(a) of any offence(s) under sub-section (1); or
(b) for contravention of any law specified in sub-section (2) of section 8 of the Representation of the People
Act, 1951 (43 of 1951); or
(ii) has been convicted for any other offence(s) for which he has been sentenced to imprisonment for two years
or more.
If the answer is “Yes”, the candidate shall furnish the following information:
(i) Case/First information report No./Nos. …………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Police station(s)………………………District(s)……………………………State(s)…………………..
(iii) Section(s) of the concerned Act(s) and brief description of the offence(s) for which he has been
convicted ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv) Date(s) of conviction(s)……………………………………………………………………………………
(v) Court(s) which convicted the candidate…………………………………………………………………..
(vi) Punishment(s) imposed [indicate period of imprisonment(s) and/or quantam of fine(s)]………………………..
(vii) Date(s) of release from prison………………………………………………………………………………
(viii) Was/were any appeal(s)/revision(s) filed against above conviction(s)…………..Yes/No
(ix) Name of the court(s) before which the appeal(s)/application(s) for revision filed……………………………….
(x) Name of the court(s) before which the appeal(s)/application(s) for revision filed………………………………..
(xi) Whether the said appeal(s)/application(s) for revision has/have been disposed of or is/are pending…………….
(xii) If the said appeal(s)/application(s) for revision has/have been disposed of—
(a) Date(s) of disposal…………………………………
(b) Nature of order(s) passed………………………….
Place:
Date:
(Signature of the candidate)]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins by Notifn. No. S.O. 935(E), dated the 3rd September, 2002.
Yes/No
116
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
PART IV
(To be filled by the Returning Officer)
Serial No. of nomination paper ……………..
This nomination was delivered to me at my office at ……….(hour) on…………(date) by the *candidate/proposer.
Date……………….
Returning Officer.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*Score out the word not applicable.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
PART V
Decision of Returning Officer Accepting or Rejecting the Nomination Paper
I have examined this nomination paper in accordance with section 36 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951
and decide as follows: —
Date……….
(Perforation)……………………………………
Returning Officer.
PART VI
Receipt for Nomination Paper and Notice of Scrutiny
(To be handed over to the person presenting the Nomination Paper)
Serial No. of nomination paper………………….
_________
The
nomination paper of…………………….a candidate for election
from the…………………..Assembly constituency was
delivered to me at my office at…………..(hour)
on………………….(date) by the *candidate/proposer. All
nomination papers will be taken up for scrutiny at …………..(hour)
on…………………(date)
at………………..(Place).
Date……………
Returning Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Score out the word not applicable.
117
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 2C
(See rule 4)
NOMINATION PAPER
Election to the Council of States
1[PART I]
We hereby nominate as a candidate for election to the Council of States:
Candidate’s Name………………. [father’s/mother’s/husband’s name] ……………….His postal address……………..
His name is entered at S.No……………….in Part No………………of the electoral roll for the
…….assembly/*Parliamentary constituency.
We declare that we are elected members of the Legislative Assembly of………………………… electoral college
for…… and our names are entered as indicated below in the list maintained under section 152 and we append our
signatures below in token of subscribing to his nomination:
Particulars of the proposers and their signatures
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sl. Sl.No. as entered in the list maintained under sec. 152 Full Name Signature Date
________________________________________________________________________________________________
12345
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.**
________________________________________________________________________________________________
* For Jammu and Kashmir only.
**There should be ten per cent. of the elected members of the Legislative Assembly or ten per cent. of the
members of the electoral college or ten members concerned, whichever is less, as proposers.
I, the above-mentioned candidate, assent to this nomination and hereby declare—
(a) that I have completed ……………………….years of age;
(b) that I am set up at this election by the ……….party;
(c) that my name and my [father’s/mother’s/husband’s name] have been correct spelt out above in………….(name
of the language); and
(d) that to the best of my knowledge and belief, I am qualified and not also disqualified for being chosen to fill
the seat in the Council of States.
I also declare that I have not been, and shall not be, nominated as a candidate at the present biennial election/bye-
elections being held simultaneously, to the Council of States for more than two seats.
Date ………………
(Signature of the candidate)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 935 (E), dated the 3rd September, 2002.
118
Whether the candidate—
(i) has been convicted—
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[PART II
(To be filled by the candidate)
(a) of any offence(s) under sub-section (1); or
(b) for contravention of any law specified in sub-section (2), of section 8 of the Representation of the People
Act, 1951 (43 of 1951); or
(ii) has been convicted for any other offence(s) for which he has been sentenced to imprisonment for two years or
more.
If the answer is “Yes”, the candidate shall furnish the following information:
(i) Case/First information report No./Nos. …………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Police station(s)………………………District(s)……………………………State(s)…………………..
(iii) Section(s) of the concerned Act(s) and brief description of the offence(s) for which he has been
convicted ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv) Date(s) of conviction(s)……………………………………………………………………………………
(v) Court(s) which convicted the candidate…………………………………………………………………..
(vi) Punishment(s) imposed [indicate period of imprisonment(s) and/or quantam of fine(s)]………………………..
(vii) Date(s) of release from prison………………………………………………………………………………
(viii) Was/were any appeal(s)/revision(s) filed against above conviction(s)…………..Yes/No
(ix) Date and particulars of appeal(s)/application(s) for revision filed……………………………….
(x) Name of the court(s) before which the appeal(s)/application(s) for revision filed………………………………..
(xi) Whether the said appeal(s)/application(s) for revision has/have been disposed of or is/are pending…………….
(xii) If the said appeal(s)/application(s) for revision has/have been disposed of—
(a) Date(s) of disposal…………………………………
(b) Nature of order(s) passed………………………….
Place:
Date:
(Signature of the candidate)]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins by Notifn. No. S.O. 935 (E), dated 3rd September, 2002.
Yes/No
119
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[PART III]
(To be filled by the Returning Officer)
Serial No. of Nomination Paper…………………..
This nomination was delivered to me at my officeat……………..(hours) on………….(date) by
the candidates/proposer…………..(Name).
Date………..
Returning Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
NOTE.—Wherever alternative is provided score out the word(s) not applicable.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1[PART IV]
Decision of Returning Officer accepting or rejecting the Nomination Paper.
I have examined this nomination paper in accordance with section 36 of the Representation of the People Act,
1951(43 of 1951) and, decide as follows:—
Date……..
Returning Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Perforation……………
1[PART V]
Receipt of Nomination Paper and Notice of Scrutiny
(To be handed over to the person presenting the nomination paper)
Serial No. of Nomination Paper………………
The nomination paper of …..a candidate for election to the Council of States by the elected members of the
Legislative Assembly of….. ………(State)/Members of the Electoral College of……………….(State)/was delivered to
me at my office at……..(hour) on………………..(date) by thecandidate/proposer…………..(Name). All
nomination papers will be taken up for scrutiny at…..(hour) on ……………(date) at…………….(place).
Date…………………
Returning Officer(s).]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins by Notifn. No. S.O. 935(E), dated, the 3rd September, 2002.
120
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 2D
(See rule 4)
NOMINATION PAPERS
Election to the Legislative Council of……(State) by the Members of the Legislative Assembly.
1[PART I]
We hereby nominate as a candidate for the above election.
Candidate’s name……………. 2[father’s/ mother’s/ husband’s name]……………………………
His postal address………………..
………………..
………………..
………………..
His name is enterd at S.No……….in Part No…….of the electoral roll for the …..assembly constituency.
We declare that we are members of Legislative Assembly of……..and our names are entered as indicated below in
the list maintained under section 152 and we append our signatures below in token of subscribing to his nomination.
Particulars of the proposers and their signatures
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sl. Sl.No. as indicated in the list maintained under sec. 152 Full Name Signature Date
________________________________________________________________________________________________
12345
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.*
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*There should be ten per cent. of the members of the Legislative Assembly or ten members concerned,
whichever is less, as proposers.
I, the above-mentioned candidate, assent to this nomination and hereby declare:—
(a) that I have completed………….years of age;
(b) that I am set up at this election by the ………….party;
(c) that my name and my 2[father’s/mother’s /husband’s name] have been correctly spelt out above
in…………..(name of the language); and
(d) that to the best of my knowledge and belief, I am qualified and not also disqualified for being chosen to
fill the seat in the Legislative Council of….(State) by the members of the Legislative Assembly.
Date……… (Signature of the candidate)
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
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1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 935(E), dated the 3rd September, 2002.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O.124(E), dated the 24th February, 1993, for certain words.
121
Whether the candidate—
(i) has been convicted—
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[PART II
(To be filled by the Candidate)
(a) of any offence(s) under sub-section (1); or
(b) for contravention of any law specified in sub-section (2), of section 8 of the Representation of the People
Act, 1951 (43 of 1951); or
(ii) has been convicted for any other offence(s) for which he has been sentenced to imprisonment for two years or
more.
If the answer is “Yes”, the candidate shall furnish the following information:
(i) Case/First information report No./Nos. …………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Police station(s)………………………District(s)……………………………State(s)…………………..
(iii) Section(s) of the concerned Act(s) and brief description of the offence(s) for which he has been
convicted ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv) Date(s) of conviction(s)……………………………………………………………………………………
(v) Court(s) which convicted the candidate…………………………………………………………………..
(vi) Punishment(s) imposed [indicate period of imprisonment(s) and/or quantam of fine(s)]………………………..
(vii) Date(s) of release from prison………………………………………………………………………………
(viii) Was/were any appeal(s)/revision(s) filed against above conviction(s)…………..Yes/No
(ix) Date and particulars of appeal(s)/application(s) for revision filed……………………………….
(x) Name of the court(s) before which the appeal(s)/application(s) for revision filed………………………………..
(xi) Whether the said appeal(s)/application(s) for revision has/have been disposed of or is/are pending…………….
(xii) If the said appeal(s)/application(s) for revision has/have been disposed of—
(a) Date(s) of disposal……………………..
(b) Nature of order(s) passed………………………….
Place:
Date:
(Signature of the candidate)].
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 935(E), dated the 3rd September, 2002.
Yes/No
122
Serial No. of Nomination Paper…………..
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[PART III]
(To be filled by the Returning Officer)
This nomination was delivered to me at my office at……………….(hour) on……………….(date) by the
candidate/proposer……….(Name).
Date……………
1[PART IV]
Decision of Returning Officer accepting or rejecting the Nomination Paper
Returning Officer.
I have examined this nomination paper in accordance with section 36 of the Representation of the People Act,
1951, and decide as follows:—
Date…….
Returning Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
(perforation)…………………….
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1[PART V]
Receipt for Nomination Paper and Notice of Scrutiny
(To be handed over to the person presenting the nomination paper)
Serial No. nomination paper………….
The nomination paper of…..a candidate for election to the Legislative Council of……(State) by the Members
of Legislative Assembly was delivered to me at my office at……(hour) on…..(date) by the
candidate/proposer……(Name). All nomination papers will be taken up for scrutiny at …..(hour) on……..(date)
at……(place).
Date……..
Returning Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Note:—Wherever alternative is provided score out the word(s) not applicable.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by S.O. 935(E), dated 3-9-2002.
123
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 2E
(See rule 4)
NOMINATION PAPER
Election to the Legislative Council of ……………..(State) from a Council constituency………………….
2[PART I]
We hereby nominate as a candidate for election to the Legislative Council of………………..(State) from the
constituency. Candidate’s name…………………….(Father’s/Mother’s/Husband’s name)………………..His Postal
address…………………….His name is entered at Sl. No……………………….in Part No. ……………..of the
electoral roll for ……………………..Assembly Constituency.
We declare that we are electorals and our name entered in the electoral roll
for……………………………..(Council) constituency as indicated below and we append our signatures below in token
of subscribing to this nomination:–
Particulars of the proposers and their signatures.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sl.No. Electroral Roll No. of proposer Full Name Signature Date
_______________________________________________
Part No. of electoral roll Sl. No. in that Part
________________________________________________________________________________________________
123456
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
*10.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*There should be ten per cent. of the electors of the constituency or ten such electors whichever is less, as proposers.
I, the above-mentioned candidate, assent to this a nomination and hereby declare:—
(a) that I have completed ……………………….years of age;
(b) that I am set up at this election by the …………………..party;
(c) that my name and my (father’s/mother’s/husband’s name) has been correctly spelt out above in
…………………….(name of the language);
(d) that to the best of my knowledge and belief, I am qualified and not also disqualified for being chosen to fill
the seat in the Legislative Council of……………………………………………………(State) from
………………………………………………………………….Council constituency.
I also declare that I have not been and shall not be, nominated as a candidate at the present biennial
election/bye-elections being held simultaneously, to the Legislative Council of ……………………….(State) from
more than two Council constituencies in the State.
Date……………………..
*Score out the words not applicable
(Signature of the Candidate).
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 558(E), dated the 9th August, 1996.
2. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 935(E), dated the 3rd September, 2002.
.
124
Whether the candidate—
(i) has been convicted—
Place:
Date:
(Signature of the candidate)].
(a) Date(s) of disposal……………………..
(b) Nature of order(s) passed………………………….
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[PART II
(To be filled by the candidate)
(a) of any offence(s) under sub-section (1); or
(b) for contravention of any law specified in sub-section (2), of section 8 of the Representation of the
People Act, 1951 (43 of 1951); or
(ii) has been convicted for any other offence(s) for which he has been sentenced to imprisonment for two years or
more.
If the answer is “Yes”, the candidate shall furnish the following information:
(i) Case/First information report No./Nos. …………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Police station(s)………………………District(s)……………………………State(s)…………………..
(iii) section(s) of the concerned Act(s) and brief description of the offence(s) for which he has been
convicted ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv) date(s) of conviction(s)……………………………………………………………………………………
(v) Court(s) which convicted the candidate…………………………………………………………………..
(vi) Punishment(s) imposed [indicate period of imprisonment(s) and/or quantam of fine(s)]………………………..
(vii) Date(s) of release from prison………………………………………………………………………………
(viii) Was/were any appeal(s)/revision(s) filed against above conviction(s)…………..Yes/No
(ix) Date and particulars of appeal(s)/application(s) for revision filed……………………………….
(x) Name of the court(s) before which the appeal(s)/application(s) for revision filed………………………………..
(xi) Whether the said appeal(s)/application(s) for revision has/have been disposed of or is/are pending…………….
(xii) If the said appeal(s)/application(s) for revision has/have been disposed of—
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 935(E), dated the 3rd September, 2002.
Yes/No
125
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[PART III]
(To be filled by the Returning Officer)
Serial No. of Nomination Paper ……………………
This nomination was delivered to me at my office at ………………………… (hour) on ………… (date)
by the candidate/proposer …………………………….(Name).
Date…………..
Returning Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1[PART IV]
Decision of Returning Officer accepting or rejecting the Nomination Paper
I have examined this nomination paper in accordance with section 36 of the Representation of the People Act,
1951 and decide as follows:—
Date………
Returning Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1[PART V]
Receipt for Nomination Paper and Notice of Scrutiny
(To be handed over to the person presenting the nomination paper)
Serial No. of nomination paper …………………………
The
nomination paper of …………………………………………a
candidate for election to the Legislative Council
of …………………………………………….(State) from
the………..Graduates’/(Teachers’/Local Authorities’) constituency was
delivered to me at my office at
………………………………(hour)
on……………………………………………. (date) by the
candidate/proposer…………………. (Name). All nomination papers
will be taken up for scrutiny at ………………….(hour)
on ……………………(date) at ……………………(Place).
Date………..
Note:—Wherever alternative is provided score out the word(s) not applicable.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 935(E), dated the 3rd September, 2002.
Returning Officer.
126
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 3A
(See rule 7)
NOTICE OF NOMINATIONS
Election to the *House of the People/Legislative Assembly from the ………………………. constituency.
Notice is hereby given that the following nominations in respect of the above election have been received up to
3 P .M. today:—
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Sl. No. of Name of candidate Name of Father/mother/husband Age of candidate Address
Nomination
paper
______________________________________________________________________________________________
12345
______________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________
Party Particulars
affiliation of castes,
or tribes
for candidates
belonging to
scheduled
castes or
scheduled
tribes
Electoral
roll of
number of
candidate
Names
of proposers
Electoral roll No.
of proposers
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
6 7 8 9 10
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Place:……………….
Date:……………….. Returning Officer]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Strike off the inappropriate alternative.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 558 (E), dated the 9th August, 1996.
127
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 3B
(See rule 7)
NOTICE OF NOMINATION
Election to the the Council of States/Legislative Council by the elected members of the Legislative
Assembly/Electoral College of.
Notice is hereby given that the following nominations in respect of the above election have been received up to 3
P.M. today: —
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Serial Name of
Number candi-
of date
nomina-
Name of 2[father/mother Age
husband] of
candidate
Address
Party
Affiliation
tion
paper
________________________________________________________________________________________________
123456
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Electoral
roll number
of candidate
Names of proposers
Serial numbers of
proposers in the
list maintained
under section 152
________________________________________________________________________________________________
789
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Place
Date
Returning Officer.
Note:—Wherever alternative is provided score out the word(s) not applicable.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 364(E), dated the 18th May, 1989, for Forms 3B and 3C.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O.124(E), dated the 24th February, 1993, for certain words.
128
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 3C
(See rule 7)
NOTICE OF NOMINATION
Election to the Legislative Council of ………………………….(State) from the……………………..constituency.
Notice is hereby given that the following nominations in respect of the above election have been received up to 3
P.M. today: —
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Serial Name of
Number candi-
of date
nomina-
Name of 1[father/mother/ Age
husband] of
candidate
Address
Party
Affiliation
tion
paper
________________________________________________________________________________________________
123456
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Electoral
roll numbers
of candidate
in assembly constituency
________________________________________________________________________________________________
789
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Names of proposers
Electrol roll numbers of
proposers in the
council constituency
Place……………………
Date…………………… Returning Officer.]
Note:—Wherever alternative is provided score out the word(s) not applicable.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O.124(E), dated the 24th February, 1993, for certain words.
129
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 4
(See rule 
LIST OF VALIDLY NOMINATED CANDIDATES
Election to the* ……………………….
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sl. Name of candidate Name of **Father/mother/husband Address of candidates @Party affiliation
No.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
12345
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
(i) Candidates of recognised National and State Political Parties.
(ii) Candidates of registered political parties (other than recognised National and State Political Parties).
(iii) Other candidates.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Place……………………
Date ……………………
Returning Officer.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Appropriate particulars of the election to be inserted here.
**Strike off the inappropriate alternative.
@Applicable in the case of candidates mentioned under categories (i) and (ii) above.
N.B.—Under Col. 1 above, the serial numbers of candidates of all the three categories shall be given consecutively
and not separately for each category.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 558(E), dated the 9th August, 1996, for Form 4.
130
The Returning Officer,
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 5
[See rule 9(1)]
NOTICE OF WITHDRAWAL OF CANDIDATURE
Election to the* …………………………………
I,………………………, a 1[candidate validly nominated] at the above election do hereby give notice that I withdraw my
candidature.
Place ……………
Date …………….
Signature of 1[validly nominated candidate].
This notice was delivered to me at my office at ……………………………………………..(hour) on………………
(date) by…………………………..(name), the+……………………………….
Date…………………..
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Receipt for Notice of Withdrawal
(To be handed over to the person delivering the notice)
The notice of withdrawal of candidature by ……………………………a 1[validly nominated candidate] at the
election to the*……………………………………was delivered to me by the+…………………….at my office
at……………………………….(hour) on ………………………………….. (date).
Returning Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Here insert one of the following alternatives as may be appropriate:—
(1) House of the People from the ……………….. constituency.
(2) Legislative Assembly from the………………….constituency.
(3) Council of States by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of……………………………(State).
(4) Council of States by the members of the electoral college of……………………………… (Union territory).
(5) Legislative Council by the members of the Legislative Assembly.
(6) Legislative Council from the………………… constituency.
+Here insert one of the following alternatives as may be appropriate:—
(1) Candidate.
(2) Candidate’s proposer who has been authorised in writing by the candidate to deliver it.
(3) Candidate’s election agent who has been authorized in writing by the candidate to deliver it.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 565(E), dated the 4th August, 1984.
Returning Officer.
131
election
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 6
[See rule 9(2)]
NOTICE OF WITHDRAWAL OF CANDIDATURES
Election to the* …………………………………
Notice is hereby given that the following 1[validly nominated +candidate]/candidates at the above
withdraw +his candidature/their candidatures today.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of 1[validly Address of Remarks
nominated candidate] 1[validly
nominated
candidate]
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1.
2.
3.
etc.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Date……….
Returning Officer.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
*Appropriate particulars of the election to be inserted here.
+Strike off the inappropriate alternative.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 565(E), dated the 4th August, 1984.
132
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 7A
[See rule 10(1)]
LIST OF CONTESTING CANDIDATES
Election to the House of the People/Legislative Assembly from the ……………………………… constituency.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Sl. Name of candidate Address of candidate *Party affiliation Symbol allotted
No.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
12345
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
(i) Candidates of recognised National and State Political Parties.
(ii) Candidates of registered political parties (other than recognised National and State Political Parties).
(iii) Other candidates.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Place ………
Date ……….
Returning Officer.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Applicable in the case of candidates mentioned under categories (i) and (ii) above.
N.B.—Under Col. 1 above, the serial numbers of candidates of all the three categories shall be given consecutively
and not separately for each category.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 558(E), dated the 9th August, 1996, for Form 7A.
133
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 7B
[See rule 10(1)]
LIST OF CONTESTING CANDIDATES
Election to the*……………………..
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sl. No Name of candidate Address of candidate **Party affiliation
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1234
________________________________________________________________________________________________
(i) Candidates of recognised National and State Political Parties.
(ii) Candidates of registered political parties (other than recognised National and State Political Parties).
(iii) Other candidates.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Place………..
Date………..
Returning Officer.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Here insert one of the following alternatives as may be appropriate:—
(1) Council of States by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of………………………….(State).
(2) Council of States by the members of the electoral college……………..(Union Territory).
(3) Legislative Council of………….(State), by the members of the Legislative Assembly.
(4) Legislative Council of………….(State), from the……………….Constituency.
**Applicable in the case of candidates mentioned under categories (i) and (ii) above.
N.B.—Under Col. 1 above, the serial numbers of candidates of all the three categories shall be given consecutively
and not separately for each category.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 558(E), dated the 9th August, 1996, for Form 7B.
134
To
The Returning Officer,
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 8
[See rule 12(1)]
APPOINTMENT OF ELECTION AGENT
(To be filled by the Returning Officer)
Election to the* …………………………………
I,……………………,of………………..
a candidate at the above election do hereby
appoint……………of………as my
election agent from this day at the above election.
Place…………
Signature of candidate.
Date…………
________________________________________________________________________________________________
I accept the above appointment.
Place………….
Date…………..
Signature of election agent
1[Approved. Signature and Seal of the Returning officer.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Here insert one of the following alternatives as may be appropriate:—
(1) House of the People from the……………constituency.
(2) Legislative Assembly from the…………..constituency.
(3) Council of States by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of………(State).
(4) Council of States by the members of the electoral college of…….(Union territory).
(5) Legislative Council by the members of the Legislative Assembly.
(6) Legislative Council from the …………….constituency.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins.by Notifn. No. S.O. 565(E), dated the 4th August, 1984.
135
To
The Returning Officer,
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 9
[See rule 12(2)]
REVOCATION OF APPOINTMENT OF ELECTION AGENT
Election to the* …………………………………
I………………..,
a candidate at the above election, hereby revoke the appointment of
……………………………… my
election agent.
Place……….
Date ……….
Signature of candidate.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Here insert one of the following alternatives as may be appropriate:—
(1) House of the People from the………………. constituency.
(2) Legislative Assembly from the……………… constituency.
(3) Council of States by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of ……………….. (State).
(4) Council of States by the members of the electoral college of……………….. (Union territory).
(5) Legislative Council by the members of the Legislative Assembly.
(6) Legislative Council from the ……………. constituency.
136
Place………..
Date ………..
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 10
[See rule 13(2)]
*APPOINTMENT OF ELECTION AGENT
Election to the** …………………………………
I, …………… †
hereby 1[appoint………………….(Name and address)]………………………as a polling agent to attend† polling station
No………………….. at/place fixed for the poll………. at………
Place ………..
Date………….
I agree to act as such polling agent.
Signature of †candidate/election agent.
a candidate/the
election agent of ……………….who is a candidate at the above election do
Declaration of polling agent to be signed before Presiding Officer
I hereby declare that at the above election I will not do anything forbidden by section 128†† of the Representation
of the People Act, 1951, which† I have read/has been read over to me.
Date ………..
Signed before me.
Date……………
Signature of polling agent.
Presiding Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*To be handed over to the polling agent for production at the polling station or at the place fixed for the poll.
**Here insert one of the following alternatives as may be appropriate:—
(1) House of the People from the ………….constituency.
(2) Legislative Assembly from the…………….constituency.
(3) Council of States by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of ………(State).
(4) Council of States by the members of the electoral college of………… (Union territory).
(5) Legislative Council by the members of the Legislative Assembly.
(6) Legislative Council from the ……………………constituency.
†Strike off the inappropriate alternative.
††Section 128 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951:—
“128. Maintenance of secrecy of voting.—(1) Every officer, clerk, agent or other person who performs any duty in
connection with the recording or counting of votes at an election shall maintain, and aid in maintaining, the secrecy
of the voting and shall not (except for some purpose authorised by or under any law) communicate to any person any
information calculated to violate such secrecy.
(2) Any person who contravenes the provisions of sub-section (1) shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term
which may extend to three months or with fine or with both.”.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 565(E), dated the 4th August, 1984.
Signature of polling agent.
137
To
The Presiding Officer,
The Returning Officer for
Assembly/Parliamentary constituency.
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 11
[See rule 14(1)]
REVOCATION OF APPOINTMENT OF POLLING AGENT
Election to the* …………………….
I, …………………[the election agent of………………] a candidate at the above election, hereby revoke the
appointment of……………… my/his polling agent.
Place ………………………
Date ………………………
Signature of person revoking.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Here insert one of the following alternatives as may be appropriate:—
(1) House of the People from the…………… constituency.
(2) Legislative Assembly from the………………….. constituency.
(3) Council of States by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of …………………….(State).
(4) Council of States by the elected members of the electoral college of…………………….. (Union territory).
(5) Legislative Council by the members of the Legislative Assembly.
(6) Legislative Council from the…………………… constituency.
N.B.-Omit the words marked [ ] as necessary.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1[FORM 12
(See rules 19 and 20)
LETTER OF INTIMATION TO RETURNING OFFICER
To
Sir,
I intend to cast my vote by post at the ensuing election to the Legislative Assembly/House of the People from
the ……………..Assembly/Parliamentary constituency.
My name is entered at S.No……..in Part No…………. of the electoral role for …………… assembly constituency
comprised within………………….Parliamentary constituency.
The ballot paper may be sent to me at the following address:—
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
Place ………………………
Date ……………………….
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964, for Form 12.
Yours faithfully,
………………….]
138
To
The Returning Officer,
……….Assembly/Parliamentary constituency.
Sir,
People
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 12A
[See rule 20(2)]
APPLICATION FOR ELECTION DUTY CERTIFICATE
I intend to cast my vote in person at the ensuing election to the Legislative
from the ………constituency.
Assembly/House
of the
I
have been posted on election duty within the constituency at
………….. (No. and name of the polling
station) but my name is entered at Serial No………….. Part No.
……………. of the electoral rolls for………….. assembly
constituency comprised within…………………… Parliamentary
constituency.
I request that an Election Duty Certificate in Form 12B may be issued to enable me to vote at the polling
station where I may be on duty on the polling day. It may be sent to me at the following address:—
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
……………………………
Place ………….
Date …………..
________________________________________________________________________________________________
FORM 12B
[See rules 20(2) and 35A]
ELECTION DUTY CERTIFICATE
Certified that……….is an elector in the……………………Assembly/Parliamentary constituency, his electoral roll
number being …………..that by reason of his being on election duty he is unable to vote at the polling station where
he is entitled to vote and that he is therefore hereby authorised to vote at any polling station 2[in the said
constituency where] he may be on duty on the date of poll.
Place……………… Signature…………
Date ………………
SEAL Returning Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 565(E), dated the 4th August, 1984.
2. Ins., ibid.
Yours faithfully,
………….].
139
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 12C
[See rule 27-C]
PART I
Letter of intimation to Assistant Returning Officer for notified class of electors:
To
The Assistant Returning Officer,
(for the notified class of electors)
………………………….
Parliamentary/Assembly constituency …………………………..
(designation & address of ARO)
Sir,
I,……son/daughter/wife
of…..resident of….of……village/Mohalla….of
Town/city/tehsil…….District……….of………(State)
belong to the class of notfied electors and wish to cast my vote by post
at the election to the House of the
People/Legislative Assembly from the………..Parliamentary/Assembly
constituency.
My complete present postal address is as under:—
House/dwelling unit/tent number………………………
Camp/mohalla/village……………………………………
ward/town/tehsil………………………………………….
district………………………………………………………
State……………………………….PIN CODE…………..
My name is entered at serial number……………in Part No………………of the electrol roll
for………..Parliamentary/Assembly constituency.
*I am registered as a migrant with……………..(designation of officer) Government of…………under
registration no………..as a head/member of the family of self/Shri/Shrimati…………….. .
*I am not registered as a migrant.
*I am the head of my family is serving as a Government employee as (designation)……………………..in the
office of…………. (full address).
*I am/the head of my family is a pensioner and drawing pension under account No……..from Government
Treasury/Branch of Bank, located at………………(full address).
Yours faithfully,
PART II
Certificate by the officer incharge of the migrant camp/office/area or by head of the office where the
applicant is serving as a migrant employee or by a treasury officer/bank manager from where the migrant is drawing
his pension as a pensioner or by any gazetted officer.
It is hereby certified that the particulars given by the applicant in Part I are correct as per our record/to the
best of my knowledge and understanding.
………….(full signature of the attesting Officer)
……………….(Name)
……………….(address)
……………….(rubber stamp).
* Strike off whichever is not applicable and tick the relevant statement.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 628(E), dated 4th August, 1999.
140
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 13A
[See rule 23(1)(a)]
DECLARATION BY ELECTOR
Election to the*……….
(This side is to be used only when the elector signs the declaration himself)
I hereby declare that I am the elector to whom the postal ballot paper bearing serial number…………has been issued at the
above election.
Date………….
Signature of identifier, if any…..
Address………….
Signature of Attesting Officer.
Designation…………….
Address………………..
Date…………………..
Date……….
I hereby certify that—
Signature of Attesting Officer on behalf of elector.
Address of Elector…………..
__________
Attestation of signature
The above has been signed in my presence by……………(elector) who** is personally known to me/has been identified to
my satisfaction by……….(identifier) who is personally known to me.
(This side is to be used when the elector cannot sign himself)
I hereby declare that I am the elector to whom the postal ballot paper bearing serial number………….has been issued at the
above election.
__________
CERTIFICATE
(1) the above named elector** is personally known to me/has been identified to my satisfaction by……..(identifier) who
is personally known to me;
(2) I am satisfied that the elector** is illiterate/suffers from……………..(infirmity) and is unable to record his vote
himself or sign his declaration;
(3) I was requested by him to mark the ballot paper and to sign the above declaration on his behalf; and
(4) the ballot paper was marked and the declaration signed by me on his behalf in his presence and in accordance with
his wishes.
Signature of Attesting Officer…………………….
Signature of identifier, if any………….. Designation………..
Address………….. Address……………
Date………………
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Here insert one of the following alternatives as may be appropriate:—
(1) House of the People from the………….. constituency.
(2) Legislative Assembly from the…………. constituency.
(3) Council of States by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of …………………….(State).
(4) Council of States by the members of the electoral college of…………………….. (Union territory).
(5) Legislative Council by the members of the Legislative Assembly.
(6) Legislative Council from the…………. constituency.
**Strike off the inappropriate alternative.
Signature of elector.
Address……………
141
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 13B
[See rule 23(1)(b)]
1[Cover A]
COVER NOT TO BE OPENED BEFORE COUNTING ELECTION
‘A’
to the* …………………
POSTAL BALLOT PAPER
Serial number of ballot paper
*Appropriate particulars of the election to be inserted here.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
FORM 13C
[See rule 23(1)(c)]
1[Cover B]
(To be used at an election to the House of People for the Legislative Assembly of a State)
COVER
`B’
[”Every officer under whose care or through whom a postal ballot
paper is sent shall ensure its delivery to the addressee without
delay—Rule 23(4) of the conduct of Elections Rules, 1961”]
ELECTION-IMMEDIA TE
_____________________
POSTAL BALLOT PAPER
For* ………… Constituency
(NOT TO BE OPENED BEFORE COUNTING)
To
The Returning Officer
Signature** ……………………..
of sender ……………………..
2[***SERVICE
UNPAID]
*Returning Officer to insert here the name of the appropriate Parliamentary/Assembly Constituency.
**Returning Officer to mention here his full postal address.
2[***Strike off in the case of an elector who is employed under the Government of India in a post outside India.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 565(E), dated the 4th August, 1984.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 2362 (E), dated the 3rd July, 1970.
142
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 13C
[See rule 23(1)(c)]
1[Cover B]
(TO BE USED AT AN ELECTION TO THE COUNCIL OF STATES OR TO THE LEGISLATIVE
COUNCIL OF A STATE)
COVER NOT TO BE OPENED BEFORE COUNTING
‘B”
ELECTION—IMMEDIA TE
_______________________
POSTAL BALLOT PAPER
The Returning Officer
**……………………
*…………………
…………….
*Insert here Council of States or name of the Legislative Council or the appropriate Electoral College.
**Full postal address of the Returning Officer to be inserted here.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 565(E), dated the 4th August, 1984.
143
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 13D
[See rule 23(1)(d)]
INSTRUCTIONS FOR GUIDANCE OF ELECTORS
(To be used at an election to the House of the People or to the Legislative Assembly of a State)
Election
to the*………..from
the………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
The
persons whose names are printed on the ballot paper sent herewith are
candidates at the above election. Record your
vote by placing clearly a mark opposite the name of the candidate to
whom you wish to give your vote. The mark should be so
placed as to indicate clearly and beyond doubt to which candidate you
are giving your vote. If the mark is so placed as to make it
doubtful to which candidate you have given your vote, your vote will be
invalid.
The number of members to be elected is one. Please remember that you have only one vote. Accordingly you should not
vote for more than one candidate. If you do so, your ballot paper will be rejected.
Do not put your signature or write any word or mark any mark, sign or writing whatsoever on the ballot paper other than the
mark required to record your vote.
After you have recorded your vote on the ballot paper, place the ballot paper in the smaller cover marked ‘A’ sent
herewith. Close the cover and secure it by seal or otherwise.
(1) You may then sign the declaration in Form 13A also sent herewith in the presence of a stipendiary magistrate and obtain
the attestation of your signature by such stipendiary magistrate.
(2) If you are a member of the armed forces of the Union or of an armed police force of a State but is serving outside that
State, the attestation may be obtained by such officer as may be appointed in this behalf by the Commanding Officer of the
Unit, ship or establishment in which you or your husband, as the case may be, are employed.
(3) If you are employed under the Government of India in a post outside India the attestation may be obtained by such
officer as may be appointed in this behalf by the diplomatic or consular representative of India in the country in which you
are resident.
(4)
If you hold an office like the office of the (i) President, (ii)
Vice-President, (iii) Governors of States, (iv) Cabinet
Ministers of the Union or of any State, (v) The Deputy Chairman and
Members of the Planning Commission, (vi) The Ministers of
State of the Union or of any State, (vii) Deputy Minister of the Union
of any State, (viii) The Speaker of the House of the People
or of any State Legislative Assembly, (ix) The Chairman of any State
Legislative Council, (x) Lieutenant Governors of Union
territories, (xi) The Deputy Speaker of the House of the People or of
any State Legislative Assembly, (xii) The Deputy Chairman
of the Council of States or of any State Legislative Council, (xiii)
Parliamentary Secretaries of the Union or of any State, the
attestation may be obtained by an officer not below the rank of a Deputy
Secretary to the Government of the Union or the State, as
the case may be.
(5)
If you are on an election duty, attestation may be obtained by any
gazetted officer or by the Presiding Officer of the polling
station in which you are on election duty.
(6) If you are under preventive detention, the attestation may be obtained by the Superintendent of the jail or the
Commandant of the detention camp in which you are under detention.
In all the above cases you may take the declaration to the authorised officer and sign it in his presence after he has satisfied
himself about your identity. The officer will attest your signature and return the declaration to you. You must not show your
ballot paper to the attesting officer nor tell him how you have voted.
If
you are unable to mark the ballot paper and sign the declaration
yourself in the manner indicated above by reason of
illiteracy, blindness or other infirmity, you are entitled to have your
vote marked and declaration signed on your behalf by any of
the authorised officer mentioned above. Such an officer will, at your
request mark the ballot paper in your presence and in
accordance with your wishes. He will also complete the necessary
certificate in this behalf.
After
your declaration has been signed and your signature has been attested,
place the declaration in Form 13A as also the
smaller cover marked ‘A’ containing the ballot paper in the larger cover
marked ‘B’. After closing the larger cover, send it to the
returning officer by post or by messenger. You have to give full
signature in the space provided on the cover marked `B’.
* Appropriate particulars of the election, to be inserted here.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 961 (E), dated the 29th December, 1986, for Form 13D.
144
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
No postage stamp need be affixed by you, if the cover is posted in India. If, however, you are an elector employed
under the Government of India in a post outside India, you should return the cover to the returning officer concerned
direct by air mail service after the requisite postage stamp is duly affixed thereon by the office in which you are
serving except where it is sent by diplomatic bag.
You
must ensure that the cover reaches the Returning Officer before**
………………..**on………………………………….
Please note that :—
(i) if you fail to get your declaration attested or certified in the manner indicated above, your ballot paper will
be rejected; and
(ii) if the cover reaches the returning officer after**……………………………………………on the**………..
………………….your vote will not be counted.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
**(Here specify the hour and date fixed for the commencement of counting of votes).
FORM 13D
[See rule 23(1) (d)]
INSTRUCTIONS FOR GUIDANCE OF ELECTORS
(To be used at an election to the Council of States or to the Legislative Council of a State)
Election to the Council of States …………………….Legislative Council.
The
persons whose names are printed on the ballot paper sent herewith are
candidates at the above election. Record your vote
by placing the figure 1 in the space opposite the name of the candidate
to whom you want to vote. Place the figure 1 opposite the
name of one candidate only *(although there are more members than one to
be elected). You may indicate your relative
preference for the other candidates by placing in the spaces opposite
their names the figures 2, 3, 4, etc., in order of such
preference. Do not place more than one figure opposite the name of any
candidate and do not place the same figure opposite the
names of more candidates than one.
The
number of members to be elected is
………………………………………………………………………………………….
After you have recorded your vote on the ballot paper, place the ballot paper in the smaller cover marked `A’ sent herewith.
Close the cover and secure it by seal or otherwise.
You
have then to sign the declaration in Form 13A also sent herewith in the
presence of an officer competent to attest your
signature. If you are under preventive detention the attestation of your
signature on the declaration in Form 13A shall be obtained
by the Superintendent of the jail or the Commandant of the detention
camp in which you are under such detention. If you are not
under preventive detention, the attestation may be obtained by a
stipendiary magistrate to whom you are personally known or to
whose satisfaction you have been identified, or in the case of an
election to a Council Constituency by any of the following
categories of officers who have been notified in this behalf by the
Election Commission, namely:—
………………………………..
………………………………..
Take
the declaration to any such officer and sign it in his presence after
he has been satisfied about your identity. The
officer will attest your signature and return the declaration to you.
You must not show your ballot paper to the attesting officer nor
tell him how you have voted.
If
you are unable to mark the ballot paper and sign the declaration
yourself in the manner indicated above by reason of
illiteracy, blindness or other infirmity, you are entitled to have your
vote marked and the declaration signed on your behalf by
an officer competent to attest your signature. Such an officer will, at
your request, mark the ballot paper in your presence and in
accordance with your wishes. He will also complete the necessary
certificate in this behalf.
After
the declaration has been signed and your signature has been attested,
place the declaration in Form 13A as also the
smaller cover marked `A’ containing the ballot paper in the larger cover
marked `B’. After closing the larger cover, send it to the
Returning Officer by registered post or by messenger.
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
* To be deleted when only one member is to be elected.
145
You must ensure that
the……………………………………**.
Please note that—
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
the cover reaches the returning officer before**……………..on
(i) If you fail to get your declaration attested or certified in the manner indicated above your ballot paper
will be rejected; and
(ii) if the cover reaches the returning officer after** ………………on the…………..**your vote will not
be counted.
Any ballot paper on which the figure 1 is not marked or on which the figure 1 is set opposite the name of more
than one candidate, or is so placed as to render it doubtful to which candidate it is intended to apply, or on which
the figure 1 and some other figures are set opposite the name of the same candidate or on which the same figure is set
opposite the name of more candidates than one or on which the signature of the elector is not duly attested or the
number of which does not agree with the number of the ballot paper entered on the cover in which it is placed, will
be rejected.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
**Here specify the hour and date fixed for the commencement of counting of votes.
146
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 13E
(See rule 27F)
INSTRUCTIONS FOR GUIDANCE OF NOTIFIED CLASS OF ELECTORS
(To be used at an election to the House of the People/State Legislative Assembly)
Election to the House of the People/Legislative Assembly of……………… .from the………………………….. .
The persons whose names are printed on the ballot paper sent herewith are candidates at the above election.
Record your vote by placing clearly a mark opposite the name of the candidate to whom you wish to give your vote.
The mark should be so placed as to indicate clearly and beyond doubt to which candidate you are giving your vote. If
the mark is so placed as to make it doubtful to which candidate you have given your vote, your vote will be invalid.
The number of members to be elected is one. Accordingly, you should not vote for more than one candidate, if
you do so, your ballot paper will be rejected.
Do not put your signature or write any word or mark any mark, sign or writing whatsoever on the ballot paper
other than the mark required to record your vote.
After you have recorded your vote on the ballot paper, place the ballot paper in the smaller cover marked A
sent herewith. Close the cover and secure it by seal or otherwise.
You may then sign the declaration in Form 13A which is sent herewith in the presence of the officer (as defined
in Rule 27J) of the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961 and obtain the attestation of your signature by such authorised
officer. Extracts of Rule 27J of the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961 are enclosed herewith.
If you are unable to mark the ballot paper and sign the declaration yourself in the manner indicated above by
reason of illiteracy, blindness or other infirmity, you are entitled to have your vote marked and declaration signed
on your behalf by any of the authorised officers as mentioned above. Such an Officer will, at your request mark the
ballot paper in your presence and in accordance with your wishes. He will also complete the necessary certificate
in this behalf.
After your declaration has been signed and your signature has been attested, place the declaration in Form 13A
as also the smaller cover marked A containing the ballot paper in the larger cover marked B. After closing the larger
cover, send it to the Returning Officer by post or by messenger. You have to give your full signature in the space
provided on the cover marked B. No postage stamp need be affixed by you if the cover is posted in India. If,
however, you are an elector employed under the Government of India on a post outside India, you should return the
cover to the Returning Officer concerned direct by air mail service after the requisite postage stamp is fully affixed
thereon by the office in which you are serving except where it is sent by diplomatic bag. You must ensure that the
cover reaches the Returning Officer before…………..(hour) on………..(date).
Please note that:—
(i) if you fail to get your declaration attested or certified in the manner indicated above, your ballot paper will
be rejected; and
(ii) if the cover reaches the Returning Officer after………………(hour) on ……………(date) your vote will
not be counted.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Form 13E, which was ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 321 (E), dated the 1st May, 1996, subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 628(E), dated 4th August, 1999.
147
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 13F
[See rule 27N(3)]
Appointment of proxy by classified service voter to give vote.
I………….(name
…………….r/o…………presently working as…………….and posted at……………am entitled to appoint proxy
under sub-rule (2) of rule 27N of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961. I hereby appoint……………(name of the
proxy) aged about…………………..s/o, d/o, w/o………………..r/o…………………as my proxy to give vote on my
behalf and in my name in………………Assembly constituency and/or……………Parliamentary constituency of the
State/Union territory of…………..in which I am entitled to give vote under the Representation of the People Act, 1951
(43 of 1951) and the rules made thereunder.
Serial No……………..
……………………….
(Signature of proxy)
Serial number of his name
and part no. of electoral roll of the
concerned constituency…………
……………………………………..
(Signature of classified service voter)
Serial number of his name in the last
part of electoral roll of the concerned
constituency…………………………
Service Identity Card No……….
Name of the Force to which he
belongs……………………………..
of the classified service voter) aged about…….s/o, d/o, w/o
Note: (1) The person to be appointed as proxy shall be an ordinary resident in the constituency concerned and of
not less than eighteen years of age and shall not be a person disqualified for registration as an elector in an
electoral roll under section 16 of the Representation of the People Act, 1950 (43 of 1950).
(2) The signature of the classified service voter and the proxy shall be made before a First Class Magistrate or
Notary or the Commanding Officer of the Unit concerned who shall verify the signatures under his hand and
seal. In case of First Class Magistrate or Notary verifying the signature, he shall personally check the service
identity card of the classified service voter to authenticate veracity of the classified service voter.
(3) Score out the word (s) which are not applicable.
Receipt of Form 13F for the appointment of proxy by classified service voter
(To be handed over to the person depositing the said form)
Serial No…………………..
Received Form 13F of Shri/Smt./Kum…………………………….
Date…………………. …………………..
Returning Officer
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 903(E), dated the 5th August, 2003.
148
Serial No……………..
……………………….
(Signature of proxy)
Serial number of his name
and part no. of electoral roll of the
concerned constituency…………
……………………………………..
(Signature of classified service voter)
Serial number of his name in the last
part of electoral roll of the concerned
constituency…………………………
Service Identity Card No……….
Name of the Force to which he
belongs……………………………..
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 13G
[See rule 27N(4)]
Revocation of appointment of proxy or revocation of appointment of proxy and appointment of substitute proxy by
classified service voter to give vote
I…………………….(name of the classified service voter) aged about…….s/o, d/o, w/o
……………….r/o……………presently working as…………….and posted at……………had
appointed……………(name of the proxy) aged about…………………..s/o, d/o,
w/o………………..r/o…………………as my proxy to give vote on my behalf and in my name
in………………Assembly constituency and/or……………Parliamentary constituency of the State/Union territory
of…………..
2. I hereby revoke the appointment of my said proxy and do not wish to appoint any substitute proxy.
OR
Whereas such proxy has died/I hereby revoke appointment of the said proxy and being entitled to appoint
substitute proxy under sub-rule (4) of rule 27N of the Conduct of Election Rules, 1961, hereby
appoint………………(name of the substitute proxy) aged about…………………..s/o, d/o,
w/o……………………r/o………………….as substitute proxy who shall hereafter give vote on my behalf and in my
name in………………….Assembly constituency and/or………………..Parliamentary constituency……………..of the
State/Union territory of…………………………..in which I am entitled to give vote under the Representation of the
People Act, 1951 (43 of 1951) and the rules made thereunder.
Note: (1) The person to be appointed as proxy shall be an ordinary resident in the constituency concerned and of
not less than eighteen years of age and shall not be a person disqualified for registration as an elector in an
electoral roll under section 16 of the Representation of the People Act, 1950 (43 of 1950).
(2) The signature of the classified service voter and the proxy shall be made before a First Class Magistrate or
Notary or the Commanding Officer of the Unit concerned who shall verify the signatures under his hand and
seal. In case of First Class Magistrate or Notary verifying the signature, he shall personally check the service
identity card of the classified service voter to authenticate veracity of the classified service voter.
(3) Score out the word (s) which are not applicable.
Receipt of Form 13G for revocation of appointment of proxy or revocation of appointment of proxy and
appointment of substitute proxy by classified service voter to give vote.
(To be handed over to the person depositing the said form)
Serial No…………………..
Received Form 13G of Shri/Smt./Kum…………………………….
Date…………………. …………………..
Signature and Seal
Returning Officer.]
________________________________________________________________________________________
149
Serial
number
of entry
Name of electoral Part Elector’s
of name in
roll that part
Signature or
thumb impression
of the person
challenged
Conduct /of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 14
[See rule 36(2)(c)]
LIST OF CHALLENGED VOTES
Election to the*………………..from the……………….constituency.
1[Polling
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Station Number and Name of Polling Station……………in……………..Assembly
constituency/Name of place of poll ……………]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
12345
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Address of
the person
challenged
Name of
identifier,
if any
Name of
challenger
Order of Presiding
Officer
Signature of
challenger on
receiving
refund of
deposit
________________________________________________________________________________________________
6 7 8 9 10
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
………………………………
Date………………. Signature of Presiding Officer.
*Appropriate particulars of the election to be inserted here.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 565(E), dated the 4th August, 1984.
150
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 14A
[See rules 40(2) and 40A(2)]
LIST OF †ILLITERATE, BLIND AND INFIRM VOTERS
Election to the ………….**………….*from the…….constituency*/by the elected members**/members
of the Legislative Assembly of ……………..(State).
2[Number and Name of Polling Station………..in…………Assembly constituency/Name of place of poll……………..]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Part No. Full name Full name Address of Signature of
& Sl.No. of elector of companion companion companion
of elector
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Date…………..
Signature of Presiding Officer.]
†The word “illiterate” not applicable in the case of election from Assembly/Parliamentary constituency.
*Strike off whichever is inapplicable.
** Strike off whichever is inapplicable.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 2362, dated the 3rd July, 1970, for Form 14A.
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 563(E), dated the 4th August, 1984, for certain words.
151
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 15
[See rule 42(2)]
LIST OF TENDERED VOTES
Election in the*…………………………………from the……………………………………………………….constituency.
1[Number and Name of Polling Station……….in……….Assembly Constituency/ Name of place of poll…………………….]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Part number, serial
number and name
of elector
Address of elector
Serial number of
tendered ballot
paper
Serial number of ballot
paper issued to the
person who has already
voted
Signature or
thumb imp-
ression of
person
tendering
vote
________________________________________________________________________________________________
12345
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Date…………. Signature of Presiding Officer.
*Appropriate particulars of the election to be inserted here.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 565(E), dated the 4th August, 1984, for certain words.
152
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 16
[See rules 45, 56(7) and 56A(7)]
PART I.—Ballot Paper Account
Election to the……………………………………from the……………………………………………………constituency.
Name of Assembly Segment……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(in the case of election from a Parliamentary constituency)
No. and Name of Polling Station………………………………………………………………………………………………..
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Serial Nos. Total No.
_______________
From To
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ballot papers received ………………………………
2. Ballot papers unused (i.e. not issued to voters)—
(a) With the signature of Presiding Officer
(b) Without the signature of Presiding Officer ……………………………
*Total : (a+b) ………………………….
3. *Ballot papers used at the Polling Station ……………………………
(1—2=3) …………………………………………
4. *Ballot papers used at the polling station but NOT INSERTED INTO
THE BALLOT BOX:
(a) Ballot papers cancelled for violation of voting procedure under
rule 39 ……. . . .
(b) Ballot papers cancelled for other reasons.
(c) Ballot papers used as tendered ballot papers …………………….
*Total: (a+b+c) …………………….
5. *Ballot papers to be found in the ballot box
(3—4—5)
*(Serial numbers need not be given)
Date ……….. Signature of the Presiding Officer.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Form 16 ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 470A, dated the 27th January, 1971 and subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 518(E), dated the 7th September, 1979.
153
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
PART II.—Result of Counting
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
I. Name of candidate Number of valid votes cast
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
etc.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
II. Rejected Ballot Papers
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
III. TOTAL
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Whether the total number of ballot papers shown against item No. III
above tallies with the total shown against item No. 5 of Part I or
any discrepancy notice between these two totals.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
Place…………… Signature of the Counting Supervisor
Date…………….
Place…………… Signature of the returning Officer.]
Date…………….
________________________________________________________________________________________________
154
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 16A
[See rules 45 and 55B(1)]
(To be used in constituencies specified under rule 59A)
Election to the………………………………………..from the…………………………………………constituency.
Name of Assembly Segment…………….. (in the case of election from a Parliamentary constituency) No. and Name of
Polling Station …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ballot papers received …………………………………..
2. Ballot papers unused (i.e. not issued to voters)—
(a) With the signature of Presiding Officer
(b) Without the signature of Presiding Officer _____________________
*Total : (a+b) ______________________
3. *Ballot papers used at the Polling Station _______________________
(1—2=3) ……………………….. _______________________
4. *Ballot papers used at the polling station but NOT
INSERTED INTO THE BALLOT BOX :
(a) Ballot papers cancelled for violation of voting
procedure under rule 39.
(b) Ballot papers cancelled for other reason.
(c) Ballot papers used as tendered ballot papers
*Total : (a+b+c)
5. *Ballot papers to be found in the ballot box
(3—4=5)
*(Serial numbers need not be given)
Date……..
PART II—Result of Initial counting
1. Total number of ballot papers found in the ballot box(es) used at the polling station………………………………………
2. Discrepancy, if any, between the total number as shown against item 1 in this Part and the total number of ballot
papers to be found in the ballot box(es)
Date………………
shown
in item 5 of
Part I…………………………………………….
Signature of Counting Supervisor
Signature of the Returning Officer.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Original Form 16, which was renumbered as Form 16A by Notifn. No. S.O. 479 A, dated the 27th January, 1971, omitted by Notifn. No, 518(E),
dated the 7th September, 1979 and again ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 958(E), dated the 17th November, 1989.
Serial Nos. Total No.
___________
From To
_____________________________________
Signature of the Presiding Officer.
155
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 17
[See rule 49(3)(f)]
Tendered Ballot Paper
Election to the*………………………………………………from the…………………………………………..constituency
………………………………………………………..Serial number of Ballot paper………………………………………………
Polling Station ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Name of Elector…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Serial number of elector ………………………………………. in Part number……..of the electoral roll.
Address of elector……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Name of candidate in whose favour vote is tendered…………………………………………………………………………..
Date ……………
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Appropriate particulars of the election to be inserted here.
156
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 17A
(See rule 49L)
Register of Voters
Election to the House of the People/Legislative Assembly of the State/Union territory …………………………….
from …………………………….. Constituency No. and Name of Polling Station…………………………………………… Part No. of
Electoral Roll………………………………..
|
Sl. No |
Sl. No. of elector in |
Details of the document produced |
Signature/Thumb |
Remarks |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
|
1. |
etc.
___________
FORM 17B
(See rule 49P)
List of Tendered Votes
Election to the House of the People/Legislative Assembly of the State/Union territory…….from…….Constituency.
No. and Name of Polling Station……………………………………………………………………………………………………
Part No. of Electoral Roll…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sl. Name of
No. elector
Sl.No. of
elector in
electoral
roll
Sl. No. in Reg-
ister of
voters
(Form 17A) of
persons who
has already
voted in
place of
Signature/
Thumb
impression
of elector
elector
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Date…………….. Signature of the Presiding Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 728(E), dated the 8th May, 2007.
Signature of the Presiding Officer.
157
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 17C
[See rules 49S and 56C(2)]
PART I.—ACCOUNT OF VOTES RECORDED
No. and Name of Polling Station………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Identification No. of Voting Control Unit………………………………………………………………………………………
Machine used at the Polling Station balloting Unit:—
-
Total No. of electors assigned to the Polling Station
-
Total No. of voters as entered in the Register for Voters (Form 17A)
-
No. of voters deciding not to record votes under rule 49-O
-
No. of voters not allowed to vote under rule 49M
-
Total No. of votes recorded as per voting machine
-
Whether the total No. of votes as shown against item 5 tallies with the total No. of voters as shown against item 2
minus Nos. of voters deciding not to record votes as against item 3 minus No. of Voters as against item 4 (2-3-4)
or any discrepancy noticed.
-
No. of voters to whom tendered ballot papers were issued under rule 49P.
-
No. of tendered ballot papers.
Sl. No.
From To
(a) received for use _____________________________________________________________________________
(b) issued to electors ____________________________________________________________________________
(c) not used and returned _________________________________________________________________________
Election
territory…………..from…………….Constituency.
to House
9. Account of papers seals
Sl. Nos.
From To
1. Serial Numbers of paper seals supplied
From …………….to …………..
2. Total Numbers supplied
3. Number of paper seals used
4. Number of unused paper seals returned to Returning
Officer (Deduct item 3 from item 2)
Signature of polling agents.
1_____________________.
2_____________________
3_____________________
4_____________________
5_____________________
6______________________
of the People/Legislative Assembly of the
State/Union
5. Serial number of damaged paper seal, if any
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Date…………
Place……….. Signature of Presiding Officer
Polling Station No ……………
158
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
PART II.—RESULT OF COUNTING
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Sl. No. Name of Candidate No. of Votes recorded
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Total
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Whether the total nos. of votes shown above tallies with the total No. of votes shown against item 5 of Part I or any
discrepancy noticed between the two totals.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Place…………..
Date……………
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Signature of Counting Supervisor
Name of candidate/election agent/counting agent
Full signature
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Place ……………………..
Date……………………….
Signature of Returning Officer.]
159
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 18
[See rule 52(2)]
Appointment of Counting Agents
Election to the………………………………………from the………………………………………………………..constituency.
To
The Returning Officer,
I,……………………….*a candidate/the election agent of………………………..who is a candidate at the above
election, do hereby appoint the following persons as my counting agents to attend the counting of votes
at……………………:
Name of the Counting agent
We agree to act as such counting agents
Address of the counting agent.
Signature of *candidate/election agent.
Signature of counting agents.
1.
2.
3.
etc.
1.
2.
3.
etc.
Place………………..
Date…………………
DECLARATION OF COUNTING AGENTS
(To be signed before the Returning Officer)
We hereby declare that at the above election we will not do anything forbidden by section 128$ of the
Representation of the People Act, 1951 (43 of 1951), which *we have read/has been read over to us.
1……………………………
2…………………………….
3…………………………….
etc.
Date…………………
Signed before me.
Date…………………
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Strike off the inappropriate alternative.
$Section 128 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951:—
“128. Maintenance of secrecy of voting.—(1) Every Officer, clerk, agent or other persons who performs any duty in connection with the
recording or counting of votes at an election shall maintain and aid in maintaining, the secrecy of the voting and shall not (except for some
purpose authorised by or under any law) communicate to any person any information calculated to violate such secrecy.
(2) Any person who contravenes the provisions of sub-section (1) shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three
months or with fine or with both.”
Signature of counting agents.
Returning Officer.
160
To
The Returning Officer,
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 19
[See rule 52(4)]
Revocation of Appointment of counting Agents
Election of the*.…………………………
I,……………………..[the election agent of……………… a candidate at the above election hereby revoke the
appointment of………………………………… my/his counting agent.
Place……………………
Date……………………. Signature of person revoking.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Here insert one of the following alternatives as may be appropriate:—
(1) House of the People from the…………constituency.
(2) Legislative Assembly from the………….constituency.
(3) Council of States by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of……………(State).
(4) Council of States by the members of the electoral college of………………………….. (Union territory).
(5) Legislative Council by the members of the Legislative Assembly.
(6) Legislative Council from the………….constituency.
N.B.—Omit the Words[ ] as necessary.
161
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 20
[See rule 56(7)]
Final Result Sheet
(To be used for recording the result of voting at polling stations other than notified polling stations)
Election to the…………………………………………from the…………………………………………constituency.
PART I
(To be used both for Parliamentary and Assembly elections)
Name of the Assembly segment (in the case of election from
a Parliamentary constituency)…………….
Total No. of
electors in Assembly
constituency/segment……….
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Serial No. of No. of valid votes cast in favour of Total of No. of rejected votes Total No. of tendered
Polling A B C valid Votes votes
Station
________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1)
(2)
(3)
etc.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL No. of votes recorded at Polling Stations.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
No. of votes recorded on postal ballot papers.
(To be filled in the case of election from an Assembly constituency.)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL votes polled.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Place……………
Date……………. Returning Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 518(E), dated the 7th September, 1979.
162
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
PART II
(To be used for a Parliamentary election only)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Name of No. of valid votes cast in favour of Total of No. of rejected votes Total No. of tendered
Assembly A B C valid Votes votes
segment
________________________________________________________________________________________________
(1)
(2)
(3)
etc.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
________________________________________________________________________________________________
No. of votes recorded on postal ballot papers.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
GRAND TOTAL
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Place…………………
Date…………………. Returning Officer.
163
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 20
(See rule 59)
Final Result Sheet
(To be used for recording the result of voting at notified polling stations)
Election to the*………..from the………..constituency.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Polling Number of the ballot papers found in the ballot box of Total for polling Number of
Station Station tendered
votes
________________________________________________________________________________________________
S.No. Name A B C D
____ ____ ____ ____ ______________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Valid Rejected Valid Rejected Valid Rejected Valid Rejected Valid Rejected Total
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Total
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Number of valid votes polled by
________________________________________________________________________________________________
A B C DTotal
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Recorded at polling stations
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Recorded on postal ballot papers
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Total votes polled
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Place……………….
Date……………….. Returning Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Appropriate particulars of the election to be inserted here.
164
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 20A
[See rule 56B (7)]
Final Result Sheet
(To be used for recording the result of voting at polling stations in constituencies specified under Rule 59A)
Election to the……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
from the…………………………………………………………………………………………………….constituency.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Polling Station No. Total votes found in the ballot box(es) No. of tendered votes
________________________________________________________________________________________________
-
(1) ……..
-
(2) ……..
-
(3) ……..
………………… ……..
………………… ……..
………………… ……..
________________________________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Total number of valid votes recorded for Candidate’s valid votes Valid votes Number of
candidates and of rejected ballot papers ________________________________ Total rejected ballot
Valid and rejected
votes
papers
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1st round…………………………
2nd round………………………..
3rd round. ………………………..
4th round………………………..
5th round. ………………………..
…………………
…. …. ….
…. …. ….
…. …. ….
…. …. ….
…. …. ….
-
….. ….. ……
-
….. ….. …..
-
….. ….. …..
-
….. ….. …..
-
….. ….. …..
Place……….
Date………..
Name of assembly constituency
(For Parliamentary elections only)
Candidate’s valid votes
_______________________________
ABCD
Valid votes
Total
…..
….. ……
….. …….
Returning Officer
V alid and
rejected
votes
Total
…..
…..
…..
I.1…………………………. ….
2………………………… ….
3………………………… ….
…. …. …..
…. …. …..
…. …. …..
……
ABCD
Total
…..
…..
…..
…..
…..
………………..
………………..
________________________________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Total number of valid votes
recorded on postal ballot papers
for candidates and of rejected
postal ballot papers ….. …… …… …… …… …… ……
________________________________________________________________________________________________
GRAND TOTAL
________________________________________________________________________________________________
etc.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
TOTAL
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 958(E), dated the 17th November, 1989.
Number of
rejected
ballot
papers
…….
…….
…….
…….
…….
…….
165
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
II. Total number of valid votes
recorded on postal ballot papers
for candidates and of rejected postal
ballot papers…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
________________________________________________________________________________________________
GRAND TOTAL
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Place……….
Date………. Returning Officer.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
166
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 21
(See rule 11(1)]
(For use in General Election when seat is uncontested)
Declaration of the result of Election under sub-section (2)*/sub-section (3)* of section 53 of the Representation
of the People Act, 1951.
Election to the†………………………………
In pursuance of the provisions contained in sub-section (2)*/sub-section (3)* of section 53 of the
Representation of the People Act, 1951, read with sub-rule (1) of rule 11 of the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, I
declare that—
…………………(Name) 2[sponsored by…………….
………………(Address) (name of the recognised/registered political party)]
has been duly elected to fill the seat in that House from the above constituency.
Place……….. Signature……………
Date………… Returning Officer.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Score out, if inappropriate.
†Here insert one of the following alternatives as may be appropriate:—
(1) House of the People from the…….Parliamentary constituency in the State/Union territory of………….
(2) Legislative Assembly of the State/Union territory of………………….from the……………………Assembly
constituency.
(3) Metropolitan Council of the Union territory of Delhi from the………………….Metropolitan Council
constituency.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 4542, dated the 20th December, 1968 (w.e.f. 1-1-1969).
2. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 565(E), dated the 4th August, 1984.
167
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 21A
[See rule 11(1)]
(For use in General Election when seat is uncontested)
Declaration of the result of Election under sub-section (2)*/sub-section (3)* of section 53 of the
Representation of the People Act, 1951.
Election to the!………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
In pursuance of the provisions contained in sub-section (2)*/sub-section (3)* of section 53 of the
Representation of the People Act, 1951, read with sub-rule (1) of rule 11 of the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961,
I declare that—
………………………………………….(Name)
…………………………………………(Address)
…………………………………………(Name)
………………………………………..(Address)
1[sponsored by…………………………………. (name of the
recognised/registered political party)]
1[Sponsored by ………….(name of the
recognised/registered political party)]
has been/have been duly elected to fill the seat(s) in that House of………………**……………………member(s)
retiring on…………………..(date, month and year) on the expiration of their term of office.
Place……… Signature…………..
Date……… Returning Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Score out, if inappropriate.
!Here insert one of the following alternatives as may be appropriate:—
(1) Council of States by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of…………………………….(State).
(2) Council of States by the members of the electoral college of………………………………(Union territory).
(3) Legislative Council of……………………………..(State) by the members of the Legislative Assembly.
(4) Legislative Council of……………………………(State) from the …………….(Local
Authorities’/Graduates’/Teachers’) constituency.
**Fill up the number of members retiring.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 565(E), dated the 4th August, 1984.
168
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 21B
[See rule 11(1)]
(For use in Election to fill a casual vacancy when seat is uncontested)
Declaration of the result of Election under sub-section (2)*/sub-section (3)* of section 53 of the
Representation of the People Act, 1951.
Election to the†………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
In pursuance of the provisions contained in sub-section (2)*/sub-section (3)* of section 53 of the
Representation of the People Act, 1951, read with sub-rule (1) of rule 11 of the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961,
I declare that—
………………………………………….(Name)
…………………………………………(Address) 1[sponsored by………..(name of the
recognised/ registered political party)] has been/have been duly elected to fill the vacancy caused in that House by the
*resignation of……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
*death of……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
*election of……………………………………………………………………………………………having been declared void.
*having become
*seat of………………………………………………………………………………………____________vacant.
*having been declared
Place……………… Signature…………..
Date………….. Returning Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Score out, if inappropriate.
†Here insert one of the following alternatives as may be appropriate:—
(1) House of the People from the…………………….. Parliamentary constituency in the State/Union
territory of……………………..
(2) Legislative Assembly of the State/Union territory of…………….. from the………………Assembly
constituency.
(3) Metropolitan Council of Delhi from the…………………Metropolitan Council constituency.
(4) Council of States by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly………(State).
(5) Council of States by the members of the electoral college of………..(Union territory).
(6) Legislative Council of…………(State) by the members of the Legislative Assembly.
(7) Legislative Council of……….(State) from the……….(Local Authorities’/Graduates’/Teachers’) constituency.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 565(E), dated the 4th August, 1984.
169
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 21C
(See rule 64)
(For use in General Election when seat is contested)
Declaration of the result of Election under section 66 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
*Election to the House of the People from the………………………………………………..Parliamentary
constituency in………………………………………………………………………………………(State/Union territory).
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Election to the Legislative Assembly of…………………………………………………………….(State/Union
territory) from…………………………………………………………………………………………………Assembly
constituency.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Election to the Metropolitan Council of Delhi from………………..Metropolitan Council constituency.
In pursuance of the provisions contained in section 66 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, read with
rule 64 of the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, I declare that—
…………………………………………(Name)
………………………………………….(Address) 1[sponsored by………………………………………….(name of the
recognised/registered political party)] has been duly elected to fill the seat in that House from the above constituency.
Place…………… Signature ……………
Date…………….. Returning Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Score out, if inappropriate.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 565(E), dated the 4th August, 1984.
170
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 21D
(See rule 64)
(For use in Election to fill a casual vacancy when seat is contested)
Declaration of the result of Election under section 66 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
*Election to the House of the People from the………………………… Parliamentary
constituency in……………………………………………. (State/Union territory).
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Election to the Legislative Assembly of……………….. (State/Union territory) from…………….Assembly
constituency.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Election to the Metropolitan Council of Delhi from………………….Metropolitan Council
constituency. In pursuance of the provisions contained in section 66 of the Representation of the People Act,
1951, read with rule 64 of the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, I declare that—
……………………………….(Name)
………………………………(Address) 1[Sponsored by………………………………………………………………….(name
of the recognised/registered political party)] has been duly elected to fill the vacancy caused in that House by the
*resignation of …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
____________
*death of……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………
____________
*election of……………………………………………………………………………………….having been declared void.
___________
having become.
*seat of ……………………………………………………………………………… _______________________
having been declared vacant.
Place………. Signature ………..
Date………… Returning Officer.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Score out, if inappropriate.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 565(E), dated the 4th August, 1984.
171
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 21E]
(See rule 64)
Return of Election
Election to the……………………………………..from the……………………………………………..constituency
Return of Election
________________________________________________________________________________________________
2[Serial Name of candidate Party affiliation Number of votes polled]
No.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
3[Total number of electors……………………………………………………..]
Total number of valid votes polled…………………………………………..
Total number of rejected votes………………………………………………..
Total number of tendered votes……………………………………………….
I declare that—
………………………………………………………………………..(Name)
of…………………………………………………………………… (address)
has been duly elected to fill the seat.
Place ……………………………..
Date ………………………………
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Renumbered by Notifn. No. S.O. 4542, dated the 20th December, 1968 (w.e.f. 1-1-1969).
2. Subs. by Notifn. No. S.O. 565(E), dated the 4th August, 1984, for certain words.
3. Ins., ibid.
Returning Officer.
172
Certificate of Election
Election of the ———————————-
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 22
(See rule 66)
I, Returning Officer for the…………………………..Parliamentary/Assembly constituency in the State
of………………hereby certify that I have on the……………………day of ………………………. 20………….
declared Shri………………………… of………………….1[sponsored by……….(name of the recognised/registered
political party)] to have been duly elected by the said constituency 2[in the General Election/Bye-election]
to be a member of the House of the People/Legislative Assembly and that in token thereof I have granted to
him this certificate of election.
Place ……………
Date …………….
…………………………………………………………………
Returning Officer,
for the………………………………………….Parliamentary
Assembly constituency.
SEAL
FORM 22A
[See rule 39AA(2)]
Appointment letter
I………………………..*President/General Secretary of………..Party do hereby appoint the following
persons as the authorised agents of the Party to verify under rule *39AA/ rule 42/ rule 42A/ rule 84 as to whom the
electors who are the members of the said political party have cast their votes. Photographs of the aforesaid authorised
agents are pasted hereunder and is attested under my hand and seal.
Name of the authorised agents
1……………………….
2……………………….
We agree to act as such authorised agents
1………………..
2………………..
Address of the authorised agents
Signature of * President/
General Secretary of the Party)
Space for the photographs
*Strike off the inappropriate alternative.]
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S. O. 961(E), dated the 29th December, 1986.
2. Ins. by Notifn. No. S. O. 565(E), dated the 4th August, 1984.
3. Ins. by Notifn. No. S. O. 272 (E), dated the 27 th February, 2004.
Signature of the authorised agents
(Seal)
173
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 23
[See rule 84(1)(a)]
(For use in Biennial Election when seat is contested)
Declaration of the result of Election under section 66 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951.
Election to the*………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
In pursuance of the provisions contained in section 66 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951,
read with clause (a) of sub-rule (1) of rule 84 of the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, I declare that—
…………………………(Name)
……………………….(Address)
…………………………(Name)
……………………….(Address)
2[sponsored by…………………. (name of the recognised/registered
political party)]
2[sponsored by…………………. (name of the recognised/registered
political party)]
**has been/**have been, duly elected to fill the seat(s) in that House of a …………………………………!member(s)
retiring on……………………………………………….. (date, month and year) on the expiration of their term of office.
Place…………….. Signature……………………………
Date………………
Returning Officer.]
_________________________________________________________________________________________
* Here insert one of the following alternatives as may be appropriate:—
(1) Council of States by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of……………………(State).
(2) Council of States by the members of the electoral college of……………………(Union territory).
(3) Legislative Council of………………………… (State) by the members of the Legislative Assembly.
(4) Legislative Council of………………..(State) from the……………………………………………….
(Local Authorities’/Graduates’/Teachers’) constituency.
** Score out, if inappropriate.
!Fill up the number of members retiring.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S. O. 4542, dated the 20th December, 1968 (w.e.f. 1-1-1969).
2. Ins. by Notifn. No. S. O. 565(E), dated the 4th August, 1984.
174
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 23A
[See rule 84(1)(a)]
(For use in Election to fill a casual vacancy when seat is contested)
Declaration of the result of Election under section 66 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951
Election to the!…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
In pursuance of the provisions contained in section 66 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951, read
with clause (a) of sub-rule (1) of rule 84 of the Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961, I declare that—
…………………………….(Name)
……………………………(Address) 1[sponsored by…………………(name of the recognised/registered political
party)] has been duly elected to fill the vacancy caused in that House by the
*resignation of…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
_____________
*death of………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
_____________
*election of…………………………………………………………………………….having been declared void.
_____________
*having become
*seat of…………………….______________ vacant.
*having been declared
Place………
Date……….
__________________________________________________________________________________________
! Here insert one of the following alternatives as may be appropriate: —
(1) Council of States by the elected members of the Legislative Assembly of ……………….(State).
(2) Council of States by the members of the electoral college of……………………………….(Union
territory).
(3) Legislative Council of…………………………………………(State) by the members of the Legislative
Assembly.
(4) Legislative Council of……………(State) from the…………..(Local Authorities’/Graduates’/Teachers’)
constituency.
*Score out, if inappropriate.]
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 565(E), dated the 4th August, 1984.
Signature…………..
Returning Officer.
175
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 23B]
2[See rule 84(1)(b)]
Return of Election
Election to the Council of States
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Election to the Legislative Council by Members of Assembly/…………………………….. constituency.
The result of the poll and of the transfer of votes is as follows:—
Number of valid votes………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Number of members to be elected…………………………………………………………………………………..
Quota (number of votes sufficient to secure the election of a candidate)…………………………………………..
|
Names of candidates |
First Count |
Second Count |
Third Count |
Fourth Count |
Name of |
|||
|
Votes polled by |
Transfer of |
Result |
Transfer of |
Result |
Transfer of |
Result |
||
|
Non-transferable |
||||||||
|
Loss due to fractions |
||||||||
|
Total |
||||||||
I declare that—
(1) (Name)………………………………………………….
(Address)…………………………………………………..
3[Sponsored by…………………………………………(name of the
(2) (Name)………………………………………………
(Address)…………………………………………….
etc……………………………………………………………..has/have been duly elected.
Dated the…………………..day of…………………………………….20 .
__________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Renumbered by Notifn. No. S.O. 4542, dated the 20th December, 1968 (w.e.f. 1-1-1969).
2. Subs., ibid.
3. Ins. by Notifn. No. S. O. 961(E), dated the 29th December, 1986.
recognised/registered political party)]
(Signature)
Returning Officer.
176
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
FORM 24
(See rule 85)
Certificate of Election
I, Returning Officer for the election to the……….Council of States/Legislative Council by the elected
members of the……….Legislative Assembly………..Local Authorities’/Graduates’/Teachers’ constituency/members of
the…………..Legislative Assembly hereby certify that I have on the……………………….day of…….19………declared
Shri……….1[sponsored by……………..(name of the recognised/registered political party)] to have been duly elected
to be a member of the Council of States/Legislative Council and that in token thereof I have granted to him this
certificate of election.
Place…………………
Date…………………
……………………
Returning Officer.
for the election to the Council of States/Legislative Council.
SEAL
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S. O. 961(E), dated the 29th December, 1986.
177
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 24A
(See rule 85B)
[This form should be filed with the Election Commission before the due date for furnishing a return of the Political
Party’s income of the concerned financial year under section 139 of the Income-tax Act, 1961 (43 of 1961) and a
certificate to this effect should be attached with the Income-tax return to claim exemption under the Income-tax Act,
1961 (43 of 1961).]
1. Name of Political Party:
2. Status of the Political Party:
(recognised/unrecognised)
3. Address of the headquarters of the Political Party:
4. Date of registration of Political Party with Election Commission:
5. Permanent Account Number (PAN) and Income-tax Ward/Circle where return of the political party is filed:_______
6. Details of the contributions received, in excess of rupees twenty thousand, during the Financial Year:20 – . –20 .
|
Serial number |
Name and |
PAN (if any_ and |
Amount of |
Mode of |
Remarks |
*In case of payment by cheque/demand draft, indicate name of the bank and branch of the bank on which the
cheque/demand draft has been drawn.
7. In case the contributor is a company, whether the conditions laid down under section 293A of the Companies Act,
1956 (1 of 1956) have been complied with (A copy of the certificate to this obtained from the company should be
attached).
V erification
I,______________________________(full name in Block letters), son/daughter of
___________________________solemnly declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief,
the information given in this Form is correct, complete and truly stated.
I further declare that I am verifying this form in my capacity as
______________________on behalf of the Political Party above named and I am also
competent to do so.
(Signature and name of the Treasurer/Authorised person)]
Date:____________________
Place:____________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 1283(E), dated the 10th November, 2003.
178
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 25
(See rule 94A)
Affidavit
I, ……………………,the petitioner in the accompanying election petition calling in question the election
of Shri/Shrimati………….(respondent No…………in the said petition) make solemn affirmation/oath and say—
(a) that the statements made in paragraphs…………………..of the accompanying election petition about the
commission of the corrupt practice of*……………….and the particulars of such corrupt practice mentioned in
paragraphs……………..of the same petition and in paragraphs…………………of the Schedule annexed thereto are true to
my knowledge;
(b) that the statements made in paragraphs………………..of the said petition about the commission of the corrupt
practice of*…………………….and the particulars of such corrupt practice given in paragraphs……………………..of the said
petition and in paragraphs…………………………………of the Schedule annexed thereto are true to my information;
(c)
(d)
etc.
Solemnly affirmed/sworn by Shri/Shrimati………….at…..this………….day of……………….19 .
Signature of deponent.
Before me,
Magistrate of the first class/Notary/
Commissioner of Oaths.]
________________________________________________________________________________________________
* Here specify the name of the corrupt practice.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Added by Notifn. No. S.O. 597(E), dated the 27th February, 1962.
179
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
1[FORM 26
(See rule 4A)
Affidavit to be furnished by the candidate before the returning officer for election to ………………(name of the
House) from……………………….constituency (name of the constituency)
I, ……………………., son/daughter/wife of ………………………..aged about………………..years, resident of
………………………………….candidate at the above election, do hereby solemnly affirm/state on oath as under:—
1. I am/am not accused of any offence(s) punishable with imprisonment for two years or more in a pending case(s) in which a
charge(s) has/have been framed by the court(s) of competent jurisdiction.
If the deponent is accused of any such offence(s) he shall furnish the following information:—
(i) Case/First information report No./Nos. …………………………………………………………………………………..
(ii) Police station(s)………………District(s)………………………………..State(s)……………………………………….
(iii) Section(s) of the concerned Act(s) and short description of the offence(s) for which the candidate has been
charged………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iv) Court(s) which framed the charge(s)……………………………………………………………………………………….
(v) Date(s) on which the charge(s) was/were framed…………………………………………………………………………..
(vi) Whether all or any of the proceeding(s) have been stayed by any court(s) of competent
jurisdiction……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
2. I have been/have not been convicted of an offence(s) [other than any offence(s) referred to in sub-section (1) or sub-section (2),
or covered in sub-section (3), of section 8 of the Representation of the People Act, 1951 (43 of 1951)] and sentenced to
imprisonment for one year or more.
If the deponent is convicted and punished as aforesaid, he shall furnish the following information:
(i) Case/First information report No./Nos. …………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Court(s) which punished……………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) Police station(s)……………………….District(s)…………………………….State(s)…………………………………
(iv) Section(s) of the concerned Act(s) and short description of the offence(s) for which the candidate has ever been
charged…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(v) Date(s) on which the sentence(s) was/were pronounced…………………………………………………………………..
(vi) Whether the sentence(s) has/have been stayed by any court(s) of competent jurisdiction……………………………….
Place:
Date:
Signature of deponent
VERIFICATION
I, the above-named deponent, do hereby verify and declare that the contents of the affidavit are true and correct to the best of my
knowledge and belief, no part of it is false and nothing material has been concealed therein.
Verified at ……………………..this………………………….day of…………………………., 20…..
Signature of deponent
Note: The columns in this Form which are not applicable to the deponent may be struck off.]
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Ins. by Notifn. No. S.O. 935(E), dated the 3rd September, 2002.
180
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
SCHEDULE
(See rule 83)
1[Illustration of the procedure as to the counting of votes at an election on the single transferable vote system
when more than one seat is to be filled.]
Assume that there are seven members to be elected, sixteen candidates, and one hundred and forty electors.
The valid ballot papers are arranged in separate parcels according to the first preference recorded for each
candidate, and the papers in each parcel counted. —
Let it be assumed that the result is as follows:—
A . . . . . . . . ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 12
B. . . . . . . . ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
C. . . . . . . . ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
D. . . . . . . . ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
E. . . . . . . . ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 10
F. . . . . . . . …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
G. . . . . . . . ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
H. . . . . . . . ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
I. . . . . . . . …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13
J. . . . . . . . …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
K. . . . . . . . ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
L. . . . . . . . ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
M. . . . . . . . …………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10
N. . . . . . . . ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6
O. . . . . . . . ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 4
P . . . . . . . . ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 5
TOTAL 140
Each valid ballot paper is deemed to be of the value of one hundred and the values of the votes obtained by
the respective candidates are as shown in the first column of the result sheet.
The values of all papers are added together and the total 14,000 is divided by eight (i.e. the number which
exceeds by one the number of vacancies to be filled) and 1,751 (i.e. quotient 1,750 increased by one) is the
number sufficient to secure the return of a member and is called the quota.
The operation may be shown thus:—
Quota x 14,000 +1-1,750+1=1,751
8
The candidate H, the value of whose votes exceeds the quota, is declared elected.
As the value of the papers in H’s parcel exceeds the quota, his surplus must be transferred. His surplus is
149, i.e., 1,900 less 1,751.
The surplus arises from original votes, and therefore, the whole, of H’s papers are divided into sub-parcels
according to the next preferences recorded thereon, a separate parcel of the exhausted papers being also made.
________________________________________________________________________________________________
1. Subs. by Notifn. No.S.O. 3662, dated the 12th October, 1964.
181
sConduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
Let it be assumed that the result is as follows:—
Papers
B is marked as next available preference on ………………………………………………………………. 7
D is marked as next available preference on …………………………………………………………………4
E is marked as next available preference on …………………………………………………………………4
F is marked as next available preference on ………………………………………………………………….3
_____
Total of the unexhausted papers……………………….18
No. of exhausted papers………………………………….1
_____
Total of papers………………………………………….19
_____
The values of the papers in the sub-parcels are as follows:—
B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………………………………………………………………..700
D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………………………………………………………………..400
E……………….. ………………………………………………………………………………400
F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ……………………………………………………………………….. 300
________
Total values of unexhausted papers 1,800
Value of exhausted papers 100
________
TOTAL VALUE 1,900
________
The value of the unexhausted papers is 1,800 and is greater than the surplus. This surplus is, therefore,
transferred as follows:—
All the unexhausted papers are transferred, but at a reduced value, which is ascertained by dividing the
surplus by the number of unexhausted papers.
The reduced value of all the papers, when added together, with the addition of any value lost as the result
of the neglect of fractions, equals the surplus. In this case the new value of each paper transferred is
149 (the surplus)
_______________________________
18 (the number of unexhausted papers)
the residue of the value of each paper (100-8=92), being required by H for the purpose of constituting his quota, i.e.,
one exhausted paper value (100) plus the value (1,656) of 18 unexhausted papers.
These values of the sub-parcels transferred are:—
B=56 (i.e., seven papers at the value of ;
D=32 (i.e., four papers at the value of ;
E=32 (i.e., four papers at the value of ;
F=24 (i.e., three papers at the value of .
These operation can be shown on a transfer sheet as follows:
Transfer Sheet
Value of surplus (H’s) to be transferred ………………………………………………………………..149
Number of papers in H’s parcel . . . . ………………………………………………………………….19
Value of each paper in parcel . . . ……………………………………………………………………100
Number of unexhausted papers . . ……………………………………………………………………. 18
Value of unexhausted papers . .. ……………………………………………………………………. 1,800
New value of each paper transferred = Surplus
__________________________
149
________ = 8
number of unexhausted papers
18
182
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
________________________________________________________________________________________________
Names of candidates marked
as the next available
preference
________________________________________________________________________________________________
B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………………………… 7
D. . . . . . . . . . . . . …………………………………. 4
E. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………………………… 4
F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ………………………………… 3
TOTAL 18
Number of exhausted papers……………………………. 1
Loss of value owing to neglect of fractions ………… ..
TOTAL 19
56
32
32
24
_________
144
_________
..
5
_________
149
_________
The values of the sub-parcels are added to the values of the votes already credited to the candidates B,D,E and F.
This operation is shown on the result sheet.
There being no further surplus the candidate lowest on the poll has now to be excluded. G and O both have 400.
The returning officer casts lots and G is chosen to be excluded.
Being original votes, G’s papers are transferred at the value of 100 each. A who was marked as next preference
on two papers receives 200, while D and E were each next preference on one paper and receiving 100 each.
O now being lowest is next excluded and his 400 is similarly transferred to I, B and K, I receiving 200 and B and K
100 each.
This leaves J and P lowest with 500 each and J is chosen by lot for exclusion first. His papers are transferred at
the value of 100 each to A, B, D and I, the three first named receiving 100 each, and I who had the next preference
on two papers receiving 200. P is then excluded and his papers are transferred to E, L and K, the two first named
receiving 100 each, and K, who had the next preference on three papers, receiving 300.
K now exceeds the quota and is declared elected.
Prior to further exclusion, K’s surplus of 49 has to be distributed.
The sub-parcel last transferred to K consisted of 3 votes transferred at the value of 100 each. This
sub-parcel is examined; there are no exhausted papers and B, F, and I are each next preference on one
paper and one paper is transferred to each of them at a reduced value determined by dividing the surplus (49)
by the number of unexhausted papers (3), B, F and I accordingly receive 16 each.
Number of
papers to be
transferred
Value of sub-
parcels to be
transferred
183
Conduct of Elections Rules, 1961
(Statutory Rules and Order)
The process of exclusion is now proceeded with.
C and N have 600 each, and C is chosen by lot for exclusion first. He has 6 original votes; B, D and E are
each next preference on two papers, and each receives 200. N is then excluded, A is next preference on 3 of his
papers, and receives 300; F, I and L are each next preference on one paper and receive 100 each.
This brings A and I above the quota and they are declared elected. Their surplus have now to be distributed
and I’s surplus which is the larger, 65, is dealt with first.
The last sub-parcel transferred to I consisted of one paper transferred at the value of 100, D is next
preference on this paper, and receives the whole surplus of 65.
A’s surplus of 49 is then dealt with. The last sub-parcel transferred to him consisted of 3 papers
transferred at the value of 100 each. B was next preference two of these papers and E on one, and the papers are
transferred accordingly. The value to be transferred is 16 per paper, i.e., the surplus (49), divided by the number of
the unexhausted (3). B accordingly receives 32 and E 16.
No other candidate having reached the quota, the process of exclusions is proceeded with, and F who is
now lowest with 840, is excluded.
His seven original votes are transferred first B, D and E are next preference on three, two and two papers,
respectively, and receive respectively 300, 200 and 200.
The transferred votes are next transferred in the order of their transfers to F. The 3 votes received at the
value of eight each at the distribution of H’s surplus are transferred at the same value to L who was next preference on
all 3 papers.
The vote valued at sixteen received by F at the distribution of K’s surplus, goes at the same value to M,
who was next preference on that paper. The vote transferred at the value of 100 on the exclusion of N is then
transferred at the same value to D, who thus received a total of 300.
No continuing candidate having reached the surplus, N, who is now lowest with 1016 is excluded.
His ten original votes are transferred first. B and D are first preference on three papers each and E and L
on two each. B and D accordingly receive 300 each, and E and L 200 each. This brings B, D and E above the quota
and they are declared elected. The requisite number of candidates having now been elected, the election is at an end,
and it is unnecessary to proceed to the transfer of M’s transferred votes.
Full details are shown in the result sheet.
184
Value of votes:14,000
RESULT SHEET
Quota=14,000 +1=1751
8
Name of
Candidates
Value of
Votes at
First
Count
Distribution of
H.S. surplus
Result
Distribution of
Votes of G and O
Result
Distibution of votes
of J and P
Result Distribution of
K’s surplus
123456789
A…………………………………
B…………………………………
C…………………………………
D…………………………………
E…………………………………
F…………………………………
G…………………………………
H…………………………………
I………………………………….
J………………………………….
K…………………………………
L…………………………………
M…………………………………
N…………………………………
O…………………………………
P…………………………………
1,200 —-
800 +56
600 —-
900 +32
1,200 +200
856 +100
600 —-
932 +100
1,400 +100
956 +100
600 —-
1,500 —-
1,056 +16
600 —-
1,132 —-
1,232 —-
724 +16
—- —-
1,751 —-
1,700 +16
Loss of value by neglect of fraction
Total
5 —-
14,000 —-
5 +1
14,000 —-
1,000 +32
700 +24
400 —-
1,032 +100
724 —-
400 -400
1,032 +100
1,132 +100
724 —-
—- —-
1,900 -149
1,300 —-
500 —-
1,400 —-
800 —-
1,000 —-
600 —-
400 —-
500 —-
—- +5
14,000 —-
1,751 —-
1,300 +200
500 —-
1,400 +100
800 —-
1,751 —-
1,500 +200
-500 500
1,500 +300
—- —-
1,800 -49
900 —-
1,000 —-
600 —-
—- —-
—- —-
1,000 —-
600 —-
400 -400
500 —-
800 +100
1,000 —-
600 —-
—- —-
-500 500
5 —-
14,000 —-
*THE CONDUCT OF ELECTIONS RULES, 19611
185
Value of votes:14,000
RESULT SHEET.–contd.,
Quota=14,000 +1=1751
8
Result Distribution of
votes of C and N
Result
Distribution of
surplus of I and
A
Result
Distribution Result
of F’s votes
Distribution
votes
of M’s
Result
Result of
Election
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19
1,751 Elected
1.904 Elected
1,500 +300
1,072 +200
600 -600
1,132 +200
1,232 +200
740 +100
—- —-
1,800 +49
1,272 +32
—- —-
1,332 +65
1,432 +16
840 —-
—- —-
1,751 —-
1,816 -65
—- —-
1,751 —-
1,000 —-
1,000 —-
1,751 —- 1,751
1,304 +300 1,604
—- —- —-
1,397 +300 1,697
1,448 +200 1,648
840 -840 —-
—- —- —-
1,751 —- 1,751
1,751 —- 1,751
—- —- —-
1,751 —- 1,751
1,000 +24 1,024
1,000 +16 1,016
—- —- —-
—- —- —-
—- —- —-
—-
+300
—-
+300
+200
—-
—-
—-
—-
—-
—-
+200
1,000
—-
—-
—-
—-
—-
—- Not Elected
1,997 Elected
1,848 Elected
1,751 —-
1,716 +100
—- —-
—- Not Elected
1,751 Elected
1,751 Elected
1,751 —-
900 +100
—- Not Elected
1,751 Elected
1,224 Not Elected
1,000 —-
600 -600
-
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+16 Not Elected
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6 —- 6 +1 7 —- 7
14,000 —- 14,000 —- 14,000 —- 14,000
7
14,000
LESSON 3425 Tue 25 Aug 2020
Discovery of Awakened One with Awareness Universe (DAOAU)
For
The Welfare, Happiness, Peace of All Sentient and Non-Sentient Beings and for them to Attain Eternal Peace as Final Goal.
KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA-It
is a 18 feet Dia All White Pagoda with may be a table or, but be sure
to having above head level based on the usual use of the room. in 116 CLASSICAL LANGUAGES
Through
At
WHITE HOME
668, 5A main Road, 8th Cross, HAL III Stage,
Prabuddha Bharat Puniya Bhumi Bengaluru
Magadhi Karnataka State
PRABUDDHA BHARAT
Dr B.R.Ambedkar thundered “Main Bharat Baudhmay karunga.” (I will make India Buddhist)
All Aboriginal Awakened Societies Thunder ” Hum Prapanch Prabuddha Bharatmay karunge.” (We will make world Prabuddha Prapanch
are for
Best Administration to Discover Awakened One with Awareness Universe for welfare, happiness and peace for all societies.
needs
donation of latest miniature 3D 360 degree cameras to capture places in
360 degree circular vision like circarama and 3D 360 deg projector to
be used in the Meditation as practiced in Lumbini, Buddha Gaya,
Saranath, Kushinara and also Bethlehem, Mecca Madhina and all places
practicing Kindness and compssion including for the physically disabled
18ft Dia circular pagoda for raising funds to help monks, needy poor
and physically disabled people and swimmers.
donation of latest miniature 3D 360 degree cameras to capture places in
360 degree circular vision like circarama and 3D 360 deg projector to
be used in the Meditation as practiced in Lumbini, Buddha Gaya,
Saranath, Kushinara and also Bethlehem, Mecca Madhina and all places
practicing Kindness and compssion including for the physically disabled
18ft Dia circular pagoda for raising funds to help monks, needy poor
and physically disabled people and swimmers.
The
Buddha died at the age of 80 by the banks of a river at Kusinari in
Prabuddha Bharat. Lying on his side with his head propped up by his hand
and a serene expression, the Buddha passed into Nibbana. This moment is
captured in the image of the Reclining Buddha which can be seen in many
statues throughout Thailand, most famously at Wat Po in Bangkok.
Nibbana is a blissful state with no suffering and no reincarnation.
Buddha’s life (English
All Buddha’s original own words in a theravada chronological order
Buddha’s life (English
All Buddha’s original own words in a theravada chronological order
https://www.britannica.com/topic/ethics-philosophy/The-history-of-Western-ethics
Best Administration to Discover Awakened One with Awareness Universe for welfare, happiness and peace for all societies.
Great
ethical system to develop as a reaction to the ossified form of the old
Vedic philosophy was Buddhism. The person who became known as the
Buddha (flourished c. 6th–4th century bce), which means the “Awakened
One with Awareness,” was born the son of a king. Until he was 29 years
old, he lived the sheltered life of a typical prince, with every luxury
he could desire. At that time, legend has it, he was jolted out of his
idleness by the “Four Signs”: he saw in succession an old man, a sick
person, a corpse being carried to cremation, and a monk in meditation
beneath a tree. He began to think about old age, disease, and death, and
decided to follow the way of the monk. For six years he led an ascetic
life of renunciation, but finally, while meditating under a tree, he
concluded that the solution was not withdrawal from the world, but
rather a practical life of compassion for all.
ethical system to develop as a reaction to the ossified form of the old
Vedic philosophy was Buddhism. The person who became known as the
Buddha (flourished c. 6th–4th century bce), which means the “Awakened
One with Awareness,” was born the son of a king. Until he was 29 years
old, he lived the sheltered life of a typical prince, with every luxury
he could desire. At that time, legend has it, he was jolted out of his
idleness by the “Four Signs”: he saw in succession an old man, a sick
person, a corpse being carried to cremation, and a monk in meditation
beneath a tree. He began to think about old age, disease, and death, and
decided to follow the way of the monk. For six years he led an ascetic
life of renunciation, but finally, while meditating under a tree, he
concluded that the solution was not withdrawal from the world, but
rather a practical life of compassion for all.
Buddhism is conventionally regarded as a religion, and indeed over the
centuries it adopted religious trappings in many places. This is an irony
of history, however, because the Buddha himself was a strong critic of
religion. He rejected the authority of the Vedas and refused to set up
an alternative
creed. He regarded religious ceremonies as a waste of time and
theological beliefs as mere superstition. He refused to discuss abstract
metaphysical problems such as the immortality of the soul.
The Buddha told his followers to think for themselves and to take
responsibility for their own future. In place of religious beliefs and
religious ceremonies, the Buddha advocated a life devoted to universal
compassion and brotherhood. Through such a life one might reach the
ultimate goal, Nibbana,
a state in which all living things are free from pain and sorrow. There
are similarities between this morality of universal compassion and the
ethics of the Jains.
In keeping with his own previous experience, the Buddha proposed a “middle path”
between self-indulgence and self-renunciation. In fact, it is not so
much a path between these two extremes as one that draws together the
benefits of both. Through living a life of compassion and love for all, a
person achieves the liberation from selfish cravings sought by the
ascetic and a serenity and satisfaction that are more fulfilling than
anything obtained by indulgence in pleasure.
It is sometimes thought that because the Buddhist goal is nirvana, a
state that can be reached by meditation, Buddhism teaches a withdrawal
from the real world. Nirvana, however, is not to be sought for oneself
alone; it is regarded as a unity of the individual self with the
universal self in which all things take part. In the Mahayana school of Buddhism, the aspirant to awakenment even takes a vow to become a bodhisattva (buddha-to-be) and not to accept final release until everything that exists in the universe has attained Nibbana.
classified as an Prabuddha Bharatian moral philosophy. Yet Buddhism did not
permanently take hold in the land of its origin. Instead, it spread in
different forms south into Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia
and north through Tibet to China, Korea, and Japan. In the process,
Buddhism suffered the same fate as the Vedic philosophy against which it
had rebelled: it became a religion, often rigid, with its own sects,
ceremonies, and superstitions.
Like the Buddha, Laozi found the things prized by the world—rank,
luxury, and glamour—to be empty and worthless when compared with the
ultimate value of a peaceful inner life. He also emphasized gentleness,
calm, and nonviolence. Nearly 600 years before Jesus, he said: “It is
the way of the Dao…to recompense injury with kindness.” By returning
good for good and also good for evil, Laozi believed that all would
become good; to return evil for evil would lead to chaos.
luxury, and glamour—to be empty and worthless when compared with the
ultimate value of a peaceful inner life. He also emphasized gentleness,
calm, and nonviolence. Nearly 600 years before Jesus, he said: “It is
the way of the Dao…to recompense injury with kindness.” By returning
good for good and also good for evil, Laozi believed that all would
become good; to return evil for evil would lead to chaos.
The history of Western ethics
Ancient civilizations to the end of the 19th century
The ancient Middle East and Asia
The first ethical
precepts must have been passed down by word of mouth from parents and
elders, but as societies learned to use the written word, they began to
set down their ethical beliefs. These records constitute the first historical evidence of the origins of ethics.
The Middle East
The earliest surviving writings
that might be taken as ethics textbooks are a series of lists of
precepts to be learned by boys of the ruling class of Egypt,
prepared some 3,000 years before the Christian Era. In most cases, they
consist of shrewd advice on how to live happily, avoid unnecessary
troubles, and advance one’s career by cultivating
the favour of superiors. There are, however, several passages that
recommend more broadly based ideals of conduct, such as the following:
rulers should treat their people justly and judge impartially between
their subjects; they should aim to make their people prosperous; those
who have bread should share it with the hungry; humble and lowly people
must be treated with kindness; one should not laugh at the blind or at
dwarfs.
Why,
then, should one follow these precepts? Did the ancient Egyptians
believe that one should do what is good for its own sake? The precepts
frequently state that it will profit a man to act justly, as in the
maxim “Honesty is the best policy.” They also emphasize the importance
of having a good name. These precepts were intended for the instruction
of the ruling classes, however, and it is not clear why helping the destitute should have contributed to an individual’s good reputation among this class.
To some degree, therefore, the authors of the precepts must have
thought that to make people prosperous and happy and to be kind to those
who have least is not merely personally advantageous but good in
itself.
The precepts are not works of ethics in the philosophical sense. No
attempt is made to find any underlying principles of conduct that might
provide a more systematic understanding of ethics. Justice, for example, is given a prominent place, but there is no elaboration of the notion of justice
or any discussion of how disagreements about what is just and unjust
might be resolved. Furthermore, there is no probing of ethical dilemmas
that may occur if the precepts should conflict with one another. The
precepts are full of sound observations and practical wisdom, but they
do not encourage theoretical speculation.
The same practical bent can be found in other early codes or lists of ethical injunctions. The great Code of Hammurabi is often said to have been based on the principle of “an eye for an eye,
a tooth for a tooth,” as if this were some fundamental principle of
justice, elaborated and applied to all cases. In fact, the code reflects
no such consistent principle. It frequently prescribes the death penalty
for offenses that do not themselves cause death—e.g., for robbery and
for accepting bribes. Moreover, even the eye-for-an-eye rule applies
only if the eye of the original victim is that of a member of the
patrician class; if it is the eye of a commoner, the punishment is a
fine of a quantity of silver. Apparently such differences in punishment
were not thought to require justification. At any rate, there are no
surviving attempts to defend the principles of justice on which the code
was based.
The Hebrew people were at different times captives of both the Egyptians and the Babylonians. It is therefore not surprising that the law of ancient Israel, which was put into its definitive form during the Babylonian Exile, shows the influence both of the ancient Egyptian precepts and of the Code of Hammurabi. The book of Exodus refers, for example, to the principle of “life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth.” Hebraic law does not differentiate, as the Babylonian law does, between patricians and commoners, but it does stipulate
that in several respects foreigners may be treated in ways that it is
not permissible to treat fellow Hebrews; for instance, Hebrew slaves,
but not others, had to be freed without ransom in the seventh year. Yet,
in other respects Hebraic law and morality
developed the humane concern shown in the Egyptian precepts for the
poor and unfortunate: hired servants must be paid promptly, because they
rely on their wages to satisfy their pressing needs; slaves must be
allowed to rest on the seventh day; widows, orphans, and the blind and
deaf must not be wronged; and the poor man should not be refused a loan.
There was even a tithe providing for an incipient welfare state.
The spirit of this humane concern was summed up by the injunction to
“love thy neighbour as thyself,” a sweepingly generous form of the rule
of reciprocity.
The famed Ten Commandments are thought to be a legacy
of Semitic tribal law from a time when important commands were taught
one for each finger, so that they could be remembered more easily (sets
of five or 10 laws are common among preliterate civilizations). The
content of the Hebrew commandments differed from other laws of the
region mainly in its emphasis on duties to God. This emphasis persisted
in the more detailed laws laid down elsewhere; as much as half of such
legislation was concerned with crimes against God and ceremonial and
ritualistic matters, though there may be other explanations for some of
these ostensibly religious requirements concerning the avoidance of
certain foods and the need for ceremonial cleansings.
receiving the Ten Commandments. His brother Aaron stands to his right
with Israelites waiting at the foot of the mountain, miniature
illuminated manuscript, c. 1322.The British Library (Public Domain)
In addition to lengthy statements of the law, the surviving literature of ancient Israel includes both proverbs
and the books of the prophets. The proverbs, like the precepts of the
Egyptians, are brief statements that do not demonstrate much concern for
systematic presentation or overall coherence.
They go farther than the Egyptian precepts, however, in urging conduct
that is just and upright and pleasing to God. There are correspondingly
fewer references to what is needed for a successful career, though it is
frequently stated that God rewards the just. In this connection, the Book of Job is notable as an exploration of the problem raised for those who accept this motive for obeying the moral
law: why do the best of people frequently suffer the worst misfortunes?
The book offers no solution beyond faith in God, but the sharpened
awareness of the problem it offers may have influenced some to adopt the
belief in reward and punishment in another realm as the only possible solution.
The literature of the prophets contains a good deal of social and moral criticism,
though most of it consists of denunciation rather than discussion about
what goodness really is or why there should be so much wrongdoing. The Book of Isaiah is especially notable for its early portrayal of a utopia
in which “the desert shall blossom as the rose…the wolf also shall
dwell with the lamb.…They shall not hurt or destroy in all my holy
mountain.”
Unlike the ethical teachings of ancient Egypt and Babylonia, Prabuddha Bharatian ethics was philosophical from the start. In the oldest of the Indian writings, the Vedas, ethics is an integral aspect of philosophical and religious speculation about the nature of reality. These writings date from about 1500 to 1200 bce.
They have been described as the oldest philosophical literature in the
world, and what they say about how people ought to live may therefore be
the first philosophical ethics. (See Indian philosophy.)
The Vedas are, in a sense, hymns, but the gods to which they refer are not persons but manifestations of ultimate truth
and reality. In the Vedic philosophy, the basic principle of the
universe, the ultimate reality on which the cosmos exists, is the
principle of rita,
which is the word from which the Western notion of right is derived.
There is thus a belief in a right moral order somehow built into the
universe itself. Hence, truth and right are linked; to penetrate through
illusion and understand the ultimate truth of human existence is to understand what is right. To be an awakened person is to know what is real and to live rightly, for these are not two separate things but one and the same.
The
ethics that is thus traced to the very essence of the universe is not
without detailed practical applications. These applications were based
on four ideals, or proper goals, of life: prosperity, the satisfaction
of desires, moral duty, and spiritual perfection—i.e., liberation from a
finite existence. From these ends follow certain virtues: honesty,
rectitude, charity, nonviolence, modesty, and purity of heart. To be
condemned, on the other hand, are falsehood, egoism,
cruelty, adultery, theft, and injury to living things. Because the
eternal moral law is part of the universe, to do what is praiseworthy is
to act in harmony with the universe, and accordingly such action will
receive its proper reward; conversely, once the true nature of the self
is understood, it becomes apparent that those who do what is wrong are
acting self-destructively.
These basic principles underwent considerable modification over the ensuing centuries, especially in the Upanishads, a body of philosophical literature dating from about the middle of the 1st millennium bce. The Indian caste
system, with its intricate laws about what members of each caste may or
may not do, is accepted by the Upanishads as part of the proper order
of the universe. Ethics itself, however, is not regarded as a matter of
conformity to laws. Instead, the desire to be ethical is an inner
desire. It is part of the quest for spiritual perfection, which in turn
is elevated to the highest of the four goals of life.
During the following centuries the moral philosophy of this early period gradually became a rigid and dogmatic system that provoked several reactions. One, which is uncharacteristic of Indian thought in general, was the Charvaka, or materialist school, which mocked religious ceremonies, saying that they were invented by the Brahmans
(the priestly caste) to ensure their livelihood. When the Brahmans
defended animal sacrifices by claiming that the sacrificed beast goes
straight to heaven, the members of the Charvaka asked why the Brahmans
did not kill their aged parents to hasten their arrival there. Against
the postulation of an eventual spiritual liberation, Charvaka ethics
urged each individual to seek his or her pleasure in the here and now.
Jainism,
another reaction to the traditional Vedic outlook, reached exactly the
opposite conclusions. The Jain philosophy is based on spiritual
liberation as the highest of all goals and nonviolence
as the means of attaining it. In true philosophical manner, the Jains
found in the principle of nonviolence a guide to all morality. First,
apart from the obvious application to prohibiting violent acts directed
at other humans, nonviolence is extended to all living things. The Jains
are vegetarian.
They are often ridiculed by Westerners for the care they take to avoid
injuring insects or other living things while walking or drinking water
that may contain minute organisms; it is less well known that Jains
began to care for sick and injured animals thousands of years before
animal shelters were thought of in Europe. The Jains do not draw the
distinction usually made in Western ethics between their responsibility
for what they do and their responsibility for what they omit doing.
Omitting to care for an injured animal would also be in their view a
form of violence.
another reaction to the traditional Vedic outlook, reached exactly the
opposite conclusions. The Jain philosophy is based on spiritual
liberation as the highest of all goals and nonviolence
as the means of attaining it. In true philosophical manner, the Jains
found in the principle of nonviolence a guide to all morality. First,
apart from the obvious application to prohibiting violent acts directed
at other humans, nonviolence is extended to all living things. The Jains
are vegetarian.
They are often ridiculed by Westerners for the care they take to avoid
injuring insects or other living things while walking or drinking water
that may contain minute organisms; it is less well known that Jains
began to care for sick and injured animals thousands of years before
animal shelters were thought of in Europe. The Jains do not draw the
distinction usually made in Western ethics between their responsibility
for what they do and their responsibility for what they omit doing.
Omitting to care for an injured animal would also be in their view a
form of violence.
Other moral duties are also derived from the notion of nonviolence. To tell someone a lie, for example, is regarded as inflicting a mental injury on that person. Stealing,
of course, is another form of injury, but because of the absence of a
distinction between acts and omissions, even the possession of wealth is
seen as depriving the poor and hungry of the means to satisfy their
wants. Thus, nonviolence leads to a principle of nonpossession of
property. Jain priests were expected to be strict ascetics and to avoid sexual intercourse.
Ordinary Jains, however, followed a slightly less-severe code, which
was intended to give effect to the major forms of nonviolence while
still being compatible with a normal life.
Laozi (flourished c. 6th century bce) and Confucius (Kongfuzi, or Kongzi; 551–479 bce), thought in very different ways. Laozi is best known for his ideas about the Dao
(literally “Way,” the Supreme Principle). The Dao is based on the
traditional Chinese virtues of simplicity and sincerity. To follow the
Dao is a matter not of observing any set of duties or prohibitions but
rather of living in a simple and honest manner, being true to oneself,
and avoiding the distractions of ordinary living. Laozi’s classic book
on the Dao, Daodejing, consists only of aphorisms and isolated paragraphs, making it difficult to draw an intelligible system of ethics from it. Perhaps this is because Laozi was a type of moral skeptic: he rejected both righteousness and benevolence, apparently because he saw them as imposed on individuals from without rather than coming from their own inner natures.
(literally “Way,” the Supreme Principle). The Dao is based on the
traditional Chinese virtues of simplicity and sincerity. To follow the
Dao is a matter not of observing any set of duties or prohibitions but
rather of living in a simple and honest manner, being true to oneself,
and avoiding the distractions of ordinary living. Laozi’s classic book
on the Dao, Daodejing, consists only of aphorisms and isolated paragraphs, making it difficult to draw an intelligible system of ethics from it. Perhaps this is because Laozi was a type of moral skeptic: he rejected both righteousness and benevolence, apparently because he saw them as imposed on individuals from without rather than coming from their own inner natures.
Britannica Demystified
What’s the Difference Between Morality and Ethics?
Ethics and morality are often used to mean the same thing. Should they be?
The lives of Laozi
and Confucius overlapped, and there is even an account of a meeting
between them, which is said to have left the younger Confucius baffled.
Confucius was the more down-to-earth thinker, absorbed in the practical
task of social reform. The province in which he served as minister of justice
became renowned for the honesty of its people, the respect shown to the
aged, and the care taken of the poor. Probably because of their
practical nature, the teachings of Confucius had a far greater influence
on China than did those of the more withdrawn Laozi.
Confucius did not organize his recommendations into any coherent system. His teachings are offered in the form of sayings, aphorisms, and anecdotes, usually in reply to questions by disciples. They aim at guiding the student toward becoming a junzi,
a concept translated as “gentleman” or “superior man.” In opposition to
the prevailing feudal ideal of the aristocratic lord, Confucius
presented the superior man as one who is humane and thoughtful,
motivated by the desire to do what is good rather than by personal
profit. Beyond this, however, the concept is not discussed in any
detail; it is only shown by diverse
examples, some of them trite: “A superior man’s life leads upwards.…The
superior man is broad and fair; the inferior man takes sides and is
petty.…A superior man shapes the good in man; he does not shape the bad
in him.”
One of the recorded sayings of Confucius is an answer to a request from a disciple for a single word that could serve as a guide to conduct for one’s entire life. He replied: “Is not reciprocity
such a word? What you do not want done to yourself, do not do to
others.” This rule is repeated several times in the Confucian literature
and might be considered the supreme principle of Confucian ethics.
Other duties are not, however, presented as derivative from this supreme
principle, nor is the principle used to determine what should be done
when two or more specific duties—e.g., the duty to parents and the duty
to friends, both of which are prominent in Confucian ethics—conflict
with each other.
Confucius
did not explain why the superior man chooses righteousness rather than
personal profit. This question was taken up more than 100 years after
his death by his follower Mencius (Mengzi; c. 372–c. 289 bce), who asserted that humans are naturally inclined to do what is humane and right. Evil is not part of human nature but is the result of poor upbringing or lack of education. But Confucius also had another distinguished follower, Xunzi (c. 300–c. 230 bce), who said that humans naturally seek profit for themselves and envy others. The rules of morality
are designed to avoid the strife that would otherwise follow from
acting according to this nature. The Confucian school was united in its
ideal of the junzi but divided over whether such an ideal was
to be obtained by controlling people’s natural desires or allowing them
to be fulfilled.
Ancient and Classical Greece
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece was the birthplace of Western philosophical ethics. The ideas of Socrates (c. 470–399 bce), Plato, and Aristotle (384–322 bce) will be discussed in the next section. The sudden flowering of philosophy during that period was rooted in the ethical thought of earlier centuries. In the poetic literature of the 7th and 6th centuries bce, there were, as in other cultures,
moral precepts but no real attempts to formulate a coherent overall
ethical position. The Greeks were later to refer to the most prominent
of these poets and early philosophers as the seven sages,
and they are frequently quoted with respect by Plato and Aristotle.
Knowledge of the thought of this period is limited, for often only
fragments of original writings, along with later accounts of dubious
accuracy, remain.
Pythagoras (c. 580–c. 500 bce),
whose name is familiar because of the geometric theorem that bears his
name, is one such early Greek thinker about whom little is known. He
appears to have written nothing at all, but he was the founder of a school of thought
that touched on all aspects of life and that may have been a kind of
philosophical and religious order. In ancient times the school was best
known for its advocacy of vegetarianism, which, like that of the Jains, was associated with the belief that after the death of the body, the human soul may take up residence in the body of an animal (see reincarnation). Pythagoreans continued to espouse this view for many centuries, and classical passages in the works of writers such as Ovid (43 bce–17 ce) and Porphyry (234–305) opposing bloodshed and animal slaughter can be traced to Pythagoras.
Ironically,
an important stimulus for the development of moral philosophy came from
a group of teachers to whom the later Greek philosophers—Socrates,
Plato, and Aristotle—were consistently hostile: the Sophists. This term was used in the 5th century to refer to a class of professional teachers of rhetoric
and argument. The Sophists promised their pupils success in political
debate and increased influence in the affairs of the city. They were
accused of being mercenaries who taught their students to win arguments
by fair means or foul. Aristotle said that Protagoras (c. 490–c. 420 bce), perhaps the most famous of the Sophists, claimed to teach how “to make the weaker argument the stronger.”
The Sophists, however, were more than mere teachers of rhetorical tricks. They regarded themselves as imparters of the cultural and intellectual
qualities necessary for success, and their involvement with argument
about practical affairs naturally led them to develop views about
ethics. The recurrent theme in the views of the better-known Sophists,
such as Protagoras, Antiphon (c. 480–411 bce), and Thrasymachus (flourished late 5th century bce),
is that what is commonly called good and bad or just and unjust does
not reflect any objective fact of nature but is rather a matter of
social convention. Protagoras
is the apparent author of the celebrated epigram summing up this theme,
“Man is the measure of all things.” Plato represents him as saying,
“Whatever things seem just and fine to each city, are just and fine for
that city, so long as it thinks them so.” Protagoras, like Herodotus,
drew a moderate conclusion from his ethical relativism.
He argued that, while the particular content of the moral rules may
vary, there must be rules of some kind if life is to be tolerable. Thus,
Protagoras stated that the foundations of an ethical system needed
nothing from the gods or from any special metaphysical realm beyond the ordinary world of the senses.
Thrasymachus
appears to have taken a more radical approach—if Plato’s portrayal of
his views is historically accurate. He explained that the concept of justice
means nothing more than obedience to the laws of society, and, since
these laws are made by the strongest political group in its own
interest, justice represents nothing but the interest of the stronger.
This position is often represented by the slogan “Might makes right.”
Thrasymachus was probably not saying, however, that whatever the
mightiest do really is right; he is more likely to have been denying
that the distinction between right and wrong has any objective basis.
Presumably he would then encourage his pupils to follow their own
interests as best they could. He is thus an early representative of
moral skepticism and perhaps ethical egoism, the view that the right thing to do is to pursue one’s own interest (see below Ethical egoism).
It
is not surprising that, with ideas of this sort in circulation, other
thinkers should react by probing more deeply into ethics to see whether
the potentially destructive conclusions of some of the Sophists could be
resisted. This reaction produced works that have served ever since as
the cornerstone of the entire edifice of Western ethics.
Socrates
Socrates, who once observed that “the unexamined life is not worth living,” must be regarded as one of the greatest teachers of ethics. Yet, unlike other figures of comparable importance, such as the Buddha or Confucius,
he did not tell his audience how they should live. What Socrates taught
was a method of inquiry. When the Sophists or their pupils boasted that
they knew what justice, piety, temperance, or law
was, Socrates would ask them to give an account, which he would then
show was entirely inadequate. Because his method of inquiry threatened
conventional beliefs, Socrates’ enemies contrived to have him put to
death on a charge of corrupting the youth of Athens. For those who
thought that adherence to the conventional moral
code was more important than the cultivation of an inquiring mind, the
charge was appropriate. By conventional standards, Socrates was indeed
corrupting the youth of Athens, though he himself considered the
destruction of beliefs that could not stand up to criticism as a necessary preliminary to the search for true knowledge. In this respect he differed from the Sophists, with their ethical relativism, for he thought that virtue is something that can be known and that the virtuous person is the one who knows what virtue is.
It
is therefore not entirely accurate to regard Socrates as contributing a
method of inquiry but as having no positive views of his own. He
believed that virtue could be known, though he himself did not profess
to know it. He also thought that anyone who knows what virtue is will
necessarily act virtuously. Those who act badly, therefore, do so only
because they are ignorant of, or mistaken about, the real nature of
virtue. This belief
may seem peculiar today, in large part because it is now common to
distinguish between what a person ought to do and what is in his own
interest. Once this assumption is made, it is easy to imagine
circumstances in which a person knows what he ought to do but proceeds
to do something else—what is in his own interests—instead. Indeed, how
to provide self-interested (or merely rational) people with motivating
reasons for doing what is right has been a major problem for Western
ethics. In ancient Greece,
however, the distinction between virtue and self-interest was not
made—at least not in the clear-cut manner that it is today. The Greeks
believed that virtue is good both for the individual and for the community.
To be sure, they recognized that living virtuously might not be the
best way to prosper financially; but then they did not assume, as people
are prone to do today, that material wealth is a major factor in
whether a person’s life goes well or ill.
Plato
Socrates’ greatest disciple,
Plato, accepted the key Socratic beliefs in the objectivity of goodness
and in the link between knowing what is good and doing it. He also took
over the Socratic method of conducting philosophy,
developing the case for his own positions by exposing errors and
confusions in the arguments of his opponents. He did this by writing his
works as dialogues
in which Socrates is portrayed as engaging in argument with others,
usually Sophists. The early dialogues are generally accepted as
reasonably accurate accounts of the views of the historical Socrates,
but the later ones, written many years after Socrates’ death, use the
latter as a mouthpiece for ideas and arguments that were in fact
original to Plato.
In the most famous of Plato’s dialogues, Politeia (The Republic), the character Socrates is challenged by the following example: Suppose a person obtained the legendary ring of Gyges,
which has the magical property of rendering the wearer invisible. Would
that person still have any reason to behave justly? Behind this
challenge lies the suggestion, made by the Sophists and still heard
today, that the only reason for acting justly is that one cannot get
away with acting unjustly. Plato’s response to this challenge is a long
argument developing a position that appears to go beyond anything the
historical Socrates asserted. Plato maintained that true knowledge
consists not in knowing particular things but in knowing something
general that is common to all the particular cases. This view is
obviously derived from the way in which Socrates pressed his opponents
to go beyond merely describing particular acts that are (for example)
good, temperate, or just and to give instead a general account of
goodness, temperance, or justice. The implication
is that one does not know what goodness is unless one can give such a
general account. But the question then arises, what is it that one knows
when one knows this general idea of goodness? Plato’s answer is that one knows the Form of the Good,
a perfect, eternal, and changeless entity existing outside space and
time, in which particular good things share, or “participate,” insofar
as they are good.
It has been said that all of Western philosophy
consists of footnotes to Plato. Certainly the central issue around
which all of Western ethics has revolved can be traced to the debate
between the Sophists, who claimed that goodness and justice are relative
to the customs of each society—or, worse still, that they are merely a
disguise for the interest of the stronger—and the Platonists, who
maintained the possibility of knowledge of an objective Form of the
Good.
But
even if one could know what goodness or justice is, why should one act
justly if one could profit by doing the opposite? This is the remaining
part of the challenge posed by the tale of the ring of Gyges, and it is
still to be answered. For even if one accepts that goodness is something
objective, it does not follow that one has a sufficient reason to do
what is good. One would have such a reason if it could be shown that
goodness or justice leads, at least in the long run, to happiness; as has been seen from the preceding discussion of early ethics in other cultures, this issue is a perennial topic for all who think about ethics.
According
to Plato, justice exists in the individual when the three elements of
the soul—intellect, emotion, and desire—act in harmony with each other.
The unjust person lives in an unsatisfactory state of internal discord,
trying always to overcome the discomfort of unsatisfied desire but
never achieving anything better than the mere absence of want. The soul
of the just person, on the other hand, is harmoniously ordered under the
governance of reason,
and the just person derives truly satisfying enjoyment from the pursuit
of knowledge. Plato remarks that the highest pleasure, in fact, comes
from intellectual
speculation. He also gives an argument for the belief that the human
soul is immortal; therefore, even if a just individual lives in poverty
or suffers from illness, the gods will not neglect him in the next life,
where he will have the greatest rewards of all. In summary, then, Plato
asserts that we should act justly because in doing so we are “at one
with ourselves and with the gods.”
Today, this may seem like a strange conception
of justice and a farfetched view of what it takes to achieve human
happiness. Plato does not recommend justice for its own sake,
independent of any personal gains one might obtain from being a just
person. This is characteristic of Greek ethics, which refused to
recognize that there could be an irresolvable conflict between the
interest of the individual and the good of the community. Not until the
18th century did a philosopher forcefully assert the importance of doing
what is right simply because it is right, quite apart from
self-interested motivation (see below Kant).
To be sure, Plato did not hold that the motivation for each and every
just act is some personal gain; on the contrary, the person who takes up
justice will do what is just because it is just. Nevertheless, he
accepted the assumption of his opponents that one could not recommend
taking up justice in the first place unless doing so could be shown to
be advantageous for oneself as well as for others.
Although many people now think differently about the connection between morality
and self-interest, Plato’s attempt to argue that those who are just are
in the long run happier than those who are unjust has had an enormous
influence on Western ethics. Like Plato’s views on the objectivity of
goodness, the claim that justice and personal happiness are linked has
helped to frame the agenda for a debate that continues even today.
Aristotle
Plato
founded a school of philosophy in Athens known as the Academy. There
Aristotle, Plato’s younger contemporary and only rival in terms of
influence on the course of Western philosophy, went to study. Aristotle
was often fiercely critical of Plato, and his writing is very different
in style and content, but the time they spent together is reflected in a
considerable amount of common ground. Thus, Aristotle holds with Plato
that the life of virtue is rewarding for the virtuous as well as beneficial
for the community. Aristotle also agrees that the highest and most
satisfying form of human existence involves the exercise of one’s
rational faculties to the fullest extent. One major point of
disagreement concerns Plato’s doctrine of Forms, which Aristotle
rejected. Thus, Aristotle does not argue that in order to be good one
must have knowledge of the Form of the Good.
Aristotle conceived of the universe as a hierarchy
in which everything has a function. The highest form of existence is
the life of the rational being, and the function of lower beings is to
serve this form of life. From this perspective Aristotle defended slavery—because
he considered barbarians less rational than Greeks and by nature suited
to be “living tools”—and the killing of nonhuman animals for food and
clothing. From this perspective also came a view of human nature and an ethical theory derived from it. All living things, Aristotle held, have inherent potentialities, which it is their nature to develop. This is the form of life properly suited to them and constitutes
their goal. What, however, is the potentiality of human beings? For
Aristotle this question turns out to be equivalent to asking what is
distinctive about human beings; and this, of course, is the capacity to reason.
The ultimate goal of humans, therefore, is to develop their reasoning
powers. When they do this, they are living well, in accordance with
their true nature, and they will find this the most rewarding existence
possible.
Aristotle
thus ends up agreeing with Plato that the life of the intellect is the
most rewarding existence, though he was more realistic than Plato in
suggesting that such a life would also contain the goods of material
prosperity and close friendships. Aristotle’s argument for regarding the
life of the intellect so highly, however, is different from Plato’s,
and the difference is significant because Aristotle committed a fallacy
that has often been repeated. The fallacy is to assume that whatever
capacity distinguishes humans from other beings is, for that very
reason, the highest and best of their capacities. Perhaps the ability to
reason is the best human capacity, but one cannot be compelled to draw
this conclusion from the fact that it is what is most distinctive of the
human species.
A broader and still more pervasive
fallacy underlies Aristotle’s ethics. It is the idea that an
investigation of human nature can reveal what one ought to do. For
Aristotle, an examination of a knife would reveal that its distinctive
capacity is to cut, and from this one could conclude that a good knife
is a knife that cuts well. In the same way, an examination of human
nature should reveal the distinctive capacity of human beings, and from
this one should be able to infer what it is to be a good human being.
This line of thought makes sense if one thinks, as Aristotle did, that
the universe as a whole has a purpose and that human beings exist as
part of such a goal-directed scheme of things, but its error becomes
glaring if this view is rejected and human existence is seen as the
result of a blind process of evolution. Whereas the distinctive capacity
of a knife is a result of the fact that knives are made for a specific
purpose—and a good knife is thus one that fulfills this purpose
well—human beings, according to modern biology, were not made with any particular purpose in mind. Their nature is the result of random forces of natural selection. Thus, human nature cannot, without further moral premises, determine how human beings ought to live.
Aristotle is also responsible for much later thinking about the virtues one should cultivate. In his most important ethical treatise, the Nicomachean Ethics,
he sorts through the virtues as they were popularly understood in his
day, specifying in each case what is truly virtuous and what is
mistakenly thought to be so. Here he applies an idea that later came to
be known as the Golden Mean; it is essentially the same as the Buddha’s middle path
between self-indulgence and self-renunciation. Thus, courage, for
example, is the mean between two extremes: one can have a deficiency of
it, which is cowardice, or one can have an excess of it, which is
foolhardiness. The virtue of friendliness, to give another example, is
the mean between obsequiousness and surliness.
Aristotle
does not intend the idea of the mean to be applied mechanically in
every instance: he says that in the case of the virtue of temperance, or
self-restraint, it is easy to find the excess of self-indulgence in the
physical pleasures, but the opposite error, insufficient concern for
such pleasures, scarcely exists. (The Buddha, who had experienced the ascetic
life of renunciation, would not have agreed.) This caution in the
application of the idea is just as well, for while it may be a useful
device for moral education, the notion of a mean cannot help one to
discover new truths about virtue. One can determine the mean only if one
already has a notion of what is an excess and what is a defect of the
trait in question. But this is not something that can be discovered by a
morally neutral inspection of the trait itself: one needs a prior
conception of the virtue in order to decide what is excessive and what
is defective. Thus, to attempt to use the doctrine of the mean to define
the particular virtues would be to travel in a circle.
Aristotle’s
list of the virtues and vices differs from lists compiled by later
Christian thinkers. Although courage, temperance, and liberality are
recognized as virtues in both periods, Aristotle also includes a virtue
whose Greek name, megalopsyche, is sometimes translated as “pride,”
though it literally means “greatness of soul.” This is the
characteristic of holding a justified high opinion of oneself. For
Christians the corresponding excess, vanity, was a vice, but the
corresponding deficiency, humility, was a virtue.
Aristotle’s
discussion of the virtue of justice has been the starting point of
almost all Western accounts. He distinguishes between justice in the
distribution of wealth or other goods and justice in reparation, as, for
example, in punishing someone for a wrong he has done. The key element
of justice, according to Aristotle, is treating like cases alike—an idea
that set for later thinkers the task of working out which kinds of
similarities (e.g., need, desert, talent) should be relevant. As with
the notion of virtue as a mean, Aristotle’s conception of justice
provides a framework that requires fleshing out before it can be put to
use.
Aristotle distinguished between theoretical and practical wisdom.
His conception of practical wisdom is significant, for it involves more
than merely choosing the best means to whatever ends or goals one may
have. The practically wise person also has the right ends. This implies
that one’s ends are not purely a matter of brute desire or feeling; the
right ends are something that can be known and reasoned about. It also
gives rise to the problem that faced Socrates: How is it that people can
know the difference between good and bad and still choose what is bad?
As mentioned earlier, Socrates simply denied that this could happen,
saying that those who did not choose the good must, appearances
notwithstanding, be ignorant of what the good is. Aristotle said that
this view was “plainly at variance with the observed facts,” and he
offered instead a detailed account of the ways in which one can fail to
act on one’s knowledge of the good, including the failure that results
from lack of self-control and the failure caused by weakness of will.
Later Greek and Roman ethics
In
ethics, as in many other fields, the later Greek and Roman periods do
not display the same penetrating insight as the Classical period of 5th-
and 4th-century Greek civilization. Nevertheless, the two schools of
thought that dominated the later periods, Stoicism and Epicureanism, represent important approaches to the question of how one ought to live.
The Stoics
Stoicism originated in the views of Socrates and Plato, as modified by Zeno of Citium (c. 335–c. 263 bce) and then by Chrysippus (c. 280–206 bce). It gradually gained influence in Rome, chiefly through Cicero (106–43 bce) and then later through Seneca the Younger (4 bce–65 ce). Remarkably, its chief proponents include both a slave, Epictetus (55–c. 135), and an emperor, Marcus Aurelius (121–180). This is a fine illustration of the Stoic message that what is important is the pursuit of wisdom and virtue,
a quest that is open to all human beings because of their common
capacity for reason, no matter what the external circumstances of their
lives.
Today, the most common meaning of the word stoic is a person who remains unmoved by the sorrows and afflictions that distress the rest of humanity. This is an accurate representation of a Stoic ideal, but it must be placed in the context of a systematic approach to life. As noted above, Plato held that human passions and physical desires are in need of regulation by reason. The Stoics
went farther: they rejected passions altogether as a basis for deciding
what is good or bad. Although physical desires cannot simply be
abolished, the wise person will appreciate the difference between
wanting something and judging it to be good. Only reason can judge the
goodness or badness of what is desired. If one is wise, he will identify
himself with reason rather than with desire; hence, he will not hope
for the satisfaction of physical desires or worry that they might not be
satisfied. The Stoic will feel physical pain
as others do, but he will know that physical pain leaves the true
reasoning self untouched. The only thing that is truly good is to live
in a state of wisdom and virtue. In pursuing such a life, one is
protected from the play of fortune that afflicts those who aim at
physical pleasure or material wealth, for wisdom and virtue are matters
of the intellect and under the individual’s control. Moreover, if
matters become too grim, there is always a way of ending the pain of the
physical world. The Stoics were not reluctant to counsel suicide as a means of avoiding otherwise inescapable pain.
Perhaps the most important legacy of Stoicism, however, is its conviction that all human beings share the capacity to reason. This led the Stoics to a fundamental belief in equality, which went beyond the limited Greek conception of equal citizenship. Thus, Seneca claimed that the wise man will esteem the community
of rational beings far above any particular community in which the
accident of birth has placed him, and Marcus Aurelius said that common
reason makes all individuals fellow citizens. The belief that the
capacity to reason is common to all humans was also important because
from it the Stoics drew the implication that there is a universal moral law, which all people are capable of appreciating (see natural law). The Stoics thus strengthened the tradition that regarded the universality of reason as the basis on which to reject ethical relativism.
The Epicureans
Although the modern use of the term stoic accurately represents at least a part of the Stoic philosophy, anyone taking the present-day meaning of epicure as a guide to the philosophy of Epicurus (341–270 bce) would go astray. True, the Epicureans regarded pleasure
as the sole ultimate good and pain as the sole evil, and they did
regard the more refined pleasures as superior, simply in terms of the
quantity and durability of the pleasure they provided, to the coarser
pleasures. To portray them as searching for these more refined pleasures
by dining at the best restaurants and drinking the finest wines,
however, is the reverse of the truth.
By refined pleasures, Epicurus meant pleasures of the mind, as opposed
to the coarse pleasures of the body. He taught that the highest pleasure
obtainable is the pleasure of tranquillity, which is to be obtained by
the removal of unsatisfied wants. The way to do this is to eliminate all
but the simplest wants; these are then easily satisfied even by those
who are not wealthy.
Epicurus developed his position systematically. To determine whether
something is good, he would ask if it increased pleasure or reduced
pain. If it did, it was good as a means; if it did not, it was not good
at all. Thus, justice
was good but merely as an expedient arrangement to prevent mutual harm.
Why not then commit injustice when we can get away with it? Only
because, Epicurus says, the perpetual dread of discovery will cause
painful anxiety. Epicurus also exalted friendship,
and the Epicureans were famous for the warmth of their personal
relationships; but, again, they proclaimed that friendship is good only
because of its tendency to create pleasure.
something is good, he would ask if it increased pleasure or reduced
pain. If it did, it was good as a means; if it did not, it was not good
at all. Thus, justice
was good but merely as an expedient arrangement to prevent mutual harm.
Why not then commit injustice when we can get away with it? Only
because, Epicurus says, the perpetual dread of discovery will cause
painful anxiety. Epicurus also exalted friendship,
and the Epicureans were famous for the warmth of their personal
relationships; but, again, they proclaimed that friendship is good only
because of its tendency to create pleasure.
Both Stoic and Epicurean ethics were precursors
of later trends in Western ethics: the Stoics of the modern belief in
equality and the Epicureans of a utilitarian ethics based on pleasure (see below Utilitarianism). The development of these ethical
positions, however, was dramatically affected by the spreading from the
East of a new religion, Christianity, that was rooted in a Jewish
conception of ethics as obedience to a divine authority. With the
conversion of Emperor Constantine I (c. 280–337) to Christianity by 313 ce, the older schools of philosophy lost their sway over the thinking of the Roman Empire.
of later trends in Western ethics: the Stoics of the modern belief in
equality and the Epicureans of a utilitarian ethics based on pleasure (see below Utilitarianism). The development of these ethical
positions, however, was dramatically affected by the spreading from the
East of a new religion, Christianity, that was rooted in a Jewish
conception of ethics as obedience to a divine authority. With the
conversion of Emperor Constantine I (c. 280–337) to Christianity by 313 ce, the older schools of philosophy lost their sway over the thinking of the Roman Empire.
Christian ethics from the New Testament to the Scholastics
Ethics in the New Testament
The Apostle Matthew (5:17) reports Jesus as having said, in the Sermon on the Mount,
that he came not to destroy the law or the prophets but to fulfill
them. Indeed, when Jesus is regarded as a teacher of ethics, it is clear
that he was more a reformer of the Hebrew tradition than a radical innovator. The Hebrew tradition had a tendency to place great emphasis on compliance
with the letter of the law; the Gospel accounts of Jesus portray him as
preaching against this “righteousness of the scribes and Pharisees,”
championing the spirit of the law rather than the letter. This spirit he
characterized as one of love, for God and for one’s neighbour. But
since he was not proposing that the old teachings be discarded, he saw
no need to develop a comprehensive ethical system. Christianity thus never really broke with the Jewish conception of morality as a matter of divine law to be discovered by reading and interpreting the word of God as revealed in the Scriptures.
This
conception of morality had important consequences for the future
development of Western ethics. The Greeks and Romans—and indeed thinkers
such as Confucius—did not conceive of a distinctively moral realm of
conduct. For them, everything that one did was a matter of practical
reasoning, in which one could do either well or poorly. In the more
legalistic Judeo-Christian view, however, falling short of what the
moral law requires was a much more serious matter than, say, failing to
do the household budgets correctly. This distinction between the moral
and the nonmoral realms now affects every question in Western ethics,
including the way the questions themselves are framed.
Another consequence of the retention of the basically legalistic stance of Jewish ethics was that from the beginning Christian ethics
had to deal with the question of how to judge the person who breaks the
law from good motives or keeps it from bad motives. The latter half of
this question was particularly acute,
because the Gospels describe Jesus as repeatedly warning of a coming
resurrection of the dead at which time all would be judged and punished
or rewarded according to their sins and virtues in this life (see Last Judgment).
The punishments and rewards were weighty enough to motivate anyone who
took this message seriously, and the warning was given added emphasis by
the fact that the resurrection was not going to be long in coming.
(Jesus said that it would take place during the lifetime of some of
those listening to him.) This is therefore an ethics that invokes
external sanctions as a reason for doing what is right. At the same
time, it is an ethics that places love above mere literal compliance
with the law. These two aspects do not sit easily together. Can one
bring oneself to love God and neighbour in order to be rewarded with
eternal happiness in another life?
The fact that Jesus and the Apostle Paul too believed in the imminence of the Second Coming led them to suggest ways of living that were scarcely feasible
on any other assumption: taking no thought for the morrow, turning the
other cheek, and giving away all one has. Even Paul’s preference for
celibacy rather than marriage and his grudging acceptance of the latter
on the assumption that “it is better to marry than to burn” makes some
sense, once one grasps that he was proposing ethical standards for what
he thought would be the last generation on earth. When the expected
event did not occur and Christianity became the official religion of the
vast and embattled Roman Empire, Christian leaders were faced with the
awkward task of reinterpreting these injunctions in a manner more suited
for a continuing society.
The
new Christian ethical standards did lead to some changes in Roman
morality. Perhaps the most vital change was a new sense of the equal
moral status of all human beings. As mentioned earlier, the Stoics had
been the first to elaborate this conception, grounding equality on the
common capacity to reason. For Christians, humans are equal because they
are all potentially immortal and equally precious
in the sight of God. This caused Christians to condemn a wide variety
of practices that had been accepted by both Greek and Roman moralists,
including many related to the taking of innocent human life: from the
earliest days Christian leaders condemned abortion, infanticide, and
suicide. Even killing in war was at first regarded as wrong, and
soldiers who had converted to Christianity refused to continue to bear
arms. Once the empire became Christian, however, this was one of the
inconvenient ideas that had to yield. Despite what Jesus had said about
turning the other cheek, church leaders declared that killing in a “just war”
was not a sin. The Christian condemnation of killing in gladiatorial
games, on the other hand, had a more permanent effect. Finally, but
perhaps most important, while Christian emperors continued to uphold the
legality of slavery,
the Christian church accepted slaves as equals, admitted them to its
ceremonies, and regarded the granting of freedom to slaves as a
virtuous, if not obligatory, act. This moral pressure led over several
hundred years to the gradual disappearance of slavery in Europe.
The
Christian contribution to improving the position of slaves can also be
linked with the distinctively Christian list of virtues. As noted above,
some of the virtues described by Aristotle—for example, greatness of
soul—are quite contrary in spirit to Christian virtues such as humility.
In general it can be said that, whereas the Greeks and Romans prized
independence, self-reliance, magnanimity, and worldly success,
Christians emphasized meekness, obedience, patience, and resignation. As
the Greeks and Romans conceived virtue, a virtuous slave was almost a
contradiction in terms; for Christians, however, there was nothing in
the state of slavery that was incompatible with the highest moral
character.
08/24/20
https://www.buddha-vacana.org/gloss.html
Glossary of Pali terms
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abhijjhā: covetousness, acquisitiveness, desire for what one does not have. Being abhijjhā·lu is defined at AN 10.176 in terms of covetousness or jealousy towards others’ possessions. At AN 3.67, lobha is explained as having abhijjhā for synonym. ♦ Abhijjhā is one of the three mental akusala·kamma·pathas. ♦ Abhijjhā is remarkably combined with domanassa, to form a compound (abhijjhā·domanassa), which appears exclusively either in the Satipaṭṭhāna formulas or in the Sense restraint Formulae. ♦ Abhijjhā is occasionally mentioned as one of the five nīvaraṇas, as a makeshift for kāma·cchanda. ♦ Abhijjhā is part of the first upakkilesa mentioned at MN 7: abhijjhā·visama·lobha (covetousness and unrighteous greed).  1) original meaning (in older texts): direct ♦ Juxtaposed with (ekanta·nibbidā, virāga, nirodha,) upasama, sambodhi and Nibbāna (typically referring to the outcome of the practice of the ariya aṭṭh·aṅgika magga, e.g. SN 56.11). ♦ The attainment of arahatta is described with a list of phenomena to be experienced through abhiññā: āsavānaṃ khaya, an·āsava ceto·vimutti and paññā·vimutti (e.g. AN 3.91). ♦ At SN 45.159 and AN 4.254, the ariya aṭṭh·aṅgika magga is said to lead to another list of 11 dhammas to be dealt with by means of abhiññā: the five khandhas (to be fully understood), avijjā and bhava·taṇhā (to be abandoned), vijjā and vimutti (to be experienced), samatha and vipassanā (to be developed). 2) late meaning: there is a list of six higher powers or potencies attained by the practice of samādhi beyond the fourth jhāna, which are called together abhiññās, abrahmacariya: [a+brahmacariya]
that which is contrary to the pure life, which naturally would be |
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Yo pana bhikkhu bhikkhūnaṃ sikkhā·sājīva·samāpanno sikkhaṃ apaccakkhāya |
Should any bhikkhu participating in the training and livelihood of the |
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See further details in Thanissaro Bhikkhu’s Monastic Code. However, a definition of a·brahmacariya is given by Ānanda at SN 45.18 as consisting in micchā·magga, i.e. micchā·diṭṭhi, micchā·saṅkappa etc. ♦ a·brahmacariya is listed among things that lead a bhikkhu to an apāya or niraya (e.g. AN 5.286). non-ill-will, absence of malevolence. At AN 3.67, adosa is explained as having a·byāpāda for synonym. The Vibhanga naturally relates a·byāpāda with mettā, although the latter is only part of the former, which should also include sates of simple upekkhā. ♦ In this connection, the derived expression abyāpanna·citto hoti (he has a citta devoid of byāpāda) appears in the exposition of the three mental kusala·kamma·pathas (e.g. AN 10.176), explained with the compound ‘appaduṭṭha·mana·saṅkappa‘ and the description: ‘ime sattā a·verā hontu a·byāpajjā, a·nīghā sukhī attānaṃ pariharantū‘ (qv.). ♦ A similar expression, abyāpanna·citto viharati (he dwells with citta devoid of byāpāda), appears in the Nīvaraṇānaṃ Pahāna formula, explained with the compound sabba·pāṇa·bhūta·hitānukampī (friendly and compassionate towards all living beings). ♦ a·byāpāda·saṅkappa is one of the three constituents of sammā·saṅkappa. ♦ Since byāpāda is a nīvaraṇa, a·byāpāda as a state of mind is necessary for successful meditation and attaining the four jhānas. ♦ The derived adjective, abyāpajjha, notably appears as a factor in the appamāṇā ceto·vimutti formulas. adhicittasikkhā: [adhi+citta+sikkhā] training in higher mind. A definition is given by the Buddha at AN 3.90: adhi·citta·sikkhā is identical with the culture of sammā·samādhi, i.e. the development of the four jhānas. ♦ Adhi·citta·sikkhā is one of the three sikkhās, together with adhi·sīla·sikkhā and adhi·paññā·sikkhā. It is said of these three trainings at AN 3.82 that they are ‘ascetic tasks of an ascetic’ (samaṇassa samaṇa·karaṇīyāni), at AN 3.93 that they are ‘urgent tasks of a bhikkhu’ (bhikkhussa accāyikāni karaṇīyāni), and at AN 6.30 that they constitute the ’supreme training’ (anuttariyaṃ sikkhā) for the purification of beings, etc. (formula in the style of the Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta) ♦ They can even replace the Pātimokkha, in some cases (AN 3.85). adhipaññāsikkhā: [adhi+paññā+sikkhā] training in higher wisdom/ insight. A definition is given at AN 3.90. It consists of the understanding of the four ariya·saccas. At AN 3.91, though, adhi·paññā·sikkhā is defined as ‘an·āsava ceto·vimutti paññā·vimutti‘ (liberation of the mind without impurities, liberation by discernment). ♦ Adhi·paññā·sikkhā is one of the three sikkhās, together with adhi·sīla·sikkhā and adhi·citta·sikkhā. It is said of these three trainings at AN 3.82 that they are ‘ascetic tasks of an ascetic’ (samaṇassa samaṇa·karaṇīyāni), at AN 3.93 that they are ‘urgent tasks of a bhikkhu’ (bhikkhussa accāyikāni karaṇīyāni), and at AN 6.30 that they constitute the ’supreme training’ (anuttariyaṃ sikkhā) for the purification of beings, etc. (formula in the style of the Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta) ♦ They can even replace the Pātimokkha, in some cases (AN 3.85). adhisīlasikkhā: [adhi+sīla+sikkhā] training in higher virtue. A definition is given by the Buddha at AN 3.90. It consists of a thorough undertaking of the Pātimokkha’s rules. ♦ Adhi·sīla·sikkhā is one of the three sikkhās, together with adhi·citta·sikkhā and adhi·paññā·sikkhā. It is said of these three trainings at AN 3.82 that they are ‘ascetic tasks of an ascetic’ (samaṇassa samaṇa·karaṇīyāni), at AN 3.93 that they are ‘urgent tasks of a bhikkhu’ (bhikkhussa accāyikāni karaṇīyāni), and at AN 6.30 that they constitute the ’supreme training’ (anuttariyaṃ sikkhā) for the purification of beings, etc. (formula in the style of the Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta) ♦ They can even replace the Pātimokkha, in some cases (AN 3.85). ♦ However, adhi·sīla·sikkhā is not only for bhikkhus, since it should also be undertaken by upāsakas, as they meet with their success (sampadā) or their prosperity (sambhava), lest it is their their failure (vipatti) as in AN 7.30, their decline (parihāna) as in AN 7.29, or their ruin (parābhava) as in AN 7.31. ādīnava: disadvantageous characteristic of phenomena, danger, drawback, disadvantage, bad result or consequence. The antonym is ānisaṃsa. The ādīnava of a particular dhamma is often described as its characteristics of anicca, dukkha, and the fact that it has ‘vipariṇāma·dhamma‘. This is seen mainly in the case of each of the five khandhas (e.g. SN 12.26) and the twelve āyatanas (e.g. SN 35.13 and SN 35.14). ♦ Frequently mentioned in conjunction with assāda and nissaraṇa, often preceded by samudaya and atthaṅgama, as characteristics to be understood in detail for all saṅkhāras. ♦ This set of 3 or 5 investigations appears very often in the Saṃyutta Nikāya, and is applied to a large variety of dhammas, among which notably to kāma (in detail at MN 13), but also to duccarita (e.g. AN 5.241), the five khandhas (e.g. SN 22.74), particularly vedanā (e.g. MN 13), rūpa (e.g. MN 13), the 4 paccayas (e.g. SN 16.1), bhava (e.g. AN 4.10), the six phass·āyatanas (e.g. AN 4.10) etc. ♦ A very useful statement is made at SN 12.52: ‘Upādāniyesu dhammesu ādīnav·ānupassino viharato taṇhā nirujjhati’. ♦ ādīnava·saññā is defined at AN 10.60 with reference to kāya. ♦ On the ādīnava of kāma, MN 54 provides a powerful series of similes to describe them, which is referred to in a number of suttas. perception of drawbacks. This practice is explained at AN 10.60, with reference to kāya: it consists in a reflection on the various ills of the body. ♦ According to AN 7.27, so long as the bhikkhus practice ādīnava·saññā, only growth can be expected of them, not decline. ♦ Other perceptions usually associated with ādīnava·saññā include asubha·saññā, āhāre paṭikūla·saññā, sabba·loke an·abhirata·saññā, maraṇa·saññā, anicca·saññā, anicca·saññā, anicce dukkha·saññā, anatta·saññā, pahāna·saññā, virāga·saññā and nirodha·saññā. taking what is not given, theft, robbery. The definition is given at AN 10.176. ♦ Adinn·ādāna is one of the three bodily akusala·kamma·pathas. ♦ For bhikkhus, it is a very serious matter, as it constitutes the second pārājika offense: |
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Yo pana bhikkhu adinnaṃ theyyasaṅkhātaṃ ādiyeyya - yathārūpe adinnādāne |
Should any bhikkhu, in what is reckoned a theft, take what is not given |
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See further details in Thanissaro Bhikkhu’s Monastic Code.
♦ The unpleasant consequences of adinn·ādāna are described at AN 8.40: its slightest result is loss of wealth. adinnādāna veramaṇī: [adinnādāna veramaṇī] abstaining from taking what is not given. ♦ Adinn·ādāna veramaṇī is the second of the pañcasīla. ♦ When describing the moral undertakings of a bhikkhu (e.g. MN 27), the following description is given: ‘Adinn·ādānaṃ pahāya adinn·ādānā paṭivirato hoti dinn·ādāyī dinna·pāṭikaṅkhī, athenena suci·bhūtena attanā viharati,’ for an explanation of which see the Ariya Sīlakkhandha Formulae. absence of aversion. At AN 3.67, a·dosa is explained as having a·byāpāda for synonym. Synonyms given in the Vibhanga: a·dussanā, a·dussitattaṃ (not being angry, not offending). ♦ A·dosa is one of the three kusala·mūlas. ♦ According to AN 3.112, any kamma caused by a·dosa is anavajja and has sukha·vipāka (pleasant results). ♦ According to AN 6.39, a·dosa does not arise from dosa, but rather from a·dosa itself (na adosā doso samudeti; atha kho adosā adosova samudeti). And vice versa. adukkhamasukha: [a+dukkha+a+sukha] neither-pleasant-nor-unpleasant, i.e. neutral. At MN 44, adukkham·asukha is explained as neva sātaṃ nāsātaṃ (neither agreeable nor disagreeable). ♦ In the majority of cases, adukkham·asukha qualifies one of the types of vedanā: see adukkham·asukhā vedanā. ♦ Adukkham·asukha also qualifies the fourth jhāna, and is thus related to upekkhā: see the corresponding formula. ♦ In a few cases, adukkham·asukha qualifies a certain type of phassa (e.g. SN 12.62). adukkhamasukhā vedanā: [a+dukkha+a+sukha vedanā] feeling which is neither-pleasant-nor-unpleasant, i.e. neutral. A definition is given at MN 44: ‘yaṃ ♦ Adukkham·asukhā vedanā is one of the three (main) types of vedanā. ♦ According to SN 36.5, adukkham·asukhā vedanā should be seen as aniccata (adukkham·asukhā vedanā aniccato daṭṭhabbā). ♦ Adukkham·asukhā vedanā are twofold: sāmisa or nirāmisa, as stated at AN 6.63: ‘atthi sāmisā adukkhamasukhā vedanā, atthi nirāmisā adukkhamasukhā vedanā’, although without further explanations. ♦ According to MN 44, adukkham·asukhā vedanā is ‘ñāṇa·sukhā aññāṇa·dukkhā’ (pleasant when accompanied by ñāṇa, and unpleasant without ñāṇa). Furthermore, avijjā is the counterpart of adukkham·asukhā vedanā (adukkham·asukhāya vedanāya avijjā paṭibhāgo), although the anusaya of avijjā does not necessarily underlie all adukkham·asukhā vedanā: (na sabbāya adukkham·asukhāya vedanāya avijj·ānusayo anuseti). ♦ According to SN 36.9, adukkham·asukhā vedanā share some important characteristics with other types of vedanās: ‘aniccā, saṅkhatā, paṭicca·samuppannā, khaya·dhammā, vaya·dhammā, virāga·dhammā, nirodha·dhammā‘. ♦ For other characteristics that adukkham·asukhā vedanā share with other vedanās, see there. āhāra: 1) concrete sense: food, alimentation. ♦ For bhikkhus, piṇḍapāta is a synonym of āhāra in this first meaning, and as such the formula of reflection on the paccayas is sometimes applied directly to āhāra (e.g. AN 4.37). This formula, often referred to as bhojane matt·aññutā, is analyzed here. ♦ Moderation in food is often praised in the suttas, as for example at AN 5.96: ‘app·āhāro hoti, anodarikattaṃ anuyutto’ (he eats only a little food, committed to not filling his stomach). Eating once a day is also often praised, as at AN 3.71: ‘yāva·jīvaṃ arahanto eka·bhattikā’ (as long as they live, the arahants take one meal a day) and MN 65, ♦ The practice of āhāre paṭikūla·saññā is often recommended in the suttas (e.g. SN 46.74). ♦ It is interesting to note that in the formula describing pubbe·nivās·ānussati·ñāṇa (see here), āhāra ♦ Meat eating is authorized for bhikkhus, under the ti·koṭi·parisuddha (pure in three aspects) rule: ‘a·diṭṭhaṃ, a·sutaṃ, a·parisaṅkitaṃ’ (not seen, not heard, not suspected). See MN 55. 2) figurative sense: support, nutriment. They are listed as four (e.g. at MN 9):
They are described as follows: ‘cattārome āhārā bhūtānaṃ vā sattānaṃ ṭhitiyā, sambhavesīnaṃ vā anuggahāya‘ ♦ The Buddha explains with powerful similes how the four āhāras should be considered at SN 12.63. ♦ The āhāras are said to originate and cease with taṇhā (e.g. at MN 9). ♦ In some suttas, āhāra has the meaning of condition and is close in meaning to paccaya (in its first, general sense) or hetu. For example, SN 46.51 details which phenomena ‘feed’ the five nīvaraṇas and the seven bojjhaṅgas. Another example is found at AN 8.39: having gone for refuge to the Buddha (buddhaṃ saraṇaṃ gato hoti) is said to be a nourishment of happiness (sukhass·āhāra), and so are other refuges as well as the five precepts. ♦ As one would expect, there is a relationship between āhāra and rūpa or kāya. According to SN 22.56: ‘āhāra·samudayā rūpa·samudayo; āhāra·nirodhā rūpa·nirodho‘ (with the arising of nutriment, there is arising of Form; with the cessation of nutriment, there is cessation of Form) and according to SN 47.42: ‘āhāra·samudayā kāyassa samudayo; āhāra·nirodhā kāyassa atthaṅgamo‘ (with the arising of nutriment, there is arising of the body; with the cessation of nutriment, there is cessation of the body). āhāre paṭikūlasaññā: [āhāra paṭikūla+saññā] perception of loathsomeness in food. ♦ According to AN 7.49, when one often applies his/her mind to this practice, he/she is automatically repulsed by rasa·taṇhā (craving for tastes). ♦ Āhāre paṭikūla·saññā is described at AN 4.163 as participating of a painful mode of practice (dukkhā paṭipadā). ♦ The seven bojjhaṅgas can be developed in conjunction with āhāre paṭikūla·saññā (SN 46.74). ♦ Āhāre paṭikūla·saññā appears always in a list, generally with asubha·saññā, maraṇa·saññā, and sabba·loke an·abhirata·saññā. They are often collectively recommended for the sake of understanding or removing rāga (e.g. AN 5.303). ♦ Other perceptions usually associated with āhāre paṭikūla·saññā include anicca·saññā, anicce dukkha·saññā, anatta·saññā, ādīnava·saññā, pahāna·saññā, virāga·saññā and nirodha·saññā. ājīva: livelihood, means of subsistence. For proper or upright livelihood, see sammā·ājīva. As to right or wrong livelihood, it is said of them at SN 45.1: ‘micchā·kammantassa micchā·ājīvo pahoti’ (in one of wrong action, wrong livelihood comes to be) and ’sammā·kammantassa sammā·ājīvo pahoti’ (in one endowed with sammā·kammanta, sammā·ājīva comes to be), which makes wrong livelihood fall back on breaking of one of the five sīlas or engaging in one of the ten akusala·kamma·pathas. 1) For bhikkhus: ♦ In the definition of adinnādāna veramaṇī, given in the Ariya Sīlakkhandha Formulae (e.g. at MN 27), it said of a bhikkhu: ‘dinn·ādāyī dinna·pāṭikaṅkhī’ (he takes [only] what is given, expecting [only] what is given). The same formulae (e.g. also at MN 27) explain further some fundamental principles of a bhikkhu’s livelihood, e.g. refusing money, women and slaves, animals, properties, bribery, trickery etc. They further say (here) that a bhikkhu, wherever he goes needs only two things, and should keep to them only. ♦ A list of five improper ways of gaining material support from donors is given at AN 5.83.
♦ Besides mentioning also the above five items, a long list of wrong livelihoods for bhikkhus is given in the suttas of the Sīlakkhandha Vagga of DN, e.g. at DN 11. They deal essentially with fortune telling, witchcraft, divination, acting as a priest (e.g. performing weddings etc.). 2) For householders: ♦ Five types of unskilful trades to be avoided are listed at AN 5.177. ♦ Acting as a comic (at SN 42.2) and being a warrior (at SN 42.3) are clearly indicated as morally dangerous livelihoods. 1) (adv:) internally, inwardly. 2) (adj:) interior, inner, personal, connected ♦ Thus, ajjhatta applies chiefly to mental phenomena and whatever happens in the body. 1) without delay, immediate, immediately effective, possessed of immediate result 2) unconditioned by time or season. ♦ Akālika is the second standard epithet of the Dhamma, which is given in the dhamm·ānussati formula. A definition of the word is given in the Cūḷa Niddesa (KN, Nc 108), where it is likened to the expression ‘diṭṭh·eva dhamme’, and explained by the fact that whoever practices the ariya aṭṭhaṅgika magga enjoys its fruits now, in the visible world, and does not have to wait to be hereafter, in another world, for that. ākāsānañcāyatana: [ākāsānañca+āyatana] the sphere of infinitude of space. Attained as the 5th jhāna. See the standard description here. There is not much said about it in the suttas, it is apparently something to be experienced rather than talked about. ākiñcaññāyatana: [ākiñcañña+āyatana] the sphere of nothingness. Attained as the 7th jhāna. See the standard description here. There is not much said about it in the suttas, it is apparently something to be experienced rather than talked about. disadvantageous, unskilful, blameworthy, demeritorious, unskilful, resulting in suffering, troublesome. At MN 61, we find the following synonyms: ‘[yo] ♦ It is stated indirectly at MN 114 that all types of conducts are either kusala or akusala, ♦ In the Ekaka Nipāta, a number of suttas underline dhammas that cause akusala dhammas to arise: micchā·diṭṭhi (AN 1.306), pamāda (AN 1.58), laziness (kosajja - AN 1.60), mahicchatā (AN 1.62), asantuṭṭh·itā (AN 1.64), a·yoniso manasi·kāra (AN 1.66), a·sampajañña (AN 1.68), and evil friendship (pāpa·mittatā - AN 1.70). ♦ Naturally, the opposite dhammas cause the removal of akusala dhammas: sammā·diṭṭhi (AN 1.307), appamāda (AN 1.59), vīriyārambha (AN 1.61), appicchatā (AN 1.63), santuṭṭh·itā (AN 1.65), yoniso manasi·kāra (AN 1.67), sampajañña (AN 1.69), and kalyāṇa·mittatā (AN 1.71). ♦ At AN 5.52, the five nīvaraṇas are called ‘akusala·rāsī’ (accumulations of demerit). ♦ These nīvaraṇas are overcome by one who attains the first jhāna, and who thereby enjoys freedom from akusala dhammas (temporarily, of course), as made clear by the condition for such an attainment stated in the corresponding standard formula: ‘vivicca akusalehi dhammehi‘. akusalakammapatha: [akusala+kamma+patha] unskilful paths of action, disadvantageous courses of action. There are ten akusala·kamma·pathas, of three types: bodily, verbal or mental. They are described in these terms at AN 10.176. The three bodily akusala·kamma·pathas, frequently referred to as (a part of) kāya·duccarita, correspond to the actions to be abstained from for the practice of sammā·kammanta:
The four verbal akusala·kamma·pathas, frequently referred to as (a part of) vacī·duccarita, correspond to the actions to be abstained from for the practice of sammā·vācā:
The three mental akusala·kamma·pathas, frequently referred to as (a part of) mano·duccarita, correspond to the actions to be abstained from for the practice of sammā·saṅkappa (since nekkhamma consists chiefly in abandoning abhijjha):
♦ The practice of the ten akusala·kamma·pathas is generally described as leading either to niraya (e.g. AN 10.221), tiracchāna·yoni or pettivisaya, but it is made clear at MN 136 ♦ It is said of one who practices the ten akusala·kamma·pathas that he creeps (saṃsappati) and is crooked (jimha) roots of what is disadvantageous, sources of the unskilful. The term is defined by Sāriputta at MN 9 as consisting of lobha, dosa, and moha. This is a relatively rare word that appears only in five suttas. absence of craving. At AN 3.67, alobha is explained as having an·abhijjhā for synonym. ♦ Alobha is one of the three kusala·mūlas. ♦ According to AN 3.112, any kamma caused by alobha is anavajja and has sukha·vipāka (pleasant results). ♦ According to AN 6.39, alobha does not arise from lobha, but rather from alobha itself (na alobhā lobho samudeti; atha kho alobhā alobhova samudeti). And vice versa. āloka: light. ♦ Āloka is often used as a figure for enlightenment, namely for ñāṇa, paññā, vijjā and cakkhu, as in the Dhamma·cakka·ppavattana Sutta. It is also used as a figure for the four ariya·saccas as at SN 56.38. At AN 4.143, there is mention of the light of discernment (paññ·āloka), as being greater than that of the sun, the moon or the fire. ♦ Āloka also refers to a light within the mind, as made clear at SN 51.20, where it is juxtaposed with ’sappabhāsaṃ cittaṃ (luminous mind). Āloka·saññā is also juxtaposed with divā·saññā (perception of day/daytime) in the following formula that describes the development of the luminous mind: ‘bhikkhuno ♦ Attending to the perception of this mental light is said at AN 4.41 and AN 6.29 to lead to ñāṇa·dassana. ♦ Giving it attention is also mentioned as a way to get rid of thīna·middhā in the corresponding standard formula and at AN 7.61. amata: the Deathless, ambrosia, a state in which there absence of delusion. At AN 3.67, amoha is explained as having vijjā for synonym. An elaborate definition is given in the Vibhanga: ‘Tattha ♦ Amoha is one of the three kusala·mūlas. ♦ According to AN 3.112, any kamma caused by amoha is anavajja and has sukha·vipāka (pleasant results). ♦ According to AN 6.39, amoha does not arise from moha, but rather from amoha itself (na amohā moho samudeti; atha kho amohā amohova samudeti). And vice versa. anāgāmī: [an+āgāmī] lit: ‘one who does not return’ - designates an individual having reached the third of the four maggas leading to Nibbāna. He is so called because after death, he cannot ‘return to this world’, i.e. be reborn as a human being or a low class deva, but only as a special type of Brahmā. He will reach arahatta and eventually Parinibbāna during that one and only subsequent life. An anāgāmī is generally described as an individual having abandoned the five saṃyojanas connected to what is inferior (orambhāgiya) that fetter him to the round of existence. anāgāmita: [an+āgāmī+ta] state of an anāgāmī. anagāriya: homelessness. A characteristic of samaṇas. ♦ The word appears nearly always in the expression agārasmā anagāriyaṃ pabbajati (’He goes forth from the home life into homelessness’). ♦ The way in which a follower of the Buddha’s teaching adopts anagāriya is described in a standard formula. ānāpāna: breath, respiration. Always regarded as a tool for practicing the Dhamma and mentioned in the context of ānāpānassati. ānāpānassati: [ānāpāna+sati] mindfulness of in and out breathing, awareness of respiration. The practice of ānāpānassati is described in detail by the Buddha in the Ānāpānassati Sutta. See also a detailed analysis of these standard instructions here. It is often said that developing and practicing heedfully ānāpānassati is very fruitful and rewarding (’ānāpānassati bhāvanā bhāvitā bahulī·katā maha·pphalā hoti mah·ānisaṃsā‘). Thus, it is recommended for a large panel of purposes: ♦ at AN 6.115 for the abandoning of cetaso vikkhepa (mental disturbance). ♦ at AN 9.1 to achieve vitakk·upaccheda (stoppage of thoughts). ♦ at MN 62 to become mindful even of one’s last breath. ♦ at SN 54.9 to refresh oneself and allay any akusala dhamma that may have arisen. ♦ at MN 118 as a way to practice the four satipaṭṭhānas. ♦ at SN 54.2, as a way to develop the seven bojjhaṅgas. ♦ at SN 54.8, for a large panel of objectives: to prevent the body or eyes from getting tired (neva me kāyo kilameyya na cakkhūni), to abandon memories and intentions connected with the household life (ye me gehasitā sarasaṅkappā te pahīyeyyu), for various asubha practices, for attaining all the eight jhānas, for attaining the cessation of saññā and vedanā (saññā·vedayita·nirodha), and for the full comprehension of vedanā. ♦ It is explained at SN 54.11 that ānāpānassati·samādhi is what the Buddha generally practices during his vassa retreat, that ānāpānassati·samādhi is a noble dwelling (ariya·vihāra), a brahmic dwelling (brahma·vihāra), a Tathāgata’s dwelling (tathāgata·vihāra). For trainees (sekha), it leads to the destruction of āsavas. For arahant s, it procures a pleasant abiding, and sati·sampajañña. ♦ The practice of ānāpānassati is also declared at SN 54.4 to lead to either aññā or anāgāmitā in this very life, for those who practice seriously enough. anattā: [an+attā] no-self, egolessness, soullessness, impersonality, absence of identity. ♦ It is the third of the ti·lakkhaṇa, a universal fact whose understanding is declared at SN 22.42 to be a way to exert dhamm·ānudhamma·ppaṭipatti. ♦ The characteristic of anattā applies to all phenomena, as declared in a famous sentence which occurs in a handful of suttas: ‘sabbe dhammā anattā’ (all phenomena are not-self). ♦ But as explained at SN 23.17, the characteristic of anattā is to be understood chiefly at the level of the five upādāna·kkhandhas, although it is frequent to find treatments of the six āyatanas - and the dhammas that are related to them - in terms of anattā in SN 35 (e.g. SN 35.6). ♦ The understanding of anattā is often described (e.g. SN 22.17) with a stock phrase: ‘n·etaṃ mama, n·eso·ham·asmi, na m·eso attā‘ (This is not mine, I am not this, this is not my self). Ñāṇavīra considers this translation as misleading since he considers it can mean ‘but something else is mine’, and he prefers ‘Not, this is mine; not, this I am; not, this is my self’. ♦ The characteristic of anattā was taught by the Buddha for the first time in what is considered as his second discourse, the Anatta·lakkhaṇa Sutta. The intellectual argument used to expose this teaching is the fact that if each of the upādāna·kkhandhas belonged to the self, then the self would be able to decide how it should be, which is not the case. The understanding of anattā is then derived from the understanding of anicca and dukkha according to a standard series of questions. ♦ At MN 35, the Buddha explains anattā by absence of ownership, using an analogy with a king owning his realm. ♦ At AN 4.49, seeing as atta something which is actually anattā constitutes one of four saññā·vipallāsa (distortions of perception), citta·vipallāsa (perversions of the mind), diṭṭhi·vipallāsa (inversions of views), the other three being the corresponding misunderstanding of asubha, aniccā and dukkha. perception of non-self. ♦ Very often, this perception is applied specifically to what is already perceived as unsatisfactory and it becomes dukkhe anatta·saññā. ♦ The practice of anatta·saññā leads to abandoning asmi·māna (AN 9.1). ♦ The practice of anatta·saññā also leads to abandoning attānu·diṭṭhi (the view of self): see AN 6.112. ♦ At AN 6.104, 6 benefits are cited as constituting enough motivation for establishing anatta·saññā in all dhammas. ♦ According to AN 7.49, ♦ The seven bojjhaṅgas can be developed in conjunction with anatta·saññā (SN 46.78). ♦ According to AN 7.27, so long as the bhikkhus practice anatta·saññā, only growth can be expected of them, not decline. ♦ Other perceptions usually associated with anatta·saññā include anicca·saññā, anicce dukkha·saññā, anatta·saññā, ādīnava·saññā, pahāna·saññā, virāga·saññā and nirodha·saññā. anavajja: [an+avajja] blameless, faultless. Opposed to sāvajja. ♦ The word anavajja·sukha (the pleasure of blamelessness) is repeatedly used to describe the feeling arising from observing the ariya sīla·kkhandha, which are described in their standard description (see at the bottom of that page). ♦ The word anavajja·bala (the strength of blamesslessness) appears at AN 4.153 and the two following suttas together with paññā·bala, vīriya·bala, sati·bala, samādhi·bala and bhāvana·bala. The word anavajja·bala is defined at AN 9.5 as the fact of being endowed with anavajja kāya·kamma, anavajja vacī·kamma and anavajja mano·kamma. 1) adj: inconstant, impermanent, momentary. 2) n: inconstancy, impermanence, momentariness. ♦ The understanding of anicca is described with the attainment of sotāpatti as the rise of ‘the Dhamma eye’ (Dhamma·cakkhu): “yaṃ kiñci samudaya·dhammaṃ, sabbaṃ taṃ nirodha·dhamman”ti (whatever has the nature of arising has the nature of ceasing). It is the case of āyasmā Koṇḍañña at SN 56.11. ♦ Anicca is the first of the ti·lakkhaṇas, a universal fact whose understanding is declared at SN 22.40 to be a way to exert dhamm·ānudhamma·ppaṭipatti. ♦ The characteristic of anicca applies to all saṅkhārās, as declared in a famous sentence which occurs in a handful of suttas: ‘sabbe saṅkhārā aniccā’ (all conditioned phenomena are inconstant). ♦ But as explained at SN 23.13, the characteristic of anicca is to be understood chiefly at the level of the five upādāna·kkhandhas, although it is frequent to find treatments of the six āyatanas - and the dhammas that are related to them - in terms of anicca in the Saḷāyatana Saṃyutta (e.g. SN 35.4). ♦ At AN 4.49, seeing as nicca something which is actually anicca constitutes one of four saññā·vipallāsa (distortions of perception), citta·vipallāsa (perversions of the mind), diṭṭhi·vipallāsa (inversions of views), the other three being the corresponding misunderstanding of asubha, dukkha and anatta. The impermanence of phenomena is described as the fact that they arise, transform, and pass away. It is the first of the ti·lakkhaṇa, and is considered as the easiest to be observed. Its understanding naturally leads to the understanding of the other two. perception of impermanence/inconstancy. This practice is explained at AN 10.60: it happens at level of the five khandhas. ♦ The practice of anicca·saññā leads to abandoning asmi·māna (MN 62). The process is explained at AN 9.1: anicca·saññā leads to anatta·saññā, which in turn leads to asmi·māna·samugghāta (eradication of the conceit ‘I am’). ♦ At SN 22.102, it is said that anicca·saññā leads to the elimination of kāma·rāga, rūpa·rāga, bhava·rāga, avijjā, and the eradication of asmi·māna. The sutta lists 10 similes to underline the power of anicca·saññā. ♦ The practice of anicca·saññā also leads to abandoning assāda·diṭṭhi (the view of sensory enjoyment): see AN 6.112. ♦ At AN 6.102, 6 benefits are cited as constituting enough motivation for establishing anicca·saññā in all saṅkhāras. ♦ According to AN 7.49, when one often applies his/her mind to this practice, he/she is automatically repulsed by lābha·sakkāra·siloka. ♦ The seven bojjhaṅgas can be developed in conjunction with anicca·saññā (SN 46.76). ♦ According to AN 7.27, so long as the bhikkhus practice anicca·saññā, only growth can be expected of them, not decline. ♦ In the Aṅguttara Nikāya, anicca·saññā often appears together with asubha·saññā, āhāre paṭikūla·saññā, sabba·loke an·abhirata·saññā, maraṇa·saññā, anicce dukkha·saññā, (sometimes preceded by: dukkhe) anatta·saññā, ādīnava·saññā, pahāna·saññā, virāga·saññā and nirodha·saññā. anicce dukkhasaññā: [anicca dukkha+saññā] perception of suffering in what is inconstant. ♦ It nearly always appears in the following progression: anicca·saññā, anicce dukkha·saññā, dukkhe anatta·saññā. ♦ According to AN 7.49, ānisaṃsa: benefit, good result, generally relating to a practice. anusaya: inclination, latent tendency, propensity, persistance of a dormant or latent disposition. The seven anusayas are listed at AN 7.11:
According to Rhys Davids: ‘In the oldest texts the word usually ♦ According to MN 148, rāg·ānusaya and paṭigh·ānusaya are activated by mental reaction (i.e. ayoniso manasikāra) to sukhā vedanā and dukkhā vedanā respectively, whereas avijj·ānusaya is activated on account of adukkham·asukhā vedanā with lack of proper understanding, attitude which is described at SN 36.6 as typical of an uninstructed (assutavā) puthujjana. On the other hand, those anusayas are not activated if one abstains from these mental reactions and develops proper understanding, attitude which is described at SN 36.6 as typical of an instructed (sutavā) ariyasāvaka. ♦ According to MN 18, the cessation of all these anusayas comes from not finding anything to delight in, welcome, or remain fastened to in the source from which saññās and categories [born of] papañca beset an individual (yato·nidānaṃ purisaṃ papañca·saññā·saṅkhā samudācaranti, ettha ce natthi abhinanditabbaṃ abhivaditabbaṃ ajjhositabbaṃ). This explains why at MN 44 all vedanās are not underlied by anusayas. ♦ According to AN 7.12, the brahmacariya is fulfilled (brahmacariya vussati) with the abandoning and destruction of each anusaya, and the end of suffering is reached when all of them have been abandoned. recollection, remembrance, calling to mind.
The first four of these are analyzed in detail here. ♦ At SN 11.3, the first three of them (Buddh·ānussati, Dhamm·ānussati Saṅgh·ānussati) are recommended to allay any kind of fear. ♦ According to AN 3.71, the mind becomes bright (cittaṃ pasīdati), joy arises (pāmojjaṃ uppajjati), and the impurities of the mind are abandoned (ye cittassa upakkilesā te pahīyanti). According to AN 6.25, these anussatis also make the mind upright and make an ariyasāvaka emerge from the five kāma·guṇas. ♦ According to AN 11.13, the anussatis should be used as a basis for establishing sati. ♦ At AN 6.30, recollecting the Buddha or one of his disciples constitutes the supreme recollection (anussat·ānuttariya) for the purification of beings, etc. (formula of the Mahāsatipaṭṭhāna Sutta’s introduction). ♦ According to AN 6.10, when an ariyasāvaka practices these anussatis, at that time his mind is not under the sway of any of the three akusala·mūlas, and he gains an inspiration and a joy (pāmojja) that can lead him up to samādhi. ♦ At AN 6.141, the six anussatis are recommended for the abhiññā of rāga. ♦ Between AN 1.296 and AN 1.301, each of the six anussatis is recommended for attaining virāga, nirodha, upasama, abhiññā, sambodhi and nibbāna. And again between AN 1.485 and AN 1.490, one who develops each of them is said to respond to the Buddha’s advice and not eat piṇḍapāta in vain. ♦ According to MN 28, if the practice of the first three anussatis does not bear its fruits, then one should arouse saṃvega. ♦ One other major use of the concept (more than 80 times in the four Nikāyas) is to refer to the practice of pubbe·nivās·ānussati·ñāṇa (e.g. AN 3.102) in the stock phrase: ‘bhikkhu ♦ AN 10.153 and AN 10.197 specify things that should not be recollected (na anussaritabbaṃ): each factor of the tenfold micchā·paṭipadā (including micchā·ñāṇa and micchā·vimutti), as well as any undertaking of whichever of the ten akusala kamma·pathas. The opposite factors are to be recollected. ♦ Recollecting those who are accomplished on the path ♦ There is mention of another anussati, the recollection of peace (upasam·ānussati), ♦ There is also another completely different set of five anussatis that appears only at AN 6.29. Those are:
The fifth referring most probably to the six abhiññās. 1) hearsay, report, rumor. Clearly used in this sense at MN 68. 2) what has been heard/learned from another See also the analysis provided in footnote 1 here. ♦ At MN 76, two dangers of relying on an anussava are cited: the teachings or opinions may not be remembered correctly, and they may simply not be true. Anussava appears most often in two sets of either erroneous or uncertain grounds for accepting a teaching or a view: ♦ In conjunction with paramparā (what has been transmitted [by a tradition]), itikira (general consensus), piṭakasampadāna (what has been handed down in a collection of texts), takkahetu (the basis of logical reasoning), nayahetu (the basis of inference), ākāraparivitakka (deep reflection), diṭṭhinijjhānakkhanti, bhabbarūpatā (what seems probable), and “samaṇo no garū”ti ([the thought:] ‘The samaṇa is our revered teacher’). See for example AN 3.66 orAN 3.67. ♦ In conjunction with saddhā, ruci (liking), ākāraparivitakka (deep reflection), and diṭṭhinijjhānakkhanti. anuttaro purisadammasārathī: supreme leader of āpatti: vinaya offense. There are ten types of offenses: pārājika, saṅghādisesa, apāya: 1) ruin, loss, separation (from wealth or dear ones) 2) lapse, falling away (e.g. from good conduct) 3) state of woe, unhappy afterlife. Almost always associated with vinipāta and dug·gati. The apāya are traditionally numbered as four: birth as an asura, in petti·visaya, in tiracchāna·yoni and in niraya. ♦ According to AN 10.176, beings are lead to such states of existence by adopting the ten akusala kamma·pathas, often referred to as the threefold duccaritas. ♦ According to AN 8.54, there are four sources of apāya (ruin) in this human life: womanizing (itthi·dhutta), drunkenness (surā·dhutta), gambling (akkha·dhutta), and bad friends (pāpa·mitta). heedfulness, assiduity, diligence, seriousness of practice. The Commentary glosses it as similar in meaning to sati, although if the latter often refers to remembering the cultivation of skilful states, appamāda is rather focused on avoiding unskilful mental states. Bhikkhu Bodhi remarks: appamāda |
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Katamo ca bhikkhave, appamādo? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu cittaṃ rakkhati āsavesu ca sāsavesu ca dhammesu. |
And what, bhikkhus, is heedfulness? Here, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu protects his mind against the mental impurities and the mental states that accompany them. |
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kathañca, bhikkhave, appamādavihārī hoti? cakkhundriyaṃ… |
And how, bhikkhus, does one dwell heedfully? In one, bhikkhus, who |
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kathañca, nandiya, ariyasāvako appamādavihārī hoti? idha, nandiya, |
And how, Nandiya, does a noble disciple dwell heedfully? Here, Nandiya, a noble disciple is endowed with verified confidence in the Buddha… Dhamma… Sangha… with virtues that are pleasing to the noble ones… Not content with virtues that are pleasing to the noble ones, he strives further in solitude by day and seclusion by night. For him, dwelling thus heedfully, joy arises etc. (the same as above) |
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hirīmāyaṃ, bhikkhave, ottāpī appamatto hoti. |
One, bhikkhus, who has conscientiousness and moral cautiousness is heedful. |
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♦ Appamāda plays a very important role in the Buddha’s teaching, as his last words make it obvious (SN 6.15): |
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‘vayadhammā saṅkhārā, appamādena sampādethā’ti. |
By nature, Fabrications pass away. Strive with heedfulness. |
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♦ The Buddha states at AN 2.5 how decisive he considered appamāda had been for his own enlightenment: |
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tassa mayhaṃ, bhikkhave, appamādādhigatā sambodhi, appamādādhigato anuttaro yogakkhemo. |
It was through heedfulness, bhikkhus, that I achieved awakening, it was by heedfulness that I achieved the supreme relief from the yoke. |
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♦ The importance of appamāda is often stressed with reference to the act of meditating (jhāyati) at the end of certain suttas, in the following formula: |
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“yaṃ, bhikkhave, satthārā karaṇīyaṃ sāvakānaṃ hitesinā anukampakena |
What should be done by a Teacher out of compassion for his disciples, |
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♦ Its importance is also attested at AN 10.15 and then illustrated by ten similes: |
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ye keci, bhikkhave, dhammā kusalā kusalabhāgiyā kusalapakkhikā, sabbe te |
Whatever states there are that are skilful, partaking of the skilful, siding with the skilful, all of them are rooted in heedfulness, they converge in heedfulness, and heedfulness is reckoned as the foremost among them. |
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♦ The Dhammapada has its own full Chapter II on the topic of appamāda. ♦ At AN 4.116, appamāda is recomended to abandon the threefold duccarita and micchā·diṭṭhi, and at AN 4.117 to prevent the three akusala·mūlas from taking over the mind as well as to ward off intoxication (mada). ♦ Miscellaneous quotes about appamāda: |
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yassa kassaci appamādo atthi kusalesu dhammesu, tassa yā ratti vā divaso |
For one who is heedful in skilful mental states, whether night or day comes, only growth and not deterioration in skilful mental states is to be expected. |
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appamādañca medhāvī, dhanaṃ seṭṭhaṃva rakkhati. |
A wise man guards heedfulness as his foremost treasure. |
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‘appamattā viharissāma, tikkhaṃ maraṇassatiṃ bhāvessāma āsavānaṃ khayāyā’ti. |
We will remain heedful, we will develop mindfulness of death keenly for the destruction of mental impurities. |
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♦ Miscellaneous quotes about lay practice: |
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appamādo eko dhammo bhāvito bahulīkato ubho atthe samadhiggayha tiṭṭhati: diṭṭhadhammikañceva atthaṃ yo ca attho samparāyiko. |
Heedfulness is the one thing that, when developed and pursued, can bring |
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sīlavā sīlasampanno appamādādhikaraṇaṃ mahantaṃ bhogakkhandhaṃ adhigacchati. |
The virtuous endowed with virtue accumulates much wealth thanks to heedfulness. |
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“appamattassa te, mahārāja, viharato appamādaṃ upanissāya, attāpi gutto |
When, Mahārāja, you remain heedful, with heedfulness for support, you |
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1) litt: fewness of desires; fact of being easily satisfied, of desiring little. 2) modesty, unpretentiousness. The word is close in meaning to santuṭṭhitā. The antonym is mahicchatā. ♦ At MN 4, appicchatā is opposed to lābha·sakkāra·siloka nikāmayati (desiring gain, honor and fame): |
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na kho panāhaṃ lābhasakkārasilokaṃ nikāmayamāno araññavanapatthāni |
But I do not resort to distant forest lodgings desirous of gain, honor |
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♦ At AN 8.23, appicchatā is referred to as not desiring others to know about one’s own good qualities: |
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appiccho so, bhikkhu, kulaputto santeyeva attani kusaladhamme na icchati parehi ñāyamāne. |
That son a family, bhikkhu, has few desires, since he does not desire that others would know his inner wholesome qualities. |
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♦ AN 8.30 defines the term along the same line, with direct reference to some of those qualities. ♦ At AN 1.63, appicchatā is presented as one of the core qualities to be developed: |
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“nāhaṃ, bhikkhave, aññaṃ ekadhammampi samanupassāmi yena anuppannā vā |
Bhikkhus, I do not see a single other quality on account of which |
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“nāhaṃ, bhikkhave, aññaṃ ekadhammampi samanupassāmi yo evaṃ saddhammassa |
Bhikkhus, I do not see a single other quality that leads to the |
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āraddhavīriya: [āraddha+vīriya] 1) (n:) aroused energy 2) (n:) one who is energetic, who has aroused energy 3) (adj:) energetic, of/with aroused energy. Bala·sampanna (possessing strength) is a synonym (AN 3.97) and kusīta (lazy) is the antonym (SN 12.22 below). Asallīna (unflagging, tireless) is a synonym for āraddha (e.g. at MN 4). The associated noun is vīriy·ārambha. Being āraddha·vīriya is defined in two major ways. The general definition is as follows (e.g. at AN 8.30): |
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Bhikkhu āraddha·vīriyo viharati a·kusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ pahānāya, |
A bhikkhu remains with aroused energy, for abandoning unskilful mental |
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Another definition, more impressive, is sometimes given (e.g. at SN 21.3): |
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‘āraddhavīriyo āraddhavīriyoti, bhante, vuccati. kittāvatā nu kho, |
‘One with aroused energy, one with aroused energy’, Bhante, is it said. |
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♦ At SN 48.50, being āraddha·vīriya is seen as a consequence of having saddhā and as being a basis for developing sati, and then in turn samādhi. ♦ According to AN 1.18, being āraddha·vīriya, destroys and prevents the arising of thīna·middhā, which is one of the five nīvaraṇas. ♦ According to AN 1.61, being āraddha·vīriya, is the best way to foster kusalā dhammā and to remove akusalā dhammā. ♦ According to MN 118, in one who is āraddha·vīriya appears pīti nirāmisa (unworldly exaltation). ♦ Probably the most inspiring words about arousing energy are given at SN 12.22: |
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“dukkhaṃ, bhikkhave, kusīto viharati vokiṇṇo pāpakehi akusalehi |
A lazy person, bhikkhus, dwells in suffering, full of evil unskilful |
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maṇḍapeyyamidaṃ, bhikkhave, brahmacariyaṃ, satthā sammukhībhūto. |
This brahmic way, bhikkhus, is a beverage of cream; the Teacher is |
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attatthaṃ vā hi, bhikkhave, sampassamānena alameva appamādena |
Seeing your own welfare, bhikkhus, is enough to strive with heedfulness; |
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♦ According to AN 6.55, acc·āraddha·vīriya (excess of energy) leads to uddhacca (’acc·āraddha·vīriyaṃ uddhaccāya saṃvattati’) and according to MN 128, it can lead to falling away from samādhi, ♦ Vīriy·indriya (spiritual faculty of energy) is defined as being āraddha·vīriya (SN 48.9). ♦ According to AN 10.76, being āraddha·vīriya renders one capable of abandoning uddhacca, a·saṃvara (non-restraint) and dus·sīla (unvirtuous behavior). ♦ At AN 4.11, continuously suppressing the three types of unskilful vitakkas in all the four postures is described as being āraddha·vīriya. ♦ At AN 4.12, having abandoned the five nīvaraṇas, having established sati, passaddhi and finally being samāhita is described as being āraddha·vīriya. ♦ According to AN 1.324 and AN 1.325, being āraddha·vīriya leads to dukkha in a badly expounded teaching (dur·akkhāta dhamma·vinaya) and to sukha in a well expounded teaching (sv·ākkhāta dhamma·vinaya). arahant: lit: ‘a worthy one’. Derived from verb ‘arahati’ (to be worthy of, to deserve, to merit). It seems the term was already in use in India before the Buddha and used as an honorific title, particularly for samaṇas. arahatta: state of an arahant. arañña: forest, wilderness. ♦ Arañña is one of nine vivitta senāsana (secluded lodgings) often cited in the suttas as proper places for practice (eg. MN 27, AN 9.40): |
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vivittaṃ senāsanaṃ bhajati araññaṃ rukkhamūlaṃ pabbataṃ kandaraṃ giriguhaṃ susānaṃ vanapatthaṃ abbhokāsaṃ palālapuñjaṃ. |
He resorts to a secluded dwelling: the forest, the foot of a tree, a |
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Often, the list is shortened as follows: |
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araññagato vā rukkhamūlagato vā suññāgāragato vā nisīdati… |
Having gone to the forest or at the foot of a tree or in an empty room, he seats down… |
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In a few occasions, it is mentioned that brahmins or sages live in leaf huts in the forest (araññ·āyatane paṇṇa·kuṭīsu), as at DN 27, MN 93 and SN 11.9, or that the Buddha or other monks live in forest huts (arañña·kuṭika), as at SN 4.20, MN 125 or MN 136. ♦ Being a forest dweller (āraññika) was held |
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“ime kho tiṃsamattā pāveyyakā bhikkhū sabbe āraññikā sabbe piṇḍapātikā |
These thirty bhikkhus from Pāvā are all forest dwellers, almsfood |
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At SN 16.5, the list is expanded with additional qualities: · piṇḍapāt·ika (almsfood eater) · paṃsu·kūl·ika (cast-off rags wearer) · te·cīvar·ika (three-robes-only user) · appiccha · asaṃsaṭṭha (lonesome) |
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“ahaṃ kho, bhante, dīgharattaṃ āraññiko ceva āraññikattassa ca |
Bhante, for a long time I have been a forest dweller and have praised |
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♦ Forest dwelling is often recommended to the monks, as at AN 5.114: |
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“ye te, ānanda, bhikkhū navā acirapabbajitā adhunāgatā imaṃ |
Ananda, the new monks — those who have not long gone forth, who are |
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(…) |
(…) |
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“‘etha tumhe, āvuso, āraññikā hotha, araññavanapatthāni pantāni |
‘Come, friends, dwell in the forest. Resort to distant forest thicket |
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“addhamidaṃ, bhikkhave, lābhānaṃ yadidaṃ āraññikattaṃ”ti. |
This is truly a gain, bhikkhus: being a forest dweller. |
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Pañcahi, bhikkhave, dhammehi samannāgato bhikkhu ānāpānassatiṃ āsevanto |
Endowed with five qualities, a bhikkhu practicing mindfulness of |
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♦ The benefits of dwelling in the forest are mentioned in various places, such as AN 2.31: |
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“dvāhaṃ, bhikkhave, atthavase sampassamāno araññavanapatthāni pantāni |
Bhikkhus, I resort to distant forest thicket lodgings seeing two |
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At MN 150, dwelling in the forest is considered a warrant for being a worthy bhikkhu. |
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“sace pana vo, gahapatayo, aññatitthiyā paribbājakā evaṃ puccheyyuṃ: ‘ke |
And if, householders, heterodox spiritual wanderers ask you: ‘And |
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At MN 121, the perception of the forest that develops through forest dwelling is the basis for mental calm: |
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bhikkhu amanasikaritvā gāmasaññaṃ, amanasikaritvā manussasaññaṃ, |
a bhikkhu, not directing his mind to the perception of villages, not |
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At AN 6.42, the Buddha says he is pleased with a bhikkhu dwelling in the forest in three cases: |
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idha panāhaṃ, nāgita, bhikkhuṃ passāmi āraññikaṃ araññe pacalāyamānaṃ |
Nāgita, I see a forest dwelling bhikkhu sitting in the forest, dozing. It occurs to me: ‘Soon |
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“idha panāhaṃ, nāgita, bhikkhuṃ passāmi āraññikaṃ araññe asamāhitaṃ |
Furthermore, Nāgita, I see a forest dwelling bhikkhu sitting in the forest, unconcentrated. It occurs to me: ‘Soon this venerable one will concentrate his unconcentrated mind, or protect his concentrated mind.’ And for this reason, I am pleased with that bhikkhu’s dwelling in the forest. |
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“idha panāhaṃ, nāgita, bhikkhuṃ passāmi āraññikaṃ araññe samāhitaṃ |
Furthermore, Nāgita, I see a forest dwelling bhikkhu sitting in the forest, concentrated. It occurs to me: ‘Soon this venerable one will liberate his unliberated mind, or protect his liberated mind.’ And for this reason, I am pleased with that bhikkhu’s dwelling in the forest. |
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♦ The fact that bhikkhus keep dwelling in the forest is very important, as stated at AN 7.23: |
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“yāvakīvañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhū āraññakesu senāsanesu sāpekkhā |
As long as the bhikkhus will appreciate lodgings in the forest, one can expect their prosperity, not their decline. |
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“puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhavissanti bhikkhū anāgatamaddhānaṃ senāsane |
Furthermore, bhikkhus, in the future there will be monks desirous of |
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♦ But dwelling in the forest is nothing easy, as attested at MN 4: |
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durabhisambhavāni hi kho, brāhmaṇa, araññavanapatthāni pantāni |
It is difficult to endure distant forest thicket lodgings, it is |
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The sutta then goes on to describe qualities that · a·parisuddha·kāya·kammantā (unpurified bodily conduct) · a·parisuddha·vacī·kammantā (unpurified verbal conduct) · a·parisuddha·mano·kammantā (unpurified mental conduct) · a·parisuddh·ājīvā (unpurified livelihood) · abhijjhālū kāmesu tibba·sā·rāgā (being covetous in sensuality and strongly passionate) · byāpanna·cittā paduṭṭha·mana·saṅkappā (having a mind of ill will and intentions of hate) · thīna·middha·pariyuṭṭhitā (being overcome by sloth and drowsiness) · uddhatā a·vūpasanta·cittā (being restless with an unappeased mind) · kaṅkhī vicikicchī (uncertain and doubting) · att·ukkaṃsakā paravambhī (praising oneself and disparaging others) · chambhī bhīruka·jātikā (subject to panic and terror) · lābha·sakkāra·silokaṃ nikāmayamānā (desirous of honors, gain and fame) · kusītā hīna·vīriyā (lazy and low in energy) · muṭṭhas·satī a·sampajānā (unmindful and not clearly comprehending) · a·samāhitā vibbhanta·cittā (unconcentrated with a wandering mind) · dup·paññā eḷa·mūgā (of wrong wisdom, deaf-and-dumb - see MN 152) A wonderful simile illustrates this difficulty at AN 10.99: |
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“durabhisambhavāni hi kho, upāli, araññavanapatthāni pantāni senāsanāni. |
It is difficult to endure distant forest thicket lodgings, Upāli, it is |
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“seyyathāpi, upāli, mahāudakarahado. atha āgaccheyya hatthināgo |
Imagine, Upāli, that there would be a large lake. A bull elephant would |
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“atha āgaccheyya saso vā biḷāro vā. tassa evamassa: ‘ko cāhaṃ, ko ca |
Then a hare or a cat would come. It would occur to it: ‘Why should a |
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Eventually, the Buddha even advises Upāli not to dwell in the forest: |
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iṅgha tvaṃ, upāli, saṅghe viharāhi. saṅghe te viharato phāsu bhavissatī”ti. |
Come, Upāli, remain in the Saṅgha. Remaining in the Saṅgha, you will be at ease. |
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“catūhi, bhikkhave, dhammehi samannāgato bhikkhu nālaṃ |
Endowed with [any of] four qualities, a monk isn’t fit to stay in |
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“catūhi, bhikkhave, dhammehi samannāgato bhikkhu alaṃ |
Endowed with four qualities, a monk is fit to stay in isolated forest |
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“santi kho, migajāla, cakkhuviññeyyā rūpā iṭṭhā kantā manāpā piyarūpā |
“Migajala, there are forms cognizable via the eye — agreeable, pleasing, |
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ariya: (adj:) noble - (n:) a noble one. The earliest evidence for the use of the word ‘arya’ (e.g. The Behistun Inscription,
♦ Ariya as an adjective is juxtaposed 15 times in the four Nikāyas with niyyānika (leading out [to salvation], emancipatory). It can actually be understood as meaning ‘leading to the end of dukkha‘, as explained at MN 12: |
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“tāyapi kho ahaṃ, sāriputta, iriyāya tāya paṭipadāya tāya |
“Yet, Sariputta, by such conduct, by such practice, by such performance |
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“ahañca kho, bhikkhave, ariyaṃ dhovanaṃ desessāmi, yaṃ dhovanaṃ |
Bhikkhus, I will teach [you] a noble washing that leads exclusively to |
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“dvemā, bhikkhave, pariyesanā: ariyā ca pariyesanā, anariyā ca |
Bhikkhus, there are these two quests: ignoble quest & noble quest. |
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“katamā ca, bhikkhave, ariyā pariyesanā? idha, bhikkhave, ekacco attanā |
And what, bhikkhus, is the noble quest? Here someone, being himself |
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♦ Ariya as a noun has been traditionally understood as designating an individual who is at least a sotāpanna. |
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santaṃyeva kho pana paraṃ lokaṃ ‘natthi paro loko’ti āha; ye te arahanto paralokaviduno tesamayaṃ paccanīkaṃ karoti… |
Because there actually is the next world, when he says that ‘There is no next world,’ he makes himself an opponent to those arahants who know the next world… |
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ayañca… ariyānaṃ paccanīkatā |
this… opposition to the noble ones |
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At AN 7.91 and 92, a noble one is described as one |
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“sattannaṃ, bhikkhave, dhammānaṃ ārakattā-(Burmese |
Bhikkhus, it is by keeping far away from/the enemy-destruction of seven |
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The exact same description is given in the next sutta with reference to arahantship: |
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“sattannaṃ, bhikkhave, dhammānaṃ ārakattā arahā hoti. katamesaṃ |
Bhikkhus, it is by keeping far away from seven things that one is a |
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Similarly, at MN 39 a noble one and an arahant are described in exactly the same terms: |
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“kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ariyo hoti? ārakāssa honti pāpakā akusalā |
“And how is a monk noble? His evil, unskillful qualities that are |
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“kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu arahaṃ hoti? ārakāssa honti pāpakā akusalā |
“And how is a monk an arahant? His evil, unskillful qualities that are |
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But on the other hand, some suttas make it clear that a noble one is not always an arahant: |
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“kathañca, bhikkhave, bhikkhu ariyappatto hoti? idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu |
And how has a bhikkhu attained [the state of] a noble one? Here, a |
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“katamo ca, bhikkhave, pariyāyo yaṃ pariyāyaṃ āgamma sekho bhikkhu |
And what, bhikkhus, is the method coming to which a bhikkhu who is a |
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As made clear later on in that same sutta (not provided here), a learner (sekha) |
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ayaṃ vuccati, bhikkhave, ariyasāvako diṭṭhisampanno itipi, |
This, bhikkhus, is called a noble disciple who is accomplished in view, |
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Here the expression ‘dhamma·sotaṃ samāpanno’ quite obviously describes a sot·āpanna. Moreover, SN 56.36 states that one accomplished in view (diṭṭhi·sampanno) ♦ The suttas occasionally mention some characteristics of ariyas: |
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akkodho avihiṃsā ca, ariyesu ca vasatī sadā |
Non-anger and harmlessness always dwell in the noble ones |
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sukhaṃ diṭṭhamariyebhi, sakkāyassa nirodhanaṃ |
The noble ones have seen as pleasantness the ceasing of personality |
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♦ Occasionally, the epithet ariya changes the meaning of the related word in a way that goes beyond merely adding to it the notion of ‘leading to the end of dukkha‘. Thus, noble silence (ariya tuṇhī·bhāva) means the second jhāna: |
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‘ariyo tuṇhībhāvo, ariyo tuṇhībhāvoti vuccati. katamo nu kho ariyo |
‘”Noble silence, noble silence,” it is said. But what is noble silence?’ |
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AN 4.251 & 253, AN 8.67 & 68 state that factual ‘declarations’ (vohāra) are noble. ♦ The Buddha often redefines certain concepts ‘in the discipline of the noble ones’ (ariyassa vinaye). Death (maraṇa) means disrobing, and deadly suffering (maraṇa·matta dukkha) means a certain defiled offence (aññataraṃ saṃkiliṭṭhaṃ āpattiṃ), i.e. a pārājika or a saṅghādisesa āpatti (MN 105, SN 20.10). The four jhānas are called ‘pleasant abidings in the visible world’ (diṭṭha·dhamma·sukha·vihāra), e.g. at MN 8. Singing is wailing, dancing is madness and laughing a long time showing the teeth is childish (AN 3.108). A poor person ‘in the discipline of the noble ones’ is one who doesn’t have saddhā, hiri, ottappa, vīriya and paññā (AN 6.45). ‘The world’ (loka) means the five kāma·guṇas (AN 9.38) or whatever is subject to disintegration (paloka·dhamma), at SN 35.67. ‘Purity’ (or ‘purification’, soceyya) means the ten kusala kamma·pathas (AN 10.176). ‘A thorn’ (kaṇṭaka) is whatever in the world has a pleasing and agreeable nature (yaṃ loke piya·rūpaṃ sāta·rūpaṃ), at SN 35.197. ♦ What is ignoble (an·ariya) can be defined as what does not lead to nibbāna: |
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etaṃ, bhikkhave, dhovanaṃ hīnaṃ gammaṃ pothujjanikaṃ anariyaṃ anatthasaṃhitaṃ na nibbidāya na virāgāya na nirodhāya na upasamāya na abhiññāya na sambodhāya na nibbānāya saṃvattati. |
This ‘washing’ is inferior, vulgar, belonging to ordinary people, ignoble, not beneficial, and it does not lead to disenchantment, to dispassion, to cessation, to peace, to direct knowledge, to awakening, to Extinction. |
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Sense pleasures are typically ignoble: |
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yaṃ kho, udāyi, ime pañca kāmaguṇe paṭicca uppajjati sukhaṃ somanassaṃ |
Now, Udāyin, the pleasure and mental pleasantness that arise dependent |
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SN 56.11 most notably explains that both the pursuit of happiness in sensuality and that of mortification are ignoble: |
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Yo c·āyaṃ kāmesu kāma·sukh·allik·ānuyogo hīno gammo pothujjaniko |
On one hand, the pursuit of hedonism in sensuality, which is inferior, |
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At MN 122, the tiracchāna·kathā ♦ The suttas often warn against misconduct towards ariyas. |
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yam·ariya·garahī nirayaṃ upeti, |
He who blames the noble ones, |
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The following sentence frequently appears in the suttas, as part of the sattānaṃ cut·ūpapāta·ñāṇa formula (available here): |
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“ime vata bhonto sattā… ariyānaṃ upavādakā… te kāyassa bhedā paraṃ maraṇā apāyaṃ duggatiṃ vinipātaṃ nirayaṃ upapannā |
Those esteemed beings [who were]… revilers of noble ones… at the |
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AN 11.6 explains what would happen to such a person: |
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“yo so, bhikkhave, bhikkhu akkosako paribhāsako ariyūpavādo |
“Bhikkhus, when a bhikkhu is one who insults, disparages his fellows in |
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anadhigataṃ nādhigacchati, |
He does not achieve what he has not yet achieved, |
ariya aṭṭhaṅgika magga: [ariya aṭṭha+aṅga+ika magga]
noble eightfold path.
The expression and its factors (aṅgā) are explained in full detail in the Vibhaṅga Sutta:
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1. sammā·diṭṭhi 3. sammā·vācā |
5. sammā·ājīva 6. sammā·vāyāma 7. sammā·sati |
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Katamo ca, bhikkhave, ariyo aṭṭhaṅgiko maggo? Seyyathidaṃ sammādiṭṭhi, |
Now what, monks, is the Noble Eightfold Path? Right view, right resolve, |
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Katamā ca, bhikkhave, sammādiṭṭhi? Yaṃ kho, bhikkhave, dukkhe ñāṇaṃ, |
And what, monks, is right view? Knowledge with regard to stress, |
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Katamo ca, bhikkhave, sammāsaṅkappo? Yo kho, bhikkhave, |
And what is right resolve? Being resolved on renunciation, on freedom |
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Katamā ca, bhikkhave, sammāvācā? Yā kho, bhikkhave, musāvādā veramaṇī, |
And what is right speech? Abstaining from lying, abstaining from |
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Katamo ca, bhikkhave, sammā-kammanto? Yā kho, bhikkhave, pāṇātipātā |
And what, monks, is right action? Abstaining from taking life, |
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Katamo ca, bhikkhave, sammā-ājīvo? Idha, bhikkhave, ariya-sāvako |
And what, monks, is right livelihood? There is the case where a disciple |
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Katamo ca, bhikkhave, sammāvāyāmo? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu anuppannānaṃ |
And what, monks, is right effort? (i) There is the case where a monk |
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Katamā ca, bhikkhave, sammāsati? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu |
And what, monks, is right mindfulness? (i) There is the case where a |
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Katamo ca, bhikkhave, sammāsamādhi? Idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhu |
And what, monks, is right concentration? (i) There is the case where a |
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♦ The ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga is most famously introduced at SN 56.11 as the Middle Way (majjhimā paṭipadā), i.e. the path avoiding both hedonism and self-mortification: |
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Dve·me, bhikkhave, antā pabbajitena na sevitabbā. Katame dve? Yo c·āyaṃ |
These two extremes, bhikkhus, should not be adopted by one who has gone |
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♦ The ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga is also introduced later on in that same sutta as the fourth ariya·sacca: |
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Idaṃ kho pana, bhikkhave, dukkha·nirodha·gāminī paṭipadā ariya·saccaṃ: |
Furthermore, bhikkhus, this is the noble truth of path leading to the |
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♦ As explained above at SN 56.11, the ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga is what leads to nibbāna. At SN 45.62, the former leads towards the latter just as the river Ganges slants, slopes, and inclines towards the east (seyyathāpi gaṅgā nadī pācīna·ninnā pācīna·poṇā pācīna·pabbhārā). At SN 45.86, the path is like a tree slanting, sloping and inclining towards the east (seyyathāpi rukkho pācīna·ninno pācīna·poṇo pācīna·pabbhāro) and that could only fall towards that direction if it were to be cut at the foot. It is also said to be the way leading to amata (amata·gāmi·maggo, SN 45.7), or to the unconditioned (a·saṅkhata·gāmi·maggo, SN 43.11). ♦ The ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga has its own entire saṃyutta (SN 45), that is rich in similes and explanations. ♦ The ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga is given various designations. At MN 19, it is called ‘The peaceful and safe path to be followed with exaltation’ (khemo maggo sovatthiko pīti·gamanīyo). It is often identified with the brahmacariya (e.g. SN 45.6), or with asceticism (sāmañña) such as at SN 45.35, or brahminhood (brahmañña) such as at SN 45.36. At SN 12.65, it is the ancient path, the ancient road traveled by the sammā·Sambuddhā of the past. At SN 35.191, the ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga is compared to a raft to cross over from identity to ‘the other shore’, which stands for nibbāna. At SN 45.4, after Ānanda sees a brahmin on a luxurious chariot and calls it a ‘brahmic vehicle’ (brahma·yāna), the Buddha says that is actually a designation for the ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga, along with the ‘Dhamma vehicle’ (dhamma·yāna) and the ’supreme victory in battle’ (anuttara saṅgāma·vijaya). The ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga is also called rightness (sammatta, SN 45.21), kusalā dhammā (SN 45.22), the right way (sammā·paṭipada, SN 45.23) and right practice (sammā·paṭipatti, SN 45.31). ♦ The ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga is part of a set of 37 dhammas which are sometimes listed together (e.g. at AN 10.90, SN 22.81). They are sometimes called the bodhipakkhiyā dhammā, although this expression doesn’t have a strict definition in the suttas and is loosely used to describe other sets. The ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga is also said at SN 45.155 to develop those bodhi·pakkhiya·dhammā. ♦ Each factor (aṅga) of the path is said to lead to the next: |
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“sammattaṃ, bhikkhave, āgamma ārādhanā hoti, no virādhanā. kathañca, |
Having come to rightness, bhikkhus, there is success, not failure. And |
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A similar progression is also notably found at SN |
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“tatra, bhikkhave, sammādiṭṭhi pubbaṅgamā hoti. kathañca, bhikkhave, |
Therein, bhikkhus, right view is the forerunner. And how is right view |
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so micchāsaṅkappassa pahānāya vāyamati, sammāsaṅkappassa upasampadāya, |
One makes an effort to abandon wrong thought and to acquire right |
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♦ The enumeration of each path factor is sometimes The second formula can be found at SN 45.4 and says: ‘which The third one is found for example at SN 45.115 and says: ‘which has the Deathless as its ground, the Deathless as its destination, the Deathless as its final goal’ (amat·ogadha amata·parāyana amata·pariyosāna). The fourth is found for example at SN 45.91 and says: ‘which slants towards Nibbāna, slopes towards Nibbāna, inclines towards Nibbāna‘ (nibbāna·ninna nibbāna·poṇa nibbāna·pabbhāra). ♦ The ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga, if unarisen, does not arise apart from the appearance of a Buddha (n·āññatra tathāgatassa pātubhāvā arahato sammāsambuddhassa, SN 45.14) or the Discipline of a Sublime one (n·āññatra sugata·vinaya, SN 45.15). ♦ At SN 55.5, the ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga is what defines sotāpatti, since sota (the stream) is the ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga itself, and a sotāpanna is one who possesses it: |
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♦ At MN 126, the 8 factors of the ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga are presented as a technology of the mind (’a proper method for procuring fruit’: yoni hesā phalassa adhigamāya) ♦ At AN 4.237, the 8 factors of the ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga constitute ‘kamma that is neither dark nor bright with neither-dark-nor-bright result, that leads to the destruction of kamma‘ (kammaṃ a·kaṇhā·sukkaṃ a·kaṇhā·sukka·vipākaṃ, kamma·kkhayāya saṃvattati). ♦ The ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga is not seldom augmented to become a tenfold set, with the addition of sammā·ñāṇa and sammā·vimutti. SN 45.26 seems to indicate that these two factors are relevant only for the arahant, as they are what makes the difference between a sappurisa and someone who is better than a sappurisa (sappurisena sappurisataro). ♦ Ten phenomena are said to be the precursors for the arising of the ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga, the first seven according to the following simile: |
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sūriyassa, bhikkhave, udayato etaṃ pubbaṅgamaṃ etaṃ pubbanimittaṃ, |
This, bhikkhus, is the forerunner and foretoken of the rising of the |
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In each case, it is said that when a bhikkhu satisfies the condition, ‘it 1. Mentioned most often is kalyāṇa·mittatā (with the above sunrise simile at SN 45.49). It is most famously said at SN 45.2 to be the entire brahmacariya (sakalam·ev·idaṃ brahmacariyaṃ), since it can be expected from one who develops it that he will practice the ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga, all the more that as we have seen earlier (e.g. at SN 45.6), brahmacariya is also defined as the ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga itself. We find as well a formula reminiscent of the suttas found at the beginning of AN 1: |
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nāhaṃ, bhikkhave, aññaṃ ekadhammampi samanupassāmi, yena anuppanno vā |
I do not see even one other thing, bhikkhus, because of which the |
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2. Sīla |
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seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, ye keci balakaraṇīyā kammantā karīyanti, sabbe |
Just as, bhikkhus, whatever actions are to be performed with strength |
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seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, ye kecime bījagāmabhūtagāmā vuḍḍhiṃ virūḷhiṃ |
Just as, bhikkhus, whatever kinds of seed and plant life come to |
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3. Appamāda 4. Sammā·diṭṭhi (AN 10.121) or accomplishment in view (diṭṭhi·sampadā, SN 45.53), 5. Accomplishment in desire (chanda·sampadā) is mentioned with the sunrise simile at SN 45.51. The Commentary explains it as desire for kusalā dhammā. In a related meaning, the word chanda appears notably in the sammā·vāyāma formula. 6. Accomplishment in self (atta·sampadā), mentioned with the sunrise simile at SN 45.52. The commentary explains the expression as sampanna·citta·tā (accomplishment in mind), which suggests the attainment of samādhi (see adhi·citta·sikkhā). The expression ‘atta·ññū hoti’ (one who knows himself) may explain the term. At SN 7.68, it is explained as knowing oneself to have saddhā, sīla, learning (suta), cāga, paññā and understanding (paṭibhāna). 7. Accomplishment in appropriate attention (yoniso·manasikāra-sampadā), mentioned with the sunrise simile at SN 45.52. 8, 9 & 10. Vijjā followed by hiri and ottappa (anva·d·eva hir·ottappa) is said to be the forerunner (pubb·aṅgama) in the entry upon kusalā dhammā (kusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ samāpatti) at SN 45.1 and AN 10.105. ♦ The ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga is said at AN 4.34 to be the highest (agga) of saṅkhatā dhammā and to bring the highest vipākā. ♦ As we have seen above at SN 56.11, the ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga produces ñāṇa·dassana and leads to upasama, sambodhi and Nibbāna. Between SN 45.161 and SN 45.180, it is also said to lead to the direct knowledge (abhiññā), full understanding (pariññā), complete destruction (parikkhaya), and abandoning (pahāna) of various phenomena: the three discriminations (vidhā), i.e. ‘I am superior’ (‘seyyo·ham·asmī’ti), ‘I am equal’ (‘sadiso·ham·asmī’ti), ‘I am inferior’ (hīno·ham·asmī’ti); the three searches (esanā), i.e. the search for sensuality (kām·esanā), the search for [a good] existence (bhav·esanā), the search for the brahmic life (brahmacariy·esanā); the three āsavā; the three bhavā; the three sufferings (dukkhatā), i.e. the suffering from pain (dukkha·dukkhatā), the suffering from Constructions (saṅkhāra·dukkhatā), the suffering from change (vipariṇāma·dukkhatā); the three akusalamulā; the three types of vedanā; kāma, diṭṭhi and avijjā; the four upādānā; abhijjhā, byāpāda, sīla·bbata parāmāsa and adherence to [the view] ‘This [alone] is the truth’ (idaṃ·sacc·ābhinivesa); the seven anusayā; the five kāma·guṇā; the five nīvaraṇā; the five upādāna·kkhandhas; the ten saṃyojanā. ♦ The ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga also leads to the cessation (nirodha) of phenomena: MN 9 lists all the twelve links of paṭicca·samuppāda, the four āhārā and the three āsavā; AN 6.63 additionally speaks of the cessation of kāma and kamma; SN 22.56 mentions the cessation of each of the five upādāna·kkhandhas. ♦ The ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga is the tool to remove akusalā dhammā. In that respect, MN 3 directly mentions all the 16 upakkilesā (with dosa in place of byāpāda). A number of similes illustrating this point are given in the Magga Saṃyutta: at SN 45.153, akusalā dhammā ♦ The ariya aṭṭh·aṅg·ika magga gives strength
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“seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, āgantukāgāraṃ. tattha puratthimāyapi disāya |
Suppose, monks, there is a guest-house. Travelers come from the east, |
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“katame ca, bhikkhave, dhammā abhiññā pariññeyyā? pañcupādānakkhandhātissa vacanīyaṃ… |
What, monks, are the states to be comprehended with higher knowledge? They are the five groups of clinging… |
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katame ca, bhikkhave, dhammā abhiññā pahātabbā? avijjā ca bhavataṇhā ca… |
What, monks, are the states to be abandoned with higher knowledge? They are ignorance and the desire for [further] becoming… |
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katame ca, bhikkhave, dhammā abhiññā sacchikātabbā? vijjā ca vimutti ca… |
And what, monks, are the states to be experienced with higher knowledge? They are knowledge and liberation… |
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katame ca, bhikkhave, dhammā abhiññā bhāvetabbā? samatho ca vipassanā ca. |
And what, monk, are the states to be cultivated with higher knowledge? They are calm and insight. |
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ariyasacca: [ariya+sacca] noble truth. The four ariya·saccas are expounded by the Buddha in his very first discourse, the Dhamma-cakka’p'pavattana Sutta. It consists of:
ariyasāvaka: [ariya+sāvaka] noble disciple. arūpabhava: [a+rūpa+bhava] existence/ becoming in the formless realm, which is taken as meaning those Brahmā-lokas which are accessible only to those who master at least the fifth jhāna. Arūpa-bhava is one of the three types of bhava. asantuṭṭhitā: [a+santuṭṭhitā] discontent, dissatisfaction. discontent, dissatisfied ♦ Sometimes, the adjective a·santuṭṭha is used with a rather neutral connotation, as at SN 35.198, where a bhikkhu is simply not satisfied with the answers given to his question. ♦ Most of the time, the word and its lexical derivatives carry a negative (akusala) connotation: |
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“nāhaṃ, bhikkhave, aññaṃ ekadhammampi samanupassāmi yena anuppannā vā |
I do not see even one other thing, bhikkhus, because of which unarisen |
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“nāhaṃ, bhikkhave, aññaṃ ekadhammampi samanupassāmi yo evaṃ mahato anatthāya saṃvattati yathayidaṃ, bhikkhave, asantuṭṭhitā. |
I do not see even one other thing, bhikkhus, that leads to such great harm as discontent. |
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“nāhaṃ, bhikkhave, aññaṃ ekadhammampi samanupassāmi yo evaṃ saddhammassa |
I do not see even one other thing, bhikkhus, that leads to the decline |
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“so vatānanda, bhikkhu ‘asantuṭṭho samāno imasmiṃ dhammavinaye vuddhiṃ virūḷhiṃ vepullaṃ āpajjissatī’ti netaṃ ṭhānaṃ vijjati. |
It is impossible, Ānanda, that a bhikkhu who is not content will find growth, progress, and completion in this Dhamma-Vinaya. |
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When the word carries such a connotation, being a·santuṭṭha is explained as follows: |
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bhikkhu mahiccho hoti, vighātavā, asantuṭṭho, itarītara-cīvara-piṇḍapāta-senāsana-gilāna-ppaccaya-bhesajja-parikkhārena |
a bhikkhu has great desires, is annoyed and is not content with whatever |
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As it is the case above, the word a·santuṭṭhitā or its lexical derivatives are very often juxtaposed with mahicchatā, which can almost be considered a synonym. In the Vinaya, lay people who are offended by bhikkhus’ behavior often say: |
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mahicchā ime samaṇā sakyaputtiyā asantuṭṭhā. |
These ascetics sons of the Sakyan are of great desires, not contented. |
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This happens typically when misbehaving bhikkhus put AN 4.157 maps the concept with others: a·santuṭṭhitā leads to evil desire (pāpika iccha) for recognition (an·avañña) and lābha·sakkāra·siloka, then to wrong effort (vāyama) and finally deceiving families by pretending to be much worthier than one actually is: |
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“cattārome, bhikkhave, pabbajitassa rogā. katame cattāro? idha, |
Bhikkhus, there are these four sicknesses of one gone forth. What four? |
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The sutta then goes on to explain the cure, which |
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“tasmātiha, bhikkhave, evaṃ sikkhitabbaṃ: ‘na mahicchā bhavissāma |
Therefore, bhikkhus, you should train thus: ‘We won’t have great |
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In this sense, at AN 6.114, asantuṭṭhitā is juxtaposed with mahicchatā and a·sampajañña (lack of thorough comprehension). It serves as a criterion to know whether one can dwell on his own or should stay amid other monks: |
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“pañcahi, bhikkhave, dhammehi samannāgato bhikkhu nālaṃ saṅghamhā |
If he is endowed with five qualities, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu is not fit to |
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Laypeople must also avoid this kind of asantuṭṭhitā: |
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“sehi dārehi asantuṭṭho, vesiyāsu padussati, dussati paradāresu, taṃ parābhavato mukhaṃ”. |
Not satisfied with one’s own wives, he is seen among the whores and the wives of others — this is the cause of his downfall. |
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♦ Although the word is mostly used with this negative connotation, it is also occasionally used with a positive (kusala) connotation. At AN 7.56 the devas who are content with their Brahmā state and do not know a higher escape (nissaraṇa) do not understand what those who are not content with that state and do know something higher may understand: |
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ye kho te, mārisa moggallāna, brahmakāyikā devā brahmena āyunā |
Sir Moggallāna, the devas of Brahmā’s retinue who are content with a |
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At AN 2.5, asantuṭṭhitā applied to wholesome states (kusalā dhammā) is presented as very important for developing further on the path: |
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dvinnāhaṃ, bhikkhave, dhammānaṃ upaññāsiṃ: yā ca asantuṭṭhitā kusalesu dhammesu, yā ca appaṭivānitā padhānasmiṃ. |
Bhikkhus, I have come to know two qualities: non-contentment with wholesome states and tirelessness in exertion. |
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At SN 55.40, being satisfied with the four usual sot·āpattiy·aṅgas leads to not making an effort (vāyama) in solitude (paviveka), and then to successively miss on pāmojja, pīti and passaddhi, and finally dwell in dukkha, which is considered living with pamāda, while not being satisfied with them prompts one to make the effort in solitude and experience successively pāmojja, pīti, passaddhi, sukha, samādhi, the fact that phenomena have become manifest, and finally living with appamāda. At AN 6.80, the word is interestingly surrounded by related concepts: |
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chahi, bhikkhave, dhammehi samannāgato bhikkhu nacirasseva mahantattaṃ |
If he is endowed with six qualities, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu attains in no |
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asappurisa: [a+sappurisa] The word is always contrasted with sappurisa. Bāla is sometimes explicitly mentioned as a synonym: |
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‘bālo ayaṃ bhavaṃ asappuriso’’ti. |
‘This individual is a fool, a bad person’. |
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The term is defined multiple times. We find in the suttas three main ways to define it. According to the micchā·paṭipadā: |
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katamo ca, bhikkhave, asappuriso? idha, bhikkhave, ekacco micchādiṭṭhiko |
And what, bhikkhus, is a bad person? Here, bhikkhus, someone is of wrong |
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“katamo ca, bhikkhave, asappurisena asappurisataro? idha, bhikkhave, |
And what, bhikkhus, is one who is worse than a bad person? Here, |
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According to various subsets of the ten akusalā kamma·pathā: |
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“katamo ca, bhikkhave, asappuriso? idha, bhikkhave, ekacco pāṇātipātī |
And what, bhikkhus, is a bad person? Here, bhikkhus, someone destroys |
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“katamo ca, bhikkhave, asappurisena asappurisataro? idha, bhikkhave, |
And what, bhikkhus, is one who is worse than a bad person? Here, |
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According to a particular set of bad qualities: |
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“katamo ca, bhikkhave, asappuriso? idha, bhikkhave, ekacco assaddho |
And what, bhikkhus, is a bad person? Here, bhikkhus, someone doesn’t |
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“katamo ca, bhikkhave, asappurisena asappurisataro? idha, bhikkhave, |
And what, bhikkhus, is one who is worse than a bad person? Here, |
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The term is also defined or explained at great length in two suttas of the Majjhima Nikāya: |
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asappuriso, bhikkhave, assaddhammasamannāgato hoti, asappurisabhatti |
“A person of no integrity is endowed with qualities of no integrity; he |
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“kathañca, bhikkhave, asappuriso assaddhammasamannāgato hoti? idha, |
“And how is a person of no integrity endowed with qualities of no |
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“kathañca, bhikkhave, asappuriso asappurisabhatti hoti? idha, bhikkhave, |
“And how is a person of no integrity a person of no integrity in his |
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“kathañca, bhikkhave, asappuriso asappurisacintī hoti? idha, bhikkhave, |
“And how is a person of no integrity a person of no integrity in the way |
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“kathañca, bhikkhave, asappuriso asappurisamantī hoti? idha, bhikkhave, |
“And how is a person of no integrity a person of no integrity in the way |
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“kathañca, bhikkhave, asappuriso asappurisavāco hoti? idha, bhikkhave, |
“And how is a person of no integrity a person of no integrity in the way |
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“kathañca, bhikkhave, asappuriso asappurisakammanto hoti? idha, |
“And how is a person of no integrity a person of no integrity in the way |
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“kathañca, bhikkhave, asappuriso asappurisadiṭṭhi hoti? idha, bhikkhave, |
“And how is a person of no integrity a person of no integrity in the |
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“kathañca, bhikkhave, asappuriso asappurisadānaṃ deti? idha, bhikkhave, |
“And how is a person of no integrity a person of no integrity in the way |
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“so, bhikkhave, asappuriso evaṃ assaddhammasamannāgato, evaṃ |
“This person of no integrity, thus endowed with qualities of no |
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“katamo ca, bhikkhave, asappurisadhammo? idha, bhikkhave, asappuriso |
“And which is the quality of a person of no integrity? “There is the |
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“puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, asappuriso mahākulā pabbajito hoti … |
“Furthermore, a person of no integrity goes forth from a great family… |
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“puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, asappuriso ñāto hoti yasassī… lābhī hoti |
“Furthermore, a person of no integrity is well-known & highly |
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The sutta doesn’t mention the behavior of an asappurisa who would attain saññā·vedayita·nirodha, while it mentions that of a sappurisa who would, which suggests that a person who reaches such a state can no longer be an asappurisa. ♦ An asappurisa can be recognized by the way he relates to his own and his fellows’ faults and virtues: |
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“catūhi, bhikkhave, dhammehi samannāgato asappuriso veditabbo. katamehi |
“Monks, a person endowed with these four qualities can be known as ‘a |
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“puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, asappuriso yo hoti parassa vaṇṇo taṃ puṭṭhopi |
“Then again, a person of no integrity, when asked, does not reveal |
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“puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, asappuriso yo hoti attano avaṇṇo taṃ puṭṭhopi |
“Then again, a person of no integrity, when asked, does not reveal his |
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“puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, asappuriso yo hoti attano vaṇṇo taṃ apuṭṭhopi |
“Then again, a person of no integrity, when unasked, reveals his own |
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♦ According to AN 2.33, an asappurisa is ungrateful (a·kat·aññū - ‘one who doesn’t know what has been done’) and unthankful (a·kata·vedī - ‘one who doesn’t feel what has been done’). ♦ At AN 2.135, someone who, without knowing well nor investigating (an·anuvicca a·pariy·ogāhetvā), speaks in praise of someone who deserves critic (a·vaṇṇ·ārahassa vaṇṇaṃ bhāsati), or criticizes someone who deserves praise (vaṇṇ·ārahassa a·vaṇṇaṃ bhāsati), is an asappurisa. In the immediately following sutta, the same holds for believing a matter that merits suspiscion (appasādanīye ṭhāne pasādaṃ upadaṃseti) or being suspicious about a matter that merits belief (pasādanīye ṭhāne appasādaṃ upadaṃseti). ♦ At AN 2.137, one who misbehaves (micchā·paṭipajjati) towards his mother or father is an asappurisa, and in the immediately following sutta, the same holds for the Tathāgata or one of his disciples (tathāgata·sāvaka). ♦ At AN 10.61, listening to a teaching that contradicts the saddhamma is caused by association with asappurisā. āsava: that which flows (out or on to) outflow and influx. 1) spirit, the intoxicating extract or secretion of a tree or flower. 2) discharge from a sore (AN 3.25). 3) that which intoxicates the mind (bemuddles it, The Buddha often refers to arahatta as the total destruction of āsavas (āsavakkhaya). Sāriputta lists āsavas as threefold at MN 9:
The Sabbāsava Sutta explains in detail how the different types of āsavas are to be eradicated. āsavānaṃ khayañāṇa: [āsava khaya+ñāṇa] knowledge of the ending of āsavas, which arises with arahatta. It is one of the three vijjās. The formula defining it is analyzed there. the conceit ‘I am’. The term asmi·māna can be considered as a variant form of māna, which constitutes one of the five saṃyojanas that disappear only with arahatta, and one of the seven anusayas. Thus, it is essentially something to get rid of. ♦ In this connection, anicca·saññā applied to the five upādāna·kkhandhas is often presented as the way to remove asmi·māna, e.g.: |
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“kathaṃ bhāvitā ca, bhikkhave, aniccasaññā kathaṃ bahulīkatā… sabbaṃ |
And how, bhikkhus, is the perception of impermanence developed and |
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In an equivalent statement, the term asmi·māna is mentioned as applying to the five upādāna·kkhandhas, and the term anicca·saññā is replaced by ‘udayabbay·ānupassī’ (observing apparition and extinction). |
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pañca kho ime, ānanda, upādānakkhandhā yattha bhikkhunā |
There are these five clinging-aggregates where a monk should stay, |
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As a matter of fact, it is revealed at AN 9.1 that anicca·saññā does not lead directly to asmi·māna·samugghāta (eradication of the conceit ‘I am’). Rather, anicca·saññā leads first to anatta·saññā, which is the actual proximate cause for that eradication to take place: |
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Aniccasaññā bhāvetabbā asmimānasamugghātāya. Aniccasaññino, bhikkhave, |
The perception of inconstancy should be developed, for the eradication |
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♦ An alternative tool for abandoning asmi·māna is kāyagatāsati: |
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ekadhamme, bhikkhave, bhāvite bahulīkate asmimāno pahīyati. katamasmiṃ ekadhamme? kāyagatāya satiyā. |
When, bhikkhus, one thing is developed and practiced often, the conceit |
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AN 6.29, which features a unique list of anussatis, provides a more specific information: it is the nine sivathika contemplations that help eradicating asmi·māna: |
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so imameva kāyaṃ evaṃ upasaṃharati: ‘ayampi kho kāyo evaṃdhammo |
He compares this very body with it [the corpse]: ‘This body is also of |
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♦ We find in the suttas a few illustrative evocations of asmi·māna At AN 4.38, through eradication of asmi·māna, a bhikkhu is called ‘patilīna’, At AN 5.71, one who has abandoned asmi·māna is said to be an ariya ‘with banner lowered’ (panna·ddhajo), ‘with burden dropped’ (panna·bhāra) and ‘detached’ or ‘unfettered’ (visaṃyutta). assāda: (apparent/sensory) satisfaction, enjoyment, gratification, sweetness, allure, happiness. Often cited together with ādīnava and nissaraṇa as characteristics to be understood regarding various dhammas: the five upādāna·kkhandhas, kāma, certain diṭṭhis etc. The assāda of a particular dhamma is generally described as the sukha and somanassa which arise on account of it. The assāda of kāma, rūpa and vedanā are explained in detail at MN 13. assutavā: [a+suta+vā] uninstructed/ ignorant person - lit: ‘one who has not heard/learnt’. 1) (n:) non-beauty, foulness, loathsomeness, digust, ugliness. 2) (adj:) foul, loathsome, disgusting, ugly, impure, unpleasant. Almost synonymous with paṭikūla. The contemplation of an asubha·nimitta is the way to develop asubha·saññā. ♦ The contemplation of an asubha object is exclusively aimed at removing rāga (e.g. MN 62, AN 6.107) or at removing kāma·cchanda, which is one of the five nīvaraṇas (with the help of an asubha·nimitta, at SN 46.51 and AN 1.16). ♦ In the Aṅguttara Nikāya, the expression ‘bhikkhu asubhānupassī kāye viharati’ (a bhikkhu dwells contemplating asubha in the body) appears as a synonym for the practice of asubha·saññā (at AN 10.60), often applied specifically to kāya, and generally in conjunction with āhāre paṭikūla·saññī, sabba·loke an·abhirata·saññī, sabba·saṅkhāresu anicc·ānupassī, and maraṇa·saññ[ī]. This set of five factors is said in various synonym ways to lead to nibbāna (e.g. AN 5.69). They can also lead a sick bhikkhu to arahatta (AN 5.121). Alternatively, in some cases they lead only to anāgāmita (AN 5.122). ♦ The expression ‘asubhānupassī kāye viharati’ is also described at AN 4.163 as participating of a painful mode of practice (dukkhā paṭipadā). ♦ Seeing as subha something which is actually asubha constitutes one of four saññā·vipallāsa (distortions of perception), citta·vipallāsa (perversions of the mind), diṭṭhi·vipallāsa (inversions of views), the other three being the corresponding misunderstanding of aniccā, dukkha and anatta (AN 4.49). ♦ At SN 54.9, ♦ For further information about asubha practices, see asubha·nimitta and asubha·saññā below. asubhanimitta: [asubha+nimitta] sign of the unattractive, characteristic of foulness. The practice is to apply the mind to something repulsive, either per se ♦ At SN 46.51 and AN 1.16, an asubha·nimitta is said to remove kāma·cchanda, which is one of the five nīvaraṇas. At AN 3.69, it is also said to remove rāga. ♦ One practice involving asubha·nimittas is described in most detail in the section on charnel grounds (sivathika) of the Mahā·sati·paṭṭhāna Sutta, although not directly mentioned with this terminology. ♦ For further information about asubha practices, see asubha·saññā below. perception of the unattractive, perception of foulness, perception of non-beauty. This practice is explained at AN 10.60: it consists in reviewing 31 body parts. ♦ According to AN 7.49, when one often applies his/her mind to this practice, he/she is automatically repulsed by methuna·dhamma·samāpatti (getting into sexual intercourse). ♦ The seven bojjhaṅgas can be developed in conjunction with asubha·saññā (SN 46.72). ♦ According to AN 7.27, so long as the bhikkhus practice asubha·saññā, only growth can be expected of them, not decline. ♦ In the Aṅguttara Nikāya, asubha·saññā appears almost always with āhāre paṭikūla·saññā, sabba·loke an·abhirata·saññā and maraṇa·saññā. They are often collectively recommended for the sake of understanding or removing rāga (e.g. AN 5.303). ♦ Other perceptions usually associated with asubha·saññā include anicca·saññā, anicce dukkha·saññā, anatta·saññā, ādīnava·saññā, pahāna·saññā, virāga·saññā and nirodha·saññā. asura: beings resembling titans or fallen angels. Considered as in a way similar to the devas, but as being in a duggati, ātāpī: (adj:) ardent, diligent, serious in effort, zealous. The term appears most prominently in the Satipaṭṭhāna formulas: |
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bhikkhu kāye kāyānupassī viharati ātāpī sampajāno satimā, vineyya loke abhijjhā-domanassaṃ. |
a bhikkhu dwells observing body in body, ardent, clearly comprehending, mindful, having given up covetousness and affliction towards the world. |
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It is explicitly defined at SN 16.2 in formulas reminiscent of those describing sammā·vāyāma: |
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“kathañcāvuso, ātāpī hoti? idhāvuso, bhikkhu ‘anuppannā me pāpakā akusalā dhammā uppajjamānā anatthāya saṃvatteyyun’ti ātappaṃ karoti, |
And how, friend, is one ardent? Here, friend, a bhikkhu exerts ardor [considering]: ‘If unarisen bad, unskillful mental states arise in me, it would lead to [my] misfortune’; he exerts ardor [considering]: ‘If arisen bad, unskillful mental states are not abandoned in me, it would lead to [my] misfortune’; he exerts ardor [considering]: ‘If unarisen skillful mental states do not arise in me, it would lead to [my] misfortune’; he exerts ardor [considering]: ‘If arisen skillful mental states cease in me, this may lead to [my] misfortune.’ Thus, friend, he is ardent. |
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This definition is extended to include the ability to endure extreme dukkha·vedanā at AN 3.50: |
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“yato kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu anuppannānaṃ pāpakānaṃ akusalānaṃ dhammānaṃ anuppādāya ātappaṃ karoti, |
Bhikkhus, when a bhikkhu exerts ardor for the non-arising of |
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Another example of what being ātāpī means is given at AN 4.11: |
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“carato cepi… ṭhitassa cepi… nisinnassa cepi… sayānassa cepi, |
If while walking… while standing… while sitting… while lying down a |
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And at AN 4.12: |
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“carato cepi… ṭhitassa cepi… nisinnassa cepi… sayānassa cepi, |
If while walking… while standing… while sitting… while wakefully |
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A list of terms that appear to be related to ātappaṃ karoti and may help gathering the meaning of ātāpī is given at SN 12.87: sikkhā karoti (practice the training), yoga karoti (exert dedication), chanda karoti (stir up the desire), ussoḷhī karoti (make an exertion), appaṭivānī karoti (exert persistence), vīriyaṃ karoti (exert energy), sātaccaṃ karoti (exert perseverance), sati karoti (exert mindfulness), sampajaññaṃ karoti (exert clear comprehension), appamādo karoti (exert heedfulness). |
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upādānaṃ, bhikkhave, ajānatā apassatā yathābhūtaṃ upādāne yathābhūtaṃ |
Bhikkhus, one who does not know, who does not see attachment as it |
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Another list is found at DN 3 and adds padhāna, anuyoga and sammā·manasikāra (probably a synonym for yoniso manasikāra): |
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ekacco samaṇo vā brāhmaṇo vā ātappamanvāya padhānamanvāya anuyogamanvāya appamādamanvāya sammāmanasikāramanvāya tathārūpaṃ cetosamādhiṃ phusati |
Some renuniciate or brahmin, by means of ardor, by means of |
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Some suttas help understanding what being ātāpī means, as they explain what may happen when the practitioner is in that state: |
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“tassa ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno evaṃ satassa sampajānassa appamattassa ātāpino |
As a monk is dwelling thus mindful & alert — heedful, ardent, |
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“tassa ce, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno evaṃ satassa sampajānassa appamattassa ātāpino pahitattassa viharato uppajjati adukkhamasukhā vedanā… yo kāye ca adukkhamasukhāya ca vedanāya avijjānusayo, so pahīyati. |
As he is dwelling thus mindful & alert — heedful, ardent, |
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For a more refined understanding of the expression 1) The first shade of meaning is best illustrated by the verb tapati, meaning ‘to shine’, as at SN 1.26: ‘divā tapati ādicco’ (the sun shines by day) or at SN 21.11: ’sannaddho khattiyo tapati’ (the khattiya shines clad in armor). 2) The second shade of meaning can be derived |
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“dveme, bhikkhave, dhammā tapanīyā. katame dve? idha, bhikkhave, |
Bhikkhus, these two things cause torment. Which two? Here, |
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We also find various instances of words related to tapati, used to refer to dukkha·vipāka and the remorse the wrong-doer experiences: |
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akataṃ dukkaṭaṃ seyyo, pacchā tapati dukkaṭaṃ. |
Better left undone is a wrong deed, for a wrong deed later brings torment. |
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na taṃ kammaṃ kataṃ sādhu, yaṃ katvā anutappati. |
An action which, once performed, brings torment is not well done. |
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idha tappati pecca tappati, |
The evil-doer is tormented here and is tormented hereafter, |
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3) The third shade of meaning is also derived from |
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“yo naṃ bharati sabbadā, |
The one who always supports her |
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In another example, someone overcome by the three akusala·mūlas does not make an effort to correct the falsehood that is said to him: |
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abhūtena vuccamāno ātappaṃ karoti tassa nibbeṭhanāya itipetaṃ atacchaṃ itipetaṃ abhūtanti. |
When he is told things that are not factual, he makes an effort to correct it: ‘It is not true because of this, it is not factual because of this’. |
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4) The fourth connotation, stronger, is that of asceticism or austerities. |
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iti evarūpaṃ anekavihitaṃ kāyassa ātāpana-paritāpan-ānuyogamanuyutto viharāmi. idaṃsu me, sāriputta, tapassitāya hoti. |
Thus in such a variety of ways I dwelt pursuing the practice of tormenting and mortifying the body. Such was my asceticism. |
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Those austerities are depicted at MN 51: |
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“katamo ca, bhikkhave, puggalo attantapo attaparitāpanānuyogamanuyutto? |
And what, bhikkhus, is the person who torments himself and pursues the practice of mortifying |
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Given on one hand this close proximity of the term ātāpī with the vocabulary of austerity and mortification and on the other the fact that the Buddha recommends being ātāpī (most prominently in the satipaṭṭhāna First of all, it should be borne in mind that the |
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“dveme, bhikkhave, antā pabbajitena na sevitabbā. katame dve? yo cāyaṃ |
These two extremes, bhikkhus, should not be adopted by one who has gone |
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But at AN 10.94, |
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nāhaṃ, gahapati, sabbaṃ tapaṃ tapitabbanti vadāmi; na ca panāhaṃ, gahapati, sabbaṃ tapaṃ na tapitabbanti |
I don’t say that all asceticism is to be pursued, nor do I say that all asceticism is not to be pursued. |
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“yañhi, gahapati, tapaṃ tapato akusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, kusalā dhammā parihāyanti, evarūpaṃ tapaṃ na tapitabbanti vadāmi. yañca khvassa gahapati, tapaṃ tapato akusalā dhammā parihāyanti, kusalā dhammā abhivaḍḍhanti, evarūpaṃ tapaṃ tapitabbanti vadāmi. |
“If, when an ascetic practice is pursued, unskillful qualities grow and skillful qualities wane, then I tell you that that sort of asceticism is not to be pursued. But if, when an ascetic practice is pursued, unskillful qualities wane and skillful qualities grow, then I tell you that that sort of asceticism is to be pursued. |
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“yañhi, gahapati, samādānaṃ samādiyato… padhānaṃ padahato… |
“If, when an observance is observed… when an exertion is pursued… a |
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But again, by contrast, at SN 42.12, while still not |
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ekamantaṃ nisinno kho rāsiyo gāmaṇi bhagavantaṃ etadavoca: |
Having sat down to one side, Rasiya the headman said to the Blessed One: |
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“tatra, gāmaṇi, yvāyaṃ tapassī lūkhajīvī attānaṃ ātāpeti paritāpeti, |
Here, headman, regarding the ascetic leading a rough life who torments and tortures |
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Yet the exact same combination of verbs, ‘ātāpeti paritāpeti’ (meaning here to heat and burn), |
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“kathañca, bhikkhave, saphalo upakkamo hoti, saphalaṃ padhānaṃ? idha, |
“And how is striving fruitful, how is exertion fruitful? There is the |
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“seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, puriso itthiyā sāratto paṭibaddhacitto |
“Suppose that a man is in love with a woman, his mind ensnared with |
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“puna caparaṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu iti paṭisañcikkhati: ‘yathāsukhaṃ kho |
“Furthermore, the monk notices this: ‘When I live according to my |
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seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, usukāro tejanaṃ dvīsu alātesu ātāpeti paritāpeti ujuṃ karoti kammaniyaṃ. yato kho, bhikkhave, usukārassa tejanaṃ dvīsu alātesu ātāpitaṃ hoti paritāpitaṃ ujuṃ kataṃ kammaniyaṃ, na so taṃ aparena samayena usukāro tejanaṃ dvīsu alātesu ātāpeti paritāpeti ujuṃ karoti kammaniyaṃ. taṃ kissa hetu? yassa hi so, bhikkhave, atthāya usukāro tejanaṃ dvīsu alātesu ātāpeyya paritāpeyya ujuṃ kareyya kammaniyaṃ svāssa attho abhinipphanno hoti. tasmā na aparena samayena usukāro tejanaṃ dvīsu alātesu ātāpeti paritāpeti ujuṃ karoti kammaniyaṃ. |
“Suppose a fletcher were to heat & warm an arrow shaft between two flames, making it straight & pliable. Then at a later time he would no longer heat & warm the shaft between two flames, making it straight & pliable. Why is that? Because he has attained the goal for which he was heating & warming the shaft. That is why at a later time he would no longer heat & warm the shaft between two flames, making it straight & pliable. |
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evameva kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu iti paṭisañcikkhati: ‘yathāsukhaṃ kho me |
“In the same way, the monk notices this: ‘When I live according to my |
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Examples of some inherently unpleasant practices are mentioned elsewhere: |
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“katamā ca, bhikkhave, dukkhā paṭipadā dandhābhiññā? idha, |
“And which is painful practice … ? There is the case where a |
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A reason why some practices may become unpleasant is also mentioned at AN 4.162: |
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“katamā ca, bhikkhave, dukkhā paṭipadā … ? idha, bhikkhave, |
“And which is painful practice … ? There is the case where a |
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The Buddha also goes so far as to accept the appellation ‘one who tortures [himself]’ (tapassī), saying that what he has tortured were actually akusala dhammas: |
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“katamo ca, sīha, pariyāyo, yena maṃ pariyāyena sammā vadamāno vadeyya: ‘tapassī samaṇo gotamo, tapassitāya dhammaṃ deseti, tena ca sāvake vinetī’ti? tapanīyāhaṃ, sīha, pāpake akusale dhamme vadāmi kāyaduccaritaṃ vacīduccaritaṃ manoduccaritaṃ. yassa kho, sīha, tapanīyā pāpakā akusalā dhammā pahīnā ucchinnamūlā tālāvatthukatā anabhāvaṃkatā āyatiṃ anuppādadhammā, tamahaṃ ‘tapassī’ti vadāmi. tathāgatassa kho, sīha, tapanīyā |
And what, Siha, is the line of reasoning by which one speaking rightly could say of me: ‘The renunciate Gotama is one who tortures, he professes a teaching of torture and instructs his disciples accordingly’? I say, Siha, that bad, unwholesome states, bodily misconduct, verbal misconduct and mental misconduct are to be tortured. I say that one who has abandoned the bad, unwholesome states that are to be tortured, |
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So we may try to conclude here that what the Buddha |
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It may also be important to note that being ātāpī does not necessarily refer to unpleasant practice, since it can constitute the basis to enter the jhānas: |
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idha, bhikkhave, bhikkhuno appamattassa ātāpino pahitattassa |
Here, bhikkhus, while a bhikkhu is remaining heedful, ardent and striving, the pain faculty arises. He understands thus: ‘The |
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The same is then repeated about domanass·indriya, sukh·indriya, somanass·indriya, and upekkh·indriya, respectively about the second, third, fourth jhānas and saññā·vedayita·nirodha. At MN 19, the same expression appamattassa ātāpino pahitattassa viharato (remaining heedful, ardent and striving) is similarly used to describe the state in which the Buddha was when he reached the three vijjās just before his awakening. attā: self, ego, soul, personality, individuality. This term actually designates an illusion, since all phenomena are anattā. attavādupādāna: [attā+vāda+upādāna] clinging to the belief in self. Such beliefs are explained in the Brahmajāla Sutta (DN 1), This attachment is compared to a leash: |
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“seyyathāpi, bhikkhave, sā gaddulabaddho daḷhe khīle vā thambhe vā |
Just as a dog, tied by a leash to a post or stake, keeps running around |
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so rūpaññeva anuparidhāvati anuparivattati, vedanaññeva … |
He keeps running around and circling around that very form… that very |
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This delusion is described as being the source of the mistake that brings about the idea of an existing self: |
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“ye hi keci, bhikkhave, samaṇā vā brāhmaṇā vā anekavihitaṃ attānaṃ |
Monks, whatever contemplatives or brahmans who assume in various ways |
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“iti ayañceva samanupassanā ‘asmī’ti cassa avigataṃ hoti. ‘asmī’ti kho |
Thus, both this assumption & the understanding, ‘I am,’ occur to |
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atthi, bhikkhave, mano, atthi dhammā, atthi avijjādhātu. |
Now, there is the intellect, there are ideas (mental qualities), there |
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The exact same description occurs also at MN 109 in a definition of sakkāya·diṭṭhi. At SN 22.44, the same description is again given to explain the expression ’sakkāya·samudaya·gāminī paṭipada’ (the path leading to the arising of self-identification), and it is also equated to ‘dukkha·samudaya·gāminī samanupassanā’ (a way of seeing things that leads to the arising of dukkha).
Sometimes, the stock expression ‘rūpaṃ attato |
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kathañca, bhikkhave, upādāparitassanā hoti? idha, bhikkhave, assutavā |
And how, bhikkhus, is there agitation through clinging? Here, bhikkhus, an uninstructed, run-of-the-mill person regards Form as ‘This is mine. This is my self. This is what I am’ |
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As we can also see here, atta·vād·upādāna has for consequence ‘agitation through clinging’ (upādāparitassanā).
The formula ‘etaṃ mama, esohamasmi, eso me attā’’ti is also used to explain another way the expression ’sakkāya·samudaya·gāminī paṭipada’ (the path leading to the arising of self-identification), and is applied to the six senses, their objects, their corresponding viññāṇa, their respective contacts, and the vedanā that arises subsquently: |
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“ayaṃ kho pana, bhikkhave, sakkāyasamudayagāminī paṭipadā: cakkhuṃ ‘etaṃ |
“This, monks, is the path of practice leading to self-identification. |
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The Alagaddūpama Sutta provides a slightly different formulation of how atta·vād·upādāna comes to be: |
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“chayimāni, bhikkhave, diṭṭhiṭṭhānāni. katamāni cha? idha, bhikkhave, |
Monks, there are these six view-positions. Which six? There is the case |
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The way to abandon atta·vād·upādāna is by seeing anatta in the five khandhas: |
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“yā imā, cunda, anekavihitā diṭṭhiyo loke uppajjanti |
“Cunda, as to those several views that arise in the world concerning |
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avihiṃsā: [a+vihiṃsā] harmlessness, nonviolence, inoffensiveness. There is no direct definition of the term in the Avihiṃsā appears most prominently in avihiṃsā·saṅkappa, one of the three constituents of sammā·saṅkappa, which are also termed kusalā saṅkappā at MN 78. Alternatively, it also appears in the compound avihiṃsā·vitakka, which seems to be a synonym for avihiṃsā·saṅkappa. See also this blog article, arguing that, since avihiṃsā is set apart from a·byāpāda In several suttas (e.g. MN 114, AN 5.200) two of the three dhammas listed in sammā·saṅkappa appear in the same order, and avihiṃsā is replaced as the third by avihesā (non-harming). Another synonym is ahimsā (inoffensiveness): |
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sabbhi dānaṃ upaññattaṃ, ahiṃsā saṃyamo damo. |
The virtuous prescribe giving, inoffensiveness, self-control, and self-taming. |
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“yassa sabbamahorattaṃ, ahiṃsāya rato mano mettaṃ so sabbabhūtesu, veraṃ tassa na kenacī”ti. |
One whose mind takes delight in inoffensiveness all day and night, who has loving-kindness for all beings, has enmity towards none. |
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Inoffensiveness (ahiṃsā) is also nobility: |
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na tena ariyo hoti, yena pāṇāni hiṃsati. ahiṃsā sabbapāṇānaṃ, “ariyo”ti pavuccati. |
One who injures living beings is ignoble. One who is inoffensive towards all living beings is said to be a noble one. |
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In the Dhātu·vibhaṅga of the Abhidhamma, karuṇa is said to be inherent to avihiṃsā·dhātu: ‘yā sattesu karuṇā karuṇāyanā karuṇāyitattaṃ karuṇācetovimutti, ayaṃ vuccati “avihiṃsādhātu”’. This statement finds an echo in various parts of the Sutta Piṭaka, as for example in the Dhammapada: |
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129. sabbe tasanti daṇḍassa, sabbe bhāyanti maccuno. |
129. All tremble at the rod, all are fearful of death. |
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130. sabbe tasanti daṇḍassa, sabbesaṃ jīvitaṃ piyaṃ. |
130. All tremble at the rod, all hold their life dear. |
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At AN 2.168, avihiṃsā is juxtaposed with soceyya (purity/purification). At Sn 294, the word is juxtaposed with maddava (mildness), soracca (gentleness) and khanti (forbearance). The first two find echo in expressions such as that defining pharusa·vāca veramaṇī (abstinence from harsh speech): |
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yā sā vācā nelā kaṇṇasukhā pemanīyā hadayaṅgamā porī bahujanakantā bahujanamanāpā, tathārūpiṃ vācaṃ bhāsitā hoti. |
He speaks words that are soothing to the ear, that are affectionate, |
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Khanti (forbearance) is the word that is most often juxtaposed to avihiṃsā, a connection that is exemplified in many places, such as in the simile of the saw: |
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“ubhatodaṇḍakena cepi, bhikkhave, kakacena corā ocarakā aṅgamaṅgāni |
“Monks, even if bandits were to carve you up savagely, limb by limb, |
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“imañca tumhe, bhikkhave, kakacūpamaṃ ovādaṃ abhikkhaṇaṃ manasi |
“Monks, if you attend constantly to this admonition on the simile of the |
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Another striking example is given at SN 35.88: |
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SN 47.19 also juxtaposes metta·cittatā (having a mind of good will) and anudayatā (sympathy) to avihiṃsā: |
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kathañca, bhikkhave, paraṃ rakkhanto attānaṃ rakkhati? khantiyā, avihiṃsāya, mettacittatāya, anudayatāya. evaṃ kho, bhikkhave, paraṃ rakkhanto attānaṃ rakkhati. |
“And how do you watch after yourself when watching after others? Through endurance, through harmlessness, through a mind of goodwill, & through sympathy. This is how you watch after yourself when watching after others. |
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SN 14.12 explains how avihiṃsā originates and leads to wholesome action: |
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“avihiṃsādhātuṃ, bhikkhave, paṭicca uppajjati avihiṃsāsaññā, |
On account of the harmlessness element there arises the perception of |
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Practicing harmlessness is behaving like a bee in a flower: |
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yathāpi bhamaro pupphaṃ, vaṇṇagandhamaheṭhayaṃ, paleti rasamādāya, evaṃ gāme munī care. |
As a bee gathers honey from the flower without injuring its color or |
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Lacking avihiṃsā is extensively described as bringing unpleasant results: |
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māvoca pharusaṃ kañci, vuttā paṭivadeyyu taṃ |
Speak harshly to no one, or the words will be thrown right back at you. |
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yo daṇḍena adaṇḍesu, appaduṭṭhesu dussati dasannamaññataraṃ ṭhānaṃ, khippameva nigacchati: |
Whoever, with a rod harasses an innocent man, unarmed, quickly falls |
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“vilumpateva puriso, yāvassa upakappati. |
A man may plunder as long as it serves his ends, but when others are plundered, he who has plundered gets plundered in turn. |
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“ṭhānañhi maññati bālo, yāva pāpaṃ na paccati. |
A fool thinks, ‘Now’s my chance,’ as long as his evil has yet to ripen. But when it ripens, the fool falls into pain. |
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“hantā labhati hantāraṃ, jetāraṃ labhate jayaṃ. |
Killing, you gain your killer. Conquering, you gain one who will conquer |
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Abandoning non-harmlessness and taking up avihiṃsā prevents bad experiences from arising and causes pleasant ones to arise in the future: |
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sukhakāmāni bhūtāni, yo daṇḍena vihiṃsati. |
Whoever takes a rod to harm living beings desiring ease, when he himself |
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sukhakāmāni bhūtāni, yo daṇḍena na hiṃsati. |
Whoever doesn’t take a rod to harm living beings desiring ease, when he |
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“idha, māṇava, ekacco itthī vā puriso vā sattānaṃ viheṭhakajātiko hoti, |
Furthermore, there is the case where a certain woman or man has a |
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“idha pana, māṇava, ekacco itthī vā puriso vā sattānaṃ aviheṭhakajātiko |
But there is the case where a certain woman or man does not have a |
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suppabuddhaṃ pabujjhanti, sadā gotamasāvakā. |
Those disciples of Gotama ever awaken happily whose minds by day and night delight in the practice of non-violence. |
Dharmacāri Nāgapriya writes: “The early Buddhist
vocabulary includes an important class of words that, while denoting
highly positive qualities, take a grammatically negative form. Avihiṃsa
is a leading example of this. To translate the term as ‘non-violence’
doesn’t reflect the positive nuance of the quality to which it refers.
Notwithstanding, it is worth looking at the quality in question from
both a negative and a positive point of view in order to bring its
nature more clearly to light. First of all – and in negative terms –
avihiṃsa can be understood as an application of the general principle of
renunciation: the saint renounces all violence whether physical,
verbal, or emotional: Whoever in this world harms a living creature,
whether once-born or twice- born, whoever has no compassion for a living
creature, him one should know to be an outcaste. (Sn.117) He gives up
coercion of any kind and thus abandons the ‘power mode’, the style of
relating to others purely as objects and means of his own gratification,
adopting instead the ‘love mode’, the appreciation of others as
individual, feelingful subjects meriting sensitive consideration and
respect. This entails abandoning a host of negative mental states such
as kodha or fury (Sn.1), kopa or ill-temper and grudge (Sn.6), upanāha
or rancour/enmity (Sn.116), paccuṭṭapannā or hostility (Sn.245), usuyyā
or envy (Sn.245), atipāti or violent destructiveness (Sn.248), paṭigha
(Sn.148) or malicious rage, and dosa or hatred (Sn.328). One of the
distinguishing features of the Sutta-Nipāta is the plethora of different
nasty mental states that it identifies. This laid some of the
foundations for the later work of the Abhidhamma. Again the terms used
are fluid and non-technical. By considering the terms as a whole we can
get a feeling for the flavour of what the saint is enjoined to abandon.
At the same time, it is important to appreciate the positive counterpart
of this renunciation of violent negativity. This is expressed most
sublimely in the Mettā Sutta: Just as a mother would protect with her
own life her own son, her only son, so one should cultivate an unbounded
mind towards all beings, and loving-kindness towards all the world. One
should cultivate an unbounded mind, above and below and across, without
obstruction, without enmity, without rivalry. (Sn.149-50)”