Free Online FOOD for MIND & HUNGER - DO GOOD ЁЯШК PURIFY MIND.To live like free birds ЁЯРж ЁЯжв ЁЯжЕ grow fruits ЁЯНН ЁЯНК ЁЯеС ЁЯен ЁЯНЗ ЁЯНМ ЁЯНО ЁЯНЙ ЁЯНТ ЁЯНС ЁЯеЭ vegetables ЁЯеж ЁЯеХ ЁЯеЧ ЁЯем ЁЯеФ ЁЯНЖ ЁЯеЬ ЁЯОГ ЁЯлС ЁЯНЕЁЯНЬ ЁЯзЕ ЁЯНД ЁЯНЭ ЁЯеЧ ЁЯеТ ЁЯМ╜ ЁЯНП ЁЯлС ЁЯМ│ ЁЯНУ ЁЯНК ЁЯее ЁЯМ╡ ЁЯНИ ЁЯМ░ ЁЯЗзЁЯЗз ЁЯлР ЁЯНЕ ЁЯНР ЁЯлТPlants ЁЯМ▒in pots ЁЯк┤ along with Meditative Mindful Swimming ЁЯПКтАНтЩВя╕П to Attain NIBB─АNA the Eternal Bliss.
Kushinara NIBB─АNA Bhumi Pagoda White Home, Puniya Bhumi Bengaluru, Prabuddha Bharat International.
Categories:

Archives:
Meta:
June 2021
M T W T F S S
« May   Jul »
 123456
78910111213
14151617181920
21222324252627
282930  
06/30/21
LESSON 4017 Thu 1 Jul 2021 Buddha said тАЬHunger is the worst kind of illnessтАЭ Manimegalai fed the hungry with AMUDHA SURABI which never became empty even as many people were fed.
Filed under: General, Theravada Tipitaka
Posted by: site admin @ 11:34 pm

LESSON 4017 Thu 1 Jul 2021

Buddha said тАЬHunger is the worst kind of illnessтАЭ Manimegalai fed the hungry with AMUDHA SURABI which never became empty even as many people were fed.

Earth is AMUDHA SURABI where vegetables and fruit trees could be planted as done by Ashoka Chakravarti. Like the birds humans can feed on raw fruits and vegetables and live happily with peace and attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.

Propagate growing vegan and dwarf fruit bearing trees in homes and spread all over the world

Swim Mindfullyt

There has recently been a change in the tide when it comes to peopleтАЩs eating habits. In the past couple of years, the world has become much more observant of what they eat and drink every day. As people watch what they eat, they are beginning to realize that diets such as vegetarianism and veganism are incredibly healthy ways to eat. According to foodrevolution.org, there has been a 600% increase in people identifying as vegans in the United States in just the past three years. Obviously, this is a steadily growing trend.

8800662528 Registration to be part of largest Kushinara NIBB─АNA reclining Awakened One with Awareness Universe for Welfare, Happiness and Peace for all Societies by 3-12-2021 and for them to attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal

According to the University of Singapore survey/review based on 131 countries. From June 18, world will be 100% free and happy from December 8th. Their predictions about Italy and Spain fit exactly.

Earth is AMUDHA SURABI where vegetables and fruit trees could be planted as done by Ashoka Chakravarti. Like the birds humans can feed on raw fruits and vegetables and live happily with peace and attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.

Propagate growing vegan and dwarf fruit bearing trees in homes and spread all over the world

Swim Mindfully

There has recently been a change in the tide when it comes to peopleтАЩs eating habits. In the past couple of years, the world has become much more observant of what they eat and drink every day. As people watch what they eat, they are beginning to realize that diets such as vegetarianism and veganism are incredibly healthy ways to eat. According to foodrevolution.org, there has been a 600% increase in people identifying as vegans in the United States in just the past three years. Obviously, this is a steadily growing trend.

8800662528 Registration to be part of largest Kushinara NIBB─АNA reclining Awakened One with Awareness Universe for Welfare, Happiness and Peace for all Societies by 3-12-2021 and for them to attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal

According to the University of Singapore survey/review based on 131 countries. From June 18, world will be 100% free and happy from December 8th. Their predictions about Italy and Spain fit exactly.

comments (0)
06/29/21
LESSON 4016 Wed 30 Jun 2021 Buddha said тАЬHunger is the worst kind of illnessтАЭ Manimegalai fed the hungry with AMUDHA SURABI which never became empty even as many people were fed. Earth is AMUDHA SURABI where vegetables and fruit trees could be planted as done by Ashoka Chakravarti. Like the birds humans can feed on raw fruits and vegetables and live happily with peace and attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal. Propagate growing vegan and dwarf fruit bearing trees in homes and spread all over the world Swim Mindfully There has recently been a change in the tide when it comes to peopleтАЩs eating habits. In the past couple of years, the world has become much more observant of what they eat and drink every day. As people watch what they eat, they are beginning to realize that diets such as vegetarianism and veganism are incredibly healthy ways to eat. According to foodrevolution.org, there has been a 600% increase in people identifying as vegans in the United States in just the past three years. Obviously, this is a steadily growing trend.
Filed under: General, Theravada Tipitaka
Posted by: site admin @ 5:35 am

LESSON 4016 Wed 30 Jun 2021

Buddha said тАЬHunger is the worst kind of illnessтАЭ Manimegalai fed the hungry with AMUDHA SURABI which never became empty even as many people were fed.

Earth is AMUDHA SURABI where vegetables and fruit trees could be planted as done by Ashoka Chakravarti. Like the birds humans can feed on raw fruits and vegetables and live happily with peace and attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.

Propagate growing vegan and dwarf fruit bearing trees in homes and spread all over the world

Swim Mindfully

There has recently been a change in the tide when it comes to peopleтАЩs eating habits. In the past couple of years, the world has become much more observant of what they eat and drink every day. As people watch what they eat, they are beginning to realize that diets such as vegetarianism and veganism are incredibly healthy ways to eat. According to foodrevolution.org, there has been a 600% increase in people identifying as vegans in the United States in just the past three years. Obviously, this is a steadily growing trend.

8800662528 Registration to be part of largest Kushinara NIBB─АNA reclining Awakened One with Awareness Universe for Welfare, Happiness and Peace for all Societies by 3-12-2021 and for them to attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal

According to the University of Singapore survey/review based on 131 countries. From June 18, world will be 100% free and happy from December 8th. Their predictions about Italy and Spain fit exactly.

https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/what-becoming-vegan-does-to-an-athlete/

avatar by MARK MCCLUSKEY
30 January 2019, 02:00pm
By Mark McCluskey, Swimming World College Intern.
There has recently been a change in the tide when it comes to peopleтАЩs eating habits. In the past couple of years, the world has become much more observant of what they eat and drink every day. As people watch what they eat, they are beginning to realize that diets such as vegetarianism and veganism are incredibly healthy ways to eat. According to foodrevolution.org, there has been a 600% increase in people identifying as vegans in the United States in just the past three years.
Obviously, this is a steadily growing trend.

Inline image

The issue is that some athletes, especially swimmers, sometimes are nervous to go vegan, as they are worried that it will affect their performance in a bad way. There is a stigma around veganism that those who decide to do so are weaker and more frail because they arenтАЩt getting enough nutrients. Often, you will hear athletes say that they need protein and carbohydrates, so a vegan diet will be more detrimental than helpful.
This could not be more incorrect. As long as a swimmer is smart about it, they can transition into a vegan diet that will actually increase their performance in the pool. Plenty of athletes have made the decision to become vegan to improve their athletic performance. Specifically, in the NFL, the trend of going vegan caught on last season when it was reported that Tom Brady, quarterback for the New England Patriots and one of the players with the most longevity in the game today, was following an approximately 80% vegan diet by The Boston Globe. Many players followed his lead, and the results were widely reported. Wesley Woodyward, a player for the Tennessee Titans, was interviewed by the Associated Press last year and discussed how his energy was at an all-time high; his only qualm was that he was having trouble gaining weight тАУ something that swimmers do not tend to want anyway.

There are even vegans in the swimming world. Murray Rose, an Olympic swimmer in the 1950s and 1960s, was nicknamed the тАЬSeaweed StreakтАЭ because of his choice to eat only vegan and still dominate his competition. MenSa Eggleston, a swimmer for Howard University, wants people to know that being a vegan swimmer is very possible. Being a vegan his entire life, Eggleston explains that тАЬbeing a vegan has not hindered my ability as a swimmer at all. I have been able to swim and improve my speed over the course of ten years to the point where I was recruited to a Division I program тАУ one of the highest levels a swimmer can goтАЭ.

The important part of an athlete drastically changing their diet in this way is to do it in a smart way. If you plan to try being vegan, do not keep going to McDonaldтАЩs and get two servings of French fries instead of fries and a burger. Just because you are not eating meat does not mean that you are automatically eating healthy.
It is important to know what types of foods will get you certain nutrients. As mentioned before, many swimmersтАЩ main worry is that they will not be getting enough protein to sustain the amount of work they are putting into the pool. In a study done by David Rogerson in the Journal of International Society of Sports Nutrition, great replacements to the protein youтАЩd get from meat are discussed. Some of his suggestions for high protein foods include pumpkin seeds, lentils, and black beans, among several others. For swimmers specifically, Eggleston recommends vegan protein shakes and bars, saying тАЬthere are many vegan plant based protein powders and bars available in stores. Not only that, but regular trail mix is full of proteins and other nutrients that swimmers look forтАЭ. Eggleston also agreed with Rogerson recommending black beans as a valuable source of protein and carbohydrates.

https://i0.wp.com/www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Murray_Rose_Seaweed_Streak.jpg?w=1024&ssl=1

Inline image

All a new vegan needs to do is research the nutrients they need to stay strong and they can make veganism improve their performance. Many schools offer nutrition counseling, so be sure to look for resources and supportive people who can adequately monitor your diet.

Inline image

When making a change in your diet, it is important to do so in a safe and healthy manner. If you decide to go vegan, it may take your body a bit of time to adjust, so try to avoid making the transition close to a championship meet, as your body may feel a bit tired for the first couple of days. Following a diet is a training strategy, so it is a waste of time to do it in order to swim faster at an upcoming meet and would end up hurting your performance.

As veganism is becoming increasingly popular throughout the world, many people are re-thinking their eating habits. Athletes do not need to worry about becoming consistently frail or tired from becoming a vegan. On the contrary, being a vegan can actually be really helpful to a swimmer looking for an extra boost in their training, performance and overall health next season.
While not every athlete chooses to go vegan, everyone can choose healthier, more nutrient-dense options to stay fueled for competition. Would you consider eating vegan?
All commentaries are the opinion of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Swimming World Magazine nor its staff.

Inline image

competition. Would you consider eating vegan?
All commentaries are the opinion of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of Swimming World Magazine nor its staff.
sponsor

10 COMMENTS

Lewis McColl class='avatar avatar-60 photo avatar-default' height='60' width='60' /> Lewis McColl

January 30, 2019

Joanna McColl I know itтАЩs swimming but its an interesting read

Annell Dyfri class='avatar avatar-60 photo avatar-default' height='60' width='60' /> Annell Dyfri

January 30, 2019

Eva Edwards

Claire Kennedy class='avatar avatar-60 photo avatar-default' height='60' width='60' /> Claire Kennedy

January 30, 2019

Sarah Harris Suzanne Coulter

Sarah Harris class='avatar avatar-60 photo avatar-default' height='60' width='60' /> Sarah Harris

January 30, 2019

Claire Kennedy great article and Lizzie and thers are proof that an athlete can sustain a vegan/vegetarian diet whilst competing тАУ itтАЩs all about being sensible and meal planning , thanks for sharing Claire x

Tim Lecrone class='avatar avatar-60 photo avatar-default' height='60' width='60' /> Tim Lecrone

January 31, 2019

Nicely done, Mark McCluskey!

Mark McCluskey class='avatar avatar-60 photo avatar-default' height='60' width='60' /> Mark McCluskey

January 31, 2019

Thanks Tim!!

Pam Reynecke class='avatar avatar-60 photo avatar-default' height='60' width='60' /> Pam Reynecke

January 31, 2019

Janine Reynecke

Noria Gaier class='avatar avatar-60 photo avatar-default' height='60' width='60' /> Noria Gaier

January 31, 2019

C├йlia Gaier

C├йlia Gaier class='avatar avatar-60 photo avatar-default' height='60' width='60' /> C├йlia Gaier

February 1, 2019

Noria Gaier mais assez cher

Cheryl Paterson Macdonald class='avatar avatar-60 photo avatar-default' height='60' width='60' /> Cheryl Paterson Macdonald

February 1, 2019

Carol Dillon very interesting

Find Vegan & Vegetarian Restaurants Near Me - HappyCow

Find Vegan & Vegetarian Restaurants Near Me - HappyCow
Reviews of vegan restaurants, guide to healthy vegetarian food, natural food stores, vegan-friendly options nearby, recipes, and travel.

Where Did The Word “Vegan” Come From? - Dictionary.com
https://www.dictionary.com/e/veganism/
Donald Watson, founder of the Vegan Society, coined the word vegan in 1944 as a statement against vegetarians who ate dairy products. He took the first and last letters of the word vegetarian to create his orthodox version of vegetarianism.

History of Veganism - World Vegan Organisation
https://www.worldveganorganisation.org/History/WorldVeganism
History of Veganism Pythagoras тАФ This ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician (we know the theorem), and athletic coach was what we would today call a raw-food vegan. He required all his students to fast for 40 days prior to entering unknownhis school, and adhere to an “unfired,” plants-only diet after that.

A Brief History of Veganism | Time
https://time.com/3958070/history-of-veganism/
Veganism is an extreme form of vegetarianism, and though the term was coined in 1944, the concept of flesh-avoidance can be traced back to ancient Indian and eastern Mediterranean societies….

History | The Vegan Society
https://www.vegansociety.com/about-us/history
Early vegans The Vegan Society may have been established 75 years ago but veganism has been around much longer. Evidence of people choosing to avoid animal products can be traced back over 2,000 years.

The History of Veganism and Plant-Based Diets - The Plant …
https://plantbasednetwork.com/history-of-veganism-and-plant-based-diets/
The term “vegan” was coined by Donald Watson who also founded the Vegan Society in 1944. Before veganism, it was called non-dairy vegetarian but Watson believed dairy and egg consumption was wrong as the lives that provide them also suffer.

The History of Veganism Around the World - LIVEKINDLY
https://www.livekindly.co/history-veganism-around-world/
The History of Veganism Around the World The history of veganism is long and complex. Far from a Western concept, the lifestyle has been present in many countries around the world for thousands of years. Around the world, people are eating more meat-free and vegan food than ever before.

The history of veganism - Unfinished Man
https://www.unfinishedman.com/the-history-of-veganism/
The history of veganism People who expressly eat plant materials and avoid the idea of animal products have been around since the dawn of humanity. The term of veganism however is still something that’s fairly new. The very first time that this was used was around 1944 in Mediterranean societies.

Veganism - Wikipedia
Veganism

Veganism
Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products, particularly in diet, and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals.[c] An individual who follows the diet or philosophy is known as a vegan. Distinct

Veganism is the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products, particularly in diet, and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals. An individual who follows the diet or philosophy is known as a vegan.Distinctions may be made between several categories of veganism. Dietary vegans, also known as “strict vegetarians”, refrain from consuming meat, eggs, dairy …

History of Veganism - World Vegan Organisation
https://www.worldveganorganisation.org/History/WorldVeganism
History of Veganism Pythagoras тАФ This ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician (we know the theorem), and athletic coach was what we would today call a raw-food vegan. He required all his students to fast for 40 days prior to entering unknownhis school, and adhere to an “unfired,” plants-only diet after that.

vegan | Origin and meaning of vegan by Online Etymology …
https://www.etymonline.com/word/vegan
vegan (n.) 1944, probably based on a modification of vegetarian; coined by English vegetarian Donald Watson (1910-2005) to distinguish those who abstain from all animal products (eggs, cheese, etc.) from those who merely refuse to eat the animals.

Vegan History - IVU
https://ivu.org/history/Vegan_History.pdf
1 - History: It is impossible to consider a history of veganism without putting it in the wider context, so there is a lot that is ‘nearly vegan’ along the way. The word vegan was invented in 1944, but for a long time before that there were many people holding similar, though not necessarily identical views.

The History of Veganism Around the World - LIVEKINDLY
https://www.livekindly.co/history-veganism-around-world/
Hinduism and Buddhism also incorporate a vegetarian diet and originate in approximately 1500 BC and the 5th century, respectively. In Indian culture, the practice of nonviolence, or ahiс╣Гs─Б, has informed meat-free living. It is present in Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism.

comments (0)
06/28/21
LESSON 4015 Tue 29 Jun 2021 Buddha said тАЬHunger is the worst kind of illnessтАЭ Manimegalai fed the hungry with AMUDHA SURABI which never became empty even as many people were fed. Earth is AMUDHA SURABI where vegetables and fruit trees could be planted as did by Ashoka Chakravarti. Like the birds humans can feed on raw fruits and vegetables and live happily with peace and attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal. Propagate growing vegan and dwarf fruit bearing trees in homes and spread all over the world like Samrat Ashoka did Kushinara NIBB─АNA BHUMI Pagoda is a 3D 360 degree circle vision meditation laboratory
Filed under: General, Theravada Tipitaka
Posted by: site admin @ 3:11 pm

LESSON 4015 Tue 29 Jun 2021

https://www.istockphoto.com/search/2/image?phrase=vegetable+garden

https://youtu.be/pgPJYRH3l9I

Buddha said тАЬHunger is the worst kind of illnessтАЭ Manimegalai fed the hungry with AMUDHA SURABI which never became empty even as many people were fed.

Ashoka and Arboriculture in India. - AWA Trees

Ashoka and Arboriculture in India. - AWA Trees
Evidence of a vast network of managed street trees across India, from over 2000 years ago, that would surpass the most ambitious of todays tree planting. Ashoka founded arboriculture in India.

Ashoka and Arboriculture in India.

Ashoka: pillar and tree
It is commonly believed that street trees originated in the capital cities of Europe in the 1500s. First in France, then Holland and then to London and the rest of the continent. This European history of street trees is rightly uncontested. However, there is compelling evidence of a vast network of managed street trees, from over 2000 years ago. A massive programme of tree planting and arboricultural management along routes over many thousands of miles across India and South Asia. A scheme that would surpass even the most ambitious of todayтАЩs tree planting projects and one that can lay claim to the practice of arboriculture beginning in India, over 1500 years before the first trees were planted on the streets of Europe.
Ashoka the Great reigned from 269 BC to 232 BC. He was the third emperor of the Maurya dynasty and is now considered ancient IndiaтАЩs greatest ruler and the key figure in spreading Buddhism across the globe. At the greatest extent, his empire expanded into IndiaтАЩs central and southern regions, along the Himalayas to the north, into Assam to the east, and to the west into what is now Afghanistan, with his influence reaching as far as Greece and North Africa.

Ashoka: Empire
Apart from a few mentions in some Buddhist texts, AshokaтАЩs great empire was all but forgotten, until in 1837 a young British administrator in Calcutta managed decipher engravings on a range of mysterious stone pillars that were scattered around India. These monumental stone pillars were up to 80ft high, and some were found thousands of miles apart. In what was the first example of writing in Indian history, the British administrator discovered that the pillars were inscribed with advice from Ashoka, on how to live a good life and with examples of what Ashoka had achieved across his empire. These statements, or edicts, were inscribed both on the stone pillars and also on large rocks, all across the empire, in several different languages тАУ even Greek.
The pillars revealed clear evidence that this great rulerтАЩs empire was not due to vast armies and battles, but welfare. They provide evidence that the king was the first (and only) whose conquest was not by force but by the value of ideas and the welfare of the empireтАЩs citizens тАУ and the cornerstone of this scheme to improve peopleтАЩs lives was by planting roadside trees.
Listed second on the list of 14 statements, or edicts, written on the monumental stones was:
тАв тАЬAlong roads I have had wells dug and trees planted for the benefit of humans and animalsтАЭ.
тАв тАЬAlong roads I have had banyan trees planted so that they can give shade to animals and men, and I have had mango groves planted.тАЭ
It is believed that state funds were used for the tree planting programme along the roads, and to ensure that the projects were carried out correctly, Ashoka would go on frequent tree inspection tours and he expected his district officers to follow his example.
Today it is unlikely that many, if any, trees from this time remain, to confirm the scale of the tree planting. However, to have gone to the trouble and expense of the stone pillars, and for tree planting to form a key headline on them, we can reliably confer that roadside trees were a key policy of the empire and that the level of the tree planting was substantial. To give some comparison, this would be akin to modern political parties putting street tree planting above policy pledges on health services, the economy, education and housing. Likewise, it is reasonable to assume the street trees must have been welcomed and would have formed a highly valued aspect of citizens lives.
A street tree is defined as a tree located next to or within a public road. They provide a wide range of social, environmental and economic benefits and managing them is a major undertaking and cost for local authorities, with much political debate relating to their presence and management.

The definition of urban forestry involves the planned, systematic and integrated management of these trees. Although we wouldnтАЩt easily recognise this environment as тАШurbanтАЩ by todayтАЩs standards, these definitions perfectly fit what was undertaken over 2000 years ago. As well as his other achievements, Ashoka has to be credited as developing arboriculture in India, he was the first, and possibly only, person to devise and implement an empire-wide roadside tree planting policy.

Ashoka the Great - Rise of the Mauryan Empire Documentary

Ashoka the Great - Rise of the Mauryan Empire Documentary
By Kings and Generals

Ashoka the great planted fruit bearing trees throughout the country

https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20210629/281964610695513

Mayawati coins slogan for U.P. poll - PressReader
https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20210629/281964610695513
Mayawati coins slogan for U.P. poll 2021-06-29 - Special correspond┬нent Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) chief Mayawati on Monday released a new slogan for next year’s Uttar Pradesh Assembly election тАФ”UP ko bachana hai, bachana hai. Sarvajan ko bachana hai, bachana hai, BSP ko satta mein lana hai va zaroor lana hai (We have to save UP.

Buddha said тАЬHunger is the worst kind of illnessтАЭ Manimegalai fed the hungry with AMUDHA SURABI which never became empty even as many people were fed.

Earth is AMUDHA SURABI where vegetables and fruit trees could be planted as done by Ashoka Chakravarti. Like the birds humans can feed on raw fruits and vegetables and live happily with peace and attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.

Propagate growing vegan and dwarf fruit bearing trees in homes and spread all over the world

Swim Mindfully

8800662528 Registration to be part of largest Kushinara NIBB─АNA reclining Awakened One with Awareness Universe for Welfare, Happiness and Peace for all Societies by 3-12-2021 and for them to attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal

According to the University of Singapore survey/review based on 131 countries. From June 18, world will be 100% free and happy from December 8th. Their predictions about Italy and Spain fit exactly.

Maker of COVID Tests Says Pandemic is Biggest Hoax Ever Perpetrated | Winter Watch

Maker of COVID Tests Says Pandemic is Biggest Hoax Ever Perpetrated | Winter Watch
By G. Edward Griffin | 21 November 2020 RED PILL UNIVERSITY тАФ Top pathologist Dr. Roger Hodkinson told Canadian government officials in Alberta during a phone conference that the coronavirus pandemic is тАЬthe greatest hoax ever […]

Maker of COVID Tests Says Pandemic is Biggest Hoax Ever Perpetrated
November 25, 2020 Winter Watch

By G. Edward Griffin | 21 November 2020

RED PILL UNIVERSITY тАФ Top pathologist Dr. Roger Hodkinson told Canadian government officials in Alberta during a phone conference that the coronavirus pandemic is тАЬthe greatest hoax ever perpetrated on an unsuspecting public.тАЭ Hodkinson, who is the CEO of a biotech company that makes COVID tests, says тАЬThere is utterly unfounded public hysteria driven by the media and politicians.тАЭ We are seeing тАЬpolitics playing medicine, and thatтАЩs a very dangerous game.тАЭ

Positive test results do not mean a clinical infection, he says. All testing should stop because the false numbers they produce are тАЬdriving public hysteria.тАЭ Hodkinson says the risk of death for people under the age of 65 is тАЬone in three-hundred thousandтАЭ and it is тАЬoutrageousтАЭ to shut down society for what is merely тАЬjust another bad flu.тАЭ [тАж]

Travancore’s temple entry proclamation of 1936 for ‘lower …
Travancores temple entry proclamation of 1936 for lower castes: Why nobody questions egalitarianism in Kerala-India News , Firstpost

Travancores temple entry proclamation of 1936 for lower castes: Why nobody questions egalitarianism in Kerala-India News , Firstpost
Just as the French revolution had its dark side, so does the social revolution in Kerala: the egalitarianism of this proclamation brought with it a reverse discrimination.

Lower castes bore the brunt of it, leading to extraordinary practices such as not only untouchability, but also un-seeability. Also, bizarrely precise laws of untouchability and even un-shadowability were in effect: a Nair must stand at least 5 feet away from a Nambudiri, an Ezhava 10 feet, a Pulaya 15 feet, and so on.

But this COVID though it is Hoax and just another bad flu helped creating all humans as untouchable, un see ables and even un shadow ables which is leading to practice un attachablity and not detachabilty.

Un attachment
not
Detachment

The root of all suffering is attachment

IтАЩm practising non-attachment. Not detachment.
Accepting what comes
and allowing it to leave when itтАЩs time.
WhatтАЩs for me will be for me effortlessly.

Letting go is a painful part of life. But according to Buddhism, we must let go of attachment and desires if we are to experience happiness.

However, letting go doesnтАЩt mean you donтАЩt care about anyone and anything. It actually means you can experience life and love fully and openly without clinging to it for your survival.

According to Buddhism, this is the only way to experience true freedom and happiness.

Kushinara NIBB─АNA BHUMI Pagoda is a 3D 360 degree circle vision meditation laboratory
at

White Home no

668, 5A Main Road,
8th Cross, HAL III Stage
Punya Bhumi Bengaluru,

Magadhi Karnataka State.
Prabuddha Bharat

Mayawati demands ballot paper-based Lok Sabha polls in 2019

Mayawati demands ballot paper-based Lok Sabha polls in 2019
Former UP Chief Minister and Bahujan Samaj Party chief Mayawati on Saturday demanded voting through ballot paper in the 2019 general elections.

Mayawati demands ballot paper-based Lok Sabha polls

Mayawati predicted that if ballot papers were used, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) would never win an election.

In 2014, they had manipulated the EVMs and in 2017 they again did so, with the single aim of capturing power and wearing the BSP

Mayawati said her party was committed to its motto of тАЬSarvajan hitay, sarvajan sukhayтАЭ (Welfare of all, prosperity for all).

Throw out EVMs of chitpavan brahmins
Bring back Ballot Paper.

And Save the Country
Save the Country.

Save All Aboriginal
Awakened Societies.
All Aboriginal Awakened Societies

Bring BSP to Power
Definitely to Power
(we have to save Prabuddha Bharat)

Mad murderer of democratic institutions (Modi) is the modern Gandhi. Gandhi began farmers agitation to divide & deprive the All Aboriginal Awakened Societies of their rights given by the British in 1917. But Babasaheb had scuttled his plans. Today Behanji Mayawati is playing the role of Babasaheb to save the farmers.”

Get Your Zen On with These 101 Buddha Quotes on Love, Life, and Happiness

Get Your Zen On with These 101 Buddha Quotes on Love, Life, and Happiness
By Parade

Buddha was a spiritual teacher in Nepal during the 6th century B.C. whose teachings became the foundation for the Buddhist religion. One of the most influential spiritual leaders of all time, Buddha (born with the name Siddhartha Gautama), was a phil

Get Your Zen On with These 101 Buddha Quotes on Love, Life, and Happiness

Get Your Zen On with These 101 Buddha Quotes on Love, Life, and Happiness
By Parade

Buddha was a spiritual teacher in Nepal during the 6th century B.C. whose teachings became the foundation for the Buddhist religion. One of the most influential spiritual leaders of all time, Buddha (born with the name Siddhartha Gautama), was a phil

Buddha Quotes

1. тАЬRadiate boundless love towards the entire world.тАЭ

2. тАЬA disciplined mind brings happiness.тАЭ

3. тАЬGive, even if you only have a little.тАЭ

4. тАЬConquer anger with non-anger. Conquer badness with goodness. Conquer meanness with generosity. Conquer dishonesty with truth.тАЭ

5. тАЬThose who cling to perceptions and views wander the world offending people.тАЭ

6. тАЬDrop by drop is the water pot filled. Likewise, the wise man, gathering it little by little, fills himself with good.тАЭ

7. тАЬI will not look at anotherтАЩs bowl intent on finding fault: a training to be observed.тАЭ

8. тАЬLet none find fault with others; let none see the omissions and commissions of others. But let one see oneтАЩs own acts, done and undone.тАЭ

9. тАЬShould a person do good, let him do it again and again. Let him find pleasure therein, for blissful is the accumulation of good.тАЭ

10. тАЬMay all beings have happy minds.тАЭ

11. тАЬDelight in heedfulness! Guard well your thoughts!тАЭ

12. тАЬShould you find a wise critic to point out your faults, follow him as you would a guide to hidden treasure.тАЭ

13. тАЬShould a seeker not find a companion who is better or equal, let them resolutely pursue a solitary course.тАЭ

14. тАЬIn whom there is no sympathy for living beings: know him as an outcast.тАЭ

15. тАЬHatred is never appeased by hatred in this world. By non-hatred alone is hatred appeased. This is a law eternal.тАЭ

16. тАЬLive with no sense of тАШmine,тАЩ not forming attachment to experiences.тАЭ

17. тАЬBetter it is to live one day seeing the rise and fall of things than to live a hundred years without ever seeing the rise and fall of things.тАЭ

18. тАЬOne is not called noble who harms living beings. By not harming living beings one is called noble.тАЭ

19. тАЬIf a man going down into a river, swollen and swiftly flowing, is carried away by the current тАФ how can he help others across?тАЭ

20. тАЬAll conditioned things are impermanentтАФwhen one sees this with wisdom, one turns away from suffering.тАЭ

21. тАЬArdently do today what must be done. Who knows? Tomorrow, death comes.тАЭ

22. тАЬThe world is afflicted by death and decay. But the wise do not grieve, having realized the nature of the world.тАЭ

23. тАЬResolutely train yourself to attain peace.тАЭ

24. тАЬTo support mother and father, to cherish wife and children, and to be engaged in peaceful occupation тАФ this is the greatest blessing.тАЭ

25. тАЬAll tremble at violence; all fear death. Putting oneself in the place of another, one should not kill nor cause another to kill.тАЭ

26. тАЬThey blame those who remain silent, they blame those who speak much, they blame those who speak in moderation. There is none in the world who is not blamed.тАЭ

27. тАЬJust as the great ocean has one taste, the taste of salt, so also this teaching and discipline has one taste, the taste of liberation.тАЭ

28. тАЬIf with a pure mind a person speaks or acts, happiness follows them like a never-departing shadow.тАЭ

29. тАЬAs an elephant in the battlefield withstands arrows shot from bows all around, even so shall I endure abuse.тАЭ

30. тАЬThe one in whom no longer exist the craving and thirst that perpetuate becoming; how could you track that Awakened one, trackless, and of limitless range.тАЭ

31. тАЬThe root of suffering is attachment.тАЭ

32. тАЬWhatever precious jewel there is in the heavenly worlds, there is nothing comparable to one who is Awakened.тАЭ

33. тАЬAs a water bead on a lotus leaf, as water on a red lily, does not adhere, so the sage does not adhere to the seen, the heard, or the sensed.тАЭ

34. тАЬIt is in the nature of things that joy arises in a person free from remorse.тАЭ

35. тАЬAll experiences are preceded by mind, having mind as their master, created by mind.тАЭ

36. тАЬPurity and impurity depend on oneself; no one can purify another.тАЭ

37. тАЬAll tremble at violence; all fear death. Putting oneself in the place of another, one should not kill nor cause another to kill.тАЭ

38. тАЬCeasing to do evil, Cultivating the good, Purifying the heart: This is the teaching of the Buddhas.тАЭ

39. тАЬUnderstanding is the heartwood of well-spoken words.тАЭ

40. тАЬHe who can curb his wrath as soon as it arises, as a timely antidote will check snakeтАЩs venom that so quickly spreads тАФ such a monk gives up the here and the beyond, just as a serpent sheds its worn-out skin.тАЭ

41. тАЬAs I am, so are these. As are these, so am I. Drawing the parallel to yourself, neither kill nor get others to kill.тАЭ

42. тАЬJust as a solid rock is not shaken by the storm, even so the wise are not affected by praise or blame.тАЭ

43. тАЬWe will develop love, we will practice it, we will make it both a way and a basisтАжтАЭ

44. тАЬThere is no fear for one whose mind is not filled with desires.тАЭ

45. тАЬWhatever is not yours: let go of it. Your letting go of it will be for your long-term happiness & benefit.тАЭ

46. тАЬThe one in whom no longer exist the craving and thirst that perpetuate becoming; how could you track that Awakened one, trackless, and of limitless range?тАЭ

47. тАЬMeditate тАж do not delay, lest you later regret it.тАЭ

48. тАЬWhatever has the nature of arising has the nature of ceasing.тАЭ

49. тАЬResolutely train yourself to attain peace.тАЭ

50. тАЬKnow from the rivers in clefts and in crevices: those in small channels flow noisily, the great flow silent. WhateverтАЩs not full makes noise. Whatever is full is quiet.тАЭ

150 Good Morning Quotes To Start Your Day

51. тАЬWhatever living beings there may be тАФ feeble or strong, long, stout, or of medium size, short, small, large, those seen or those unseen, those dwelling far or near, those who are born as well as those yet to be born тАФ may all beings have happy minds.тАЭ

52. тАЬIf you knew what I know about the power of giving, you would not let a single meal pass without sharing it in some way.тАЭ

53. тАЬLet him not deceive another nor despise anyone anywhere. In anger or ill will let him not wish another ill.тАЭ

54. тАЬOur life is shaped by our mind; we become what we think. Suffering follows an evil thought as the wheels of a cart follow the oxen that draw it. Our life is shaped by our mind; we become what we think. Joy follow a pure thought like a shadow that never leaves.тАЭ

55. тАЬIf you meditate earnestly, pure in mind and kind in deeds, leading a disciplined life in harmony with the dharma, you will grow in glory. If you meditate earnestly, through spiritual disciplines you can make an island for yourself that no flood can overwhelm.тАЭ

56. тАЬGood people keep on walking whatever happens. They do not speak vain words and are the same in good fortune and bad. If one desires neither children nor wealth nor power nor success by unfair means, know such a one to be good, wise, and virtuous.тАЭ

57. тАЬOne who conquers himself is greater than another who conquers a thousand times a thousand men on the battlefield. Be victorious over yourself and not over others.тАЭ

58. тАЬYour own self is your master; who else could be? With yourself well controlled, you gain a master very hard to find.тАЭ

59. тАЬNot by rituals and resolutions, nor by much learning, nor by celibacy, nor even by meditation can you find the supreme, immortal joy of nirvana until you extinguish your self-will.тАЭ

60. тАЬIt seems that although we thought ourselves permanent, we are not. Although we thought ourselves settled, we are not. Although we thought we would last forever, we will not.тАЭ

61. тАЬDonтАЩt run after pleasure and neglect the practice of meditation. If you forget the goal of life and get caught in the pleasures of the world, you will come to envy those who put meditation first.тАЭ

62. тАЬConquer anger through gentleness, unkindness through kindness, greed through generosity, and falsehood by truth.тАЭ

63. тАЬTrain your eyes and ears; train your nose and tongue. The senses are good friends when they are trained. Train your body in deeds, train your tongue in words, train your mind in thoughts. This training will take you beyond sorrow.тАЭ

64. тАЬLike someone pointing to treasure is the wise person who sees your faults and points them out. Associate with such a sage.тАЭ

65. тАЬAll wrong-doing arises because of mind. If mind is transformed can wrong-doing remain?тАЭ

66. тАЬWhatever is not yours: let go of it. Your letting go of it will be for your long-term happiness & benefit.тАЭ

67. тАЬYour work is to discover your work and then with all your heart to give yourself to it.тАЭ

68. тАЬI do not dispute with the world; rather it is the world that disputes with me.тАЭ

69. тАЬYou cannot travel the path until you have become the path itself.тАЭ

70. тАЬDo not dwell in the past, do not dream of the future, concentrate the mind on the present moment.тАЭ

71. тАЬIf we could see the miracle of a single flower clearly, our whole life would change.тАЭ

72. тАЬThe only real failure in life is not to be true to the best one knows.тАЭ

73. тАЬDrop by drop is the water pot filled. Likewise, the wise man, gathering it little by little, fills himself with good.тАЭ

74. тАЬBe truthful; do not yield to anger. Give freely, even if you have but little. The gods will bless you.тАЭ

75. тАЬThe whole secret of existence is to have no fear. Never fear what will become of you, depend on no one. Only the moment you reject all help are you freed.тАЭ

76. тАЬIf anything is worth doing, do it with all your heart.тАЭ

77. тАЬIt is easy to see the faults of others, but difficult to see oneтАЩs own faults. One shows the faults of others like chaff winnowed in the wind, but one conceals oneтАЩs own faults as a cunning gambler conceals his dice.тАЭ

78. тАЬMeditation brings wisdom; lack of meditation leaves ignorance.тАЭ

79. тАЬWhen you attain victory over yourself, not even the gods can turn it into defeat.тАЭ

80. тАЬBetter than a thousand hollow words, is one word that brings peace.тАЭ

81. тАЬWhat we think, we become.тАЭ

82. тАЬSilence the angry man with love. Silence the ill-natured man with kindness. Silence the miser with generosity. Silence the liar with truth.тАЭ

83. тАЬIf you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading.тАЭ

рокрпБродрпНродро░рпН роорпЗро▒рпНроХрпЛро│рпНроХро│рпН

1. “роорпБро┤рпБ роЙро▓роХродрпНродро┐ро▒рпНроХрпБроорпН роОро▓рпНро▓рпИропро▒рпНро▒ роЕройрпНрокрпИ роХродро┐ро░рпНро╡рпАроЪрпНроЪрпБ роЪрпЖропрпНропрпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН.”

2. тАЬроТро┤рпБроХрпНроХрооро╛рой рооройроорпН роороХро┐ро┤рпНроЪрпНроЪро┐ропрпИродрпН родро░рпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ.тАЭ

3. тАЬроЙроЩрпНроХро│ро┐роЯроорпН роХрпКроЮрпНроЪроорпН роЗро░рпБроирпНродро╛ро▓рпН роХрпВроЯ роХрпКроЯрпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН.тАЭ

4. тАЬроХрпЛрокродрпНродрпИ роХрпЛрокродрпНродрпБроЯройрпН ро╡рпЖро▓рпНро▓рпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН. роиройрпНроорпИропрпБроЯройрпН роХрпЖроЯрпНроЯродрпИ ро╡рпЖро▓рпНро▓рпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН. родро╛ро░ро╛ро│ рооройрокрпНрокро╛ройрпНроорпИропрпБроЯройрпН роЕро░рпНродрпНродродрпНродрпИ ро╡рпЖро▓рпНро▓рпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН. роирпЗро░рпНроорпИропрпБроЯройрпН роЙрогрпНроорпИропрпИ ро╡рпЖро▓рпНро▓рпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН. ”

5. “роЙрогро░рпНро╡рпБроХро│рпН рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН рокро╛ро░рпНро╡рпИроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роТроЯрпНроЯро┐роХрпНроХрпКро│рпНрокро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН роороХрпНроХро│рпИ рокрпБрогрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрпБроорпН роЙро▓роХро┐ро▓рпН роЕро▓рпИроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпНроХро│рпН.”

6. тАЬроЯро┐ро░ро╛рокрпН рокрпИ роЯро┐ро░ро╛рокрпН роОройрпНрокродрпБ родрогрпНрогрпАро░рпН рокро╛ройрпИ роиро┐ро░рокрпНрокрокрпНрокроЯрпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ. роЕродрпЗрокрпЛро▓рпН, роЮро╛ройро┐, роЕродрпИ роХрпКроЮрпНроЪроорпН роХрпКроЮрпНроЪрооро╛роХ роЪрпЗроХро░ро┐родрпНродрпБ, родройрпНройрпИ роиройрпНроорпИропрпЛроЯрпБ роиро┐ро░рокрпНрокрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ройрпН. тАЭ

7. “родро╡ро▒рпБ роХрогрпНроЯрпБрокро┐роЯро┐рокрпНрокродро▒рпНроХро╛рой рооро▒рпНро▒рпКро░рпБро╡ро░ро┐ройрпН роХро┐рогрпНрог роирпЛроХрпНроХродрпНродрпИ роиро╛ройрпН рокро╛ро░рпНроХрпНроХ рооро╛роЯрпНроЯрпЗройрпН: роХро╡ройро┐роХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯ ро╡рпЗрогрпНроЯро┐роп роТро░рпБ рокропро┐ро▒рпНроЪро┐.”

8. тАЬропро╛ро░рпБроорпН рооро▒рпНро▒ро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐роЯроорпН родро╡ро▒рпБ роЪрпЖропрпНропроХрпНроХрпВроЯро╛родрпБ; рооро▒рпНро▒ро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН роХрпБро▒рпИроХро│рпИропрпБроорпН роХрооро┐ро╖ройрпНроХро│рпИропрпБроорпН ропро╛ро░рпБроорпН рокро╛ро░рпНроХрпНроХ ро╡рпЗрогрпНроЯро╛роорпН. роЖройро╛ро▓рпН роТро░рпБро╡ро░ро┐ройрпН роЪрпКроирпНрод роЪрпЖропро▓рпНроХро│рпИроЪрпН роЪрпЖропрпНродрпБ, роЪрпЖропро▓рпНродро╡ро┐ро░рпНроХрпНроХро▓ро╛роорпН. тАЭ

9. тАЬроТро░рпБ роирокро░рпН роиройрпНроорпИ роЪрпЖропрпНроп ро╡рпЗрогрпНроЯрпБроорпЖройрпНро▒ро╛ро▓рпН, роЕродрпИ роЕро╡ро░рпН роорпАрогрпНроЯрпБроорпН роорпАрогрпНроЯрпБроорпН роЪрпЖропрпНропроЯрпНроЯрпБроорпН. роЕро╡ро░рпН роЕродро┐ро▓рпН роЗройрпНрокроорпН роХро╛рогроЯрпНроЯрпБроорпН, роПройрпЖройрпНро▒ро╛ро▓рпН роиройрпНроорпИ родро┐ро░роЯрпНроЯрокрпНрокроЯрпБро╡родрпБ роЖройроирпНродрооро╛ройродрпБ. тАЭ

10. “роОро▓рпНро▓ро╛ рооройро┐родро░рпНроХро│рпБроХрпНроХрпБроорпН роороХро┐ро┤рпНроЪрпНроЪро┐ропро╛рой рооройроорпН роЗро░рпБроХрпНроХроЯрпНроЯрпБроорпН.”

11. тАЬроХро╡ройродрпНродро┐ро▓рпН роороХро┐ро┤рпНроЪрпНроЪро┐! роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпН роОрогрпНрогроЩрпНроХро│рпИ роиройрпНроХрпБ роХро╛родрпНродрпБроХрпНроХрпКро│рпНро│рпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН! тАЭ

12. “роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпН родро╡ро▒рпБроХро│рпИроЪрпН роЪрпБроЯрпНроЯро┐роХрпНроХро╛роЯрпНроЯ роТро░рпБ рокрпБродрпНродро┐роЪро╛ро▓ро┐родрпНродройрооро╛рой ро╡ро┐рооро░рпНроЪроХро░рпИ роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН роХрогрпНроЯро╛ро▓рпН, рооро▒рпИроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯ рокрпБродрпИропро▓рпБроХрпНроХрпБ роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН ро╡ро┤ро┐роХро╛роЯрпНроЯро┐ропро╛роХ роЕро╡ро░рпИрокрпН рокро┐ройрпНрокро▒рпНро▒рпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН.”

13. “роТро░рпБ родрпЗроЯрпБрокро╡ро░рпН роЪро┐ро▒роирпНрод роЕро▓рпНро▓родрпБ роЪроорооро╛рой роТро░рпБ родрпЛро┤ро░рпИроХрпН роХрогрпНроЯрпБрокро┐роЯро┐роХрпНроХро╡ро┐ро▓рпНро▓рпИропрпЖройрпНро▒ро╛ро▓рпН, роЕро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН роТро░рпБ роЙро▒рпБродро┐ропро╛рой рокрпЛроХрпНроХрпИродрпН родрпКроЯро░роЯрпНроЯрпБроорпН.”

14. “роЕро╡ро▒рпНро▒ро┐ро▓рпН роЬрпАро╡ро░ро╛роЪро┐роХро│рпБроХрпНроХрпБ роЕройрпБродро╛рокроорпН роЗро▓рпНро▓рпИ: роЕро╡ро░рпИ роТро░рпБ ро╡рпЖро│ро┐роиро╛роЯрпНроЯро╡ро░рпН роОройрпНро▒рпБ роЕро▒ро┐роирпНродрпБ роХрпКро│рпНро│рпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН.”

15. тАЬро╡рпЖро▒рпБрокрпНрокрпБ роЗроирпНрод роЙро▓роХро┐ро▓рпН роТро░рпБрокрпЛродрпБроорпН ро╡рпЖро▒рпБрокрпНрокро╛ро▓рпН роЪрооро╛родро╛ройрокрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрокрпНрокроЯрпБро╡родро┐ро▓рпНро▓рпИ. ро╡рпЖро▒рпБрокрпНрокрпБ роЗро▓рпНро▓ро╛родро╛ро▓рпН роороЯрпНроЯрпБроорпЗ ро╡рпЖро▒рпБрокрпНрокрпБ родро┐ро░рпБрокрпНродро┐ роЕроЯрпИроХро┐ро▒родрпБ. роЗродрпБ роиро┐родрпНродро┐роп роЪроЯрпНроЯроорпН. тАЭ

16. тАЬроЕройрпБрокро╡роЩрпНроХро│рпБроЯройрпН роЗрогрпИрокрпНрокрпИ роПро▒рпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродро╛рооро▓рпН,тАШ роОройрпНройрпБроЯрпИропродрпБ тАЩроОройрпНро▒ роЙрогро░рпНро╡рпБ роЗро▓рпНро▓ро╛рооро▓рпН ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНроХ.тАЭ

17. “рокрпКро░рпБроЯрпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН роОро┤рпБроЪрпНроЪро┐ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН ро╡рпАро┤рпНроЪрпНроЪро┐ропрпИроХрпН роХро╛рогро╛рооро▓рпН роирпВро▒рпБ роЖрогрпНроЯрпБроХро│рпН ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНро╡родрпИ ро╡ро┐роЯ, роТро░рпБ роиро╛ро│рпН рокрпКро░рпБроЯрпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН роОро┤рпБроЪрпНроЪро┐ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН ро╡рпАро┤рпНроЪрпНроЪро┐ропрпИроХрпН роХрогрпНроЯрпБ ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНро╡родрпБ роиро▓рпНро▓родрпБ.”

18. тАЬроТро░рпБро╡ро░рпН роЙропро┐ро░рпБро│рпНро│ро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпБроХрпНроХрпБ родрпАроЩрпНроХрпБ ро╡ро┐ро│рпИро╡ро┐роХрпНроХрпБроорпН роЙройрпНройродрооро╛ройро╡ро░рпН роОройрпНро▒рпБ роЕро┤рпИроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпБро╡родро┐ро▓рпНро▓рпИ. роЙропро┐ро░ро┐ройроЩрпНроХро│рпБроХрпНроХрпБ родрпАроЩрпНроХрпБ ро╡ро┐ро│рпИро╡ро┐роХрпНроХро╛родродройрпН роорпВро▓роорпН роТро░рпБро╡ро░рпН роЙройрпНройродрооро╛ройро╡ро░рпН роОройрпНро▒рпБ роЕро┤рпИроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН. тАЭ

19. “роТро░рпБ рооройро┐родройрпН роЖро▒рпНро▒ро┐ро▓рпН роЗро▒роЩрпНроХро┐, ро╡рпАроЩрпНроХро┐, ро╡ро┐ро░рпИро╡ро╛роХ роУроЯрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ройрпН, рооро┐ройрпНройрпЛроЯрпНроЯродрпНродро╛ро▓рпН роОроЯрпБродрпНродрпБроЪрпН роЪрпЖро▓рпНро▓рокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯро╛ро▓рпН - роЕро╡ройрпН рооро▒рпНро▒ро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпБроХрпНроХрпБ роОрокрпНрокроЯро┐ роЙродро╡ роорпБроЯро┐ропрпБроорпН?”

20. “роиро┐рокроирпНродройрпИроХрпНроХрпБроЯрпНрокроЯрпНроЯ роОро▓рпНро▓ро╛ ро╡ро┐ро╖ропроЩрпНроХро│рпБроорпН роЕроЪро╛родрпНродро┐ропрооро╛ройро╡рпИ one роЗродрпИ роЮро╛ройродрпНродрпБроЯройрпН рокро╛ро░рпНроХрпНроХрпБроорпНрокрпЛродрпБ, тАЛтАЛроТро░рпБро╡ро░рпН родрпБройрпНрокродрпНродро┐ро▓ро┐ро░рпБроирпНродрпБ ро╡ро┐ро▓роХрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН.”

21. тАЬроЪрпЖропрпНроп ро╡рпЗрогрпНроЯро┐ропродрпИ роЗройрпНро▒рпБ родрпАро╡ро┐ро░рооро╛роХ роЪрпЖропрпНропрпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН. ропро╛ро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБ родрпЖро░ро┐ропрпБроорпН? роиро╛ро│рпИ, рооро░рогроорпН ро╡ро░рпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ. тАЭ

22. тАЬроЙро▓роХроорпН рооро░рогроорпН рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роЪро┐родрпИро╡ро╛ро▓рпН рокро╛родро┐роХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ. роЖройро╛ро▓рпН роЮро╛ройро┐роХро│рпН роЙро▓роХро┐ройрпН родройрпНроорпИропрпИ роЙрогро░рпНроирпНродрпБ родрпБроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпБро╡родро┐ро▓рпНро▓рпИ. тАЭ

23. “роЕроорпИродро┐ропрпИ роЕроЯрпИроп роЙро▒рпБродро┐ропрпБроЯройрпН рокропро┐ро▒рпНроЪро┐ роЪрпЖропрпНропрпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН.”

24. “родро╛ропрпН рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН родроирпНродрпИропрпИ роЖродро░ро┐рокрпНрокродрпБ, рооройрпИро╡ро┐ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роХрпБро┤роирпНродрпИроХро│рпИ ро╡ро│ро░рпНрокрпНрокродрпБ, роЕроорпИродро┐ропро╛рой родрпКро┤ро┐ро▓ро┐ро▓рпН роИроЯрпБрокроЯрпБро╡родрпБ - роЗродрпБ рооро┐роХрокрпНрокрпЖро░ро┐роп роЖроЪрпАро░рпНро╡ро╛родроорпН.”

25. тАЬроЕройрпИро╡ро░рпБроорпН ро╡ройрпНроорпБро▒рпИропро┐ро▓рпН роироЯрпБроЩрпНроХрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпНроХро│рпН; роЕройрпИро╡ро░рпБроорпН рооро░рогродрпНродро┐ро▒рпНроХрпБ роЕроЮрпНроЪрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпНроХро│рпН. родройрпНройрпИ роЗройрпНройрпКро░рпБро╡ро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБрокрпН рокродро┐ро▓ро╛роХ ро╡рпИродрпНродрпБроХрпН роХрпКро│рпНро╡родрпБ, роТро░рпБро╡ро░рпН роХрпКро▓рпНро▓ро╡рпЛ, роЗройрпНройрпКро░рпБро╡ро░рпИроХрпН роХрпКро▓рпНро▓ро╡рпЛ роХрпВроЯро╛родрпБ. тАЭ

26. тАЬроЕро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН роЕроорпИродро┐ропро╛роХ роЗро░рпБрокрпНрокро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпИроХрпН роХрпБро▒рпИ роХрпВро▒рпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпНроХро│рпН, роЕродро┐роХроорпН рокрпЗроЪрпБрокро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпИроХрпН роХрпБро▒рпИ роХрпВро▒рпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпНроХро│рпН, рооро┐родрооро╛роХрокрпН рокрпЗроЪрпБрокро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпИроХрпН роХрпБро▒рпИ роХрпВро▒рпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпНроХро│рпН. роХрпБро▒рпНро▒роорпН роЪрпКро▓рпНро▓рокрпНрокроЯро╛родро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН ропро╛ро░рпБроорпН роЙро▓роХро┐ро▓рпН роЗро▓рпНро▓рпИ. тАЭ

27. тАЬрокрпЖро░ро┐роп рокрпЖро░рпБроЩрпНроХроЯро▓ро┐ро▓рпН роТро░рпБ роЪрпБро╡рпИ, роЙрокрпНрокрпБроЪрпН роЪрпБро╡рпИ роЗро░рпБрокрпНрокродрпИрокрпН рокрпЛро▓ро╡рпЗ, роЗроирпНрод рокрпЛродройрпИроХрпНроХрпБроорпН роТро┤рпБроХрпНроХродрпНродро┐ро▒рпНроХрпБроорпН роТро░рпБ роЪрпБро╡рпИ роЗро░рпБроХрпНроХро┐ро▒родрпБ, ро╡ро┐роЯрпБродро▓рпИропро┐ройрпН роЪрпБро╡рпИ.тАЭ

28. тАЬроТро░рпБ роирокро░рпН родрпВропрпНроорпИропро╛рой рооройродрпБроЯройрпН рокрпЗроЪро┐ройро╛ро▓рпН роЕро▓рпНро▓родрпБ роЪрпЖропро▓рпНрокроЯрпНроЯро╛ро▓рпН, роороХро┐ро┤рпНроЪрпНроЪро┐ роТро░рпБрокрпЛродрпБроорпН ро╡ро┐ро▓роХро╛род роиро┐ро┤ро▓рпИрокрпН рокрпЛро▓ роЕро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпИрокрпН рокро┐ройрпНродрпКроЯро░рпНроХро┐ро▒родрпБ.тАЭ

29. “рокрпЛро░рпНроХрпНроХро│родрпНродро┐ро▓рпН роТро░рпБ ропро╛ройрпИ роЪрпБро▒рпНро▒ро┐ропрпБро│рпНро│ ро╡ро┐ро▓рпНро▓ро┐ро▓ро┐ро░рпБроирпНродрпБ роЪрпБроЯрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯ роЕроорпНрокрпБроХро│рпИродрпН родро╛роЩрпНроХрпБро╡родро╛ро▓рпН, роиро╛ройрпН родрпБро╖рпНрокро┐ро░ропрпЛроХродрпНродрпИродрпН родро╛роЩрпНроХрпБро╡рпЗройрпН.”

30. тАЬроЗройро┐роорпЗро▓рпН роЖроХро┐ро╡ро┐роЯрпБроХро┐ро▒ роПроХрпНроХроорпБроорпН родро╛роХроорпБроорпН роЗро▓рпНро▓ро╛родро╡ройрпН; ро╡ро┐ро┤ро┐родрпНродрпЖро┤рпБроирпНрод, родроЯрооро▒ро┐ропро╛род, рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН ро╡ро░роорпНрокро▒рпНро▒ ро╡ро░роорпНрокрпИ роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН роОро╡рпНро╡ро╛ро▒рпБ роХрогрпНроХро╛рогро┐роХрпНроХ роорпБроЯро┐ропрпБроорпН. тАЭ

31. тАЬродрпБройрпНрокродрпНродро┐ройрпН ро╡рпЗро░рпН роЗрогрпИрокрпНрокрпБ.тАЭ

32. “рокро░ро▓рпЛроХ роЙро▓роХроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роОроирпНрод ро╡ро┐ро▓рпИроородро┐рокрпНрокро▒рпНро▒ роироХрпИ роЗро░рпБроирпНродро╛ро▓рпБроорпН, ро╡ро┐ро┤ро┐родрпНродрпБроХрпН роХрпКрогрпНроЯ роТро░рпБро╡ро░рпБроЯройрпН роТрокрпНрокро┐роЯродрпНродроХрпНроХродрпБ роОродрпБро╡рпБрооро┐ро▓рпНро▓рпИ.”

33. тАЬродро╛рооро░рпИ роЗро▓рпИропро┐ро▓рпН роирпАро░рпН роорогро┐роХро│ро╛роХ, роЪро┐ро╡рокрпНрокрпБ ро▓ро┐ро▓рпНро▓ро┐ роорпАродрпБ роирпАро░рпН рокрпЛро▓, роТроЯрпНроЯро╛родрпБ, роОройро╡рпЗ роорпБройро┐ро╡ро░рпН рокро╛ро░рпНродрпНродро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпЛ, роХрпЗроЯрпНроЯро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпЛ, роЙрогро░рпНроирпНродро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпЛ роХроЯрпИрокро┐роЯро┐рокрпНрокродро┐ро▓рпНро▓рпИ.тАЭ

34. тАЬро╡ро░рпБродрпНродродрпНродро┐ро▓ро┐ро░рпБроирпНродрпБ ро╡ро┐роЯрпБрокроЯро╛род роТро░рпБро╡ро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБ роороХро┐ро┤рпНроЪрпНроЪро┐ роОро┤рпБро╡родрпБ ро╡ро┐ро╖ропроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН роЗропро▓рпНрокрпБ.тАЭ

35. “роОро▓рпНро▓ро╛ роЕройрпБрокро╡роЩрпНроХро│рпБроорпН рооройродро┐ро▒рпНроХрпБ роорпБройрпНройро╛ро▓рпН роЙро│рпНро│рой, рооройродрпИ роЕро╡ро▒рпНро▒ро┐ройрпН роОроЬрооро╛ройро░ро╛роХроХрпН роХрпКрогрпНроЯрпБ, рооройродро┐ройро╛ро▓рпН роЙро░рпБро╡ро╛роХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпБроХро┐ройрпНро▒рой.”

36. тАЬродрпВропрпНроорпИропрпБроорпН родрпВропрпНроорпИропрпБроорпН родройрпНройрпИроЪрпН роЪро╛ро░рпНроирпНродродрпБ; ропро╛ро░ро╛ро▓рпБроорпН роТро░рпБро╡ро░рпИ роЪрпБродрпНродро┐роХро░ро┐роХрпНроХ роорпБроЯро┐ропро╛родрпБ. тАЭ

37. тАЬроЕройрпИро╡ро░рпБроорпН ро╡ройрпНроорпБро▒рпИропро┐ро▓рпН роироЯрпБроЩрпНроХрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпНроХро│рпН; роЕройрпИро╡ро░рпБроорпН рооро░рогродрпНродро┐ро▒рпНроХрпБ роЕроЮрпНроЪрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпНроХро│рпН. родройрпНройрпИ роЗройрпНройрпКро░рпБро╡ро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБрокрпН рокродро┐ро▓ро╛роХ ро╡рпИродрпНродрпБроХрпН роХрпКро│рпНро╡родрпБ, роТро░рпБро╡ро░рпН роХрпКро▓рпНро▓ро╡рпЛ, роЗройрпНройрпКро░рпБро╡ро░рпИроХрпН роХрпКро▓рпНро▓ро╡рпЛ роХрпВроЯро╛родрпБ. тАЭ

38. “родрпАроорпИ роЪрпЖропрпНро╡родрпИ роиро┐ро▒рпБродрпНродрпБродро▓рпН, роиро▓рпНро▓родрпИ ро╡ро│ро░рпНрокрпНрокродрпБ, роЗро░рпБродропродрпНродрпИ родрпВропрпНроорпИрокрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрпБродро▓рпН: роЗродрпБ рокрпБродрпНродро░рпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН рокрпЛродройрпИ.”

39. тАЬрокрпБро░ро┐роирпНродрпБроХрпКро│рпНро│рпБродро▓рпН роОройрпНрокродрпБ роиройрпНроХрпБ рокрпЗроЪрокрпНрокроЯрпБроорпН роЪрпКро▒рпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН роЗродроп рооро░рооро╛роХрпБроорпН.тАЭ

40. тАЬродройрпН роХрпЛрокродрпНродрпИ роЕродрпБ роОро┤рпБроирпНродро╡рпБроЯройрпН роХроЯрпНроЯрпБрокрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродроХрпНроХрпВроЯро┐ропро╡ройрпН, роЪро░ро┐ропро╛рой роирпЗро░родрпНродро┐ро▓рпН рооро░рпБроирпНродро╛роХ рокро╛роорпНрокро┐ройрпН ро╡ро┐ро╖родрпНродрпИ роЕро╡рпНро╡ро│ро╡рпБ роЪрпАроХрпНроХро┐ро░роорпН рокро░рокрпНрокрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ройрпН - роЕродрпНродроХрпИроп роТро░рпБ родрпБро▒ро╡ро┐ роЗроЩрпНроХрпЗропрпБроорпН роЕродро▒рпНроХрпБ роЕрокрпНрокро╛ро▓рпБроорпН ро╡ро┐роЯрпНроЯрпБро╡ро┐роЯрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН, роТро░рпБ рокро╛роорпНрокрпБ роЕродройрпН родрпЗропрпНроирпНрод родрпЛро▓рпИроХрпН роХрпКроЯрпНроЯрпБро╡родрпБ рокрпЛро▓. тАЭ

41. тАЬроиро╛ройрпН роЗро░рпБрокрпНрокродрпБ рокрпЛро▓ро╡рпЗ роЗро╡рпИропрпБроорпН роЕрокрпНрокроЯро┐ропрпЗ. роЗро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпИрокрпН рокрпЛро▓ро╡рпЗ роиро╛ройрпБроорпН роЗро░рпБроХрпНроХро┐ро▒рпЗройрпН. роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпБроХрпНроХрпБ роЗрогрпИропро╛роХ ро╡ро░рпИроирпНродрпБ роХрпКро│рпНро│рпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН, роХрпКро▓рпНро▓ро╡рпЛ рооро▒рпНро▒ро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпИроХрпН роХрпКро▓рпНро▓ро╡рпЛ роХрпВроЯро╛родрпБ. тАЭ

42. “роТро░рпБ родро┐роЯрооро╛рой рокро╛ро▒рпИ рокрпБропро▓ро╛ро▓рпН роЕроЪрпИроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯро╛родродрпБ рокрпЛро▓, роЮро╛ройро┐роХро│рпБроорпН рокрпБроХро┤ро╛ро▓рпН роЕро▓рпНро▓родрпБ рокро┤ро┐ропро╛ро▓рпН рокро╛родро┐роХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпБро╡родро┐ро▓рпНро▓рпИ.”

43. “роиро╛роЩрпНроХро│рпН роЕройрпНрокрпИ ро╡ро│ро░рпНродрпНродрпБроХрпН роХрпКро│рпНро╡рпЛроорпН, роЕродрпИ роиро╛роЩрпНроХро│рпН роХроЯрпИрокрпНрокро┐роЯро┐рокрпНрокрпЛроорпН, роЕродрпИ роТро░рпБ ро╡ро┤ро┐ропро╛роХро╡рпБроорпН роЕроЯро┐рокрпНрокроЯрпИропро╛роХро╡рпБроорпН роЖроХрпНроХрпБро╡рпЛроорпН …”

44. тАЬрооройродро┐ро▓рпН роЖроЪрпИроХро│ро╛ро▓рпН роиро┐ро░рокрпНрокрокрпНрокроЯро╛род роТро░рпБро╡ро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБ рокропроорпН роЗро▓рпНро▓рпИ.тАЭ

45. тАЬроЙроЩрпНроХро│рпБроЯрпИропродрпБ роОродрпБро╡рпБрооро┐ро▓рпНро▓рпИ: роЕродрпИ ро╡ро┐роЯрпНроЯрпБро╡ро┐роЯрпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН. роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН роЕродрпИ ро╡ро┐роЯрпНроЯрпБро╡ро┐роЯрпБро╡родрпБ роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпН роирпАрогрпНроЯроХро╛ро▓ роороХро┐ро┤рпНроЪрпНроЪро┐ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роиройрпНроорпИроХрпНроХро╛роХ роЗро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБроорпН. тАЭ

46. тАЛтАЛтАЬроЗройро┐роорпЗро▓рпН роЖроХро┐ро╡ро┐роЯрпБроХро┐ро▒ роПроХрпНроХроорпБроорпН родро╛роХроорпБроорпН роЗро▓рпНро▓ро╛родро╡ройрпН; ро╡ро┐ро┤ро┐родрпНродрпЖро┤рпБроирпНрод, родроЯрооро▒ро┐ропро╛род, рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН ро╡ро░роорпНрокро▒рпНро▒ ро╡ро░роорпНрокрпИ роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН роОро╡рпНро╡ро╛ро▒рпБ роХрогрпНроХро╛рогро┐роХрпНроХ роорпБроЯро┐ропрпБроорпН? тАЭ

47. тАЬродро┐ропро╛ройро┐ропрпБроЩрпНроХро│рпНтАж родро╛роородро┐роХрпНроХро╛родрпАро░рпНроХро│рпН, рокро┐ройрпНройро░рпН роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН ро╡ро░рпБродрпНродрокрпНрокроЯроХрпНроХрпВроЯро╛родрпБ.тАЭ

48. тАЬроОро┤рпБроорпН родройрпНроорпИ роОродрпБро╡ро╛роХ роЗро░рпБроирпНродро╛ро▓рпБроорпН роЕродрпИ роиро┐ро▒рпБродрпНродрпБроорпН родройрпНроорпИ роЙрогрпНроЯрпБ.тАЭ

49. “роЪрооро╛родро╛ройродрпНродрпИ роЕроЯрпИроп роЙро▒рпБродро┐ропрпБроЯройрпН рокропро┐ро▒рпНроЪро┐ роЪрпЖропрпНропрпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН.”

50. тАЬроЖро▒рпБроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роЗро░рпБроирпНродрпБ рокро┐ро│ро╡рпБроХро│ро┐ро▓рпБроорпН рокро┐ро│ро╡рпБроХро│ро┐ро▓рпБроорпН родрпЖро░ро┐роирпНродрпБ роХрпКро│рпНро│рпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН: роЪро┐ро▒ро┐роп родроЯроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роЙро│рпНро│ро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН роЪродрпНродрооро╛роХ роУроЯрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпНроХро│рпН, рокрпЖро░ро┐роп роУроЯрпНроЯроорпН роЕроорпИродро┐ропро╛роХ роЗро░рпБроХрпНроХро┐ро▒родрпБ. роОродрпБ роорпБро┤рпБродро╛роХ роЗро▓рпНро▓ро╛родродрпБ роЪродрпНродроорпН рокрпЛроЯрпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ. роОродрпБ роиро┐ро░роорпНрокро┐ропродрпЛ роЕродрпБ роЕроорпИродро┐ропро╛ройродрпБ. тАЭ

роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпН роиро╛ро│рпИродрпН родрпКроЯроЩрпНроХ 150 роХрпБроЯрпН рооро╛ро░рпНройро┐роЩрпН роорпЗро▒рпНроХрпЛро│рпНроХро│рпН

51. тАЬроЕроЩрпНроХрпБро│рпНро│ роЙропро┐ро░ро┐ройроЩрпНроХро│рпН роОродрпБро╡ро╛роХ роЗро░рпБроирпНродро╛ро▓рпБроорпН - рокро▓ро╡рпАройрооро╛рой роЕро▓рпНро▓родрпБ ро╡ро▓рпБро╡ро╛рой, роирпАрогрпНроЯ, родроЯро┐родрпНрод, роЕро▓рпНро▓родрпБ роироЯрпБродрпНродро░ роЕро│ро╡рпБ, роХрпБро▒рпБроХро┐роп, роЪро┐ро▒ро┐роп, рокрпЖро░ро┐роп, рокро╛ро░рпНродрпНродро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН роЕро▓рпНро▓родрпБ роХро╛рогрокрпНрокроЯро╛родро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН, родрпВро░родрпНродро┐ро▓рпЛ роЕро▓рпНро▓родрпБ роЕро░рпБроХро┐ро▓рпЛ ро╡роЪро┐рокрпНрокро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН, рокро┐ро▒роирпНродро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роЗройрпНройрпБроорпН роЗро░рпБрокрпНрокро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН рокро┐ро▒роХрпНроХ - роОро▓рпНро▓ро╛ рооройро┐родро░рпНроХро│рпБроХрпНроХрпБроорпН роороХро┐ро┤рпНроЪрпНроЪро┐ропро╛рой рооройроорпН роЗро░рпБроХрпНроХроЯрпНроЯрпБроорпН. тАЭ

52. “роХрпКроЯрпБроХрпНроХрпБроорпН роЖро▒рпНро▒ро▓рпИрокрпН рокро▒рпНро▒ро┐ роОройроХрпНроХрпБродрпН родрпЖро░ро┐роирпНродродрпИ роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН роЕро▒ро┐роирпНродро┐ро░рпБроирпНродро╛ро▓рпН, роТро░рпБ ро╡ро┐родродрпНродро┐ро▓рпН рокроХро┐ро░рпНроирпНродрпБ роХрпКро│рпНро│ро╛рооро▓рпН роТро░рпБ роЙрогро╡рпИ роХрпВроЯ роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН ро╡ро┐роЯрооро╛роЯрпНроЯрпАро░рпНроХро│рпН.”

53. тАЬроЕро╡ро░рпН ро╡рпЗро▒рпКро░рпБро╡ро░рпИ роПрооро╛ро▒рпНро▒ро╡рпЛ, ропро╛ро░рпИропрпБроорпН роОроЩрпНроХрпБроорпН ро╡рпЖро▒рпБроХрпНроХро╡рпЛ роХрпВроЯро╛родрпБ. роХрпЛрокродрпНродро┐ро▓рпЛ роЕро▓рпНро▓родрпБ роирпЛропро┐ро▓рпЛ роЕро╡ро░рпН роЗройрпНройрпКро░рпБ роирпЛропрпИ ро╡ро┐ро░рпБроорпНрокрооро╛роЯрпНроЯро╛ро░рпН. тАЭ

54. тАЬроироорпН ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНроХрпНроХрпИ роироорпН рооройродро┐ройро╛ро▓рпН ро╡роЯро┐ро╡роорпИроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯрпБро│рпНро│родрпБ; роиро╛роорпН роОройрпНрой роиро┐ройрпИроХрпНроХро┐ро▒рпЛроорпН. роТро░рпБ ро╡рогрпНроЯро┐ропро┐ройрпН роЪроХрпНроХро░роЩрпНроХро│рпН роЕродрпИ роЗро┤рпБроХрпНроХрпБроорпН роОро░рпБродрпБроХро│рпИрокрпН рокро┐ройрпНродрпКроЯро░рпНро╡родро╛ро▓рпН родрпБройрпНрокроорпН роТро░рпБ родрпАроп роОрогрпНрогродрпНродрпИрокрпН рокро┐ройрпНрокро▒рпНро▒рпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ. роироорпН ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНроХрпНроХрпИ роироорпН рооройродро┐ройро╛ро▓рпН ро╡роЯро┐ро╡роорпИроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯрпБро│рпНро│родрпБ; роиро╛роорпН роОройрпНрой роиро┐ройрпИроХрпНроХро┐ро▒рпЛроорпН. роТро░рпБрокрпЛродрпБроорпН ро╡ро┐ро▓роХро╛род роиро┐ро┤ро▓рпН рокрпЛройрпНро▒ родрпВроп роЪро┐роирпНродройрпИропрпИ роороХро┐ро┤рпНроЪрпНроЪро┐ рокро┐ройрпНрокро▒рпНро▒рпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН. тАЭ

55. тАЬроирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН роЖро░рпНро╡родрпНродрпБроЯройрпН родро┐ропро╛ройро┐родрпНродро╛ро▓рпН, рооройродро┐ро▓рпН родрпВропрпНроорпИропро╛роХро╡рпБроорпН, роЪрпЖропро▓рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роЗро░роХрпНроХрооро╛роХро╡рпБроорпН, родро░рпНроородрпНродро┐ро▒рпНроХрпБ роЗроЪрпИро╡ро╛роХ роТро┤рпБроХрпНроХрооро╛рой ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНроХрпНроХрпИропрпИ роироЯродрпНродро┐ ро╡роирпНродро╛ро▓рпН, роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН роороХро┐роорпИропро┐ро▓рпН ро╡ро│ро░рпБро╡рпАро░рпНроХро│рпН. роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН роЖро░рпНро╡родрпНродрпБроЯройрпН родро┐ропро╛ройро┐родрпНродро╛ро▓рпН, роЖройрпНроорпАроХ роТро┤рпБроХрпНроХроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН роорпВро▓роорпН роОроирпНродро╡рпКро░рпБ ро╡рпЖро│рпНро│родрпНродрпИропрпБроорпН роорпВро┤рпНроХроЯро┐роХрпНроХ роорпБроЯро┐ропро╛род роТро░рпБ родрпАро╡рпИ роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпЗ роЙро░рпБро╡ро╛роХрпНроХро┐роХрпН роХрпКро│рпНро│ро▓ро╛роорпН. тАЭ

56. тАЬроиро▓рпНро▓ро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН роОройрпНрой роироЯроирпНродро╛ро▓рпБроорпН роироЯроирпНродрпБроХрпКрогрпНроЯрпЗ роЗро░рпБрокрпНрокро╛ро░рпНроХро│рпН. роЕро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН ро╡рпАрогрпН роЪрпКро▒рпНроХро│рпИрокрпН рокрпЗроЪрпБро╡родро┐ро▓рпНро▓рпИ, роиро▓рпНро▓ роЕродро┐ро░рпНро╖рпНроЯродрпНродро┐ро▓рпБроорпН роХрпЖроЯрпНроЯро╡ро┐ро▓рпБроорпН роТройрпНро▒рпЗ. роТро░рпБро╡ро░рпН роХрпБро┤роирпНродрпИроХро│рпИропрпЛ роЪрпЖро▓рпНро╡родрпНродрпИропрпЛ роЪроХрпНродро┐ропрпИропрпЛ ро╡рпЖро▒рпНро▒ро┐ропрпИропрпЛ роиро┐ропро╛ропрооро▒рпНро▒ роорпБро▒рпИропро┐ро▓рпН ро╡ро┐ро░рпБроорпНрокро┐ройро╛ро▓рпН, роЕродрпНродроХрпИропро╡ро░рпН роиро▓рпНро▓ро╡ро░рпН, роЮро╛ройроорпБро│рпНро│ро╡ро░рпН, роиро▓рпНро▓рпКро┤рпБроХрпНроХроорпБро│рпНро│ро╡ро░рпН роОройрпНро▒рпБ родрпЖро░ро┐роирпНродрпБ роХрпКро│рпНро│рпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН. тАЭ

57. тАЬродройрпНройрпИ ро╡рпЖро▓рпНро▓рпБроХро┐ро▒ро╡ройрпН рокрпЛро░рпНроХрпНроХро│родрпНродро┐ро▓рпН роЖропро┐ро░роорпН роЖропро┐ро░роорпН рооройро┐родро░рпНроХро│рпИ ро╡рпЖройрпНро▒ро╡ройрпИ ро╡ро┐роЯ рокрпЖро░ро┐ропро╡ройрпН. рооро▒рпНро▒ро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН роорпАродрпБ роЕро▓рпНро▓, роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпИ ро╡рпЖройрпНро▒рпЖроЯрпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН. ”

58. тАЬроЙроЩрпНроХро│рпН роЪрпБропроорпЗ роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпН роОроЬрооро╛ройрпН; ро╡рпЗро▒рпБ ропро╛ро░рпН роЗро░рпБроХрпНроХ роорпБроЯро┐ропрпБроорпН? роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпИ роиройрпНроХрпБ роХроЯрпНроЯрпБрокрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродро┐ройро╛ро▓рпН, роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН роТро░рпБ роОроЬрооро╛ройро░рпИроХрпН роХрогрпНроЯрпБрокро┐роЯро┐рокрпНрокродрпБ рооро┐роХро╡рпБроорпН роХроЯро┐ройроорпН. тАЭ

59. “роЪроЯроЩрпНроХрпБроХро│рпН рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН родрпАро░рпНрооро╛ройроЩрпНроХро│рпН роорпВро▓рооро╛роХро╡рпЛ, роЕродро┐роХ роХро▒рпНро▒ро▓рпН роорпВро▓рооро╛роХро╡рпЛ, рокро┐ро░роорпНроороЪрпНроЪро░ро┐ропродрпНродро┐ройро╛ро▓рпЛ роЕро▓рпНро▓, родро┐ропро╛ройродрпНродро┐ройро╛ро▓рпЛ роЕро▓рпНро▓, роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпН роЪрпБроп ро╡ро┐ро░рпБрокрпНрокродрпНродрпИ роирпАроХрпНроХрпБроорпН ро╡ро░рпИ роиро┐ро░рпНро╡ро╛рогродрпНродро┐ройрпН рооро┐роХ роЙропро░рпНроирпНрод, роЕро┤ро┐ропро╛род роороХро┐ро┤рпНроЪрпНроЪро┐ропрпИроХрпН роХро╛рог роорпБроЯро┐ропро╛родрпБ.”

60. тАЬроиро╛роЩрпНроХро│рпН роиро┐ро░роирпНродро░рооро╛роХ роиро┐ройрпИродрпНродро╛ро▓рпБроорпН, роиро╛роЩрпНроХро│рпН роЗро▓рпНро▓рпИ роОройрпНро▒рпБ родрпЖро░ро┐роХро┐ро▒родрпБ. роиро╛роЩрпНроХро│рпН роХрпБроЯро┐ропрпЗро▒ро┐ройрпЛроорпН роОройрпНро▒рпБ роиро┐ройрпИродрпНродро╛ро▓рпБроорпН, роиро╛роЩрпНроХро│рпН роЗро▓рпНро▓рпИ. роиро╛роЩрпНроХро│рпН роОройрпНро▒рпЖройрпНро▒рпБроорпН роиро┐ро▓рпИродрпНродро┐ро░рпБрокрпНрокрпЛроорпН роОройрпНро▒рпБ роиро┐ройрпИродрпНродро╛ро▓рпБроорпН, роиро╛роЩрпНроХро│рпН роЕро╡рпНро╡ро╛ро▒рпБ роЪрпЖропрпНроп рооро╛роЯрпНроЯрпЛроорпН. тАЭ

61. тАЬроЗройрпНрокродрпНродро┐ро▒рпНроХрпБрокрпН рокро┐ройрпН роУроЯро╛родрпАро░рпНроХро│рпН, родро┐ропро╛ройродрпНродро┐ройрпН рокропро┐ро▒рпНроЪро┐ропрпИ рокрпБро▒роХрпНроХрогро┐роХрпНроХро╡рпБроорпН. роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНроХрпНроХрпИропро┐ройрпН роЗро▓роХрпНроХрпИ рооро▒роирпНродрпБ роЙро▓роХро┐ройрпН роЗройрпНрокроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роЪро┐роХрпНроХро┐ройро╛ро▓рпН, родро┐ропро╛ройродрпНродро┐ро▒рпНроХрпБ роорпБродро▓ро┐роЯроорпН роХрпКроЯрпБрокрпНрокро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпИ роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН рокрпКро▒ро╛роорпИрокрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНрод ро╡ро░рпБро╡рпАро░рпНроХро│рпН. тАЭ

62. тАЬроХрпЛрокродрпНродрпИ роорпЖройрпНроорпИропро┐ройрпН роорпВро▓рооро╛роХро╡рпБроорпН, роЗро░роХрпНроХродрпНродро┐ройрпН роорпВро▓роорпН роЗро░роХрпНроХрооро▒рпНро▒ родройрпНроорпИропрпБроЯройрпБроорпН, родро╛ро░ро╛ро│ рооройрокрпНрокро╛ройрпНроорпИропро┐ройрпН роорпВро▓рооро╛роХро╡рпБроорпН, роЪродрпНродро┐ропродрпНродро╛ро▓рпН рокрпКропрпНропрпБроЯройрпБроорпН ро╡рпЖро▓рпНро▓рпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН.тАЭ

63. тАЬроЙроЩрпНроХро│рпН роХрогрпНроХро│рпИропрпБроорпН роХро╛родрпБроХро│рпИропрпБроорпН рокропро┐ро▒рпНро▒рпБро╡ро┐роХрпНроХро╡рпБроорпН; роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпН роорпВроХрпНроХрпБ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роиро╛роХрпНроХрпИрокрпН рокропро┐ро▒рпНро▒рпБро╡ро┐роХрпНроХро╡рпБроорпН. рокрпБро▓ройрпНроХро│рпН рокропро┐ро▒рпНроЪро┐ рокрпЖро▒рпБроорпНрокрпЛродрпБ роиро▓рпНро▓ роирогрпНрокро░рпНроХро│рпН. роЪрпЖропро▓рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпН роЙроЯро▓рпИрокрпН рокропро┐ро▒рпНро▒рпБро╡ро┐роХрпНроХро╡рпБроорпН, роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпН роиро╛роХрпНроХрпИ ро╡ро╛ро░рпНродрпНродрпИроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН рокропро┐ро▒рпНро▒рпБро╡ро┐роХрпНроХро╡рпБроорпН, роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпН рооройродрпИ роОрогрпНрогроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН рокропро┐ро▒рпНро▒рпБро╡ро┐роХрпНроХро╡рпБроорпН. роЗроирпНрод рокропро┐ро▒рпНроЪро┐ роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпИ родрпБроХрпНроХродрпНродро┐ро▒рпНроХрпБ роЕрокрпНрокро╛ро▒рпНрокроЯрпНроЯродрпБ. тАЭ

64. тАЬрокрпБродрпИропро▓рпИроЪрпН роЪрпБроЯрпНроЯро┐роХрпНроХро╛роЯрпНроЯрпБроорпН роТро░рпБро╡ро░рпИрокрпН рокрпЛро▓, роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпН родро╡ро▒рпБроХро│рпИрокрпН рокро╛ро░рпНродрпНродрпБ роЕро╡ро▒рпНро▒рпИроЪрпН роЪрпБроЯрпНроЯро┐роХрпНроХро╛роЯрпНроЯрпБроорпН рокрпБродрпНродро┐роЪро╛ро▓ро┐. роЕродрпНродроХрпИроп роорпБройро┐ро╡ро░рпБроЯройрпН роЗрогрпИроирпНродро┐ро░рпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН. тАЭ

65. тАЬроОро▓рпНро▓ро╛ родро╡ро▒ро╛рой роЪрпЖропро▓рпНроХро│рпБроорпН рооройродро┐ройро╛ро▓рпН роОро┤рпБроХро┐ройрпНро▒рой. рооройроорпН рооро╛ро▒рпНро▒рокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯро╛ро▓рпН родро╡ро▒рпБ роЪрпЖропрпНро╡родрпБ родрпКроЯро░рпНроирпНродрпБ роЗро░рпБроХрпНроХ роорпБроЯро┐ропрпБрооро╛? тАЭ

66. тАЬроЙроЩрпНроХро│рпБроЯрпИропродрпБ роОродрпБро╡рпБрооро┐ро▓рпНро▓рпИ: роЕродрпИ ро╡ро┐роЯрпНроЯрпБро╡ро┐роЯрпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН. роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН роЕродрпИ ро╡ро┐роЯрпНроЯрпБро╡ро┐роЯрпБро╡родрпБ роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпН роирпАрогрпНроЯроХро╛ро▓ роороХро┐ро┤рпНроЪрпНроЪро┐ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роиройрпНроорпИроХрпНроХро╛роХ роЗро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБроорпН. тАЭ

67. “роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпН ро╡рпЗро▓рпИропрпИ роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпН ро╡рпЗро▓рпИропрпИроХрпН роХрогрпНроЯрпБрокро┐роЯро┐рокрпНрокродрпБроорпН, рокро┐ройрпНройро░рпН роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпИ роорпБро┤рпБ рооройродрпБроЯройрпН ро╡ро┤роЩрпНроХрпБро╡родрпБроорпН роЖроХрпБроорпН.”

68. тАЬроиро╛ройрпН роЙро▓роХродрпНродрпБроЯройрпН родроХро░ро╛ро▒рпБ роЪрпЖропрпНропро╡ро┐ро▓рпНро▓рпИ; рооро╛ро▒ро╛роХ роЙро▓роХроорпЗ роОройрпНройрпБроЯройрпН родроХро░ро╛ро▒рпБ роЪрпЖропрпНроХро┐ро▒родрпБ. тАЭ

69. “роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН рокро╛родрпИропро╛роХ рооро╛ро▒рпБроорпН ро╡ро░рпИ роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН рокро╛родрпИропро┐ро▓рпН рокропрогро┐роХрпНроХ роорпБроЯро┐ропро╛родрпБ.”

70. “роХроЯроирпНрод роХро╛ро▓роЩрпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роХрпБроЯро┐ропро┐ро░рпБроХрпНроХ ро╡рпЗрогрпНроЯро╛роорпН, роОродро┐ро░рпНроХро╛ро▓родрпНродрпИрокрпН рокро▒рпНро▒ро┐ роХройро╡рпБ роХро╛рогро╛родрпАро░рпНроХро│рпН, родро▒рпНрокрпЛродрпИроп родро░рпБрогродрпНродро┐ро▓рпН рооройродрпИроХрпН роХрпБро╡ро┐роХрпНроХро╡рпБроорпН.”

71. “роТро░рпБ рооро▓ро░ро┐ройрпН роЕро▒рпНрокрпБродродрпНродрпИ роиро╛роорпН родрпЖро│ро┐ро╡ро╛роХроХрпН роХро╛рог роорпБроЯро┐роирпНродро╛ро▓рпН, роироорпН ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНроиро╛ро│рпН роорпБро┤рпБро╡родрпБроорпН рооро╛ро▒рпБроорпН.”

72. “ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНроХрпНроХрпИропро┐ро▓рпН роТро░рпЗ роЙрогрпНроорпИропро╛рой родрпЛро▓рпНро╡ро┐, роЪро┐ро▒роирпНродро╡ро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБродрпН родрпЖро░ро┐роирпНродро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпБроХрпНроХрпБ роЙрогрпНроорпИропро╛роХ роЗро░рпБроХрпНроХроХрпНроХрпВроЯро╛родрпБ.”

73. тАЬроЯро┐ро░ро╛рокрпН рокрпИ роЯро┐ро░ро╛рокрпН роОройрпНрокродрпБ родрогрпНрогрпАро░рпН рокро╛ройрпИ роиро┐ро░рокрпНрокрокрпНрокроЯрпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ. роЕродрпЗрокрпЛро▓рпН, роЮро╛ройро┐, роЕродрпИ роХрпКроЮрпНроЪроорпН роХрпКроЮрпНроЪрооро╛роХ роЪрпЗроХро░ро┐родрпНродрпБ, родройрпНройрпИ роиройрпНроорпИропрпЛроЯрпБ роиро┐ро░рокрпНрокрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ройрпН. тАЭ

74. тАЬроЙрогрпНроорпИропро╛роХ роЗро░рпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН; роХрпЛрокродрпНродро┐ро▒рпНроХрпБ роЕроЯро┐рокрогро┐роп ро╡рпЗрогрпНроЯро╛роорпН. роЙроЩрпНроХро│ро┐роЯроорпН роЗро░рпБроирпНродро╛ро▓рпБроорпН роХрпБро▒рпИро╡ро╛роХ роЗро░рпБроирпНродро╛ро▓рпБроорпН роЗро▓ро╡роЪрооро╛роХроХрпН роХрпКроЯрпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН. родрпЖропрпНро╡роЩрпНроХро│рпН роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпИ роЖроЪрпАро░рпНро╡родро┐рокрпНрокро╛ро░рпНроХро│рпН. тАЭ

75. тАЬроЗро░рпБрокрпНрокродро▒рпНроХро╛рой роорпБро┤рпБ ро░роХроЪро┐ропроорпБроорпН рокропрокрпНрокроЯроХрпНроХрпВроЯро╛родрпБ. роЙроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роОройрпНрой роЖроХрпБроорпЛ роОройрпНро▒рпБ роТро░рпБрокрпЛродрпБроорпН роЕроЮрпНроЪро╛родрпАро░рпНроХро│рпН, ропро╛ро░рпИропрпБроорпН роироорпНрокро╛родрпАро░рпНроХро│рпН. роОро▓рпНро▓ро╛ роЙродро╡ро┐роХро│рпИропрпБроорпН роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН роиро┐ро░ро╛роХро░ро┐роХрпНроХрпБроорпН родро░рпБрогроорпН роороЯрпНроЯрпБроорпЗ роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН ро╡ро┐роЯрпБро╡ро┐роХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпБроХро┐ро▒рпАро░рпНроХро│рпН. тАЭ

76. тАЬроОродрпИропрпБроорпН роЪрпЖропрпНропродрпН родроХрпБродро┐ропро╛ройродро╛роХ роЗро░рпБроирпНродро╛ро▓рпН, роЕродрпИ роорпБро┤рпБ рооройродрпБроЯройрпН роЪрпЖропрпНропрпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН.тАЭ

77. тАЬрооро▒рпНро▒ро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН родро╡ро▒рпБроХро│рпИрокрпН рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокродрпБ роОро│ро┐родро╛ройродрпБ, роЖройро╛ро▓рпН роТро░рпБро╡ро░ро┐ройрпН роЪрпКроирпНрод родро╡ро▒рпБроХро│рпИрокрпН рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокродрпБ роХроЯро┐ройроорпН. роТро░рпБро╡ро░рпН роХро╛ро▒рпНро▒ро┐ро▓рпН роЕроЯро┐рокрпНрокродрпИрокрпН рокрпЛройрпНро▒ рооро▒рпНро▒ро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН родро╡ро▒рпБроХро│рпИроХрпН роХро╛роЯрпНроЯрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН, роЖройро╛ро▓рпН роТро░рпБ родроирпНродро┐ро░рооро╛рой роЪрпВродро╛роЯрпНроЯроХрпНроХро╛ро░ро░рпН родройродрпБ рокроХроЯрпИроХро│рпИ рооро▒рпИрокрпНрокродро╛ро▓рпН роТро░рпБро╡ро░рпН родройродрпБ роЪрпКроирпНрод родро╡ро▒рпБроХро│рпИ рооро▒рпИроХрпНроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН. тАЭ

78. тАЬродро┐ропро╛ройроорпН роЮро╛ройродрпНродрпИродрпН родро░рпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ; родро┐ропро╛ройродрпНродро┐ройрпН рокро▒рпНро▒ро╛роХрпНроХрпБро▒рпИ роЕро▒ро┐ропро╛роорпИропрпИ ро╡ро┐роЯрпНроЯрпБро╡ро┐роЯрпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ. ”

79. “роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН роЙроЩрпНроХро│рпН роорпАродрпБ ро╡рпЖро▒рпНро▒ро┐ропрпИ роЕроЯрпИропрпБроорпНрокрпЛродрпБ, тАЛтАЛродрпЖропрпНро╡роЩрпНроХро│ро╛ро▓рпН роХрпВроЯ роЕродрпИ родрпЛро▓рпНро╡ро┐ропро╛роХ рооро╛ро▒рпНро▒ роорпБроЯро┐ропро╛родрпБ.”

80. тАЬроЖропро┐ро░роорпН ро╡рпЖро▒рпНро▒рпБ ро╡ро╛ро░рпНродрпНродрпИроХро│рпИ ро╡ро┐роЯ роЪро┐ро▒роирпНродродрпБ, роЕроорпИродро┐ропрпИроХрпН роХрпКроЯрпБроХрпНроХрпБроорпН роТро░рпБ роЪрпКро▓рпН.тАЭ

81. “роиро╛роЩрпНроХро│рпН роОройрпНрой роиро┐ройрпИроХрпНроХро┐ро▒рпЛроорпН, роиро╛роЩрпНроХро│рпН роЖроХро┐ро▒рпЛроорпН.”

82. тАЬроХрпЛрокроорпБро│рпНро│ рооройро┐родройрпИ роЕройрпНрокрпЛроЯрпБ роо ile ройрокрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН. роорпЛроЪрооро╛рой роХрпБрогроорпБро│рпНро│ рооройро┐родройрпИ родропро╡рпБроЯройрпН роЕроорпИродро┐рокрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродро╡рпБроорпН. родро╛ро░ро╛ро│ рооройрокрпНрокро╛ройрпНроорпИропрпБроЯройрпН роо er ройрооро╛роХ роЗро░рпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН. рокрпКропрпНропро░рпИ роЙрогрпНроорпИропрпЛроЯрпБ роо ile ройрооро╛роХрпНроХрпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН. тАЭ

83. “роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН родро┐роЪрпИропрпИ рооро╛ро▒рпНро▒ро╡ро┐ро▓рпНро▓рпИ роОройрпНро▒ро╛ро▓рпН, роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН роЪрпЖро▓рпНро▓рпБроорпН роЗроЯродрпНродро┐ро▒рпНроХрпБ роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпН роЪрпЖро▓рпНро▓ро▓ро╛роорпН.”

84. тАЬроЖро░рпЛроХрпНроХро┐ропроорпЗ роЪро┐ро▒роирпНрод рокро░ро┐роЪрпБ, рооройроиро┐ро▒рпИро╡рпБ роЪро┐ро▒роирпНрод роЪрпЖро▓рпНро╡роорпН, роЪро┐ро▒роирпНрод роЙро▒ро╡ро┐ройро░рпИ роироорпНрокрпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН, роиро┐ро░рпНро╡ро╛рогроорпН рооро┐роХрокрпНрокрпЖро░ро┐роп роороХро┐ро┤рпНроЪрпНроЪро┐.

Un attachment
not
Detachment

Letting go is a painful part of life. But according to Buddhism, we must let go of attachment and desires if we are to experience happiness.

However, letting go doesnтАЩt mean you donтАЩt care about anyone and anything. It actually means you can experience life and love fully and openly without clinging to it for your survival.

According to Buddhism, this is the only way to experience true freedom and happiness.

https://mlhmvq6amqed.i.optimole.com/9Yurtvc-zE1H_BCq/w:355/h:236/q:auto/https://ideapod.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/pexels-photo-784928-compressor.jpeg

Travancore’s temple entry proclamation of 1936 for ‘lower …
https://www.firstpost.com/india/travancores-temple-entry-proclamation-of-1936-for-lower-castes-why-nobody-questions-egalitarianism-in-kerala-2504278.html
Lower castes bore the brunt of it, leading to extraordinary practices such as not only untouchability, but also un-seeability. Also, bizarrely precise laws of untouchability and even un-shadowability were in effect: a Nair must stand at least 5 feet away from a Nambudiri, an Ezhava 10 feet, a Pulaya 15 feet, and so on.

Native Brahmins and Non-Native Brahmins | The Orient Views
https://orientviews.wordpress.com/2013/10/02/native-brahmins-and-non-native-brahmins/
Few days back, i came across a Choliya Brahmin through my friend. While casually interacting with him, there was a discussion about the sharp divide among different sects of brahmins. In that he was saying that the Vadama brahmins treats them as untouchables, and will perform purification when the choliya brahmins entered their house. ThisтАж

Maker of COVID Tests Says Pandemic is Biggest Hoax Ever Perpetrated | Winter Watch

Maker of COVID Tests Says Pandemic is Biggest Hoax Ever Perpetrated | Winter Watch
By G. Edward Griffin | 21 November 2020 RED PILL UNIVERSITY тАФ Top pathologist Dr. Roger Hodkinson told Canadian government officials in Alberta during a phone conference that the coronavirus pandemic is тАЬthe greatest hoax ever […]

https://www.winterwatch.net/2020/11/maker-of-covid-tests-says-pandemic-is-biggest-hoax-ever-perpetrated/
Maker of COVID Tests Says Pandemic is Biggest Hoax Ever Perpetrated
By G. Edward Griffin | 21 November 2020
RED PILL UNIVERSITY тАФ Top pathologist Dr. Roger Hodkinson told Canadian government officials in Alberta during a phone conference that the coronavirus pandemic is тАЬthe greatest hoax ever perpetrated on an unsuspecting public.тАЭ Hodkinson, who is the CEO of a biotech company that makes COVID tests, says тАЬThere is utterly unfounded public hysteria driven by the media and politicians.тАЭ We are seeing тАЬpolitics playing medicine, and thatтАЩs a very dangerous game.тАЭ
Positive test results do not mean a clinical infection, he says. All testing should stop because the false numbers they produce are тАЬdriving public hysteria.тАЭ Hodkinson says the risk of death for people under the age of 65 is тАЬone in three-hundred thousandтАЭ and it is тАЬoutrageousтАЭ to shut down society for what is merely тАЬjust another bad flu.тАЭ [тАж]

But this COVID though it is Hoax and just another bad flu helped creating all humans as untouchable, un see ables and even un shadow ables

which is leading to practice un attachablity and not detachabilty

Travancores temple entry proclamation of 1936 for lower castes: Why nobody questions egalitarianism in Kerala-India News , Firstpost

Travancores temple entry proclamation of 1936 for lower castes: Why nobody questions egalitarianism in Kerala-India News , Firstpost
Just as the French revolution had its dark side, so does the social revolution in Kerala: the egalitarianism of this proclamation brought with it a reverse discrimination.

Travancore’s temple entry proclamation of 1936 for ‘lower’ castes: Why nobody questions egalitarianism in Kerala
Just as the French revolution had its dark side, so does the social revolution in Kerala: the egalitarianism of this proclamation brought with it a reverse discrimination.

On November 12, 1936, the birthday of the young Maharaja of Travancore, Sri Chitra Thirunal Balarama Varma, he issued a proclamation in his capital, Trivandrum. The proclamation said, in its entirety:
‘Profoundly convinced of the truth and validity of our religion, believing that it is based on divine guidance and on all-comprehending toleration, knowing that in its practice it has throughout the centuries, adapted itself to the needs of changing times, solicitous that none of our Hindu subjects should, by reason of birth or caste or community, be denied the consolation and the solace of the Hindu faith, we have decided and hereby declare, ordain and command that, subject to such rules and conditions as may be laid down and imposed by us for preserving their proper atmosphere and maintaining their rituals and observances, there should henceforth be no restriction placed on any Hindu by birth or religion on entering or worshipping at temples controlled by us and our Government.’

To us today, this may seem commonplace, but for that time and place it was revolutionary. For this was Travancore, which Swami Vivekananda had called тАЬa lunatic asylumтАЭ for the indignities heaped on its lower castes.

Today, Kerala is probably the least (overtly) casteist part of the country, although it is almost certainly the most (covertly) communal part as well. But nobody questions egalitarianism. This edict was as powerful as the ideals of the French Revolution: liberty, equality and fraternity.
But just as the revolution had its dark side, so does KeralaтАЩs social revolution: the egalitarianism of this proclamation brought with it a reverse discrimination, so that today the Hindus are at the receiving end of what is for all practical purposes an apartheid: in every way, they are behind the Christians and Muslims, who also benefit from official benefits for them.

Be that as it may, a little history lesson is in order. What is now Kerala was, like most of South India around 1500 years ago, heavily Buddhist and Jain: and there are occasional discoveries of seated Buddhas by farmers tilling the fields. There is evidence from Xieun Tsang, the Chinese traveler, who described his trip to Sabarimala where he said the presiding deity was worshipped simultaneously as both Siva and the Avalokitesvara Padmapani.

And I am quoting Communist leader EMS Namboodiripad, so those of you about to outrage at me may calm down. An army of Hindus arrived circa 600CE, headed by Nambudiri Brahmins and defeated the Buddhists, imposing Hindu culture again over the area. Those Buddhists who collaborated became тАШhigh-casteтАЩ sudras (eg Nairs), and those that didnтАЩt became тАШlow-casteтАЩ (eg Ezhavas). This invasion is immortalized in the story of Mahabali, who тАШruled over a kingdom where all were equalтАЩ, and was sent to Patala: thus exiled.

This situation continued for over a thousand years, partly because it was a stable equilibrium wherein all parties knew their roles in society, even those who were oppressed and at the bottom of the pile as feudal peasant untermenschen. There were also small groups of Christians (the first of them arrived around 345CE, contrary to popular mythology, as refugees led by Thomas of Canaan, a Syrian merchant), Jews, and Muslims.

The next big disruption was when the Portuguese, instigated by Francis Xavier, invaded and converted at gunpoint most of the coastal fisherfolk. They were annoyed to find the Syrian Christians who had never heard of the Pope (their allegiance was to the Patriarch of Antioch, Syria) and so proceeded to persecute and forcibly convert them as well.

Next came Tipu Sultan around 1790. He conquered Malabar and parts of Cochin, but was thwarted from entering Travancore by the use of a тАШriver bombтАЩ, wherein Travancore soldiers purposely burst a dam, causing a wall of water to course down the Periyar river. This flooded TipuтАЩs batteries and killed his troops, forcing him to retreat. But TipuтАЩs advance had caused a large number of Hindus to flee persecution and settle in Travancore. Many Hindus were also converted at swordpoint.

The net result of TipuтАЩs invasion was that Travancore became impoverished and thus dependent on the British, who took full advantage of the situation. They forced the regent queen in 1819 to donate Rs. 10,000 (an astronomical sum then) to set up the Valiya Palli church at Kottayam, and large-scale conversions of Hindus began, because they offered poor, low-caste people basic education if they converted.

In 1819, there were, according to the Travancore Manual, 6% Muslims and 6% Christians in Travancore. But under the stress of British overlordship, high tributes extracted by them, and the threat of conversion, paradoxically Hindu society turned destructively inwards and became dysfunctional, even suicidal. Lower castes bore the brunt of it, leading to extraordinary practices such as not only untouchability, but also un-seeability. Also, bizarrely precise laws of untouchability and even un-shadowability were in effect: a Nair must stand at least 5 feet away from a Nambudiri, an Ezhava 10 feet, a Pulaya 15 feet, and so on.

One of the most ridiculous laws prevented lower-caste Hindus from not only going to temples, but even walking on the public roads around them.

Unbelievably, they had a simple way around it: just convert, and then you can use the public roads. Thus a Sankaran merely had to become a Thomas or a Bashir, and he could automatically enjoy a lot more freedom! As a result of all this, by 1930, Travancore was 33% Christian, up from 6% in 1819: Ezhavas and Nadars converted in huge numbers (data from the Travancore Manual).

Increasing awareness of their rights by the lower-castes, especially the Ezhavas, led to agitations for more rights, including entry into government jobs and the Praja-sabha (Assembly) for them. The leadership of Sree Narayana Guru and the poet Kumaran Asan ensured this anger was constructive, and not destructive. But the Vaikom Satyagraha, 1924, about access to the roads around the Vaikom Siva temple, crystallized the anger, and Ezhavas began to discuss en masse conversion to Christianity.

It was in this situation that the wise Maharaja, supported by his brilliant prime minister C P Ramaswamy Iyer, decided that natural justice and sheer decency indicated that temple entry should be granted. Thus the events of November 12, 1936. All Hindus could now, with dignity, go to all temples. In fact, police officers were required to escort low-caste people there. A great-uncle of mine, a dentist, recounted how the very lowest caste people had been led to believe that their eyes would burst if they entered temples, and so it was necessary to demonstrate to them that no such thing would happen.

The net result of all this, unfortunately, was that the previously oppressed became enamored with the siren song of radical egalitarianism and became Communists. To this day, they remain so, thus enabling Communism to retain a foothold in Kerala.
The royals of Travancore, who ruled as regents to the real sovereign Sri Padmanabha, had defeated the Dutch (Colachel 1741) and Tipu (Aluva 1790), and remained one of the best kingdoms in the country, retrieved their lost honor by this far-sighted and bold move in 1936. It was a landmark declaration, no less remarkable than the successes of human rights movements elsewhere.

At the entrance to the Travancore royal palace on the 103rd birthday of Sri Chitra Tirunal. on 10 November, 2015. Image: Rajeev Srinivasan/Firstpost

Travancore’s temple entry proclamation of 1936 for ‘lower …
https://www.firstpost.com/india/travancores-temple-entry-proclamation-of-1936-for-lower-castes-why-nobody-questions-egalitarianism-in-kerala-2504278.html
Lower castes bore the brunt of it, leading to extraordinary practices such as not only untouchability, but also un-seeability. Also, bizarrely precise laws of untouchability and even un-shadowability were in effect: a Nair must stand at least 5 feet away from a Nambudiri, an Ezhava 10 feet, a Pulaya 15 feet, and so on.

Native Brahmins and Non-Native Brahmins | The Orient Views
https://orientviews.wordpress.com/2013/10/02/native-brahmins-and-non-native-brahmins/
Few days back, i came across a Choliya Brahmin through my friend. While casually interacting with him, there was a discussion about the sharp divide among different sects of brahmins. In that he was saying that the Vadama brahmins treats them as untouchables, and will perform purification when the choliya brahmins entered their house. ThisтАж

Maker of COVID Tests Says Pandemic is Biggest Hoax Ever Perpetrated | Winter Watch

Maker of COVID Tests Says Pandemic is Biggest Hoax Ever Perpetrated | Winter Watch
By G. Edward Griffin | 21 November 2020 RED PILL UNIVERSITY тАФ Top pathologist Dr. Roger Hodkinson told Canadian government officials in Alberta during a phone conference that the coronavirus pandemic is тАЬthe greatest hoax ever […]

https://www.winterwatch.net/2020/11/maker-of-covid-tests-says-pandemic-is-biggest-hoax-ever-perpetrated/
Maker of COVID Tests Says Pandemic is Biggest Hoax Ever Perpetrated
By G. Edward Griffin | 21 November 2020
RED PILL UNIVERSITY тАФ Top pathologist Dr. Roger Hodkinson told Canadian government officials in Alberta during a phone conference that the coronavirus pandemic is тАЬthe greatest hoax ever perpetrated on an unsuspecting public.тАЭ Hodkinson, who is the CEO of a biotech company that makes COVID tests, says тАЬThere is utterly unfounded public hysteria driven by the media and politicians.тАЭ We are seeing тАЬpolitics playing medicine, and thatтАЩs a very dangerous game.тАЭ
Positive test results do not mean a clinical infection, he says. All testing should stop because the false numbers they produce are тАЬdriving public hysteria.тАЭ Hodkinson says the risk of death for people under the age of 65 is тАЬone in three-hundred thousandтАЭ and it is тАЬoutrageousтАЭ to shut down society for what is merely тАЬjust another bad flu.тАЭ [тАж]

But this COVID though it is Hoax and just another bad flu helped creating all humans as untouchable, un see ables and even un shadow ables

which is leading to practice un attachablity and not detachabilty

Travancores temple entry proclamation of 1936 for lower castes: Why nobody questions egalitarianism in Kerala-India News , Firstpost

Travancores temple entry proclamation of 1936 for lower castes: Why nobody questions egalitarianism in Kerala-India News , Firstpost
Just as the French revolution had its dark side, so does the social revolution in Kerala: the egalitarianism of this proclamation brought with it a reverse discrimination.

Travancore’s temple entry proclamation of 1936 for ‘lower’ castes: Why nobody questions egalitarianism in Kerala
Just as the French revolution had its dark side, so does the social revolution in Kerala: the egalitarianism of this proclamation brought with it a reverse discrimination.

On November 12, 1936, the birthday of the young Maharaja of Travancore, Sri Chitra Thirunal Balarama Varma, he issued a proclamation in his capital, Trivandrum. The proclamation said, in its entirety:
‘Profoundly convinced of the truth and validity of our religion, believing that it is based on divine guidance and on all-comprehending toleration, knowing that in its practice it has throughout the centuries, adapted itself to the needs of changing times, solicitous that none of our Hindu subjects should, by reason of birth or caste or community, be denied the consolation and the solace of the Hindu faith, we have decided and hereby declare, ordain and command that, subject to such rules and conditions as may be laid down and imposed by us for preserving their proper atmosphere and maintaining their rituals and observances, there should henceforth be no restriction placed on any Hindu by birth or religion on entering or worshipping at temples controlled by us and our Government.’

To us today, this may seem commonplace, but for that time and place it was revolutionary. For this was Travancore, which Swami Vivekananda had called тАЬa lunatic asylumтАЭ for the indignities heaped on its lower castes.

comments (0)
06/27/21
LESSON 4014 Mon 28 Jun 2021 Swim Mindfully Propagate growing vegan and dwarf fruit bearing trees in homes and spread all over the world like Samrat Ashoka did
Filed under: General, Theravada Tipitaka
Posted by: site admin @ 9:04 am

LESSON 4014 Mon 28 Jun 2021

Swim Mindfully

Propagate growing vegan and dwarf fruit bearing trees in homes and spread all over the world like Samrat Ashoka did

8800662528 Registration to be part of largest Kushinara NIBB─АNA reclining Awakened One with Awareness Universe for Welfare, Happiness and Peace for all Societies by 3-12-2021 and for them to attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal

As per the report by CDC (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention) COVID-19 does not spread through water. In fact, the report clearly states that chlorine water is one of the best disinfectants. We have explained the same to the CM and the health minister in our appeal,тАЭ he added.

According to the University of Singapore survey/review based on 131 countries. From June 18, world will be 100% free and happy from December 8th. Their predictions about Italy and Spain fit exactly.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:04 AM]
https://youtu.be/FPtZK7jIyDw

free online step by step guide to grow nutritious vegetables and fruits in pots to practice mindful swimming with pictures and videos

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:16 AM]
http://organicterrace.in/blog/learn-to-grow-your-own-organic-food/

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:18 AM]
Learn to Grow Your Own Fresh Organic Food

AddThis Sharing Buttons
Share to Facebook
Share to Twitter
Share to Email
Share to Pinterest
Share to More
16
Share to WhatsApp
Long time back when I started this blog I had never imagined that I would be writing this post. I had started my blog to document and share my experience and findings on growing vegetables in container using locally available waste and recycled organic waste. But soon I started getting requests for making specific posts related to organic terrace gardening. While I kept sharing my finding I also started to make posts on readersтАЩ requests. And thus this blog grew into a learning resource for people who wanted to learn to grow organic vegetables in a sustainable manner.

But it had grown in an unplanned and unorganized manner. And that led me to write my book тАШOrganic Urban Farming, The Indian WayтАЩ, which is a complete and crisp guide for growing your own food at home. But there are a lot of people who are visual learners and do not read books. Hence I have created an online video course titled тАШOrganic Container Gardening, The Indian WayтАЩ for all kind of learners to easily lean container gardening.
If you ever wanted to learn how to create you own food garden that is organic and sustainable, you have three options to choose from now. You can learn directly from this blog if you are looking for anything specific. And if you want to learn in a holistic manner about organic container gardening, you can choose between book and video course.
Choose the learning method that suits you and sow the seeds of a healthy, content and joyful life.

Related Posts:
1 Growing These Four Herbs in Your Garden is Super Easy
2 Terrace Gardening Workshop Announcement

Author
Prabal
Posted on
June 21, 2020
Categories
How of Terrace Gardening, Planting Guide, Workshop and Training
Tags
Benefits of Organic Terrace Gardening, Organic Terrace Gardening, organic urban farming training, urban farming book, Urban Farming Course, urban farming training, urban farming workshop

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:18 AM]
Learn to Grow Your Own Fresh Organic Food

AddThis Sharing Buttons
Share to Facebook
Share to Twitter
Share to Email
Share to Pinterest
Share to More
16
Share to WhatsApp
Long time back when I started this blog I had never imagined that I would be writing this post. I had started my blog to document and share my experience and findings on growing vegetables in container using locally available waste and recycled organic waste. But soon I started getting requests for making specific posts related to organic terrace gardening. While I kept sharing my finding I also started to make posts on readersтАЩ requests. And thus this blog grew into a learning resource for people who wanted to learn to grow organic vegetables in a sustainable manner.

But it had grown in an unplanned and unorganized manner. And that led me to write my book тАШOrganic Urban Farming, The Indian WayтАЩ, which is a complete and crisp guide for growing your own food at home. But there are a lot of people who are visual learners and do not read books. Hence I have created an online video course titled тАШOrganic Container Gardening, The Indian WayтАЩ for all kind of learners to easily lean container gardening.
If you ever wanted to learn how to create you own food garden that is organic and sustainable, you have three options to choose from now. You can learn directly from this blog if you are looking for anything specific. And if you want to learn in a holistic manner about organic container gardening, you can choose between book and video course.
Choose the learning method that suits you and sow the seeds of a healthy, content and joyful life.

Related Posts:
1 Growing These Four Herbs in Your Garden is Super Easy
2 Terrace Gardening Workshop Announcement

Author
Prabal
Posted on
June 21, 2020
Categories
How of Terrace Gardening, Planting Guide, Workshop and Training
Tags
Benefits of Organic Terrace Gardening, Organic Terrace Gardening, organic urban farming training, urban farming book, Urban Farming Course, urban farming training, urban farming workshop

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:21 AM]
How to Preserve Tomatoes in The Most Delicious Way

AddThis Sharing Buttons
Share to Facebook
Share to Twitter
Share to Email
Share to Pinterest
Share to More
14
Share to WhatsApp
Tomato is one plant which never disappoints in terms of produce, if basics are done right. In our organic terrace garden tomato is in fact one of the most highly producing plants (here is my earlier post on how to grow tomatoes). Generally we grow┬аaround eight to ten regular tomato and four to five cherry tomato plants every winter and we have never had to buy tomatoes from the market. In fact there is a lot of surplus and even after sharing some of it with our neighbors we are still left with lots and lots of fresh and juicy tomatoes. And that is when my sister Smita Mallick who is a budding chef and food blogger┬аcomes to rescue. She preserves the tomatoes in various way which makes them even more delicious and I really mean it. She has been kind enough to write the following post on How to Preserve Tomatoes.

Smita Mallick
Though tomato is grown only in winter, we have been enjoying the taste of our own home grown produce throughout the year because of her preserves. I am sure this post will enable you to do the same. Please donтАЩt forget to follow Smita at Instagram and let her know whether you liked the post or not.

Smita Mallick’s Post Starts Here. All images in this post are ┬й Smita Mallick.
There are multiple ways of how to preserve tomatoes for a longer time. The easiest way is to store┬аthem is to freeze them in a zip pouch after blanching and taking out skin and seeds. Cherry tomatoes can be directly frozen and stored in a zip pouch. In this post however I am going to show you two step by step methods of preserving tomatoes which do involve a little┬аeffort. But in these ways tomatoes can be stored up to a year and also makes the tomatoes even tastier. The first preservation method is making tomato paste and the second one is to sun dry the tomatoes.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:23 AM]
How to Make Sun Dried Tomatoes at Home

Tomatoes need to be de-seeded before drying
For this recipe you can use any type of tomatoes. Working with cherry tomatoes for this recipe can be a little tiresome as each tomato needs to be de-seeded by hand. Hence you can choose to use regular tomatoes for this recipe. Sun dried tomatoes can be used directly in pasta and other dishes. To use them in salads you need to soak them in warm water for 3 to 4 minutes before use. You need now throw away the seeds. They can be stored for the next season.
Ingredients
1 Fresh Tomatoes тАУ 1 kg
2 Olive oil тАУ 2 tbsp
3 Dried mixed herbs тАУ 1 tbsp
4 Salt to taste
Process

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:25 AM]
Process

Arrange the tomatoes skin side down
1 Wash the tomatoes and pat dry with kitchen towel.
2 Cut them into two halves and take out all the seeds and the juice.
3 Add dried mix Italian herb, salt and olive oil to the tomatoes and mix well.
4 Grease any plate or tray with olive oil and put the tomatoes skin side down.
5 Arrange the┬аtomatoes such that each individual piece is separated. This way all pieces will get access to sunlight.
6 Sun dry it for 4 to 5 days or till the moisture evaporates. Sun rays not only help evaporate the moisture, they also help in killing bacteria.
7 Store the sun dried tomatoes in an air tight jar and keep it in refrigerator.
8 These can be stored up to a year

Sun dried Tomatoes

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:27 AM]
How to Make Tomato Paste at Home

Cut Tomatoes into halves
For this recipe you can use any kind of tomatoes. ┬аTomatoes are not de-seeded individually; hence┬аcherry tomatoes┬аcan also be used without much fuss. Tomato paste is typically used in stews, soups, pilaf, pasta etc. The flavors are concentrated and hence just one spoons can change the flavor profile of your dish completely; in a good way of course.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:27 AM]
Ingredients

Arrange tomatoes skin side down in the baking tray
1 Fresh tomatoes тАУ 1 kg
2 Dried Italian Herbs тАУ 1 tbps
3 Vinegar тАУ 1 tsp
4 Olive Oil тАУ 1 tsp for baking and 3 tbsp for cooking

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:28 AM]
Process
1
2 Strain the seeds and skin outтАитАиWash the tomatoes and pat dry with kitchen towel.┬аCut them into two halves.
3 Add dried Italian herb mix and drizzle olive oil.┬аDonтАЩt add much Olive oil; it is just to coat the herbs.
4 Grease baking tray with olive oil and arrange the tomatoes skin side down. You can add some fresh herbs (optional) at this point.┬аHere we added some fresh Italian basil from our organic terrace garden. тАи

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:29 AM]
1 Add more herbs before reducing the pasteтАи
2 Bake the tomatoes for 30 to 40 mins on 180-200 degree centigrade and then take out the tomatoes from the oven and cool.
3 Blend the tomatoes using a food processor or blender. Make sure that you do not add any water to it.
4 Strain the tomato paste using┬аa strainer and┬аput the┬аpureed tomato in a deep pan with a thick base.┬аAdd some more dried herbs at this point┬аif you need more flavor.
5 Add vinegar to the tomato paste at this point.
6 Cook it in a low-med heat till about 90% of the┬аwater evaporates.Keep

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:30 AM]
1 Keep stirring the tomato paste to avoid burningтАитАиstirring in between so that the paste does not burn at the bottom.
2 Add olive (3tbsp) oil to it.┬аCook for another 10 min in a low heat while stirring.
3 Switch of the flame, when the oil separates from the paste.
4 Let it cool. Tomato paste is now ready to be stored.
5 Transfer to┬аan air tight glass jar┬аand label the jar with date.
6 Store it in refrigerator.┬аYou can store it for a year.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:35 AM]
Ready to harvest coriander
After coriander seeds have germinated all you need to do is to water them as needed. You can water with Amrut Jal every 10-15 days for better growth of the plant; but its not absolutely necessary. To harvest you can cut the mature stalks and leave the rest of the plant in place. When coriander plant starts flowering or a little before it you can harvest the whole plant. All parts including the roots can be used in cooking.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:36 AM]
How to Grow Mint┬аin Container

Mint growing in a six inch container
Of all the herbs mentioned in this blog, mint is probably the easiest to grow. Though seeds are available in the market you donтАЩt really need them. Just take a few mature stalk from a mint plant, remove the leaves except 2-4 top leaves and bury the lower part of the stalk in your pot. Water to make the soil moist and in about 10-12 days the stalk would have taken roots. Yes it is as simple as that.
Mint grows like a weed. YouтАЩll see mint spreading everywhere in your pot even from a single stalk. In about 30-40 days after your plant has taken root you can start harvesting. To harvest just nip the mature stalks at the bottom. You can use the leaves and stalks in salads, soups, tea and other beverages

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:37 AM]
How to Grow Basil┬аin Container

Basil can be started in seed trays
Basil has become a much sought after herb now a days. Stores are stocking it up in their shelves, but it is expensive and also not fresh most of the time. Ironically what most people are not aware is that it can be easily grown at home even by a five year old kid. All you need is good quality seeds which are available in most online stores.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:39 AM]
How to Grow Dill┬аin Container

Two dill plants planted in a ten liter pot
Dill is not as popular as other three herbs I have listed in this post, but once you get used to its subtle flavor, you just cant do without it. Dill belongs to the carrot family and is grown from seeds and just like basil you can choose to grow it directly in the soil or start it indoors in a seed tray depending on the temperature. Dill can take a long time to germinate; so you need to be patient.
In case you have started the seeds in a seed tray, transfer it to a container after 10-15 days after germination. Dill grows well in a ten liter container, but anything around 7 liter will also work out fine. You can even plant two plants in a ten liter pot. In 40-50 days after germination you can start harvesting the leaves. The stems and leaves are edible parts of the plant. Even the flower is eaten and is often used as decorative garnish. The root is eaten too, though we have never used it in cooking yet.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:51 AM]
Garden Yoga by Vinita Mitra

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:52 AM]
Containers lined up

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:53 AM]
Seed Sowing in Progress

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:54 AM]
Kids receiving certificates

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:55 AM]
When kids talk everyone listens

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:55 AM]
Green Ninja Group Pic

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:58 AM]
http://organicterrace.in/blog/organic-farming-for-mitigating-climate-change/

Organic Farming for Mitigating Climate Change

AddThis Sharing Buttons
Share to Facebook
Share to Twitter
Share to Email
Share to Pinterest
Share to More
12
Share to WhatsApp
Thanks to┬аGreta Thunberg, people around the world have been woken up to climate change crisis. Some critics have already termed it as just a passing fad and some have also harshly criticized the demands of climate strike group as lop sided and even French media┬аhas warned that her radical ways could end up depressing a generation. Despite the criticism, we can not ignore the passion and effort of a young 16 year old, which for sure has brought about a much needed disruption in the collective slumber┬аof the world.
Along with climate activists there has also been the rise of climate change deniers. In fact the deniers claim that the earth is actually in the middle of a cooling period. Though it is suspected that these groups are backed by fossil fuel companies to spread misinformation based on fringe science, the climate change data┬аis also not without it share of suspicion. There are claims cthat the Global Warming data has actually been faked by NASA to aid politically vested interests. Such contradictory reports can be very confusing and its very difficult to really understand the truth. But we can always look around and see how things have changed around us. We need also to┬аunderstand both Global Warming/Cooling┬аand┬аClimate Change independently even though they are linked.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:59 AM]
Devastation caused by Cyclonic Storm Fani in May 2019
Climate Change can be defined as unexpected and unpredictable change in weather pattern. It can be either in the direction of cooling or warming. Agriculture, economy, cultures and societies are dependent very heavily on predictability of climatic conditions. When weather pattern is disrupted on a continuous basis it leads to break down of societies and civilization irrespective of whether we are cooling or warming. From the data of past few years it can be seen that there has been unexpected changes in climatic conditions and weather stability has been an issue. Closer home monsoons have become irregular. The agricultural system of India is┬аlargely dependent on the predictability of monsoons. But with errant maze of downpours┬аand droughts the agrarian crisis has┬аgone from bad to worse in the last decade. Sea level rise has inundated villages in the coastline and at few places entire village has been abandoned. There has been unprecedented rise in temperature even in what are supposed to be cooler months. Cyclonic storms have become very common and stronger. Ground and surface water availability has become a big issue. Our oceans are becoming poisonous and ecosystems around us are failing. All these facts tell us that there is a definite change in weather cycle and also rise in over all temperature. Greenhouse gasses and deforestation have been found to be a major cause of these changes. It really does not matter what different groups are saying about the temperature of the earth; climate is surely changing and we need to be concerned about it.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 2:00 AM]
Agriculture and Climate Change

GHG Emission per Economic Sector (Source EPA-IPCC-2014)
The demands of the climate strike group focus on reducing emission in transport and electricity production sectors and rightly so. But there is little focus on another significant contributor to global greenhouse gasses which is the Agriculture sector. According to IPCC data in 2014 Agriculture is a close second to Electricity and heat production sector in effecting climate change (Some latest statistics also suggest that GHG emission from agricultural sector is now at 29% as opposed to 24% according to 2010 data) . To some it may come as a shock; after all we are growing plants in farming and how can that contribute to climate change! It sounds so counter intuitive. But the fact is that modern industrial agriculture is one of the biggest culprits of increasing global green house gasses. And this is how it happens.
1 According to a 50 year long study by university of Illinois carbon loss from soil is accelerated when synthetic nitrogen fertilizer is used. Average carbon loss in fields where synthetic nitrogen fertilizer is applied is 10,000 kg per hectare which is 36,700 kg of CO2 per hectare.
2 Intensive industrial agriculture practices such as tilling, mono cropping and removing crop residue expose the carbon soil to oxygen which combines with the carbon to become atmospheric carbon dioxide. In fact it is estimated that some 25-40% of the excess carbon in air is due to destruction of soil organic matter.
3 Intensive agriculture practices are used for growing animal feed and cash crops. About 90% of the soy and 50% of the grain of the world is actually used as animal feed to grow meat and dairy. In addition industrial animal husbandry by itself it a huge contributor of green house gasses especially methane.
4 Forests are being destroyed for agriculture. About half of forest land in the world has been converted into croplands and pastures. The cooling effect caused by moisture transpired from plants and trees is hence gone. This causes┬аcompounded warming along with the greenhouse effect.
5 Heavy usage of fossil fuels in industrial farming causes┬аfurther GHG emission.
6 Last but not the least, the carbon footprint of making and transporting chemical fertilizers and pesticides also contributes to the over all role of organic farming for mitigating┬аclimate change.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 2:02 AM]
Soil Carbon and the Carbon Cycle

Agricultural Productivity Impact of Climate Change (Source-UNCTAD-2013)
The graphics here released by United Nations show the predicted agricultural productivity loss due to climate change. But we now know that modern agriculture is not just an innocent victim of climate change, but is a major contributor to it too. But unlike other sectors Agriculture also has the ability to become a solution to mitigate climate change.┬аAccording to FAO (Food and Agriculture organization of the UN) тАУ тАЬAgriculture not only suffers from the effect of climate change, it is also responsible for 14% of greenhouse gas emission. But agriculture has the potential to be an important part of the solution through mitigation тАУ reducing and/or removing a large part of global emissions.тАЭ┬аTo understand this we need to understand┬аhow carbon is stored in the soil by nature.
Plants pull out carbon dioxide from atmosphere and then convert the carbon to stems leaves etc. They do give some of the carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere through respiration, but it is smaller comparable to what they absorb from the atmosphere. When plants die they decompose and turn into soil carbon. Some amount of carbon dioxide is also released during the decomposition process and microbes break down plant matter into their food. When this decomposed plant matter stabilizes as humus (well decomposed organic matter) it stays in the soil for hundreds of years. ┬аI guess now we are beginning to see how soil can become a good sink for atmospheric carbon.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 2:03 AM]
Soil is the key to climate change mitigation
Currently soil stores more than three times the amount of carbon in atmosphere. But there has been a significant loss in soil carbon in post industrial era. Soil have lost 50-70% of their carbon according to studies. But that also tells us that there is a potential of removing atmospheric carbon and returning the lost carbon back to soil and thus help fight climate change. The process of returning carbon to soil is known as carbon sequestration of soil and according to a study in 2017┬а it was found that global croplands can store up to 1.85 giga tonnes of carbon per year. This process could continue upto 40 years till soil becomes saturated.┬аAccording to an GRAIN (NFO) soil organic matter could be restored to pre-industrial cultivation era in roughly 50 years offsetting approx 30% of current global GHG emission. It is these numbers of soil carbon sequestration which makes organic agriculture a front line candidate for mitigating┬аclimate change.
Organic Agriculture┬аfor Mitigation of Climate Change
Organic agriculture most of the time is referred to as replacing chemical inputs with natural ones in the current industrial mode of agriculture. But that is a huge mislead. In spirit organic farming is a┬аdifferent practice of agriculture which runs in sync with nature and natural conditions. Though┬аthe practices vary slightly with geography as it should, in approach┬аit remains same and is based on the core philosophy of regeneration, nutrient cycling and balance. Some of the features of organic farming are
1 Integrated approach (trees, animals and croplands) for better nutrient recycling
2 Closed loop agriculture with locally available inputs and resources
3 Soil regeneration through composting and ground covers
4 Use of locally adapted sturdy varieties and seed saving
5 Bio-diverse agriculture
6 Efficient nutrient and water management
7 Integrated with larger social and cultural systems and managed by local small scale farmers
The following sections examine how Organic Farming practices can be used to offset green house gasses and also combat climate change issues.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:35 AM]
How to Grow Coriander in Container

Young coriander plants
Coriander is grown from seeds; but┬аyou donтАЩt need to get coriander seeds from your gardening store. Just grab some whole coriander seeds from your kitchen shelf and you are good to go. For faster germination you can soak the seeds for 12-15 hours in water or Amrut Jal. For the container you do not really need a deep one as coriander has shallow roots. And shallow container is ideal for growing coriander. Just fill the container with potting mix. Spread the seeds all over the container and top it with quarter inch of potting mix. Then water carefully so as not to disturb the seeds. To keep the soil moist check everyday and water if necessary. In a few days time you should see coriander seedlings bursting out of the soil. Sometimes. it can take up to 20 days for coriander seeds to germinate. So you need to be patient and wait if the seeds do not germinate early.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:40 AM]
End Note

Ready to harvest basil
Herbs are sold in bunches in the stores and even by your friendly neighborhood vegetable vendor. Most often than not we use a part of the bunch and rest of the bunch is left in the refrigerator to rot. Instead of buying not so fresh bunches of your favorite herb and then leaving it to rot, it is always a better idea to grow your own fresh herb at home and use them as needed. Herbs are the easiest to grow and they can be grown almost everywhere; even on your windowsill. And if you are a gardening enthusiast, but donтАЩt know where to start, you can always start by growing herbs.
So get up your ath and grow some herbs.. ┬а
┬а

Related Posts:
1 How to Grow Cluster Beans in Containers

Author
Prabal
Posted on
December 28, 2019
Categories
Herbs, How of Terrace Gardening, Planting Guide
Tags
basil, cilantro, container gardening, coriander, dill, grow herbs, herbs, herbs in pots, italian basil, mint, organic terrace, Organic Terrace Garden, pudina, Urban Farming

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:46 AM]
http://organicterrace.in/blog/green-ninja-the-urban-farming-workshop-for-kids/
Green Ninja тАУ The Urban Farming Workshop for Kids

AddThis Sharing Buttons
Share to Facebook
Share to Twitter
Share to Email
Share to Pinterest
Share to More
2
Share to WhatsApp
Green Ninja тАУ The Urban Farming┬аWorkshop for Kids
Date тАУ 24.11.2019, Venue тАУ Aikyam

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:47 AM]
Green Ninjas fooling around
I am very excited about this post. A few days earlier I got an opportunity to┬аconduct my very first Organic Urban┬аFarming Workshop for kids. The workshop was organized by Aikyam located in Old Town area of Bhubaneswar. Surrounded by canopies of different trees of varying shades of green, the open terrace of Aikyam provided the ideal setting for the workshop. But having never conducted any programs for children earlier I was nowhere near being the ideal instructor. So I really had to prepare well. There were multiple iterations on the content of the workshop, but finally I knew what I had to deliver. But the biggest challenge of the workshop was not what, but how it had to be delivered.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:33 AM]
http://organicterrace.in/blog/growing-these-four-herbs-in-your-garden-is-super-easy/
Growing These Four Herbs in Your Garden is Super Easy

AddThis Sharing Buttons
Share to Facebook
Share to Twitter
Share to Email
Share to Pinterest
Share to More
25
Share to WhatsApp
Sometime earlier I got a request from one of my readers to write a post on how to grow coriander from seeds. I was a little surprised that I had not made a post on it already. And when I checked I found out that I have not made any post on growing any herb whatsoever. Herbs are integral part of a terrace vegetable garden; not only they are easy to grow and pack loads of flavors for your food, but also because they act as pest repellents and thus help in pest management of your garden organically. So I thought of doing a post on how to grow different herbs. In this post I am going to show you how you can grow coriander, mint, basil and dill easily in your container garden.
Growing Condition for Herbs
Item
Coriander
Mint
Basil
Dill
Growing Temperature
15┬атАУ 30┬а┬░C
15┬атАУ 25┬а┬░C
10 тАУ 25┬а┬░C
15┬атАУ 25┬а┬░C
Germination Temperature
20-22 ┬░C
20-22 ┬░C
20-22 ┬░C
20-22 ┬░C
Germination Time
5-20 days
7-15 days
3-10 days
7-15 days
Soil pH
6 to 7
6.5 to 7.5
5.5 to 6.5
5.5 to 6.5
Sunlight Need
4-8 hours per day
4-8 hours per day
6-8 hours per day
6-8 hours per day
Preferred Planting Method
Direct sowing
Direct sowing/From Cutting
Direct sowing/ Transplanting
Direct sowing/ Transplanting
Container type/size
6-8 inch deep Broad container
4-6 inch deep broad container
10┬аliter
10 liter
Time to Harvest from germination
25 days
40 days
40 days
40 days
Harvest Period
┬а10-15 days
┬а30-50 days
┬а30-40 days
┬а40-50 days
Edible Parts
Whole Plant
Leaves
Leaves
Leaves, stem, Flowers
Typical Pests
None observed
None observed
None observed
None observed
Typical Diseases
Leaf spot
Leaf spot, Rust
Wilting
Powdery Mildew
Best season to grow┬аin India
November to March
November┬аto February
November┬аto February
November┬аto February

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:31 AM]
Label the jar with date
I hope this post on how to preserve tomatoes will be useful for you and if you use┬аthese recipes to make sun dried tomatoes of tomato paste, donтАЩt forget to post the pics and tag me on instagram.

Related Posts:
1 Growing These Four Herbs in Your Garden is Super Easy

Author
Prabal
Posted on
March 13, 2020
Categories
How of Terrace Gardening, Recipe, Tomato and Eggplant Family
Tags
Food Preservation, How to Preserve Tomatoes, Organic Terrace Garden, Preserving Tomatoes, Sun Dried Tomato, Sun Drying Tomatoes, Tomato Paste Recipe

Planting Cluster Beans

Cluster Bean Seeds
Cluster bean has a tap root as it is a drought tolerant crop and hence needs a container that is at least ten inches deep. Our standard potting mix works well for cluster beans. In case you are planting on the ground make sure that the soil is enriched with some organic manure. Cluster bean grows well in warm conditions. Hence March to September are good months to grow them. But they do not do well in places experiencing heavy monsoons. For such areas the best months to sow your seeds are March to May and then you can harvest up to August.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:49 AM]
Making the perfect potting mix
Finally the day of the workshop arrived and it was time for action. The workshop started with Vinita Mitra of Aikyam teaching тАШGarden YogaтАЩ to the kids, which was not only enjoyed, but performed extremely well by them. Next was a awareness quiz which was conducted by me. It was heartening to see the awareness level of the children who answered┬а9/10 questions correctly. By this time the children were already involved in the workshop. And then for the next one hour through animations, rhymes, songs and stories they learned about the features of good soil, vermicompost, neem cake and how to make a good potting mix. A short muffin and milkshake break later they did some seed identification and then it was time to get their hands dirty. All of them followed the potting mix recipe to the T,┬аprepared their own pots, planted seeds in their containers and watered them.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:50 AM]
Getting their hands dirty
After a super energetic four hours, the workshop concluded with feedback sessions from the children and distribution of certificates. They were also handed over a plant care instruction card each. As the kids proudly carried away their own containers now filled with potting mix and seeds sown in it and waiting in anticipation for them to germinate, I felt contentment, joyful and a sense of achievement.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 27, 2021 at 1:48 AM]
Container Prep demo in progress
The children for the workshop were going to be aged between 7 and 12. So I knew I had to capture their attentions right from the word go and then keep them interested for a good four hours after that. I researched a little on what cartoon characters, activities, nursery rhymes kids are familiar with and used them to set the flow of the workshop. I even wrote funny rhymes and songs that the children could sing along and learn. The measurements of the potting mix recipe also had to change so that kids could easily do it. It took me a good 7-8 days to get prepared for the workshop. Then a few iterations later I was ready with the presentation and flow of the workshop. Yet I was nervous.

http://organicterrace.in/blog/how-to-grow-cluster-beans-in-containers/

How to Grow Cluster Beans in Containers

AddThis Sharing Buttons
Share to Facebook
Share to Twitter
Share to Email
Share to Pinterest
Share to More
23
Share to WhatsApp
Cluster beans is something that I never liked eating. It has a mild┬аbitter taste which takes a little bit of getting used to. But when you acquire the taste it can become one of your favorites. For me the taste was never a problem. It was the texture which I disliked. The cluster beans that you typically get in market are a little hard in texture and the two sides of the bean has a string like hardness to it. Hence I never ate cluster beans though it is one of my sisterтАЩs favorite. It took me years of persuasion by my sister to grow cluster beans in our garden. After the first harvest I tried cluster beans just to check if they taste any different from the ones available in market (also because I had grown them :) ). And now they are something for┬аwhich my sister and I fight on the dining table. Read on to find out why and also to learn How to Grow Cluster Beans in Containers.
Quick Reference Table to Grow Cluster Beans in Containers
┬а
Item
Value
Growing Temperature
30 тАУ 40┬а┬░C
Germination Temperature
30-35 ┬░C Ideal
Germination Time
2-6 days
Soil pH
6.5 to 7.5
Sunlight Need
6-8 hours per day
Preferred Planting Method
Direct sowing
Container size
10 liter
Time to Harvest
60-70 days from germination
Harvest Period
┬а50-60 days
Pollination
Self Pollinating
Typical Pests
Pod borers
Typical Diseases
Leaf spot
Best season to grow┬аin India
March to September┬а(In case of heavy monsoons March to June)

Growing Cluster Beans in Containers

Beautiful flowers of Cluster Bean Plant
When cluster bean young plants are approximately 4 inch tall, nip off the weaker plants keeping the strongest plant intact. As this is a warm season crop water will tend to evaporate quickly from the soil. Hence mulching becomes a must especially when you grow┬аcluster beans in containers. Soil can have a thin layer of organic mulch at the time of sowing the seeds. When plants have grown to a size of around 6 inches the mulch can be supplemented so that it is around 4 inches thick.
Cluster bean plant need 6-8 hours of direct sunlight. They do not do well in shaded areas. The daytime temperature also needs to be in the thirties for the plant to grow well. Though cluster bean plants can tolerate high temperature, they tend to giver lower yield when temperature starts going beyond 40 degrees Celsius.

Immature Cluster Bean Pods
Summers are quite windy in this part of the world. Hence young cluster bean plants need support in the form of staking. But under normal wind conditions it is not really needed. Cluster bean plants grow up to 3-5 feet when grown in containers. First sign of flowers can be seen in about 50-60 days after germination. This is the time when you must supply the plant with some organic manure like vermicompost. Till then routine irrigation with Amrut Jal,┬аJeevamrut or any other organic soil conditioners once every 12-15 days is enough. Cluster bean plants are not heavy eaters hence you donтАЩt really have to supplement the soil with compost till they start flowering.
Harvesting Cluster Beans
Cluster beans like all other beans should be harvested with a pair of garden scissors. Pulling by hand damages the plant and other young pods and flowers on the branch.
Harvested Cluster Beans Grown in Containers
But unlike the more popular french beans or long beans the flower to pod┬аmaturing time for cluster beans is higher. It takes about 10-15 days for pods to mature. But I accidentally discovered that marginally immature pods taste much better than fully mature pods. When harvested 2-3 days earlier the cluster bean pods were much softer and the strings on the sides were also very soft. Ever since then cluster bean grown in our garden has become one of my favorites too. In

comments (0)
06/26/21
LESSON 4013 Sun 27 Jun 2021 Swim Mindfully Propagate growing vegan and dwarf fruit bearing trees in homes and spread all over the world like Samrat Ashoka did 8800662528 Registration to be part of largest Kushinara NIBB─АNA reclining Awakened One with Awareness Universe for Welfare, Happiness and Peace for all Societies by 3-12-2021 and for them to attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal As per the report by CDC (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention) COVID-19 does not spread through water. In fact, the report clearly states that chlorine water is one of the best disinfectants. We have explained the same to the CM and the health minister in our appeal,” he added. According to the University of Singapore survey/review based on 131 countries. From June 18, world will be 100% free and happy from December 8th. Their predictions about Italy and Spain fit exactly.
Filed under: General, Theravada Tipitaka
Posted by: site admin @ 2:45 pm

LESSON 4013 Sun 27 Jun 2021

Swim Mindfully

Propagate growing vegan and dwarf fruit bearing trees in homes and spread all over the world like Samrat Ashoka did

8800662528 Registration to be part of largest Kushinara NIBB─АNA reclining Awakened One with Awareness Universe for Welfare, Happiness and Peace for all Societies by 3-12-2021 and for them to attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal

As per the report by CDC (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention) COVID-19 does not spread through water. In fact, the report clearly states that chlorine water is one of the best disinfectants. We have explained the same to the CM and the health minister in our appeal,” he added.

According to the University of Singapore survey/review based on 131 countries. From June 18, world will be 100% free and happy from December 8th. Their predictions about Italy and Spain fit exactly.
10 SECRETS TO GROWING VEGETABLES AND FRUITS IN CONTAINERS | URBAN GARDENING

10 SECRETS TO GROWING VEGETABLES AND FRUITS IN CONTAINERS | URBAN GARDENING

10 SECRETS TO GROWING VEGETABLES AND FRUITS IN CONTAINERS | URBAN GARDENING
By GARDEN TIPS

free online step by step guide to grow nutritious vegetables and fruits in pots to practice mindful swimming with pictures and videos

Learn to grow organic vegetables in containers and make it sustainable

Learn to grow organic vegetables in containers and make it sustainable
If you want to learn to grow organic vegetables in containers in your balcony, terrace, backyard or anywhere else you have reached the right place. You can learn from this blog, or our book or video course. Choose the option that suits you.

Learn to grow organic vegetables in containers and make it sustainable

Learn to grow organic vegetables in containers and make it sustainable
If you want to learn to grow organic vegetables in containers in your balcony, terrace, backyard or anywhere else you have reached the right place. You can learn from this blog, or our book or video course. Choose the option that suits you. Read on t

Learn to Grow Your Own Fresh Organic Food

AddThis Sharing Buttons
Share to Facebook
Share to Twitter
Share to Email
Share to Pinterest
Share to More
16
Share to WhatsApp
Long time back when I started this blog I had never imagined that I would be writing this post. I had started my blog to document and share my experience and findings on growing vegetables in container using locally available waste and recycled organic waste. But soon I started getting requests for making specific posts related to organic terrace gardening. While I kept sharing my finding I also started to make posts on readersтАЩ requests. And thus this blog grew into a learning resource for people who wanted to learn to grow organic vegetables in a sustainable manner.

But it had grown in an unplanned and unorganized manner. And that led me to write my book тАШOrganic Urban Farming, The Indian WayтАЩ, which is a complete and crisp guide for growing your own food at home. But there are a lot of people who are visual learners and do not read books. Hence I have created an online video course titled тАШOrganic Container Gardening, The Indian WayтАЩ for all kind of learners to easily lean container gardening.
If you ever wanted to learn how to create you own food garden that is organic and sustainable, you have three options to choose from now. You can learn directly from this blog if you are looking for anything specific. And if you want to learn in a holistic manner about organic container gardening, you can choose between book and video course.
Choose the learning method that suits you and sow the seeds of a healthy, content and joyful life.

Related Posts:
1 Growing These Four Herbs in Your Garden is Super Easy
2 Terrace Gardening Workshop Announcement

Author
Prabal
Posted on
June 21, 2020
Categories
How of Terrace Gardening, Planting Guide, Workshop and Training
Tags
Benefits of Organic Terrace Gardening, Organic Terrace Gardening, organic urban farming training, urban farming book, Urban Farming Course, urban farming training, urban farming workshop

How to Preserve Tomatoes in The Most Delicious Way

AddThis Sharing Buttons
Share to Facebook
Share to Twitter
Share to Email
Share to Pinterest
Share to More
14
Share to WhatsApp
Tomato is one plant which never disappoints in terms of produce, if basics are done right. In our organic terrace garden tomato is in fact one of the most highly producing plants (here is my earlier post on how to grow tomatoes). Generally we grow around eight to ten regular tomato and four to five cherry tomato plants every winter and we have never had to buy tomatoes from the market. In fact there is a lot of surplus and even after sharing some of it with our neighbors we are still left with lots and lots of fresh and juicy tomatoes. And that is when my sister Smita Mallick who is a budding chef and food blogger comes to rescue. She preserves the tomatoes in various way which makes them even more delicious and I really mean it. She has been kind enough to write the following post on How to Preserve Tomatoes.

Smita Mallick
Though tomato is grown only in winter, we have been enjoying the taste of our own home grown produce throughout the year because of her preserves. I am sure this post will enable you to do the same. Please donтАЩt forget to follow Smita at Instagram and let her know whether you liked the post or not.

Smita Mallick’s Post Starts Here. All images in this post are ┬й Smita Mallick.
There are multiple ways of how to preserve tomatoes for a longer time. The easiest way is to store them is to freeze them in a zip pouch after blanching and taking out skin and seeds. Cherry tomatoes can be directly frozen and stored in a zip pouch. In this post however I am going to show you two step by step methods of preserving tomatoes which do involve a little effort. But in these ways tomatoes can be stored up to a year and also makes the tomatoes even tastier. The first preservation method is making tomato paste and the second one is to sun dry the tomatoes.

How to Make Sun Dried Tomatoes at Home

Tomatoes need to be de-seeded before drying
For this recipe you can use any type of tomatoes. Working with cherry tomatoes for this recipe can be a little tiresome as each tomato needs to be de-seeded by hand. Hence you can choose to use regular tomatoes for this recipe. Sun dried tomatoes can be used directly in pasta and other dishes. To use them in salads you need to soak them in warm water for 3 to 4 minutes before use. You need now throw away the seeds. They can be stored for the next season.
Ingredients
1 Fresh Tomatoes тАУ 1 kg
2 Olive oil тАУ 2 tbsp
3 Dried mixed herbs тАУ 1 tbsp
4 Salt to taste
Process

Process

Arrange the tomatoes skin side down
1 Wash the tomatoes and pat dry with kitchen towel.
2 Cut them into two halves and take out all the seeds and the juice.
3 Add dried mix Italian herb, salt and olive oil to the tomatoes and mix well.
4 Grease any plate or tray with olive oil and put the tomatoes skin side down.
5 Arrange the tomatoes such that each individual piece is separated. This way all pieces will get access to sunlight.
6 Sun dry it for 4 to 5 days or till the moisture evaporates. Sun rays not only help evaporate the moisture, they also help in killing bacteria.
7 Store the sun dried tomatoes in an air tight jar and keep it in refrigerator.
8 These can be stored up to a year

Sun dried Tomatoes

How to Make Tomato Paste at Home

Cut Tomatoes into halves
For this recipe you can use any kind of tomatoes. Tomatoes are not de-seeded individually; hence cherry tomatoes can also be used without much fuss. Tomato paste is typically used in stews, soups, pilaf, pasta etc. The flavors are concentrated and hence just one spoons can change the flavor profile of your dish completely; in a good way of course.

Ingredients

Arrange tomatoes skin side down in the baking tray
1 Fresh tomatoes тАУ 1 kg
2 Dried Italian Herbs тАУ 1 tbps
3 Vinegar тАУ 1 tsp
4 Olive Oil тАУ 1 tsp for baking and 3 tbsp for cooking

Process
1
2 Strain the seeds and skin out

Wash the tomatoes and pat dry with kitchen towel. Cut them into two halves.
3 Add dried Italian herb mix and drizzle olive oil. DonтАЩt add much Olive oil; it is just to coat the herbs.
4 Grease baking tray with olive oil and arrange the tomatoes skin side down. You can add some fresh herbs (optional) at this point. Here we added some fresh Italian basil from our organic terrace garden.

1 Add more herbs before reducing the pasteтАи
2 Bake the tomatoes for 30 to 40 mins on 180-200 degree centigrade and then take out the tomatoes from the oven and cool.
3 Blend the tomatoes using a food processor or blender. Make sure that you do not add any water to it.
4 Strain the tomato paste using a strainer and put the pureed tomato in a deep pan with a thick base. Add some more dried herbs at this point if you need more flavor.
5 Add vinegar to the tomato paste at this point.
6 Cook it in a low-med heat till about 90% of the water evaporates.Keep

1 Keep stirring the tomato paste to avoid burningтАитАиstirring in between so that the paste does not burn at the bottom.
2 Add olive (3tbsp) oil to it. Cook for another 10 min in a low heat while stirring.
3 Switch of the flame, when the oil separates from the paste.
4 Let it cool. Tomato paste is now ready to be stored.
5 Transfer to an air tight glass jar and label the jar with date.
6 Store it in refrigerator. You can store it for a year.

Label the jar with date
I hope this post on how to preserve tomatoes will be useful for you and if you use these recipes to make sun dried tomatoes of tomato paste, donтАЩt forget to post the pics and tag me on instagram.

Related Posts:
1 Growing These Four Herbs in Your Garden is Super Easy

Author
Prabal
Posted on
March 13, 2020
Categories
How of Terrace Gardening, Recipe, Tomato and Eggplant Family
Tags
Food Preservation, How to Preserve Tomatoes, Organic Terrace Garden, Preserving Tomatoes, Sun Dried Tomato, Sun Drying Tomatoes, Tomato Paste Recipe

Growing There Four Herbs in Your Garden is Super Easy

Growing There Four Herbs in Your Garden is Super Easy
Herbs which are essential part of our meals and nutrition are best eaten fresh from the garden. This post will guide you on how to grow four popular herbs; coriander, mint, basil and dill. And if you are a beginner there is no better way to learn tha

Growing These Four Herbs in Your Garden is Super Easy

AddThis Sharing Buttons
Share to Facebook
Share to Twitter
Share to Email
Share to Pinterest
Share to More
25
Share to WhatsApp
Sometime earlier I got a request from one of my readers to write a post on how to grow coriander from seeds. I was a little surprised that I had not made a post on it already. And when I checked I found out that I have not made any post on growing any herb whatsoever. Herbs are integral part of a terrace vegetable garden; not only they are easy to grow and pack loads of flavors for your food, but also because they act as pest repellents and thus help in pest management of your garden organically. So I thought of doing a post on how to grow different herbs. In this post I am going to show you how you can grow coriander, mint, basil and dill easily in your container garden.
Growing Condition for Herbs
Item
Coriander
Mint
Basil
Dill
Growing Temperature
15 тАУ 30 ┬░C
15 тАУ 25 ┬░C
10 тАУ 25 ┬░C
15 тАУ 25 ┬░C
Germination Temperature
20-22 ┬░C
20-22 ┬░C
20-22 ┬░C
20-22 ┬░C
Germination Time
5-20 days
7-15 days
3-10 days
7-15 days
Soil pH
6 to 7
6.5 to 7.5
5.5 to 6.5
5.5 to 6.5
Sunlight Need
4-8 hours per day
4-8 hours per day
6-8 hours per day
6-8 hours per day
Preferred Planting Method
Direct sowing
Direct sowing/From Cutting
Direct sowing/ Transplanting
Direct sowing/ Transplanting
Container type/size
6-8 inch deep Broad container
4-6 inch deep broad container
10 liter
10 liter
Time to Harvest from germination
25 days
40 days
40 days
40 days
Harvest Period
10-15 days
30-50 days
30-40 days
40-50 days
Edible Parts
Whole Plant
Leaves
Leaves
Leaves, stem, Flowers
Typical Pests
None observed
None observed
None observed
None observed
Typical Diseases
Leaf spot
Leaf spot, Rust
Wilting
Powdery Mildew
Best season to grow in India
November to March
November to February
November to February
November to February

How to Grow Coriander in Container

Young coriander plants
Coriander is grown from seeds; but you donтАЩt need to get coriander seeds from your gardening store. Just grab some whole coriander seeds from your kitchen shelf and you are good to go. For faster germination you can soak the seeds for 12-15 hours in water or Amrut Jal. For the container you do not really need a deep one as coriander has shallow roots. And shallow container is ideal for growing coriander. Just fill the container with potting mix. Spread the seeds all over the container and top it with quarter inch of potting mix. Then water carefully so as not to disturb the seeds. To keep the soil moist check everyday and water if necessary. In a few days time you should see coriander seedlings bursting out of the soil. Sometimes. it can take up to 20 days for coriander seeds to germinate. So you need to be patient and wait if the seeds do not germinate early.

Ready to harvest coriander
After coriander seeds have germinated all you need to do is to water them as needed. You can water with Amrut Jal every 10-15 days for better growth of the plant; but its not absolutely necessary. To harvest you can cut the mature stalks and leave the rest of the plant in place. When coriander plant starts flowering or a little before it you can harvest the whole plant. All parts including the roots can be used in cooking.

How to Grow Mint in Container

Mint growing in a six inch container
Of all the herbs mentioned in this blog, mint is probably the easiest to grow. Though seeds are available in the market you donтАЩt really need them. Just take a few mature stalk from a mint plant, remove the leaves except 2-4 top leaves and bury the lower part of the stalk in your pot. Water to make the soil moist and in about 10-12 days the stalk would have taken roots. Yes it is as simple as that.
Mint grows like a weed. YouтАЩll see mint spreading everywhere in your pot even from a single stalk. In about 30-40 days after your plant has taken root you can start harvesting. To harvest just nip the mature stalks at the bottom. You can use the leaves and stalks in salads, soups, tea and other beverages

How to Grow Basil in Container

Basil can be started in seed trays
Basil has become a much sought after herb now a days. Stores are stocking it up in their shelves, but it is expensive and also not fresh most of the time. Ironically what most people are not aware is that it can be easily grown at home even by a five year old kid. All you need is good quality seeds which are available in most online stores.

Basil transplanted in a pot
You can start your basil seeds directly in your pot. But if the weather is on the cooler side, then you can start your seeds in a seed tray and place it in a warm area in your house for faster and better germination. You can grow basil in a 10 liter pot, but even a 3-4 liter container would work fine. If you are planning to keep the plant near the kitchen window then smaller container works better from handling and space point of view. Fill the pot with good quality potting mix and put 3-4 seeds at the center of the pot. Cover with a thin layer of the mix and water gently. Good basil seeds germinate in 2-3 days; but sometimes they take about 7-10 days depending on the weather conditions.
Just like coriander you do not really need to do anything extra except watering the plant with a good soil conditioner every 10-15 days. Also make sure your plant gets enough sunlight. Basil does really well if it gets full sun. In approximately 40-50 days time after germination you can start harvesting basil.

How to Grow Dill in Container

Two dill plants planted in a ten liter pot
Dill is not as popular as other three herbs I have listed in this post, but once you get used to its subtle flavor, you just cant do without it. Dill belongs to the carrot family and is grown from seeds and just like basil you can choose to grow it directly in the soil or start it indoors in a seed tray depending on the temperature. Dill can take a long time to germinate; so you need to be patient.
In case you have started the seeds in a seed tray, transfer it to a container after 10-15 days after germination. Dill grows well in a ten liter container, but anything around 7 liter will also work out fine. You can even plant two plants in a ten liter pot. In 40-50 days after germination you can start harvesting the leaves. The stems and leaves are edible parts of the plant. Even the flower is eaten and is often used as decorative garnish. The root is eaten too, though we have never used it in cooking yet.

End Note

Ready to harvest basil
Herbs are sold in bunches in the stores and even by your friendly neighborhood vegetable vendor. Most often than not we use a part of the bunch and rest of the bunch is left in the refrigerator to rot. Instead of buying not so fresh bunches of your favorite herb and then leaving it to rot, it is always a better idea to grow your own fresh herb at home and use them as needed. Herbs are the easiest to grow and they can be grown almost everywhere; even on your windowsill. And if you are a gardening enthusiast, but donтАЩt know where to start, you can always start by growing herbs.
So get up your ath and grow some herbs..

Related Posts:
1 How to Grow Cluster Beans in Containers

Author
Prabal
Posted on
December 28, 2019
Categories
Herbs, How of Terrace Gardening, Planting Guide
Tags
basil, cilantro, container gardening, coriander, dill, grow herbs, herbs, herbs in pots, italian basil, mint, organic terrace, Organic Terrace Garden, pudina, Urban Farming

Green Ninja - Organic Urban Farming Workshop for Kids

Green Ninja - Organic Urban Farming Workshop for Kids
Organic Terrace conducted Green Ninja - Organic Urban Farming Workshop for Kids on 24 November, 2019 at Aikyam, Bhubaneswar. This post recounts the proceedings of the workshop in which children learnt how to grow their own leafy greens while having f

Green Ninja тАУ The Urban Farming Workshop for Kids

AddThis Sharing Buttons
Share to Facebook
Share to Twitter
Share to Email
Share to Pinterest
Share to More
2
Share to WhatsApp
Green Ninja тАУ The Urban Farming Workshop for Kids
Date тАУ 24.11.2019, Venue тАУ Aikyam

Green Ninjas fooling around
I am very excited about this post. A few days earlier I got an opportunity to conduct my very first Organic Urban Farming Workshop for kids. The workshop was organized by Aikyam located in Old Town area of Bhubaneswar. Surrounded by canopies of different trees of varying shades of green, the open terrace of Aikyam provided the ideal setting for the workshop. But having never conducted any programs for children earlier I was nowhere near being the ideal instructor. So I really had to prepare well. There were multiple iterations on the content of the workshop, but finally I knew what I had to deliver. But the biggest challenge of the workshop was not what, but how it had to be delivered.

Container Prep demo in progress
The children for the workshop were going to be aged between 7 and 12. So I knew I had to capture their attentions right from the word go and then keep them interested for a good four hours after that. I researched a little on what cartoon characters, activities, nursery rhymes kids are familiar with and used them to set the flow of the workshop. I even wrote funny rhymes and songs that the children could sing along and learn. The measurements of the potting mix recipe also had to change so that kids could easily do it. It took me a good 7-8 days to get prepared for the workshop. Then a few iterations later I was ready with the presentation and flow of the workshop. Yet I was nervous.

Making the perfect potting mix
Finally the day of the workshop arrived and it was time for action. The workshop started with Vinita Mitra of Aikyam teaching тАШGarden YogaтАЩ to the kids, which was not only enjoyed, but performed extremely well by them. Next was a awareness quiz which was conducted by me. It was heartening to see the awareness level of the children who answered 9/10 questions correctly. By this time the children were already involved in the workshop. And then for the next one hour through animations, rhymes, songs and stories they learned about the features of good soil, vermicompost, neem cake and how to make a good potting mix. A short muffin and milkshake break later they did some seed identification and then it was time to get their hands dirty. All of them followed the potting mix recipe to the T, prepared their own pots, planted seeds in their containers and watered them.

Getting their hands dirty
After a super energetic four hours, the workshop concluded with feedback sessions from the children and distribution of certificates. They were also handed over a plant care instruction card each. As the kids proudly carried away their own containers now filled with potting mix and seeds sown in it and waiting in anticipation for them to germinate, I felt contentment, joyful and a sense of achievement.

Garden Yoga by Vinita Mitra

Containers lined up

Seed Sowing in Progress

Kids receiving certificates

When kids talk everyone listens

Green Ninja Group Pic

Organic Farming for Mitigating Climate Change

Organic Farming for Mitigating Climate Change
Industrial Agriculture is the biggest contributor of green house gasses.This post discusses Organic Farming for Mitigating Climate Change with soil carbon sequestration being the technique for reversing climate change.

Organic Farming for Mitigating Climate Change

AddThis Sharing Buttons
Share to Facebook
Share to Twitter
Share to Email
Share to Pinterest
Share to More
12
Share to WhatsApp
Thanks to Greta Thunberg, people around the world have been woken up to climate change crisis. Some critics have already termed it as just a passing fad and some have also harshly criticized the demands of climate strike group as lop sided and even French media has warned that her radical ways could end up depressing a generation. Despite the criticism, we can not ignore the passion and effort of a young 16 year old, which for sure has brought about a much needed disruption in the collective slumber of the world.
Along with climate activists there has also been the rise of climate change deniers. In fact the deniers claim that the earth is actually in the middle of a cooling period. Though it is suspected that these groups are backed by fossil fuel companies to spread misinformation based on fringe science, the climate change data is also not without it share of suspicion. There are claims cthat the Global Warming data has actually been faked by NASA to aid politically vested interests. Such contradictory reports can be very confusing and its very difficult to really understand the truth. But we can always look around and see how things have changed around us. We need also to understand both Global Warming/Cooling and Climate Change independently even though they are linked.

Devastation caused by Cyclonic Storm Fani in May 2019
Climate Change can be defined as unexpected and unpredictable change in weather pattern. It can be either in the direction of cooling or warming. Agriculture, economy, cultures and societies are dependent very heavily on predictability of climatic conditions. When weather pattern is disrupted on a continuous basis it leads to break down of societies and civilization irrespective of whether we are cooling or warming. From the data of past few years it can be seen that there has been unexpected changes in climatic conditions and weather stability has been an issue. Closer home monsoons have become irregular. The agricultural system of India is largely dependent on the predictability of monsoons. But with errant maze of downpours and droughts the agrarian crisis has gone from bad to worse in the last decade. Sea level rise has inundated villages in the coastline and at few places entire village has been abandoned. There has been unprecedented rise in temperature even in what are supposed to be cooler months. Cyclonic storms have become very common and stronger. Ground and surface water availability has become a big issue. Our oceans are becoming poisonous and ecosystems around us are failing. All these facts tell us that there is a definite change in weather cycle and also rise in over all temperature. Greenhouse gasses and deforestation have been found to be a major cause of these changes. It really does not matter what different groups are saying about the temperature of the earth; climate is surely changing and we need to be concerned about it.

Agriculture and Climate Change

GHG Emission per Economic Sector (Source EPA-IPCC-2014)
The demands of the climate strike group focus on reducing emission in transport and electricity production sectors and rightly so. But there is little focus on another significant contributor to global greenhouse gasses which is the Agriculture sector. According to IPCC data in 2014 Agriculture is a close second to Electricity and heat production sector in effecting climate change (Some latest statistics also suggest that GHG emission from agricultural sector is now at 29% as opposed to 24% according to 2010 data) . To some it may come as a shock; after all we are growing plants in farming and how can that contribute to climate change! It sounds so counter intuitive. But the fact is that modern industrial agriculture is one of the biggest culprits of increasing global green house gasses. And this is how it happens.
1 According to a 50 year long study by university of Illinois carbon loss from soil is accelerated when synthetic nitrogen fertilizer is used. Average carbon loss in fields where synthetic nitrogen fertilizer is applied is 10,000 kg per hectare which is 36,700 kg of CO2 per hectare.
2 Intensive industrial agriculture practices such as tilling, mono cropping and removing crop residue expose the carbon soil to oxygen which combines with the carbon to become atmospheric carbon dioxide. In fact it is estimated that some 25-40% of the excess carbon in air is due to destruction of soil organic matter.
3 Intensive agriculture practices are used for growing animal feed and cash crops. About 90% of the soy and 50% of the grain of the world is actually used as animal feed to grow meat and dairy. In addition industrial animal husbandry by itself it a huge contributor of green house gasses especially methane.
4 Forests are being destroyed for agriculture. About half of forest land in the world has been converted into croplands and pastures. The cooling effect caused by moisture transpired from plants and trees is hence gone. This causes compounded warming along with the greenhouse effect.
5 Heavy usage of fossil fuels in industrial farming causes further GHG emission.
6 Last but not the least, the carbon footprint of making and transporting chemical fertilizers and pesticides also contributes to the over all role of organic farming for mitigating climate change.

Soil Carbon and the Carbon Cycle

Agricultural Productivity Impact of Climate Change (Source-UNCTAD-2013)
The graphics here released by United Nations show the predicted agricultural productivity loss due to climate change. But we now know that modern agriculture is not just an innocent victim of climate change, but is a major contributor to it too. But unlike other sectors Agriculture also has the ability to become a solution to mitigate climate change. According to FAO (Food and Agriculture organization of the UN) тАУ тАЬAgriculture not only suffers from the effect of climate change, it is also responsible for 14% of greenhouse gas emission. But agriculture has the potential to be an important part of the solution through mitigation тАУ reducing and/or removing a large part of global emissions.тАЭ To understand this we need to understand how carbon is stored in the soil by nature.
Plants pull out carbon dioxide from atmosphere and then convert the carbon to stems leaves etc. They do give some of the carbon dioxide back to the atmosphere through respiration, but it is smaller comparable to what they absorb from the atmosphere. When plants die they decompose and turn into soil carbon. Some amount of carbon dioxide is also released during the decomposition process and microbes break down plant matter into their food. When this decomposed plant matter stabilizes as humus (well decomposed organic matter) it stays in the soil for hundreds of years. I guess now we are beginning to see how soil can become a good sink for atmospheric carbon.

Soil is the key to climate change mitigation
Currently soil stores more than three times the amount of carbon in atmosphere. But there has been a significant loss in soil carbon in post industrial era. Soil have lost 50-70% of their carbon according to studies. But that also tells us that there is a potential of removing atmospheric carbon and returning the lost carbon back to soil and thus help fight climate change. The process of returning carbon to soil is known as carbon sequestration of soil and according to a study in 2017 it was found that global croplands can store up to 1.85 giga tonnes of carbon per year. This process could continue upto 40 years till soil becomes saturated. According to an GRAIN (NFO) soil organic matter could be restored to pre-industrial cultivation era in roughly 50 years offsetting approx 30% of current global GHG emission. It is these numbers of soil carbon sequestration which makes organic agriculture a front line candidate for mitigating climate change.
Organic Agriculture for Mitigation of Climate Change
Organic agriculture most of the time is referred to as replacing chemical inputs with natural ones in the current industrial mode of agriculture. But that is a huge mislead. In spirit organic farming is a different practice of agriculture which runs in sync with nature and natural conditions. Though the practices vary slightly with geography as it should, in approach it remains same and is based on the core philosophy of regeneration, nutrient cycling and balance. Some of the features of organic farming are
1 Integrated approach (trees, animals and croplands) for better nutrient recycling
2 Closed loop agriculture with locally available inputs and resources
3 Soil regeneration through composting and ground covers
4 Use of locally adapted sturdy varieties and seed saving
5 Bio-diverse agriculture
6 Efficient nutrient and water management
7 Integrated with larger social and cultural systems and managed by local small scale farmers
The following sections examine how Organic Farming practices can be used to offset green house gasses and also combat climate change issues.

Soil Carbon and GHG Management through Organic Agriculture

Farm waste is composted and given back to soil
Every year during winters the smoke from crop residue burning creates a smog situation in the national capital of India. Crop residue burning is a common practice in conventional agriculture which not only creates a lot of smoke, it adds significant amount of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. In fact it is the largest contributor of GHG in agriculture. In contrast in organic farming crop residue is composted as farm yard manure or FYM to be applied to soil and thus returning carbon back to soil. Additionally crop residue is also used as a mulch or ground cover to protect the soil from further carbon loss. Crop residues also serve as a great food for the farm animals in integrated farming.

Organic agriculture integrates forests with farming
No tilling agriculture is an extreme form of organic farming in which soil is not tilled. Soil organisms are encouraged to act as the natural tillers and with presence of enough organic matter soil structure also becomes good enough so as not to require tilling. Bio-diversity in cropland is one of the main features of organic farming and mono cropping is discouraged. Thus with reduction in tilling and absence of mono cropping soil carbon losses are minimized. Also As synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are not used in organic farming, the soil carbon loss due to nitrogenous fertilizer is arrested.
Infertile lands have low quantities of carbon and hence a lot of carbon can be sequestered in it. But generally they are abandoned leading to further carbon loss. But using organic agriculture techniques of soil carbon sequestration, the soil can be rejuvenated and used as croplands within a span of 2-5 years. This will also bring down the pressure on forest land which is being cleared for farming.
Though unfairly compared with transport sector in terms of GHG emission, commercial live stock farming is one of the major contributors of methane gas in agriculture sector. The effect of methane on climate change is estimated to be about 23-25 times that of Carbon Dioxide. Additionally feed grown for the cattle separately using industrial agriculture practices add their own carbon to the atmosphere. Organic farming follows an integrated approach whereby ruminants are a part of the agricultural system. This combination of animal husbandry and farming at a single place produces the most efficient nutrient cycling and reduces the total GHG emission. The total agricultural land in the world is approximately 1.5 billion hectare while the total number of ruminants are also estimated to be around the 1.5 billion mark which is one cow per hectare of agricultural land. Mathematically at least the numbers look great for GHG emission reduction.

Mulching helps protect soil
Conventional agriculture practices require forests to be cleared off to make way for agriculture. But organic agriculture integrates forests and trees into the agricultural system. Farm land is seen more as a тАШfood forestтАЩ rather than crop field. The shade of the trees and cooling effects due to transpiration provide a more suitable micro climate for agriculture. Additionally their leaves and other parts are used in compost, pest management, animal feed etc. They also help to arrest soil and nutrient erosion caused due to rain and wind.
Thus Organic Farming not only has a low carbon foot print, it also helps in better nutrient cycling, animal management, soil rejuvenation and most importantly it has the capability to offset atmospheric GHG through soil carbon sequestration.
Climate Change Resilience of Organic Agriculture
The advantages of organic farming does not stop at just reducing atmospheric carbon in the context of climate change. The practices of organic farming are also resilient to climate variations. Some of the major ones are,
1 Use of locally adapted crops and their varieties makes the crops grown naturally resilient to local pests, diseases and climate variations as their tolerance level of local climate is high.
2 As soil biomass content increases the water holding and retention capacity of the soil increases. This makes organic agriculture less prone to drought and flooding. During flooding the soil can absorb excess moisture and during droughts the moisture retained in the soil helps to hydrate the plants.
3 Pest and weed management is better done through practices like crop rotation, companion planting, mulching etc.
4 In bio diverse farming the total crop loss due to a climatic event is very rare. In case of an extreme weather event some crops are lost while other manage to hang on. Thus bio diverse farming increases the resilience of the agricultural system itself.
5 Low dependency on non-local inputs and resources makes sure that production is never disturbed due to any external events. It also lowers the cost of production.

Comparison of Organic Agriculture with AIтАЩs of the UN

Soil carbon loss has been found to be significantly higher when nitrogen based chemical fertilizers are used
The 2013 annual report of United Nation Commission for Trade and Development (UNCTAD) dramatically titled тАШWake up before its too lateтАЩ had suggested that small scale sustainable agriculture is the only way forward to feed the world in the context of climate change and not GMO or any other such technologies. While sustainable farming is defined by the UN as тАЬProduction of more and better quality food with less inputs most of which are locally available based on closed nutrient cyclesтАЭ, the following action items are given for climate change mitigation through sustainable agriculture.
1 Technical (Direct)
1 Reduction of Nitrogen inputs
2 Agro forestry
3 Organic fertilizers instead of synthetic fertilizers
4 Soil carbon sequestration through organic matter and compost
5 Storage loss minimization
6 Integrated system with closed nutrient cycle
7 Climate resilient food and varieties
2 Technical (Indirect)
1 Reduction in use of fossil fuels
2 Reduction in transport
3 Social
1 Reduction of food wastage
2 Reduction of meat consumption
In the Technical (direct) AIтАЩs organic agriculture ticks all boxes except point no 5 which is not really related to the agricultural process as such. In the Indirect technical AIтАЩs too organic agriculture meets both the demands. The nature of organic agriculture itself (non industrial nature) does not allow much mechanization and hence use of fossil fuels. As there is very low dependency of external inputs, there is reduction in transport too.

Can Organic Agriculture Feed the World
As per the definition of sustainable agriculture given by UN Organic agriculture produces food with less inputs most of which are local and is based on closed nutrient cycle. The quality of food produced is also better in terms of nutritional value and being safe from pesticides and other chemicals. But the big question is that can it produce more quantity of food! In other words тАШCan Organic Farming Feed the World?тАЩ
Inherent in the above question is an assumption, that the current form of industrial agriculture is able to feed the world. And if we switch to organic farming the quantity of food produced will not be enough to meet the demands. But the fact is that under current system of industrial agriculture, where 40% of the worldтАЩs food is wasted, about 1 billion people still go un-nourished and poverty stricken. 70% of such people live in rural areas. The main reason for this is not actually lack of production, but lack of access to affordable diet, means of production and resources for small holders (UNCTAD report 2013).
The cost of food production shows an upward graph in conventional agriculture. Soil fertility decreases with repeated chemical fertilizer application. Water holding capacity of the soil reduces putting more stress on ground water. Use of pesticides breaks the natural balance of predators and hence every year the money spent on pesticides also goes up. Farmers also have to buy seeds which is manufactured by third party. To get similar production from a piece of land a farmer has to invest more on fertilizers (The per hectare fertilizer consumption in India has increased from 100 kgs in 2002 to 165 kgs in 2014), pesticides, higher yield seeds and energy to pump out ground water. All these make the soil condition even worse and this chain reaction makes agricultural land turn completely infertile. The production keeps decreasing consistently w.r.t. the investments made. Thus in the long run the quantity of food produced not only decreases, it becomes less affordable and accessible for the poor. This is the reason why the farmer who produces food, can not afford it himself.
By contrast, in organic agriculture as soil regeneration is the focus, fertility of the land is maintained. This is how the same land has been giving consistent production for thousands of years for those practicing traditional agriculture. As the inputs and resources used are local and cheap the cost of production is also much lower, making the food not only safe and nutritious, but also affordable.

The Way Forward

Organic waste can be composted easily at home using an old bucket
Now that we have justification for adopting organic farming for mitigating climate change, the next natural question is how do we move forward. And this happens to be the most difficult question to answer. There are two facets to this question. First is collective action and second is individual action. Collective action will be governed more by socioeconomic conditions and national and international policies and their implementation while individual action is completely dependent on a person, family and community.
At the policy level changes need to be brought about encouraging soil carbon sequestration and climate resistant agriculture. Some examples are as follows.
1 Reduce/remove subsidy from chemical fertilizer and pesticides
2 Reward farmer financially for soil carbon sequestration
3 Encourage farming of climate resistant crops and varieties through subsidies, insurance and consumer awareness
4 Levy meat tax on industrially produced meat
5 Handhold farmer during conversion from conventional to organic farming through insurance and free training
6 Increase awareness about organic food among consumers
And here are some suggestion, to be practiced at an individual level in the context of organic farming for mitigating climate change.
1 Support your local farmer and create incentives for him to grow organic food
2 Include more millet and local varieties of crops in your diet

3 Reduce meat and diary consumption
4 Get your food waste down to zero
5 Compost your homeтАЩs organic waste and put it back into soil. Use dry leaves from your nearby park in the composting process (They are usually incinerated by municipality)
6 Start your own kitchen garden using locally available inputs and waste materials
7 Generate awareness in your community

End Note

Layers of Climate Change Crisis
Climate change is not just an environmental issue. At present it is causing hunger and nutrition issues and social disruptions, but will soon turn into a survival and sustainability issue having repercussion for the entire human civilization. Greta has surely manged to make people sit up and take notice of this crisis and hence this is a great starting point. But now its time for well directed action.
A few days earlier there was a climate strike organized here in Bhubaneswar. People marched together shouting slogans and demanding action from the municipality for properly disposing waste (esp organic waste as it emits methane when dumped in landfills). But I wonder if it could have been for something else that is beyond individual action. Every individual can segregate organic waste at home and compost it. Then the municipality really does not have to deal with all that waste. By this I donтАЩt mean to undermine the value of the strike. What I am worried about is the purpose of the strike. There is individual action and there is organizational action and every problem is better solved in one domain than the other. Collective individual action more doable and probably has better impact in waste handling than organizational action while policy level changes and incentives has better impact in lowering industrial pollution. Individual action is as important as governmentтАЩs action. What every individual practices also affects carbon emission levels in the world.
Any disruptive measure always helps in generating attention. But if such disruptions are not followed up by solid well directed action or are followed by more such disruptions then it ends up becoming theatrical and flimsy. And I hope this moment created by Greta goes up to become the exact opposite through collective and individual action with Organic Farming being at the center of all actions and demands for managing climate change.

http://www.ambedkar.org/News/News062403.htm

Why Should We Embrace Buddhism

WHY SHOULD WE EMBRACE BUDDHISM Baba Saheb Dr BR Ambedkar From the book Bahujan Samaj Aur Uski Rajniti by: Kumari Mayawati and The Hindu News paper extract.

JC Vimalo ( Acharya Venerable Buddharakkhita named Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan as Vimalo a Buddhist name)

It is necessary to understand the History of the Saints and Gurus who made significant contributions towards giving a right direction to the Bahujan samaj from time to time. Although BSP is in favour of Secularism as enunciated in the Constitution of India, within that we ought to seriously consider the options available before us, if the words of Buddha and Dhamma inspire us to reconstruct a social order into one based on equal values, we should opt for it. In the larger interest of the Country and the world at large, to encourage humanity and humanism. We should not hesitate in following such religion. In other words, since Buddhism has valuable lessons for the today’s global village, we should take full advantage of such a religion.

This approach might be misconstrued, as if we are trying to preach a particular Religion. All Religions have to be equally respected. But the shortcomings of each Religion in so far as they fall short of what is “Dhamma” have to be clearly understood and practiced. Today, all political parties, whether they are National or Regional, have members from all Religious denominations. Likewise, in Bahujan samaj Party also, There are people who profess different religions. All political parties should bear in mind the principles of secularism, and instead of misusing Religion for political benefits, they should use Religion in the best interests of the Country, for giving correct direction to the Society. Now the question arises, as to which are the religions, which help us to preserve the Unity and Integrity of the Society. To arrive at an answer to this question, we will have to study the History of all Religions as was done by Baba Saheb Dr Ambedkar.

After an in depth study of all Religions, he described the Teachings of Buddha as appropriate for building an equality based social order. A glimpse of this belief of Baba Saheb is visible in his historic speech delivered on 14th October 1956, in Nagpur. It becomes necessary to make a special mention of that speech so that, not only the Bahujan Samaj but the whole society as such will realise some truths about the Teachings of Buddha. These teachings will help in the reconstruction of the society on equality based order.

`It is important to throw some light on the significant things which are essential for reconstructing the social order on the basis of equality, and which Gautam Buddha emphasised in his sermons, before we come to the principles highlighted by Baba Saheb in his speech at Nagpur. Gautam Buddha said, ” Do not believe in traditions merely because they have been handed down, for many generations and in many places Do not believe in anything because it is rumored and spoken by many. Do not believe because the written statement of some old sage is reproduced. Do not believe in fancies, thinking that because they are extraordinary, they must have been implanted by a deva, or a wonderful being. Only after careful observations and analysis, when a thing agrees with reason and is conducive to the good and benefit of one and all, accept it and live up to it.” (Kalma Sutta, Anguttara Nikaya)

Gautam Buddha announced a social revolution for the first time in India. He taught the lesson of equality, comradeship, mercy and brotherhood to the entire human society, and laid the foundations for an independent conscience, delivering the society from the slavery of spiritualism. Atamvad, Ishwarvad, Shastravad, and religious scriptures. It is due to his saddharma that the Country scaled heights of art and culture. But those professing Brahmimism did not like it since the interest of their section of society were served only by perpetuating inequalities, through Ishwarvad and Shastravad.

As a result, Brahmins used all possible conceits and even State power, to extinguish Saddharma and Buddhism from the very land on which it was born, while it kept flourishing abroad, beyond the boundaries of our Country. Not only this, the Brahmins executed hundreds of Buddhist Monks, broke many statues of Buddha, destroyed many Monasteries, and killed thousands of Buddhist people, and converted most of the hardworking Buddhists of this Country into Untouchables, through the instruments of Manuvad, This oppressed class of Untouchables had to suffer inhuman cruelties and extreme exploitation for a long time. As a result, this class of working people was forced to forget its own culture and religion - in other words Buddhism itself. But on 14th October 1956, Baba Saheb Dr Ambedkar gave a call to this oppressed and deprived class to return to their own culture, namely Buddhism. He showed the path to comprehensive Dalit Revolution and Independence. By leaving Hindu religion, and returning to Buddhism alone, is emancipation and progress of Dalits possible. Not only this, the welfare of entire society of India and the welfare of the whole Country as such, lies only in adopting the high human values professed by Buddhism. The Historic words, which Baba Saheb uttered in his speech, are as follows:

WHY SHOULD WE EMBRACE BUDDHISM? - BABA SAHEB DR BR AMBEDKAR

“Followers of Buddhist Faith, I want to explain in my address to you today, why I have assumed the mighty responsibility of Revival and Propagation of the Gospel of Lord Buddha. Many intellectual friends and myself feel that the” induction” ritual, which took place yesterday on Conversion, should have preceded the Induction Ceremony, yesterday. But what has happened, is history, and it will be of no significance to ponder over this question of sequence now.

Why only Nagpur?

Many people have been curious to know, why did I select only Nagpur for this monumental task, and why did I not think some other location. Some believe that, since this town is a hub of the Rashtriya Swayam Sevak, I have deliberately selected this venue to embarrass them, by executing a spectacular right in their view. But it is not so. I have no such ambition. I have neither the time nor the intention to provoke them with such meaningless ploys. The enormous task that I have taken upon myself is important that every minute that I spend on it is valuable to me. The thought of RSS has not even remotely touched my mind while selecting this venue.

Those who have studied the ancient history of India, and the Buddhist connection, know that the credit for propagating Buddhism in the beginning goes to Nagas. Nagas were non-Aryans, and there existed a fierce enmity between the Aryans and the Nagas. Many battles were fought between the Aryans and the non-Aryans. Aryans wanted to completely annihilate the Nagas. There are many legends, to be found in the puranas in this connection. The Sage ‘Agastya’ is said to have saved one snake deity, symbolic of Nagas. You are all supposed to be the descendents of naga. The Nagas, who were suppressed and oppressed by the Aryans, were on the look out for a great man to liberate them, and they found that great man in the person of Lord Buddha. Nagas spread the Religion of the Buddha throughout India. Nagas were predominantly the inhabitants of Nagpur. A river flowing at a distance of 27 miles from Nagpur is also named Nag. It appears that the Nagas lived in the banks of this river. This is mainly the reason for selecting Nagpur for this occasion. Conflict is possible with the RSS on any other issue, but none has selected this venue to provoke them.

Frustration among critics

Severe criticism has been made by some NewsPapers, of this great moment launched by me, and followed by you. According to some of my critics, I am misguiding my own brethren. According to them, the Untouchables will continue to remain Untouchables. Conversion will not benefit us.

Many News papers even went to the extent of suggesting that whatever Political Privileges are being enjoyed by the Untouchables at present, will also be taken away after conversion. All this is absurd propaganda. These people are of the view that, instead of exploring new avenues, we should follow the beaten path for amelioration of our condition. This kind of mischievous talk is likely to cause doubts in the minds of young, as well as the older people. Therefore, I cannot desist from answering this question. Our Movement will gain strength if such doubts are removed. Therefore, I wish to speak on this question at length.

Mahars and Chamars should stop removing the dead bodies of buffaloes and cows. ‘Mahars and Chamars. Don’t eat carryon’ was a slogan, which was raised by me. Some thirty years ago, I launched this Movement on these issues. This somehow immensely offended our Hindu friends. I asked them, “You take the milk from the cows and buffaloes, and when they are dead you expect us to remove their dead bodies. Why? If you can carry the dead bodies of your mothers to cremate, why do you not carry the bodies of your ‘mother-cows’ yourself? When I put this question to the Hindus, they felt offended I told them, if you let us remove the dead bodies of your mothers, we will very gladly remove the dead bodies of your cows and buffaloes as well. A ‘Chitpavan Brahmin’ tried to prove, through a number of letters published in ‘Kesri’, a Brahmin journal, that if the Untouchables stopped removing the dead bodies of animals, they would be put to a great financial loss. He augmented his point, by furnishing statistical data in support of his argument. According to him, every Chamar, who removed the dead bodies of the animal, earned between Rs.500 and Rs.600 per annum from the sale of proceeds of skin, horns, teeth, hoofs and bones of the dead cows. He accused me that I was trying to deprive them, of their livelihood by preaching against this practice. My Untouchable brethren felt confused, as to where I was leading them.

Once I happened to visit Sangmaner, a Tehsil in the District of Belgaum. The author of those letters, which had appeared in Kesri, met me and repeated the same questions. I told him that, I would answer his questions at an appropriate time. I answered the questions published in ‘Kesri’ in a public meeting in the following manner. ‘My people do not have sufficient food to eat. Women have no clothes to cover their bodies. No roof over their heads to give them shelters. No land to grow food -grains. So they are drown-trodden and poverty stricken. They are oppressed and exploited. ‘ I asked all those present, if they knew the reason why? None replied from among the congregation; not even the person who had written those letters to the ‘Kesri’. I told them, to better leave us alone, and allow us to worry about ourselves. ‘If you are so much anxious about our losses, why don’t you send your friends and relatives to live in the villages, and do this dirty job of dragging the dead bodies of animals so that they may earn Rs.500/- per annum. In addition to that amount, I will pay Rs.500/- from my pocket as prize. They will gain doubly. Why miss this opportunity? True, we will suffer a loss, but you stand to gain. No caste Hindu has come forward to undertake this job and claim the prize. Why do they feel perturbed on seeing us making progress? I can take care of my people for the food, clothing, houses and other things they need. You Hindus need not worry about these things.

If we do this dirty work, it is said to be profitable, and if they do it, it becomes non-profitable. They were welcome to remove the dead animals and earn profit. Similarly, some people say that, some seats have been reserved for us in the Legislature. Why are we keen to give up that advantage by converting to Buddhism? My reply to them is that they should let the Brahmins, Rajputs and other caste Hindus come forward, and fill these up by becoming Chamars, sweepers and mahars.

Why should they moan over our loss, if seats Reserved for us are left vacant? Self-Respect is more important to a man than material gains only.

There is an area in Bombay known for prostitution. Women of easy virtue who live there wake up at about 8 O’clock in the morning, and call for boys who work in the cheap restaurants, ‘O boys; Get a plate of ‘kheema’ and ‘Roti. They take ‘Kheema roti’ and tea. But our women do not get ‘Kheema roti’ to eat. They eat ordinary ‘Roti’ and ‘Chatni’, and remain content with that. They too can opt to live the life of prostitutes, but they are fond of their self-respect. And Dignity is one’s birthright. Our ambition is to do our utmost towards achieving it completely. No sacrifice will be enough to achieve this. Journalists have been after me for the last forty years. I want to tell them now that, they ought to write in a mature and considered language. We do deserve to live with fuller Dignity, which the Hindus have hitherto denied to us. We will achieve that fullness, after we have embraced Buddhism.

I have been liberated from Hell

I am surprised that our Conversion is being discussed everywhere. But, I am surprised to see that nobody has asked me the Reason why of all the religions I have chosen Buddhism. In any Movement of Conversion, this is a significant question to be asked. Which religion should be adopted and why? I started the Movement of renouncing the Hindu Religion in 1935, and since then I have been continuing the struggle. A mammoth public meeting was held at Yeola, District Nasik in 1935, in which it was resolved in the congregation that, we shall renounce the Hindu religion. I had resolved then, that although I am born as a Hindu, I would not die a Hindu. I had taken that pledge 21 years ago, and I have fulfilled it today. This Conversion has given me enormous pleasure. I feel as if I have been liberated from Hell. L does not want any blind followers. Those who want to embrace Buddhism should do so after careful thinking so that they hold on firmly to this Religion for future.

Karl Marx and Dalits

Religion is a must for the progress of mankind. I am deeply aware that, according to a new interpretation given by Karl Marx, Religion is an opiate. According to him, Religion has no place in life. They believe in ‘eat, drink and be merry.’ All that they want is bread and butter for breakfast, delicious meals in the afternoon, nice comfortable bed to sleep on, and cinema to while away their time. I do not somehow agree with them. Owing to the poverty of my father, I did not have the opportunity to enjoy any of these luxuries. None would have labored in life as much as I have. But this ahs not made me irreligious. I known myself what sort of hardships the poor have to bear. We must launch our struggle keeping in view the economic aspects. I am not against this idea. We should progress economically too. I have been struggling throughout my life to that end. Not only this, I very much desires the entire mankind to become economically strong.

Animal and Man

But I have my own views in this regard. There is difference between man and animal. Whilst the beast needs nothing except its daily food for existence, the human being is endowed with a Body and a Mind. Mind must be developed side by side with body. Mind should also be filled with pure and cultured thoughts. I do not consider it advantageous to have anything to do with the Countries where people believe that eating and drinking is separate from Development of mind. One should bear in mind that, just as we have a healthy body in order to be able to remain free from disease, so in order to keep the body healthy, we must also develop a healthy Mind. Without this, all human progress will become meaning less.

A developed Mind - the Main Force Behind Enthusiasm

What causes the disease in human body or mind? So long as the body is in suffering, Mind cannot be happy. If the mind is not happy, there cannot be any enthusiasm in life. Nothing can be achieved if there is no enthusiasm.

What causes this lack of enthusiasm? It is a state of hopelessness. If one begins to believe that there is no hope of ones’ elevation in life, one looses enthusiasm. There can be no enthusiasm without hope. The mind becomes diseased. When one is assured of enjoying the reward of ones’ labour, only then one feels enriched by enthusiasm and inspiration. If the teachers in school start commenting, “Oh! This is a Mahar boy. How did he secure the first position in the class? What business has he to stand first in the class? Only the Brahmins are entitled to secure the first position.” Now what enthusiasm can the Mahar boy have in these circumstances? How will he advance in life? Mind is the main source of generation of enthusiasm. One who has a healthy body and a healthy mind has confidence and courage. He can fight with all kinds of odds in life. This generates enthusiasm in him. Hinduism is founded on ideologies and such principles of inequality and injustice, as leave no room for the development of enthusiasm. If this religion thrives for another thousand years, it will only produce clerks who will do nothing except filling their bellies. Then we shall need super clerks to protect them from injustices and various kinds of atrocities. Common masses of Untouchables will not gain anything. If there is one foundation for enthusiasm it is the mind. Manager is appointed in mills to extract work from labour. Their job is only to get work from the labour. The proprietors remain engrossed in their business, and get no time to develop their minds. How did I get my education? Owing to poverty, I used to attend school with nothing more than loin clothes on my body. I was not allowed to get even water to drink in the school. I had to go without water for many days. Untouchability was observed even in Elphinstone College, Bombay. What can be expected in this kind of circumstances? Untouchability cannot be removed if education produces only slavish clerks.

Be Rulers, not Clerks.

I was an Executive Councilor in Delhi during British Rule. Lord Linlithgow was the viceroy of India at that time. Once I asked that he allocated Rs 3 Lacs for Aligar Muslim University for the sake of Muslims, and Rs 3 Lacs to the Benaras Hindu University for the sake of Hindus. But we are neither Hindus nor Muslims. An amount proportionate to the population of the Scheduled Castes should be allocated for us. Since that proportionate amount would be quite high you should allocate an amount equal to that allocated to Muslims. Lord Linlithgow asked me to give in writing whatever I wanted to say. As desired by him, I submitted a Memorandum. Europeans were generally sympathetic in their outlook. He agreed to my proposal, and granted a sum of Rs. 3 Lacs for the Scheduled Castes. But the question, as to how the amount thus allocated should be spent, could not be resolved. Viceroy wanted this amount to be spent on education of the girls belonging to Scheduled Castes, and suggested Boarding Houses be built for them. If this money is spent in this manner to build Boarding Houses, in order to make the illiterate girls belonging to the Scheduled castes educated. I thought we should soon require money for providing them with good food too. Poor as our people are, how shall they get these things for their daughters? What will be the result of this education? Since these questions could not be resolved, the Viceroy withheld the money earmarked for the education of the Scheduled castes.

I went to Lord Linlithgow again and had a straightforward talk with him on the topic. I put this question to the Viceroy Lord Linlithgow. ‘Am I not equal to 500 graduates?’ ‘Yes, of course, you are.’ Replied Lord Linlithgow. Then I asked him, ‘Do you know the reason why I say so?’ He did not know. I told the Viceroy that my education that my education is so thorough that I am capable of holding any office of the Govt. with confidence. I need such learned men who should be capable of holding key position whence they should work in the most effective manner for the betterment of the community.

If you really want to do something for the betterment of the ‘untouchables’ you will have to produce such people as would be able to ameliorate their condition. How will it help to merely help produce clerks? Lord Linlithgow acceded to my suggestion, and sent 16 boys belonging to Scheduled castes abroad for higher education.

YESTERDAY

“Chaturvarna, Gandhi and Religion

We have been living in this country for thousands of years, in a hopeless system, which generates no enthusiasm. So long as the present system continues, there is no scope for generation of any enthusiasm for our progress. Smarting under Hindu religion, which is founded on inequality and injustice, we can achieve nothing. Manusmriti describes the ‘Chaturvarna’. This ‘Chaturvarna’ is disastrous for the progress of mankind. Under this system, the Shudras are restricted to performance of drudgeries only. They have nothing to do with education. Who would be interested in ameliorating their lot? Brahmins, Kshatriyas and vaishyas benefit alike from the slavish condition of Shudras. Shudras have nothing but slavery to share. Chaturvarna cannot just be blown away. It is not only a part of tradition; it has become a religion.

There is no equality in Hinduism. I once went to see Gandhiji. Gandhiji told me that he believed in CHATURVARNA. ‘What kind of Chaturvarna’? I enquired, pointing towards my hand with the little finger in the bottom and thumb on the top or this way - with the palm lying flat on the surface of the table and fingers lying side by side. ‘What do you mean by the Chaturvarna? Where does it begin and where does it end?’ I asked Gandhiji. Gandhiji could not reply.

Those who have ruined us, this unjust religion of theirs will be annihilated in front of them. I do not accuse the Hindu religion in vain. This sinful religion cannot save any body. It has no life left in it.” Dr.B.R.Ambedkar

TODAY

Bahujan Samaj Party under the able Ms. Mayawati, Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Don’t Delude: They deliver

The Facts Speak for Themselves

┬╖ 69% reduction in crime.

┬╖ Rs. 7000 crore Water Restructuring Project Launched

┬╖ Rs. 3000 Crore State Roads Project initiated.

┬╖ Highest external aid received and utilised in last 5 years.

┬╖ Construction of Rs. 2500 crore first accesses controlled expressway of India between Greater Nouda & Agra started.

┬╖ 650 crore PM Rural Roads Projects implemented.

┬╖ First State to provide legal framework for SEZs.

┬╖ Proposal of Rs. 1900 crore for new industries.

┬╖ 1.87 lakh landless dalits provided ownership of village land.

┬╖ 89,000 landless given new land leases.

┬╖ 1001 new urban development projects launched.

┬╖ 96 crore Dr.Ambedkar Memorial dedicated to people.

тАжAnd all this happened in just One Year It needed courage with Vision to realise it.

Mayawati moots reservation in cabinet

The Bahujan Samaj Party today advocated reservation in the Council of Ministers in order to ensure adequate reservation for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.

While supporting the move to limit the size of Ministries both at the Centre and the States, the Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister and BSP vice-president, Mayawati said that she had instructed her party leaders in the Lok Sabah to seek a clause providing reservation for the SCs and the STs, “keeping in mind their population”.

Addressing the media at NEW DELHI on 03-04-2003, on completion of one-year of her coalition Government, Ms Mayawati said the BSP would also support the Centre’s move to introduce legislation to tackle the problem of defection. “We will vote in favour of both the Bills and help in their passage.” To a question on the BSP’s viewpoint to ban religious conversion, Ms Mayawati said there was no objection to the move to check forcible conversions. Otherwise the constitution permitted the freedom to practice any religion. Incidentally, Ms Mayawati had warned at the Lucknow rally on April 14, that unless Hindu religion leaders eliminated discriminatory practices, the ‘Bahujan ‘ samaj led by her would embrace Buddhism.

The BSP would also support Central ligislation to ban cow slaughter and such a law was already in place in Uttar Pradesh. Asked about her Government’s stand on the VHP’s ‘trishul’ (trident-anodized plastic) distribution programme, Ms.mayawati said she agreed with the Deputy Prime Minister, L.K.Advani’s remarks that it marred the organisation’s image. However, she said the VHP had already carried on some ‘minor’ programme in the state. “I would not commit the mistake of carrying out (their) arrest like Rajastan did and make him (VHP leader Praveen Togadia) a hero,” she said.

In the same breath, she warned that if the Samajawadi Party attempted to distribute swords, as the party leaders did at a rally in Delhi, they would be proceeded against under the Arms Act.

The BSP would go it alone in the Assembly elections in Madya Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Delhi and Rajastan later this year. Talks on seat-sharing arrangement with the BJP for U.P. ahead of the next general elections would take place only after the Assembly polls.

The BSP would field a candidate against the Mahashtra Chief Minister, Sushil Kumar Shinde.

TOMORROW

‘I will be the best PM and Mayawati is my chosen heir’

“I will be the best Prime Minister. I have already declared at the Lucknow rally that Mayawati is my chosen political heir.”

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) Chief Kanshi Ram appeared out of the blue in the mid-70s to pose a challenge to the powerful and influential leaders of Indian politics. The former employee of a steel plant set out to rid society of its most potent evil - the caste system - and give dignity and freedom to his constituency, the Dalits. It has been two decades since he began, and Kanshi Ram is still energetic despite a debilitating illness.

Today, the BSP rules India’s largest state, UP, and is a national party. Kanshi Ram spends his time Travelling in states as far flung as Punjab, AP, and MP and Gujarat ‘’addressing the public, creating leaders for his party and building the future'’. His views on why he aligned with ‘’casteist'’ and ‘’communal'’ parties like BJP are well known - for Dalit empowerment -

‘Yes, I was influenced by the writings on the caste struggle of Ambedkar, Jyotibhai Phule and Shahu Maharaj, who were all from Maharashtra. I am a chamar from Punjab but we were an educated people because of the Sikh religion. We even had an IAS officer from our village soon after Independence. It became clear that if I had to take the fight of the chamars against upper caste oppression, I should first mobilise educated and employed chamars like me, because they have the resources and the ability to comprehend. And, so, Bamcef, a federation representing them, was born in Pune around 1975, but I shifted my headquarters to Delhi. The majority of chamars are in north India.

Yes. I saw the Congress was the most powerful in the chamar belt - extending from Jammu in the north to Dhanbad in the east including Madhya Pradesh in the south. The Congress had cleverly got a stooge in Jagjivan Ram, a chamar leader, whose only job was to keep the community in the Congress fold and to ensure that the radical writings of Ambedkar did not enter the region. I decided to break Jagjivan Ram’s grip and finish the manuvadi (upper caste) Congress here.

Nothing in my life is immediate. When word got around that there was a new chamar leader, Indira Gandhi began strengthening the hands of Jagjivan Ram, but it proved costly. It finally led Jagjivan Ram to challenge her leadership by wanting to become PM and he was forced to leave the party.

The BSP was founded in 1984 and in 1985, it contested the UP assembly elections by fielding more than 200 candidates. We did not win a single seat but the Congress lost 165 seats because we split its votes. It was the beginning of the end.

Is it wrong for the chamars to have their own leader and party to fight for dignity and justice? The BSP represents the chamars and we had got 18 varieties of chamars under one umbrella
in UP.

But ours is a strange Country. If all Kasatriyas get killed, all the warriors get killed. This has been happening in the past. That is why our Country became slave, so many times. If we were allowed to bear arms, this Country would never have been subjugated, as no invader would have been able to conquer this Country.

Buddhism has hope for this Country

There is no salvation for anybody in Hinduism. According to the tenets of Hinduism only the so-called higher castes have been benefited. There is no exaggeration in my statement. What has the Shudras or the Ati-Shudras gained? As soon as the wife of a Brahmin conceives, she thinks oh the High Court, whether any post of a Judge has fallen vacant, but when our woman becomes pregnant, she cannot think anything better than a sweeper’s post under the Municipal Committee. This deplorable situation exists only because of Hinduism. How can we gain by staying in this system? It is only by embracing Buddhism that we can hope to gain anything.

Brahmins and Shudras alike embraced the religion of Lord Buddha. While delivering a Sermon to the original Bhikkus, Lord Buddha said, “O’ Bhikkus, you have come from different Countries and various Castes, Great rivers when they flow in different Countries maintain their individual flow, but, after falling into the ocean, they loose their separate identities. Buddhism is like that ocean. All are one and equal in this ocean. It is not possible to identify the waters of Ganga or Yamuna when they have merged. Similarly after embracing Buddhism, you are all one.” Such was the teaching of Lord Buddha.

I have a grave Responsibility on my Shoulders

Some people ask me why I have taken so long to take a decision to Change of Religion? What was I doing all these years? This is a very serious question. It is an enormous task to persuade people about the merits of a Religion. It is not a task only one man can perform. You will understand the enormity of the matter, if you meditate on the principles of the Dhaka. I have a great responsibility on my shoulders. No other person in the world has had to shoulder such an enormous responsibility. If I live for a few more years, I will bring this task that I have undertaken to a successful end. (Slogans of Baba Saheb Zindabad) We will not be Untouchable Buddhists

Some people will naturally ask this question, what will the Untouchables gain by embracing Buddhism? My only assertion in this regard is that, you should not ask this question since, it is worthless to ask it. Religion is not necessary for the well to do. Those who are holding high positions in life, have nice bungalows to live in. money to buy all comforts of life, and servants to attend on them. Practicing a Religion or thinking about it has no use for them.

Religion has use for the poor

It is the poor who need Religion. The suffering and the oppressed need Religion. The poor live on Hope. Hope is Foundation of Action in Life. Life cannot go on if Hope is demolished. Religion affords this Hope to everyone. Religion gives solace to the poor and the oppressed, and assures that life is full of Hope. This is the reason why the poor cling to Religion.

Some people will, no doubt, say that the Buddhism is the Religion of the untouchables. Brahmins used to irreverently address Lord Buddha as ‘Bho-Gautama’. They used to insult and disrespect him with such names. But as you know, if the idols of Rama, Krishna, or Shankara are kept for sale in foreign countries, nobody would buy them. But if the images of Buddha are kept for sale none will be left. So much has happened and has been witnessed in India. Let us look outside the Country also. If there is an Indian God whose name is popular abroad, it is Lord Buddha.

We shall follow our path, undaunted. Let others follow their own path. We have found a new way to life and we shall follow it. This path symbolises Hope. This path leads to progress. In fact we have not imported it from outside. Buddhism is the Religion of this country. It is more than two thousand years old.

I feel sorry for the fact that I did not embrace this Religion earlier. The teachings of Buddha are eternal, but even then Buddha did not proclaim them to be infallible. The Religion of Buddha has the capacity to change according to times - a quality, which no other Religion can claim to have.

The decline of Buddhism

Main reason for the decline of Buddhism in India, was the invasion of India by the Moslems. Thousands of images were mutilated and destroyed. Viharas were desecrated and thousands of Bhikkus were massacred. Terrified by these ghastly events, the Bhikkus fled to the adjoining Countries. Some went to Tibet. Some went to China. They spread throughout the world. The result was that, the Bhikkus disappeared from this Country.

There was a Greek King in North West Province, called King Menander. He was an expert on the religious Discourses. He had defeated the Brahmins many a time during the religious Discourses. He asked his servants to invite Bhikkus and the scholars of Buddhism to his court. The Bhikkus approached Nagasena, a learned versatile Bhikku, to discuss the Religion of Buddha. Menander asked him a question, as to what leads to downfall of a Religion. In his answer, Nagasena listed three causes of the ruination of a Religion. Firstly, if a Religion is not based on Truth, and its basic principles are not cogent, it does not last long. It has only temporary existence. Secondly if its preachers are not learned enough, the Religion cannot be sustained. Thirdly, if the Religion and its principles do not get translated into the Temples and other modes of worship among common people, then also that Religion declines.

You must bear in mind, some facts while accepting Buddhism. You must not think that the Teachings of Buddhism are of temporary value, and are not likely to last longer. Even after a lapse of 2,500 years, the world respects the Teachings of Buddha. There are as many 2000 Institutions of the followers of Buddhism in the United States of America. In England, a Buddhist Vihara has been built at a cost of Rs.3, 00,000. There are some 3000 or 4000 Institutions founded in the name of Buddha in Germany. The Principles of Buddha are Eternal, but in spite of this fact Buddha did not claim any Divine Status for himself, nor did he claim his Faith to be Infallible. Buddha did not say that he was the Son of God, or the last Prophet Messenger of God. On the contrary he said, “My Father and my Mother are ordinary mortals”. Only those people should embrace this Religion who earnestly believe in it. For such high principles are not to be found in any other Religion.

There is a world of difference between this Religion and other Religions of the world. Main Principles of Buddhism form no part of theistic Religions. According to other Religions, God created the world, this Earth, and thereafter he created Heaven, Air Moon and other planets. God has done all that was required to be done, and there remains nothing for us to do. All that we are required to do is, just to sing the praises of Almighty God. According to Christianity, there will be a day of Judgement after death. Everything will be determined on the basis of that Judgement. This does not appeal to rational man today.

Buddhism denies the existence of God and Soul. The real basis of Buddhism is, rational way to eradicate suffering. ‘There is’ Buddha said, ’suffering in the world-suffering wide spread’. Ninety- percent people are afflicted with suffering or misery of some kind or other. The main object of Buddhism is to emancipate the suffering humanity. The question arises then, what is the use of Das Kapital? I believe that Karl Marx was behind Buddha. For, he did not say anything that had not been brought to light by the Buddha himself, some two thousand and four hundred years before Karl Marx was born. Whatever Buddha said was simple, and the path he showed was straight.

Brothers and Sisters, that is all I had to say. This Religion is the best of all. It is an all-comprehensive Religion.

There are some such ingredients in Hindu religion as inhibits any kind of enthusiasm. This Religion has not permitted any member of our samaj, to become a scholar for thousands of years.

I do not hesitate to tell you, some of the bitter facts about my childhood. There was a Maratha maid in our school. She was herself uneducated, but she never used to teach me. My mother had taught me to address every senior person with respect. I used to address, even the postman of the school with respect. Once I felt thirsty in School. I requested the teacher for water. The teacher called the peon, and asked him to open the tap, and I drank the water. If the peon used to be absent from School, I used to go without water for days together in School. I used to return home thirsty, and drink water after reaching home. When I returned after receiving higher Education, I was offered the post of District Judge. But I did not accept this offer, considering that if I accepted this post, I would not be able to serve my people. It is only on these considerations that I did not accept Government Service.

With the education, intelligence, knowledge and experience that I have, it is not difficult for me to oppose or fight against any evil. But there is a mountain - colossal mountain of caste hierarchy, vaishyas, Brahmins, Kshatriyas sitting on our heads. The question before us is how to topple it down and blast it. To be able to do so, I will write books, remove all your doubts and acquaint you fully with the Religion of Buddha. I owe it as a duty. Have full faith in me and follow me.

Some people say that, Buddhism is on its deathbed or practically dead. If it is so, it is our duty to awaken it to better status. We should act in a manner so as to enthuse, inspire respect among other people. We should arrange discourses.

Elevate yourself and the world

A great responsibility has fallen on your shoulders now. It is a significant matter. Don’t think that this Religion is like the dog collar tied around your neck. Buddhism considers that this Country is ours, has become a desert. Now it has fallen on you that you should endeavor to follow this Religion sincerely. If you do not do so, people will laugh at this Conversion. Pledge today, to liberate yourself, and to elevate your Country and the World in general. Buddhism can alone salvage the World. Until Justice Rules the World, World peace cannot be there.

Donate 1/20th of your Income

The task you have taken in hand is of immense responsibility. You have resolved to labor hard, to complete it. The young among us have to work hard. This thing you have to bear in mind. Do not be interested in your bread. You must resolve to contribute at least 1/20th of your income for the propagation of the Dhamma. I am to carry you all with me. Bhagwan Buddha used to carry out Initiation Ceremony himself. When it became unmanageable for one person, he allowed that work to be shared by other competent persons among his followers. You might have heard the name of one ‘Yasha’. He was the scion of a rich family. Yasha became his Disciple, and there were forty more men who followed him. Bhagwan told them, ‘My Religion is for the good of many; for in the good of many, lies the happiness for many. This is good in the beginning; this is good in the middle, and this is good in the end’.

Buddha adopted the method of preaching according to circumstances then prevailing. Accordingly, we too should adopt the method, which is most suitable to the existing circumstances. There are no Bhikkus in this Country now to do this work. So every one of us has to take “deeksha”. Every Buddhist has the right to initiate others, by administering the 22 vows, which are as follows:

The 22 Vows of Buddhism

1. I shall have no faith in Brahma, Vishnu and mahesh, nor shall I worship them.

2. I shall have no faith in Rama and Krishna, nor shall I worship them.

3. I shall have no faith in ‘Gauri’, Ganapathi and other gods and goddesses of Hindus, nor shall I worship them.

4. I do not believe in the incarnation of God.

5.

I do not and shall not believe that, Lord Buddha was the incarnation of Vishnu. I believe this is to be sheer madness of false propaganda.

6. I shall not perform ’shraddha’, nor shall I give ‘pind-dan’.

7. I shall not act in a manner, violating the Principles and Teachings of Buddha.

8. I shall not allow any Ceremonies to be performed by Brahmins. 9. I shall believe in the Equality of Man.

10. I shall endeavor to establish Equality.

11. I shall follow the ‘noble eight path’ of the Buddha. 12. I shall follow the ‘paramitas’ prescribed by the Buddha.

13. I shall have compassion and loving kindness, for all living beings, and protect them.

14. I shall not steal.

15. I shall not tell lies.

16. I shall not commit carnal sins.

17. I shall not take intoxicants.

18. I shall endeavor to mould my life, to the practice of compassion and loving kindness in every day life.

19. I renounce Hinduism, which is harmful for humanity, and which impedes the advancement and development of humanity, because it is based on inequality, and adopt Buddhism as my Religion.

20. I firmly believe the Dhamma of the Buddha is the only true Religion.

21. I believe that I am having re-birth.

22. I solemnly declare and affirm that, I shall hereafter lead my life, according to the Principles and teachings of the Buddha and his Dhamma. Baba Saheb Dr. Ambekar

Thus, on 14th October 1956, Baba Saheb Dr. Ambedkar, the true Buddhist, underwent the Initiation Ceremony into Buddhism, the Religion founded by Lord Buddha, along with Lacs of followers. Some people call it Conversion, and some describe it merely as modification of Religious Belief. As a matter of fact, this was not a Conversion. What happened is that, thanks to the guidance of Baba Saheb Dr. Ambedkar, a very large number of people returned to the Religion practiced by their forefathers. They returned to a Religion, to coax the masses to abstain from which, the conservative Brahmins had conspired for ages. We have escaped mirage set out by them, and have adopted the right path. This will be recorded, as the most important convention Free Revolution. When in the remote future, History is recalled, this day the 14th of October will be recalled as the day of the Emancipation of the dalits.

Here, the author of the book ‘BAHUJAN SAMAJ AUR USKI RAJNITY’ Kumari Mayawati clarified that ‘Baba Saheb Dr.Ambedkar did prefer Buddhism on account of certain values vouched by this Religion, but this should not be taken to mean that he was against other religions. Even about Hinduism Baba Saheb Dr. Ambedkar had said that if fundamentalist Hindus purge this religion of its objectionable principles, even this religion can prove to be beneficial to mankind. These ideas of Baba Saheb Dr. Ambedkar became abundantly clear from his utterances while introducing the Hindu Code Bill in the Parliament in his capacity as the first Law Minister of India. He said, “If you wish to protect the Hindu-system, the Hindu-culture and the Hindu-society, do not hesitate to remove the evils that have crept into them. This Bill intends nothing beyond removing such evils”. He held respect for all Religions likewise.

The significance of the above event is, however, much larger. By embracing Buddhism, Baba Saheb Dr. Ambedkar made the poor and the oppressed, the repositories of the richest Culture of the World.

Much before Baba Saheb Dr. Ambedkar, Mahatma Jotiba Phule, goaded by the tyranny and oppression perpetrated by caste system, had begun the struggle to transform the manuvadi social order, based on inequalities, into an order based on equality. But Jotiba Phule expired in 1890. Dr. Ambedkar was born after one year of the death of this founding father and pioneer of the Social Revolution. Baba Saheb sacrificed his entire life, for the establishment of society based on equality, based on the inspiration he received from the life of Mahatma Jotiba Phule and Lord Buddha. Simultaneously, Sri. Harichand Thakur and Shri.

Guruchand Thakur, who belonged to the Chandal Community of the Scheduled castes, and graduated to be barristers, thanks to the British Rule, started work on social reforms. Chatrapathi Shauji Maharaj of Kholapur, made his own contributions towards ushering a Revolution in the Bahujan samaj. Periyar Ramaswamy and Narayan Guru, also struggled against manuvad. Similarly, our saints and Gurus, also spread the message of humanism and human brotherhood and fought against manuvad.

To be able to transform the brahminical social order, the members of Bahujan Samaj must understand their own History, apart from the History of manuvad samaj. Otherwise, they will continue to be exploited by a handful of dominant caste hindu people, who constitute only 15% of the total population. Besides it is necessary for them to understand their own History in order to consolidate and organise the Bahujan samaj. They cannot capture Political Power at the Centre and the States, even though Baba Saheb Dr. Ambedkar had cleared their way to Political Power, through the Constitution of India. A colleague of Baba Saheb asked a question about this, sometimes before he died in 1956. The collegue asked as to why he did he remain cheerful and happy those days. To this Baba Saheb replied that, he had pledged to restore the reins of the Country to its original rulers, and that with the promulgation of the Constitution on 26th January 1950, he had won the battle. How do you say that, the inquisitive colleague retorted, since the Prime Minister and most of the Ministers then belonged to the dominant hindu castes. To this Baba Saheb Ambedkar replied stating that, so far as he was concerned, by introducing the Democratic System of Governance and Universal Adult Franchise, he had handed over the potential capacity to capture Political Power to the majority community of Bahujan Samaj. That, as on date, the Samaj was not capable of controlling the Reins of the Government, but in the coming 30 years the Samaj will get educated, and will grow strong enough to gain political control of the Country.

Keeping in view the above facts, my appeal to the Members of the Bahujan Samaj is that, if they aspire to stand on their own feet, the first thing for them is to understand their own History and the struggles of their Ancestors. Failing this, the Members of the manuvad samaj will continue to exploit our ignorance, and will make it difficult for us to progress in any walk of life’.

Print this Page
Print this Page
Published on: June 24, 2003
Send e-mail to dalits@ambedkar.org with questions or comments about this web site.
No Copyright: Dalit E-Forum
DISCLAIMER :
http://www.ambedkar.org
does not represent or endorse the accuracy or reliability of any of the information/content of news items/articles mentioned therein. The views expressed therein are not those of the owners of the web site and any errors / omissions in the same are of the respective creators/ copyright holders. Any issues regarding errors in the content may be taken up with them directly.

https://www.bspindia.org/our-ideals/baba-saheb-dr-b-r-ambedkar/

Baba Saheb Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (1891тАУ1956) popularly known as Babasaheb, was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement and campaigned against social discrimination against Untouchables (Dalits), while also supporting the rights of women and labour He was Independent IndiaтАЩs first law minister and the principal architect of the Constitution of India.
His Birth and Greatness Foretold
On April 14th, 1891 a son was born to Bhimabai and Ramji Ambadvekar. His father Ramji was an army officer stationed at Mhow in Madhya Pradesh тАУ he had risen to the highest rank an Indian was allowed to hold at that time under British rule. His mother decided to call her son Bhim. Before the birth, RamjiтАЩs uncle, who was a man living the religious life of a sanyasi, foretold that this son would achieve worldwide fame. His parents already had many children. Despite that, they resolved to make every effort to give him a good education.
Early Life and First School of Ambedkar
Two years later, Ramji retired from the army, and the family moved to Dapoli in the Ratnagiri district of Maharashtra, from where they came originally. Bhim was enrolled at school when he was five years old. The whole family had to struggle to live on the small army pension Ramji received.
When some friends found Ramji a job at Satara, things seemed to be looking up for the family, and they moved again. Soon after, however, tragedy struck. Bhimabai, who had been ill, died. BhimтАЩs aunt Mira, though she herself was not in good health, took over the care of the children. Ramji read stories from the epics Mahabharata and Ramayana to his children, and sang devotional songs to them. In this way, home life was still happy for Bhim, his brothers and sisters. He never forgot the influence of his father. It taught him about the rich cultural tradition shared by all Indians.
The Shock of Prejudice тАУ Casteism
Bhim began to notice that he and his family were treated differently. At high school he had to sit in the corner of the room on a rough mat, away from the desks of the other pupils. At break-time, he was not allowed to drink water using the cups his fellow school children used. He had to hold his cupped hands out to have water poured into them by the school caretaker. Bhim did not know why he should be treated differently тАУ what was wrong with him?

Once, he and his elder brother had to travel to Goregaon, where their father worked as a cashier, to spend their summer holidays. They got off the train and waited for a long time at the station, but Ramji did not arrive to meet them. The station master seemed kind, and asked them who they were and where they were going. The boys were very well-dressed, clean, and polite. Bhim, without thinking, told him they were Mahars (a group classed as тАШuntouchablesтАЩ). The station master was stunned тАУ his face changed its kindly expression and he went away.
Bhim decided to hire a bullock-cart to take them to their father тАУ this was before motor cars were used as taxis тАУ but the cart-men had heard that the boys were тАШuntouchablesтАЩ, and wanted nothing to do with them. Finally, they had to agree to pay double the usual cost of the journey, plus they had to drive the cart themselves, while the driver walked beside it. He was afraid of being polluted by the boys, because they were тАШuntouchablesтАЩ.
However, the extra money persuaded him that he could have his cart тАШpurifiedтАЩ later! Throughout the journey, Bhim thought constantly about what had happened тАУ yet he could not understand the reason for it. He and his brother were clean and neatly dressed. Yet they were supposed to pollute and make unclean everything they touched and all that touched them. How could that be possible?
Bhim never forgot this incident. As he grew up, such senseless insults made him realise that what Hindu society called тАШuntouchabilityтАЩ was stupid, cruel, and unreasonable. His sister had to cut his hair at home because the village barbers were afraid of being polluted by an тАШuntouchableтАЩ. If he asked her why they were тАШuntouchablesтАЩ, she could only answer -that is the way it has always been.тАЭ Bhim could not be satisfied with this answer. He knew that -it has always been that wayтАЭ does not mean that there is a just reason for it тАУ or that it had to stay that way forever. It could be changed.

рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рд┐рдд рдмрдиреЛ
Educate
рд╕рдВрдЧрдард┐рдд рд░рд╣реЛ
Organise
рд╕рдВрдШрд░реНрд╖ рдХрд░реЛ
Agitate,

An Outstanding Scholar
At this time in his young life, with his mother dead, and father working away from the village where Bhim went to school, he had some good fortune. His teacher, though from a тАШhighтАЩ caste, liked him a lot. He praised BhimтАЩs good work and encouraged him, seeing what a bright pupil he was. He even invited Bhim to eat lunch with him тАУ something that would have horrified most high caste Hindus. The teacher also changed BhimтАЩs last name to Ambedkar тАУ his own name.
When his father decided to remarry, Bhim was very upset тАУ he still missed his mother so much. Wanting to run away to Bombay, he tried to steal his auntтАЩs purse. When at last he managed to get hold of it, he found only one very small coin. Bhim felt so ashamed. He put the coin back and made a vow to himself to study very hard and to become independent.
Soon he was winning the highest praise and admiration from all his teachers. They urged Ramji to get the best education fro his son Bhim. So Ramji moved with his family to Bombay. They all had to live in just one room, in an area where the poorest of the poor lived, but Bhim was able to go to Elphinstone High School тАУ one of the best schools in all of India.
In their one room everyone and everything was crowed together and the streets outside were very noisy. Bhim went to sleep when he got home from school. Then his father would wake him up at two oтАЩclock in the morning! Everything was quiet then тАУ so he could do his homework and study in peace.
In the big city, where life was more modern than in the villages, Bhim found that he was still called an тАШuntouchableтАЩ and treated as if something made him different and bad тАУ even at his famous school.
One day, the teacher called him up to the blackboard to do a sum. All the other boys jumped up and made a big fuss.

Their lunch boxes were stacked behind the blackboard тАУ they believed that Bhim would pollute the food! When he wanted to learn Sanskrit, the language of the Hindu holy scriptures, he was told that it was forbidden for тАШuntouchablesтАЩ to do so. He had to study Persian instead тАУ but he taught himself Sanskrit later in life.
Educational qualifications of Dr.B R Ambedkar
1 .Elementary Education, 1902 Satara, Maharashtra
2. Matriculation, 1907, Elphinstone High School, Bombay Persian etc.,
3. Inter 1909, Elphinstone College,Bombay
4. B.A, 1913, Elphinstone College, Bombay, University of Bombay, Economics & Political Science
5. M.A, 1915 Majoring in Economics and with Sociology, History Philosophy, Anthropology and Politics as the other subjects of study.
6. Ph.D, 1917, Columbia University conferred a Degree of Ph.D.
7. MSc. 1921 June, London School of Economics, London. Thesis тАУ тАШProvincial Decentralization of Imperial Finance in British IndiaтАЩ
8. Barrister-at- Law 30-9-1920 GrayтАЩs Inn, London Law
(1922-23, Spent some time in reading economics in the University of Bonn in Germany.)
9. DSc. 1923 Nov London School of Economics, London тАШThe Problem of the Rupee тАУ Its origin and its solutionтАЩ was accepted for the degree of DSc. (Economics).
10. L.L.D (Honoris Causa) 5-6-1952 Columbia University, New York For HIS achievements, Leadership and authoring the constitution of India
11. D.Litt (Honoris Causa) 12-1-1953 Osmania University, Hyderabad For HIS achievements, Leadership and writing the constitution of India
12. NO 1 scholar in the World 13/9/2015 Columbia University , New York
His coursework during his three years (including summers) at Columbia consisted of: 29 courses in economics, 11 in history, 6 in sociology, 5 in philosophy, 4 in anthropology, 3 in politics, and 1 each in elementary French and German.
(Source: Office of the Registrar, Columbia University.)

Matriculation and Marriage
In due course, Bhim passed his Matriculation Exam. He had already come to the attention of some people interested in improving society. So when he passed the exam, a meeting was arranged to congratulate him тАУ he was the first тАШuntouchableтАЩ from his community to pass it.
Bhim was then 17 years old. Early marriage was common in those days, so he was married to Ramabai the same year. He continued to study hard and passed the next Intermediate examination with distinction. However, Ramji found himself unable to keep paying the school fees. Through someone interested in his progress, Bhim was recommended to the Maharaja Gaekwad of Baroda.
The Shahu Maharaja granted him a monthly scholarship. With the help of this, Bhimrao (тАШraoтАЩ is added to names in Maharashtra as a sign of respect) passed his B.A. in 1912. Then he was given a job in the civil service тАУ but only two weeks after starting, he had to rush home to Bombay. Ramji was very ill, and died soon afterwards. He had done all he could for his son, laying the foundations for BhimraoтАЩs later achievements.

Studies in the USA and the UK
The Maharaja of Baroda had a scheme to send a few outstanding scholars abroad for further studies. Of course, Bhimrao was selected тАУ but he had to sign an agreement to serve Baroda state for ten years on finishing his studies.
In 1913, he went to the USA where he studied at the world-famous Columbia University, New York. The freedom and equality he experienced in America made a very strong impression on Bhimrao. It was so refreshing for him to be able to live a normal life, free from the caste prejudice of India. He could do anything he pleased тАУ but devoted his time to studying. He studied eighteen hours a day. Visits to bookshops were his favourite entertainment!
His main subjects were Economics and Sociology. In just two years he had been awarded an M.A. тАУ the following year he completed his Ph.D. thesis. Then he left Columbia and went to England, where he joined the London School of Economics. However, he had to leave London before completing his course because the scholarship granted by the State of Baroda expired. Bhimrao had to wait three years before he could return to London to complete his studies.

Return to India тАУ Nightmare in Baroda
So he was called back to India to take up a post in Baroda as agreed. He was given an excellent job in the Baroda Civil Service. Bhimrao now held a doctorate, and was being trained for a top job. Yet, he again ran into the worst features of the Hindu caste system. This was all the more painful, because for the past four years he had been abroad, living free from the label of тАШuntouchable.тАЩ
No one at the office where he worked would hand over files and papers to him тАУ the servant threw them onto his desk. Nor would they give him water to drink. No respect was given to him, merely because of his caste.
He had to go from hotel to hotel looking for a room, but none of them would take him in. At last he had found a place to live in a Parsi guest house, but only because he had finally decided to keep his caste secret.
He lived there in very uncomfortable conditions, in a small bedroom with a tiny cold-water bathroom attached. He was totally alone there with no one to talk to. There were no electric lights or even oil lamps тАУ so the place was completely dark at night.
Bhimrao was hoping to find somewhere else to live through his civil service job, but before he could, one morning as he was leaving for work a gang of angry men carrying sticks arrived outside his room. They accused him of polluting the hotel and told him to get out by evening тАУ or else! What could he do? He could not stay with either of the two acquaintances he had in Baroda for the same reason тАУ his low caste. Bhimrao felt totally miserable and rejected.
Bombay тАУ Beginning Social Activity
He had no choice. After only eleven days in his new job, he had to return to Bombay. He tried to start a small business there, advising people about investments тАУ but it too failed once customers learned of his caste.
In 1918, he became a lecturer at Sydenham College in Bombay. There, his students recognised him as a brilliant teacher and scholar. At this time he also helped to found a Marathi newspaper тАШMook NayakтАЩ (Leader of the Dumb) to champion the cause of the тАШuntouchablesтАЩ. He also began to organise and attend conferences, knowing that he had to begin to proclaim and publicise the humiliations suffered by the Dalits тАУ тАШthe oppressedтАЩ тАУ and fight for equal rights. His own life had taught him the necessity of the struggle for emancipation.

Completion of Education тАУ Leader of IndiaтАЩs Untouchables
In 1920, with the help of friends, he was able to return to London to complete his studies in Economics at LSE. He also enrolled to study as a Barrister at GrayтАЩs Inn. In 1923, Bhimrao returned to India with a Doctorate in Economics from the LSE тАУ he was perhaps the first Indian to have a Doctorate from this world-famous institution. He had also qualified as a Barrister-at-Law.
Back in India, he knew that nothing had changed.
His qualifications meant nothing as far as the practice of Untouchability was concerned тАУ it was still an obstacle to his career. However, he had received the best education anyone in the world could get, and was well equipped to be a leader of the Dalit community. He could argue with and persuade the best minds of his time on equal terms. He was an expert on the law, and could give convincing evidence before British commissions as an eloquent and gifted speaker. Bhimrao dedicated the rest of his life to his task.
He became known by his increasing number of followers тАУ those тАШuntouchablesтАЩ he urged to awake тАУ as Babasaheb Ambedkar. Knowing the great value and importance of education, in 1924 he founded an association called Bahiskrit Hitakarini Sabha. This set up hostels, schools, and free libraries. To improve the lives of Dalits, education had to reach everyone. Opportunities had to be provided at grass roots level тАУ because knowledge is power.

Leading Peaceful Agitation
In 1927 Babasaheb Ambedkar presided over a conference at Mahad in Kolaba District. There he said: -It is time we rooted out of our minds the ideas of high and low. We can attain self-elevation only if we learn self-help and regain our self-respect.тАЭ
Because of his experience of the humiliation and injustice of untouchability, he knew that justice would not be granted by others. Those who suffer injustice must secure justice for themselves.
The Bombay Legislature had already passed a Bill allowing everyone to use public water tanks and wells. (We have seen how Bhim was denied water at school, in his office, and at other places. Public water facilities were always denied to тАШuntouchablesтАЩ because of the superstitious fear of тАШpollution.тАЩ)
Mahad Municipality had thrown open the local water tank four years earlier, but so far not one тАШuntouchableтАЩ had dared to drink or draw water from it. Babasaheb Ambedkar led a procession from the Conference on a peaceful demonstration to the Chowdar Tank. He knelt and drank water from it. After he set this example, thousands of others felt courageous enough to follow him. They drank water from the tank and made history. For many hundreds of years, тАШuntouchablesтАЩ had been forbidden to drink public water.
When some caste Hindus saw them drinking water, they believed the tank had been polluted and violently attacked the Conference, but Babasaheb Ambedkar insisted violence would not help тАУ he had given his word that they would agitate peacefully.
Babasaheb Ambedkar started a Marathi journal Bahishkrit Bharat (тАШThe Excluded of IndiaтАЩ). In it, he urged his people to hold a satyagraha (non-violent agitation) to secure the right of entry to the Kala Ram Temple at Nasik. тАШuntouchablesтАЩ had always been forbidden to enter Hindu temples. The demonstration lasted for a month. Then they were told they would be able to take part in the annual temple festival. However, at the festival they had stones thrown at them тАУ and were not allowed to take part. Courageously, they resumed their peaceful agitation. The temple had to remain closed for about a year, as they blocked its entrance.

Round Table Conferences
Meanwhile, the Indian Freedom Movement had gained momentum under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. In 1930, a Round Table Conference was held by the British Government in London to decide the future of India. Babasaheb Ambedkar represented the тАШuntouchablesтАЩ.

He said there: -The Depressed Classes of India also join in the demand for replacing the British Government by a Government of the people and by the peopleтАж Our wrongs have remained as open sores and have not been righted although 150 years of British rule have rolled away. Of what good is such a Government to anybody?тАЭ
Soon a second conference was held, which Mahatma Gandhi attended representing the Congress Party. Babasaheb Ambedkar met Gandhi in Bombay before they went to London. Gandhi told him that he had read what Babasaheb said at the first conference. Gandhi told Babasaheb Ambedkar he knew him to be a real Indian patriot.
At the Second Conference, Babasaheb Ambedkar asked for a separate electorate for the Depressed Classes. -HinduismтАЭ, he said, -has given us only insults, misery, and humiliation.тАЭ A separate electorate would mean that the тАШuntouchablesтАЩ would vote for their own candidates and be allotted their votes separate from the Hindu majority.
Babasaheb was made a hero by thousands of his followers on his return from Bombay тАУ even though he always said that people should not idolise him. News came that separate electorates had been granted. Gandhi felt that separate electorates would separate the Harijans from the Hindus. The thought that the Hindus would be divided pained him grievously. He started a fast, saying that he would fast unto death.
Only Babasaheb Ambedkar could save GandhiтАЩs life тАУ by withdrawing the demand for separate electorates. At first he refused, saying it was his duty to do the best he could for his people тАУ no matter what. Later he visited Gandhi, who was at that time in Yeravda jail. Gandhi persuaded Babasaheb that Hinduism would change and leave its bad practices behind. Finally Babasaheb Ambedkar agreed to sign the Poona Pact with Gandhi in 1932. Instead of separate electorates, more representation was to be given to the Depressed Classes. However, it later became obvious that this did not amount to anything concrete.

In the Prime of His Life
Babasaheb had by this time collected a library of over 50,000 books, and had a house named Rajgriha built at Dadar in north Bombay to hold it. In 1935 his beloved wife Ramabai died. The same year he was made Principal of the Government Law College, Bombay.
Also in 1935 a conference of Dalits was held at Yeola. Babasaheb told the conference: -We have not been able to secure the barest of human rightsтАж I am born a Hindu. I couldnтАЩt help it, but I solemnly assure you that I will not die a Hindu.тАЭ This was the first time that Babasaheb stressed the importance of conversion from Hinduism for his people тАУ for they were only known as тАШuntouchablesтАЩ within the fold of Hinduism.
During the Second World War, Babasaheb Ambedkar was appointed Labour Minister by the Viceroy. Yet he never lost contact with his roots тАУ he never became corrupt or crooked. He said that he had been born of the poor and had lived the life of the poor, he would remain absolutely unchanged in his attitudes to his friends and to the rest of the world.
The All-India Scheduled Castes Federation was formed in 1942 to gather all тАШuntouchablesтАЩ into a united political party.
Architect of the Indian Constitution
After the war Babasaheb Ambedkar was elected to the Constituent Assembly to decide the way jthat India тАУ a country of millions of people тАУ should be ruled. How should elections take place? What are the rights of the people? How are laws to be made? Such important matters had to be decided and laws had to be made. The Constitution answers all such questions and lays down rules.
When India became independent in August 1947, Babasaheb Ambedkar became First Law Minister of Independent India. The Constituent Assembly made him chairman of the committee appointed to draft the constitution for the worldтАЩs largest democracy.
All his study of law, economics, and politics made him the best qualified person for this task. A study of the Constitutions of many countries, a deep knowledge of law, a knowledge of the history of India and of Indian Society тАУ all these were essential. In fact, he carried the whole burden alone. He alone could complete this huge task.
After completing the Draft Constitution, Babasaheb fell ill. At a nursing home in Bombay he met Dr. Sharda Kabir and married her in April 1948. On November 4, 1948 he presented the Draft Constitution to the Constituent Assembly, and on November 26, 1949 it was adopted in the name of the people of India. On that date he said: -I appeal to all Indians to be a nation by discarding castes, which have brought separation in social life and created jealousy and hatred.тАЭ
тАЬMy friends tell me that I have made the Constitution. But I am quite prepared to say that I shall be the first person to burn it out. I do not want it. It does not suit anybody. But whatever that may be if our people want to carry on they must not forget that there are majorities and there are minorities and they simply cannot ignore the minorities by saying, тАЬOh, no. To recognize you is to harm democracy.тАЭ I should say that the greatest harm will come by injuring the minorities.
Dr Br Ambedkar in the Rajya Sabha on 2 September 1953

Later Life тАУ Buddhist Conversion
In 1950, he went to a Buddhist conference in Sri Lanka. On his return he spoke in Bombay at the Buddhist Temple. -In order to end their hardships, people should embrace Buddhism. I am going to devote the rest of my life to the revival and spread of Buddhism in India.тАЭ
Babasaheb Ambedkar resigned from the Government in 1951. He felt that as an honest man he had no choice but to do so, because the reforms so badly needed had not been allowed to come into being.
For the next five years Babasaheb carried on a relentless fight against social evils and superstitions. On October 14, 1956 at Nagpur he embraced Buddhism. He led a huge gathering in a ceremony converting over half a million people to Buddhism. Presently the place is known as тАЬDeekshabhoomiтАЭ. He knew that Buddhism was a true part of Indian history and that to revive it was to continue IndiaтАЩs best tradition.

тАШUntouchabilityтАЩ is a product only of Hinduism.
Parinirvan of Babasaheb Dr B.R Ambedkar
Only seven weeks later on December 6, 1956 Babasaheb Ambedkar died at his Delhi residence. His body was taken to Bombay. A two-mile long crowd formed the funeral procession. At Dadar cemetery that evening, eminent leaders paid their last respects to him. The pyre was lit according to Buddhist rites. Half a million people witnessed it. Presently the place is known as тАЬChaitya BhoomiтАЭ.
Thus ended the life of one of IndiaтАЩs greatest sons. His was the task of awakening IndiaтАЩs millions of excluded and oppressed to their human rights. He experienced their suffering and the cruelty shown to them. He overcame the obstacles to stand on an equal footing with the greatest men of his time. He played a vital role in forming modern India through its Constitution.
His work and mission continue today тАУ we must not rest until we see a truly democratic India of equal citizens living in peace together.

Unknown facts about Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was the first Indian to get a Doctorate (PhD) degree in Economics from abroad.
Dr. Ambedkar is the only Indian whose statue is attached with Karl Marx in the London Museum.
The credit of giving place to тАЬAshok ChakraтАЭ in the Indian Tricolour also goes to Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.
Nobel Prize winner Prof. Amartya Sen considered Dr. B. R. Ambedkar as his father in economics.
For the better development of Madhya Pradesh and Bihar, Babasaheb had proposed division of these states in 50s, but only after 2000 Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand were formed by splitting Madhya Pradesh and Bihar.
BabasahebтАЩs personal library тАЬRajgirhтАЭ consisted more than 50,000 books and it was worldтАЩs largest private library.
The book тАЬWaiting for a visaтАЭ written by Dr. Babasaheb is a textbook in Columbia University. Columbia University made a list of worldтАЩs top 100 scholars in 2004 and first name in that list was Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was master in 64 subjects. He had knowledge of 9 languages like Hindi, Pali, Sanskrit, English, French, German, Marathi, Persian and Gujarati. Apart from this, he studied all the religions of the world in comparative way for almost 21 years.
In the London School of Economics, Babasaheb completed 8 years of studies in just 2 years 3 months. For this, he studied 21 hours in a day.
Dr. Babasaheb AmbedkarтАЩs initiation in Buddhism with his 8,50,000 supporters historical in the world, because it was the largest conversion in the world.
тАЬMahant Veer ChandramaniтАЭ, a great Buddhist monk who initiated Babasaheb to Buddhism, called him тАЬthe modern Buddha of this ageтАЭ.
Babasaheb is the first and only person in the world to receive a valuable doctorate degree named тАЬDoctor All ScienceтАЭ from London School of Economics. Many intelligent students have tried for it, but they have not been successful till now.
Worldwide, highest number of songs and books written in the name of the leader is Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.
Governor Lord Linlithgow and Mahatma Gandhi believed that Babasaheb is more intelligent than 500 graduates and thousands of scholars.
Babasaheb was the worldтАЩs first and only Satyagrahi, who did Satyagraha for drinking water.
In 1954, in the тАЬWorld Buddhist CouncilтАЭ held in Kathmandu, Nepal, Buddhist monks had given Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar highest title of Buddhism тАЬBodhisattvaтАЭ. His famous book тАЬThe Buddha and his DhammaтАЭ is the тАЬscriptureтАЭ of Indian Buddhists.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar had considered three great men, Lord Buddha, Saint Kabir and Mahatma Phule as their тАЬinstructorтАЭ.
The highest number of statue in the world is of Babasaheb. His birth anniversary is also celebrated all over the world.
Babasaheb was the first lawyer from backward class.
Based on a global survey called тАЬThe Makers of the UniverseтАЭ a list of top 100 humanist people of the last 10 thousand years was made by Oxford University, in which fourth name was Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar.

Babasaheb Ambedkar has given many suggestions in the book тАЬThe Problem of Rupee-Its Origin & its solutionтАЭ about the demonetisation that is being discussed all around in the present time. He has described in his book that тАЬIf any country has to eliminate black money and fake currency, then after every 10 years CountryтАЩs currency should be demonetized.тАЭ
Everywhere in the world, BuddhaтАЩs closed-eyed statues and paintings are visible, but Babasaheb, who was also a good painter, made the first painting of Buddha in which BuddhaтАЩs eyes were opened.
The first Statue of Babasaheb was built in the year 1950, when he was alive and this statue is established in Kolhapur city.
-рдбреЙ. рдмрд╛рдмрд╛рд╕рд╛рд╣реЗрдм рдЕрдореНрдмреЗрдбрдХрд░ рд╡рд┐рджреЗрд╢ рдЬрд╛рдХрд░ рдЕрд░реНрдерд╢рд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдбреЙрдХреНрдЯрд░реЗрдЯ (PhD) рдХреА рдбрд┐рдЧреНрд░реА рд╣рд╛рд╕рд┐рд▓ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рдереЗред
-рдбреЙ. рдЕрдореНрдмреЗрдбрдХрд░ рд╣реА рдПрдХрдорд╛рддреНрд░ рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рд╣реИрдВ рдЬрд┐рдирдХреА рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдорд╛ рд▓рдиреНрджрди рд╕рдВрдЧреНрд░рд╣рд╛рд▓рдп рдореЗрдВ рдХрд╛рд░реНрд▓ рдорд╛рд░реНрдХреНрд╕ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд▓рдЧреА рд╣реБрдИ рд╣реИред
-рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рддрд┐рд░рдВрдЧреЗ рдореЗрдВ тАЬрдЕрд╢реЛрдХ рдЪрдХреНрд░тАЭ рдХреЛ рдЬрдЧрд╣ рджреЗрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рд╢реНрд░реЗрдп рднреА рдбреЙ. рдмрд╛рдмрд╛рд╕рд╛рд╣реЗрдм рдЕрдореНрдмреЗрдбрдХрд░ рдХреЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
-рдЕрд░реНрдерд╢рд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░ рдХрд╛ рдиреЛрдмреЗрд▓ рдкреБрд░рд╕реНрдХрд╛рд░ рдЬреАрдд рдЪреБрдХреЗ рдЕрд░реНрдерд╢рд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░реА рдкреНрд░реЛ. рдЕрдорд░реНрддреНрдп рд╕реЗрди, рдбреЙ. рдмреА. рдЖрд░ рдЕрдореНрдмреЗрдбрдХрд░ рдХреЛ рдЕрд░реНрдерд╢рд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдкрдирд╛ рдкрд┐рддрд╛ рдорд╛рдирддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред
-рдордзреНрдп рдкреНрд░рджреЗрд╢ рдФрд░ рдмрд┐рд╣рд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдмреЗрд╣рддрд░ рд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд╕ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдмрд╛рдмрд╛рд╕рд╛рд╣реЗрдм рдиреЗ 50 рдХреЗ рджрд╢рдХ рдореЗрдВ рд╣реА рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЬрди рдХрд╛ рдкреНрд░рд╕реНрддрд╛рд╡ рд░рдЦрд╛ рдерд╛, рдкрд░ рд╕рди 2000 рдореЗрдВ рдЬрд╛рдХрд░ рд╣реА рдЗрдирдХрд╛ рд╡рд┐рднрд╛рдЬрди рдХрд░ рдЫрддреНрддреАрд╕рдЧрдврд╝ рдФрд░ рдЭрд╛рд░рдЦрдгреНрдб рдХрд╛ рдЧрдарди рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред
-рдмрд╛рдмрд╛рд╕рд╛рд╣реЗрдм рдХреЗ рдирд┐рдЬреА рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХрд╛рд▓рдп тАЬрд░рд╛рдЬрдЧреГрд╣тАЭ рдореЗрдВ 50,000 рд╕реЗ рднреА рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдЙрдирдХреА рдХрд┐рддрд╛рдмреЗрдВ рдереА рдФрд░ рдпрд╣ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рдХрд╛ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдмрдбрд╛ рдирд┐рдЬреА рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХрд╛рд▓рдп рдерд╛ред
-рдбреЙ. рдмрд╛рдмрд╛рд╕рд╛рд╣реЗрдм рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рд▓рд┐рдЦреА рдЧрдИ рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХ тАЬwaiting for a visaтАЭ рдХреЛрд▓рдВрдмрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╡рд┐рджреНрдпрд╛рд▓рдп рдореЗрдВ рдЯреЗрдХреНрд╕реНрдЯрдмреБрдХ рд╣реИред рдХреЛрд▓рдВрдмрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╡рд┐рджреНрдпрд╛рд▓рдп рдиреЗ 2004 рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рдХреЗ рд╢реАрд░реНрд╖ 100 рд╡рд┐рджреНрд╡рд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдХреА рд╕реВрдЪреА рдмрдирд╛рдИ рдереА рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕рдореЗ рдкрд╣рд▓рд╛ рдирд╛рдо рдбреЙ. рднреАрдорд░рд╛рд╡ рдЕрдореНрдмреЗрдбрдХрд░ рдХрд╛ рдерд╛
-рдбреЙ. рдмрд╛рдмрд╛рд╕рд╛рд╣реЗрдм рдЕрдореНрдмреЗрдбрдХрд░ рдХреБрд▓ 64 рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдорд╛рд╕реНрдЯрд░ рдереЗ| рд╡реЗ рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА, рдкрд╛рд▓реА, рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдХреГрдд, рдЕрдВрдЧреНрд░реЗрдЬреА, рдлреНрд░реЗрдВрдЪ, рдЬрд░реНрдорди, рдорд░рд╛рдареА, рдкрд░реНрд╢рд┐рдпрди рдФрд░ рдЧреБрдЬрд░рд╛рддреА рдЬреИрд╕реЗ 9 рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдУрдБ рдХреЗ рдЬрд╛рдирдХрд╛рд░ рдереЗ| рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдЕрд▓рд╛рд╡рд╛ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЛрдВрдиреЗ рд▓рдЧрднрдЧ 21 рд╕рд╛рд▓ рддрдХ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рдХреЗ рд╕рднреА рдзрд░реНрдореЛрдВ рдХреА рддреБрд▓рдирд╛рддреНрдордХ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдкрдврд╛рдИ рдХреА рдереА|
-рдмрд╛рдмрд╛рд╕рд╛рд╣реЗрдм рдиреЗ рд▓рдВрджрди рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдСрдл рдЗрдХреЙрдиреЙрдорд┐рдХреНрд╕ рдореЗрдВ 8 рд╡рд░реНрд╖ рдореЗрдВ рд╕рдорд╛рдкреНрдд рд╣реЛрдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реА рдкрдврд╛рдИ рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ 2 рд╡рд░реНрд╖ 3 рдорд╣реАрдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдкреВрд░реА рдХреА рдереА| рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЛрдВрдиреЗ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рджрд┐рди 21-21 рдШрдВрдЯреЗ рдкрдврд╝рд╛рдИ рдХреА рдереА|
-рдбреЙ. рдмрд╛рдмрд╛рд╕рд╛рд╣реЗрдм рдЕрдореНрдмреЗрдбрдХрд░ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ 8,50,000 рд╕рдорд░реНрдердХреЛ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдмреМрджреНрдз рдзрд░реНрдо рдореЗрдВ рджреАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рд▓реЗрдирд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рдореЗрдВ рдРрддрд┐рд╣рд╛рд╕рд┐рдХ рдерд╛, рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐ рдпрд╣ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рдХрд╛ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдмрдбрд╛ рдзрд░реНрдорд╛рдВрддрд░рдг рдерд╛ред
-рдмрд╛рдмрд╛рд╕рд╛рд╣реЗрдм рдХреЛ рдмреМрджреНрдз рдзрд░реНрдо рдХреА рджреАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рджреЗрдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдорд╣рд╛рди рдмреМрджреНрдз рднрд┐рдХреНрд╖реБ тАЬрдорд╣рдВрдд рд╡реАрд░ рдЪрдВрджреНрд░рдордгреАтАЭ рдиреЗ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ тАЬрдЗрд╕ рдпреБрдЧ рдХрд╛ рдЖрдзреБрдирд┐рдХ рдмреБрджреНрдзтАЭ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ред
-рд▓рдВрджрди рд╕реНрдХреВрд▓ рдСрдл рдЗрдХреЙрдиреЙрдорд┐рдХреНрд╕ рд╕реЗ тАЬрдбреЙрдХреНрдЯрд░ рдСрд▓ рд╕рд╛рдпрдиреНрд╕тАЭ рдирд╛рдордХ рдЕрдирдореЛрд▓ рдбреЙрдХреНрдЯрд░реЗрдЯ рдкрджрд╡реА рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░рдиреЗрд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдмрд╛рдмрд╛рд╕рд╛рд╣реЗрдм рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рдХреЗ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рдФрд░ рдПрдХрдорд╛рддреНрд░ рдорд╣рд╛рдкреБрд░реВрд╖ рд╣реИрдВред рдХрдИ рдмреБрджреНрдзрд┐рдорд╛рди рдЫрд╛рддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдиреЗ рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдкреНрд░рдпрд╛рд╕ рдХрд┐рдпреЗ рдкрд░рдиреНрддреБ рд╡реЗ рдЕрдм рддрдХ рд╕рдлрд▓ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХреЗ рд╣реИрдВ|
-рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рдореЗрдВ рдЬрд┐рд╕ рдиреЗрддрд╛ рдХреЗ рдКрдкрд░ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдЧрд╛рдиреЗ рдФрд░ рдХрд┐рддрд╛рдмреЗрдВ рд▓рд┐рдЦреА рдЧрдИ рд╣реИ рд╡рд╣ рдбреЙ. рдмрд╛рдмрд╛рд╕рд╛рд╣реЗрдм рдЕрдореНрдмреЗрдбрдХрд░ рд╣реИрдВ|
-рдЧрд╡рд░реНрдирд░ рд▓реЙрд░реНрдб рд▓рд┐рдирд▓рд┐рдердЧреЛ рдФрд░ рдорд╣рд╛рддреНрдорд╛ рдЧрд╛рдВрдзреА рдХрд╛ рдорд╛рдирдирд╛ рдерд╛ рдХрд┐ рдмрд╛рдмрд╛рд╕рд╛рд╣реЗрдм 500 рд╕реНрдирд╛рддрдХреЛрдВ рддрдерд╛ рд╣рдЬрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рд╡рд┐рджреНрд╡рд╛рдиреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рднреА рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдмреБрджреНрдзрд┐рдорд╛рди рд╣реИрдВ|
-рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡ рдореЗрдВ рд╣рд░ рдЬрдЧрд╣ рдмреБрджреНрдз рдХреА рдмрдВрдж рдЖрдВрдЦреЛ рд╡рд╛рд▓реА рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдорд╛рдПрдВ рдПрд╡рдВ рдкреЗрдВрдЯрд┐рдЧреНрд╕ рджрд┐рдЦрд╛рдИ рджреЗрддреА рд╣реИ рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рдмрд╛рдмрд╛рд╕рд╛рд╣реЗрдм рдЬреЛ рдЙрддреНрддрдо рдЪрд┐рддреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рднреА рдереЗ, рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЛрдВрдиреЗ рд╕рд░реНрд╡рдкреНрд░рдердо рдмреБрджреНрдз рдХреА рдРрд╕реА рдкреЗрдВрдЯрд┐рдВрдЧ рдмрдирд╛рдИ рдереА рдЬрд┐рд╕рдореЗрдВ рдмреБрджреНрдз рдХреА рдЖрдВрдЦреЗ рдЦреБрд▓реА рдереАред
-рдмрд╛рдмрд╛рд╕рд╛рд╣реЗрдм рдХрд╛ рдкрд╣рд▓рд╛ рд╕реНрдЯреЗрдЪреНрдпреБ (Statue) рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдЬреАрд╡рд┐рдд рд░рд╣рддреЗ рд╣реБрдП рд╣реА 1950 рдореЗрдВ рдмрдирд╡рд╛рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛, рдФрд░ рдпрд╣ Statue рдХреЛрд▓реНрд╣рд╛рдкреВрд░ рд╢рд╣рд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╣реИред
рд╣рд┐рдВрджреВ рдХреЛрдб рдмрд┐рд▓
1. рд╣рд┐рдВрджреБрдУрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдмрд╣реВ рд╡рд┐рд╡рд╛рд╣ рдХреА рдкреНрд░рдерд╛ рдХреЛ рд╕рдорд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░рдХреЗ рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ рдПрдХ рд╡рд┐рд╡рд╛рд╣ рдХрд╛ рдкреНрд░рд╛рд╡рдзрд╛рди, рдЬреЛ рд╡рд┐рдзрд┐рд╕рдореНрдордд рд╣реЛ.
2. рдорд╣рд┐рд▓рд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рд╕рдВрдкрддреНрддрд┐ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рджреЗрдирд╛ рдФрд░ рдЧреЛрдж рд▓реЗрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рджреЗрдирд╛.
3. рдкреБрд░реБрд╖реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рдорд╛рди рдирд╛рд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рднреА рддрд▓рд╛рдХ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рджреЗрдирд╛, рд╣рд┐рдВрджреВ рд╕рдорд╛рдЬ рдореЗрдВ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рдкреБрд░реБрд╖ рд╣реА рддрд▓рд╛рдХ рджреЗ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рдереЗ.
4. рдЖрдзреБрдирд┐рдХ рдФрд░ рдкреНрд░рдЧрддрд┐рд╢реАрд▓ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рдзрд╛рд░рд╛ рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд░реВрдк рд╣рд┐рдВрджреВ рд╕рдорд╛рдЬ рдХреЛ рдПрдХреАрдХреГрдд рдХрд░рдХреЗ рдЙрд╕реЗ рдордЬрдмреВрдд рдХрд░рдирд╛.
рдбреЙ. рдЖрдВрдмреЗрдбрдХрд░ рдХрд╛ рдорд╛рдирдирд╛ рдерд╛-
рд╕рд╣реА рдорд╛рдпрдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рдЬрд╛рддрдВрддреНрд░ рддрдм рдЖрдПрдЧрд╛, рдЬрдм рдорд╣рд┐рд▓рд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдкрд┐рддрд╛ рдХреА рд╕рдВрдкрддреНрддрд┐ рдореЗрдВ рдмрд░рд╛рдмрд░реА рдХрд╛ рд╣рд┐рд╕реНрд╕рд╛ рдорд┐рд▓реЗрдЧрд╛. рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдкреБрд░реБрд╖реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рдорд╛рди рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдорд┐рд▓реЗрдВрдЧреЗ. рдорд╣рд┐рд▓рд╛рдУрдВ рдХреА рдЙрдиреНрдирддрд┐ рддрднреА рд╣реЛрдЧреА, рдЬрдм рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд╛рд░-рд╕рдорд╛рдЬ рдореЗрдВ рдмрд░рд╛рдмрд░реА рдХрд╛ рджрд░реНрдЬрд╛ рдорд┐рд▓реЗрдЧрд╛. рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдФрд░ рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рддрд░рдХреНрдХреА рдЙрдирдХреА рдЗрд╕ рдХрд╛рдо рдореЗрдВ рдорджрдж рдХрд░реЗрдЧреА.
рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рдорд╣рд┐рд▓рд╛ рдХреНрд░рд╛рдВрддрд┐ рдХреЗ рдорд╕реАрд╣рд╛ рдереЗ тАШрдЖрдВрдмреЗрдбрдХрд░тАЩ
рдЖрдВрдмреЗрдбрдХрд░ рдпрд╣ рдмрд╛рдд рд╕рдордЭрддреЗ рдереЗ рдХрд┐ рд╕реНрддреНрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреА рд╕реНрдерд┐рддрд┐ рд╕рд┐рд░реНрдл рдКрдкрд░ рд╕реЗ рдЙрдкрджреЗрд╢ рджреЗрдХрд░ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╕реБрдзрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реА, рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХрд╝рд╛рдиреВрдиреА рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛ рдХрд░рдиреА рд╣реЛрдЧреА| рдЗрд╕ рд╕рдВрджрд░реНрдн рдореЗрдВ рдорд╣рд╛рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░реАрдпрди рджрд▓рд┐рдд рд▓реЗрдЦрдХ рдмрд╛рдмреБрд░рд╛рд╡ рдмрд╛рдЧреБрд▓ рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИ, тАШрд╣рд┐рдВрджреВ рдХреЛрдб рдмрд┐рд▓ рдорд╣рд┐рд▓рд╛ рд╕рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐рдХрд░рдг рдХрд╛ рдЕрд╕рд▓реА рдЖрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдХрд╛рд░ рд╣реИ|тАЩ
рд╣рд┐рдВрджреВ рдХреЛрдб рдмрд┐рд▓ рдкрд░ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдЬрд╛рдирдХрд╛рд░реА
рд╣рд┐рдВрджреВ рдХреЛрдб рдмрд┐рд▓ рдкреНрд░рд╕реНрддреБрддрд┐ рдХреЗ рдмрд┐рдВрджреБ рдирд┐рдореНрди рдереЗ тАУ

тАв рдпрд╣ рдмрд┐рд▓ рд╣рд┐рдВрджреВ рд╕реНрддреНрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреА рдЙрдиреНрдирддрд┐ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдкреНрд░рд╕реНрддреБрдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛|
тАв рдЗрд╕ рдмрд┐рд▓ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реНрддреНрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рддрд▓рд╛рдХ рд▓реЗрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдерд╛|
тАв рддрд▓рд╛рдХ рдорд┐рд▓рдиреЗ рдкрд░ рдЧреБрдЬрд╝рд╛рд░рд╛ рднрддреНрддрд╛ рдорд┐рд▓рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдерд╛|
тАв рдПрдХ рдкрддреНрдиреА рдХреЗ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реБрдП рджреВрд╕рд░реА рд╢рд╛рджреА рди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдкреНрд░рд╛рд╡рдзрд╛рди рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛|
тАв рдЧреЛрдж рд▓реЗрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдерд╛|
тАв рдмрд╛рдк-рджрд╛рджрд╛ рдХреА рд╕рдВрдкрддреНрддрд┐ рдореЗрдВ рд╣рд┐рд╕реНрд╕реЗ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдерд╛|
тАв рд╕реНрддреНрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдХрдорд╛рдИ рдкрд░ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛|
тАв рд▓рдбрд╝рдХреА рдХреЛ рдЙрддреНрддрд░рд╛рдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдерд╛|
тАв рдЕрдВрддрд░рдЬрд╛рддреАрдп рд╡рд┐рд╡рд╛рд╣ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдерд╛|
тАв рдЕрдкрдирд╛ рдЙрддреНрддрд░рд╛рдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░реА рдирд┐рд╢реНрдЪрд┐рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреА рд╕реНрд╡рддрдВрддреНрд░рддрд╛ рдереА|
рдЗрди рд╕рднреА рдмрд┐рдВрджреБрдУрдВ рдХреЗ рдЕрд╡рд▓реЛрдХрди рд╕реЗ рд╕реНрдкрд╖реНрдЯ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ тАШрд╣рд┐рдВрджреВ рдХреЛрдб рдмрд┐рд▓тАЩ рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рдорд╣рд┐рд▓рд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╕рднреА рдорд░реНрдЬрд╝ рдХреА рджрд╡рд╛ рдереА| рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐ рдЖрдВрдмреЗрдбрдХрд░ рд╕рдордЭрддреЗ рдереЗ рдХрд┐ рдЕрд╕рд▓ рдореЗрдВ рд╕рдорд╛рдЬ рдХреА рдорд╛рдирд╕рд┐рдХ рд╕реЛрдЪ рдЬрдм рддрдХ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдмрджрд▓реЗрдЧреА рддрдм рддрдХ рд╡реНрдпрд╛рд╡рд╣рд╛рд░рд┐рдХ рд╕реЛрдЪ рд╡рд┐рдХрд╕рд┐рдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХреЗрдЧреА| рдкрд░ рдЕрдлрд╝рд╕реЛрд╕ рдпрд╣ рдмрд┐рд▓ рд╕рдВрд╕рдж рдореЗрдВ рдкрд╛рд░рд┐рдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛ рдкрд╛рдпрд╛ рдФрд░ рдЗрд╕реА рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдЖрдВрдмреЗрдбрдХрд░ рдиреЗ рд╡рд┐рдзрд┐ рдордВрддреНрд░реА рдкрдж рдХрд╛ рдЗрд╕реНрддреАрдлрд╝рд╛ рджреЗ рджрд┐рдпрд╛| рдЗрд╕ рдЖрдзрд╛рд░ рдкрд░ рдЖрдВрдмреЗрдбрдХрд░ рдХреЛ рднрд╛рд░рддреАрдп рдорд╣рд┐рд▓рд╛ рдХреНрд░рд╛рдВрддрд┐ рдХрд╛ тАШрдорд╕реАрд╣рд╛тАЩ рдХрд╣рдирд╛ рдХрд╣реАрдВ рд╕реЗ рднреА рдЕрддрд┐рд╢реНрдпреЛрдХреНрддрд┐рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛|
About the Poona Pact
The background to the Poona Pact was the Communal Award of August 1932.
This Communal Award of August 1932, among other things, had reserved 71 seats in the central legislature for the depressed classes.
GandhiтАЩs opposition to Communal Award of August 1932: Gandhi was opposed to the award as he saw it as a British attempt to split Hindus, and began a fast unto death to have it repealed.
Agreement between Gandhi and B.R. Ambedkar,1932
In line with the status of communal award, in late September 1932, B.R. Ambedkar negotiated the Poona Pact with Mahatma Gandhi.
Provisions in Poona Pact,1932
Joint Electorate for depressed classes: In a settlement negotiated with Gandhi, Ambedkar agreed for depressed class candidates to be elected by a joint electorate.
Increased number of seats for depressed classes in legislature: Slightly over twice as many seats (147) were reserved for the depressed classes in the legislature than what had been allotted under the Communal Award.
Fair representation in the public services: The Pact also assured a fair representation of the depressed classes in the public services while earmarking a portion of the educational grant for their uplift.
Significance of the Poona pact:
The Poona Pact was an emphatic acceptance by upper-class Hindus that the depressed classes constituted the most discriminated sections of Hindu society.
Realization of the need of taking urgent steps:
It was emphasized during the Poona pact that something concrete had to be done to give depressed classes a political voice as well as to lift them from a backwardness they could not otherwise overcome.
Poona pact acted as precursors to many initiatives launched for depressed classes later on in independent India.
New identity of depressed class as a political force:
The Poona Pact had several positive outcomes for Ambedkar. It emphatically sealed AmbedkarтАЩs leadership of the depressed classes across India.
Ambedkar made the entire country, and not just the Congress Party, morally responsible for the uplift of the depressed classes.
Ambedkar also became successful in making the depressed classes a formidable political force for the first time in history.
More about Poona Pact
Unlike a drop of water which loses its identity when it joins the ocean, man does not lose his being in the society in which he lives. Man’s life is independent. He is born not for the development of the society alone, but for the development of his self.
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
/
For a successful revolution it is not enough that there is discontent. What is required is a profound and thorough conviction of the justice, necessity and importance of political and social rights.
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
/

History shows that where ethics and economics come in conflict, victory is always with economics. Vested interests have never been known to have willingly divested themselves unless there was sufficient force to compel them.
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
/
That the caste system must be abolished if the Hindu society is to be reconstructed on the basis of equality, goes without saying. Untouchability has its roots in the caste system.

They cannot expect the Brahmins to rise in revolt against the caste system. Also we cannot rely upon the non-Brahmins and ask them to fight our battle.
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
/

Famous books written by the Dr. Ambedkar

Castes in India: Their Mechanism, Genesis and Development
was a paper read by B. R. Ambedkar at an anthropological seminar of Alexander Goldenweiser in New York on 9 May 1916. It was later published in volume XLI of Indian Antiquary in May 1917

The Problem of the Rupee: its origin and its solution
This book raises тАЬCurrency questionтАЭ in British India, which led to the Creation of Reserve Bank of India. One of the best book on economics by the тАЬFather of Economics of IndiaтАЭ.

The Annihilation of Caste
Annihilation of Caste is an undelivered speech written in 1936 by B. R. Ambedkar who fought against the countryтАЩs practice of untouchability. It was later self-published by the author.

Thoughts on Pakistan
The Muslim LeagueтАЩs Resolution on Pakistan has called forth different reactions. There are some who look upon it as a case of political measles to which a people in the infancy of their conscious unity and power are very liable. Others have taken it as a permanent frame of the Muslim mind and not merely as a passing phase and have in consequence been greatly perturbed.

Mr. Gandhi and Emancipation of Untouchables

What Congress and Gandhi have done to the Untouchables

Pakistan Or Partition Of India

Who were the Shudras

Manu and the Shudras

Mook Nayak (weekly)
As word of AmbedkarтАЩs newspaper spread, KolhapurтАЩs Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj himself visited Babsaheb in his chawl in Mumbai. The first issue was printed on 31 January 1920. It included a scathing takedown of the Hindu caste structure and its despicable advocacy of inequality.

Bahishkrit Bharat (India Ostracized)
On 3 April 1927, Ambedkar launched the Marathi fortnightly тАШBahishkrit BharatтАЩ. In one of its many editorials severely critical of upper-caste Hindu society, Ambedkar likened the British rule and the Brahmanical rule to two leeches incessantly sucking the blood of the Indian people, writes Siddharth

Federation Versus Freedom
Ambedkar was a prolific student, earning doctorates in economics from both Columbia University and the London School of Economics, and gained a reputation as a scholar for his research in law, economics and political science. In his early career he was an economist, professor, and lawyer.

Ranade, Gandhi and Jinnah
Address delivered by the author on the 101st birthday celebration of Mahadev Govind Ranade, held at Poona on 18th January 1943

Maharashtra as a Linguistic Province

The Untouchables

Buddha Or Karl Marx

The Buddha and his Dhamma

Riddles in Hinduism

However good a Constitution may be, if those who are implementing it are not good, it will prove to be bad. However bad a Constitution may be, if those implementing it are good, it will prove to be good.

Our Leadership
Bahan Kumari Mayawati ji
Shri Satish Chandra Misra
Shri R. S. Kushwaha
Shri Kunwar Danish Ali
Our Ideals
Baba Saheb Dr B.R. Ambedkar
Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj
Periyar Lalai Singh Yadav
BSP
Our President
About Us
Books
Video Gallery
Contact Us
Milestones
Poona Pact

Kanshi RamтАЩs Bahujan movement was cultural, not just political

Kanshi RamтАЩs Bahujan movement was cultural, not just political
BSPs diminishing political power doesnt mean all is lost for the Bahujan movement. Kanshi Ram Jayanti is a reminder the anti-caste revolution is alive among the masses.

Kanshi RamтАЩs Bahujan movement was also cultural, not just political
BSP’s diminishing political power doesn’t mean all is lost for the Bahujan movement. Kanshi Ram Jayanti is a reminder the anti-caste revolution is alive among the masses.

Kanshi Ram releasing cassette of DS4 singer Harnam Singh during a meeting | Photo: Harnam Singh

K
anshi Ram, a charismatic Bahujan leader, believed that a society in which the non-political roots are not strong, is bound to fail in its political aspirations as well. It is easy to write off the Bahujan Samaj Party because of its recent political misfortunes, but it would be a grave error to look at Kanshi RamтАЩs Bahujan revolution as merely political. The bedrock of all his meetings and mobilisations was a cultural revival.
Kanshi RamтАЩs Hegelian premise of raising rational consciousness among Bahujans can well be drawn from his efforts towards debunking Brahminism and raising anti-caste awareness through everyday practices. So, Kanshi Ram Jayanti, which falls on 15 March, holds a special place among those who identify themselves as Bahujan. Its celebration becomes a reminder of the shared cultural-political history of being part of the Bahujan movement that began in the 1980s.

This cultural re-imagination was present in BAMCEF (All India Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation), DS4 (Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti) and BRC (Buddhist Research Center).

The three pillars
BAMCEF, DS4, and BRC can be considered the three cultural pillars holding up the Bahujan movement. Kanshi Ram, in one of his interviews, said that while the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) was aimed towards political gratification, the other three were the most important vehicles to achieve it (Collected Interviews of Kanshi Ram).
The manifesto of BAMCEF had specifically called for creating a literary wing to bring together different thought processes. An engagement with the Bahujan literary tradition was an attempt to understand the social history and the experiential reality of the Bahujan community as well. Similarly, the manifesto also discussed the creation of Jagriti Jatha to raise anti-caste consciousness among Bahujans.

In BAMCEF meetings, cultural presentation was an integral part and it included displaying posters, musical performances, and poetry recitation. One of the earliest BAMCEF meetings in DelhiтАЩs Shahdara on 17 May 1980 was themed as Chalta Firta Ambedkar Mela, which involved an art gallery displaying the life and philosophy of Dr Ambedkar. Kanshi RamтАЩs practice of the carnivalesque weaved together Bahujan masses at both individual and collective levels. The early BAMCEF participants still recall the collective memory of participating in different BAMCEF meetings.
Harvinder Kaur recalls her association, тАЬMy memory with BAMCEF is as old as when I was 14 years old. I had participated in the third BAMCEF meeting at Chandigarh and sang a Punjabi song dedicated to the mission.тАЭ Similarly, a Bahujan singer Taranum Baudh recalled singing her first song on the BAMCEF platform when she was barely three years old. Residents of Punjab, Harnam Singh Bahelpuri and Poonam Bala, were closely associated with singing and had also performed during several BAMCEF meetings convened by Kanshi Ram. Kanshi Ram himself had released cassettes of many of these singers.

The Dalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti, or DS4, was launched on 6 December 1981. It laid particular emphasis on the struggles of students, youth, and women. This cultural wing started from Punjab and spread to several states in north India including Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh. Kanshi Ram started DS4 with the aim of giving Bahujans a platform to share their anti-caste consciousness. In one of the editorials of The Oppressed Indian, 1982, Kanshi Ram said that DS4 is one of the foremost steps to organise 85 per cent of Bahujan voters and prepare them for politics so that they can take up leadership roles.

Buddhist Research Centre, or BRC, was also established by Kanshi Ram and he was ever willing to take up Buddhism. In 2003, Kanshi Ram had announced that he along with his protege Mayawati would convert to Buddhism in 2006, the year that marked the golden jubilee of AmbedkarтАЩs conversion. He had also said that the conversion of people from the Chamar community In Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh alone will create three crore Buddhists in India (Bahujan Sanghtak, 2003).

Contemporary cultural practices of Bahujan
The Bahujan movement is still fresh in the minds of those who were associated with Kanshi Ram through BAMCEF, DS4, BRC, or BSP. They recall even the smallest memories they have of meeting Saheb or his visit to their houses to share a meal. The charismatic leader is graciously remembered by them every 15 March.
In north India, the modern anti-caste struggle goes back to Swami Achyutananda, B.A. Santram, Chandrika Prasad Jigyasu, Jagdeo Prasad, Lalai Singh Yadav, Mangu Ram, and many others. While the intellectual wave generated by them is worth appreciating, it was Kanshi Ram who translated the Bahujan idea into popular imagination. Kanshi RamтАЩs personality was such that he instantly connected with the masses, particularly Bahujan women. There were several women who led Kanshi RamтАЩs Bahujan struggle, but they are hardly known today. But Kanshi Ram knew the importance of everyone who was associated with the movement. He would often visit the homes of cadre members, stay with them and have long conversations. It wonтАЩt be an exaggeration to call him a bottom-up leader who had a dynamic relationship with the masses. He was a mass leader in the true sense.

Nirmala Dasua with Kanshiram in 2001, at Guru Ravidas Jayanti, Hoshiarpur | Nirmala Dasua personal archive

Ishwar Kaur Narwal, giving speech. Kanshiram can be seen on the stage too | Ishwar Kaur Narwal personal archives
Besides political milestones, Kanshi Ram had an important role in reviving the socio-cultural icons in north India. Kanshi Ram Jayanti is marked by paying reverence to Dalit-Bahujan icons like Jyotiba Phule, Savitri Bai Phule, Dr Ambedkar, Sahuji Maharaj, Fatima Sheikh, Birsa Munda, and Periyar E.V. Ramasamy to mention a few. It is done by circulating their images, wall-art, calendar prints, pamphlets, etc.
The occasion also sees a carnival organised by different groups. It involves a discussion on Kanshi RamтАЩs thoughts and struggle, cultural performances like plays, songs and poetry recitation, circulation of popular prints and pamphlets, sloganeering, and taking out marches.
This annual carnival is one of the many ways through which the Bahujan society remains connected today, sharing each otherтАЩs thoughts, passing on their individual experiences of fighting the anti-caste struggle. This carnival is a new space for the emergence of a counter-culture. Russian philosopher Mikhail BakhtinтАЩs carnivalesque discussed the importance of cultural spaces like carnivals in the Renaissance. The Bahujan carnival, like Kanshi Ram Jayanti, is also a new space for anti-caste imagination, which seeks to assert its claim on dignity and equality.

Kanshi Ram JayantiтАЩs meaning and its cultural prospects
Kanshi RamтАЩs Jayanti means an anti-caste worldview for the Dalit-Bahujan. It is the day of remembrance of SahebтАЩs struggle to claim political consciousness and uproot caste practices from the public sphere.
Interestingly, the conceptual category like Bahujan has brought together different caste-based oppressed identities together. The idea of Bahujan is culturally rooted. This Bahujanhood marks its visibility through celebrating Bahujan icons, discussing historical gaps and absences, musical re-imagination, etc.
The music industry has engaged with Kanshi Ram through songs like Kanshi Ram Saheb Ka Alha sung by Seema Azad. Her song brings out the life history of Kanshi Ram through the Alha genre of music, which is popular in regions of Uttar Pradesh. Other songs include The Great Leader Kanshi Ram by Raju Bharti and Manywar Kanshi Ram Saheb Ki Yaad Mein by Malti Rao. Publication houses like Samyak Prakashan, which was started by Shanti Swaroop Baudh, have played an important role in popularising Kanshi RamтАЩs ideas. Similarly, there has been an effort by activists like A.R. Akela to put together Kanshi RamтАЩs speeches and bring them out through his home-grown publication Anand Sahitya Sadan in Aligarh.
Each of these cultural facets displayed in events like Kanshi Ram Jayanti has played a significant role in assembling the collective memories of Bahujan. The Bahujan movement started by Kanshi Ram was a well-structured plan that spread into social, cultural, and political spheres. Even though in recent times, the Bahujan movement has reflected political fragility, the idea of Bahujan remains alive with fresh life being breathed into it by members both on the ground and on social media. It has all the potential to return to the political sphere with the same zeal and fervour because of the sentimentality involved in the Bahujan movement, borne out of peopleтАЩs life-long struggle against oppression. Kanshi RamтАЩs vision of engaging with cultural parameters so that people are emotionally attached to the movement gives him a unique position as a Bahujan leader in IndiaтАЩs socio-political firmament.
Kalyani is a PhD scholar at the Center for the Study of Social Systems, Jawaharlal Nehru University. She tweets at @FiercelyBahujan. Views are personal.
Subscribe to our channels on YouTube & Telegram

Why news media is in crisis & How you can fix it
India needs free, fair, non-hyphenated and questioning journalism even more as it faces multiple crises.
But the news media is in a crisis of its own. There have been brutal layoffs and pay-cuts. The best of journalism is shrinking, yielding to crude prime-time spectacle.
ThePrint has the finest young reporters, columnists and editors working for it. Sustaining journalism of this quality needs smart and thinking people like you to pay for it. Whether you live in India or overseas, you can do it here.

comments (0)
06/25/21
LESSON 4012 Sat 26 Jun 2021Happy Birthday to Pranay https://youtu.be/436CLMioAjs Wish you a very very Happy Birthday Pranay Swim Mindfully Propagate growing vegan and dwarf fruit bearing trees in homes and spread all over the world like Samrat Ashoka did 8800662528 Registration to be part of largest Kushinara NIBB─АNA reclining Awakened One with Awareness Universe for Welfare, Happiness and Peace for all Societies by 3-12-2021 and for them to attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal. Computer Integrated cultivating training of vegetables and fruits plants legally with related airplanes to overcome hunger of all sentient and non sentient beings for their happiness welfare and peace to attain Eternal Bliss as Final Goal.
Filed under: General, Theravada Tipitaka
Posted by: site admin @ 6:12 am

LESSON 4012 Sat 26 Jun 2021Happy Birthday to Pranay

26 June Happy 17th Birthday Status Video | Happy 17th Birthday Song | Happy Birthday Best wishes
By MKR Computer Technology

Wish you a very very Happy Birthday Pranay

Inline image

Swim Mindfully

Propagate growing vegan and dwarf fruit bearing trees in homes and spread all over the world like Samrat Ashoka did

8800662528 Registration to be part of largest Kushinara NIBB─АNA reclining Awakened One with Awareness Universe for Welfare, Happiness and Peace for all Societies by 3-12-2021 and for them to attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal

As per the report by CDC (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention) COVID-19 does not spread through water. In fact, the report clearly states that chlorine water is one of the best disinfectants. We have explained the same to the CM and the health minister in our appeal,” he added.

According to the University of Singapore survey/review based on 131 countries. From June 18, world will be 100% free and happy from December 8th. Their predictions about Italy and Spain fit exactly.

“I am a swimmer, let me swim. I’m a swimmer, I am Covid negative,” were among the placards displayed by swimmers at the Karnataka Swimming Association office at the Sree Kanteerava stadium premises on Monday.

KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA -
Free Online Analytical Research and Practice University for тАЬDiscovery of the Univerasal Volunteers with the Awareness UniverseтАЭ (FOARPU4DUVAU) in 117 Classical Languages.

May we appeal to the List of all UNIVERSAL VOLUNTEER ORGANISATIONS striving hard to PLANT VEGETABLES & DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD AS PRACTICED BY SAMRAT ASHOKA as Said by an Awakened One with Awareness тАЬHunger is the worst illness, where 4 times Chief Minister Ms Mayawati who became eligible to be the Prime Minister with her excellent governance of Uttar Pradesh promised to reestablish Ashokan rule along with the farmers compounded existence the worst suffering or aliment (dukkha) with ending of ailments ( dukkha Nirodha) May we give importance to Awakened OneтАЩs teachings in this angle for the peace, happiness, welfare of all sentient and non sentient beings like the birds not depending on anyone so that all may attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.

https://tnsaa.net/

The Aquatic complex at Velachery Road was built in 1995 at a cost of Rs.11.32 crore. 4000 spectators can watch aquatic events in this complex which consists of one International Standard 8-lane racing pool of 50m x 25m, one diving pool of 18m x 25m and one warm-up pool of 25m x 25m. Besides these facilities, one fitness centre and an indoor hall for gymnastics are also available. In addition to this, a multipurpose indoor stadium has been built in the premises at a cost of Rs. 1.50 crore.

AQUATIC COMPLEX

GST Applicable for all payments
SWIMMING POOL - MEMBERSHIP

S. No.
Type of User
Tariff approved in EC dt.04.05.2017
(Rs.)

Individual

1
Monthly
3500
2
Quarterly
5000
3
Halfyearly
6250
4
Annual
10000
5
Family - Annual
20000
6
Senior Citizen for Annual (above 60 yrs)
5000
7
Daily Guest (per hour)
*100
8
Learn to Swim (12 days)
*2000
9
Department swimmers (per hour)
*100
10
Medalist (Time 6.00 - 8.00 a.m, 5.30-7.30 p.m)

1. International
Free

2. Champions Development scheme (CDS)
Free

3. National
1500

4. State
2000

5. District Level
2500
11
Uniform service

Annual
6000

Halfyearly
4000

Quarterly
3000

Monthly
1500
12
Guest (Per Day / Per Hour)
100

Note:

┬╖ The Medical Certificate and Other details should be submitted to the Stadium Officer.
┬╖ Family includes husband and wife plus their two children below the age of 18 years.
┬╖ Proof of ration card and Aadhar card may be submitted

AQUATIC COMPLEX

SWIMMING POOL - TARIFF FOR COMPETITION ( PER DAY)

S. No.
Type of User
Tariff approved in EC dt.04.05.2017
(Rs.)
1
Sports Association
10000
2
Private School / College
12500
3
Public Sector
15000
4
Private Sector
18750
5
Govt Department (Police / Army )
6250

AQUATIC COMPLEX - OTHER FACILITIES

S. No.
Type of User
Tariff approved in EC dt.04.05.2017
(Rs.)
1
Electronic Score Board
(Per day)
1000
2
PA System (Per day)
2000
3
Shop/Stall (Per Stall / Per day)
650
4
Room Rent - Non A/C
(Per day)
750
5
VIP Room Rent A/c
(Per day)
5000
6
Media Hall (A/c) (Per day)
2500
7
Dining Hall (Non A/c)
(Per day)
2000
8
Unfurnished Accommodation
(Per day / Per head)
65

AQUATIC COMPLEX - FITNESS CENTRE

MEMBERSHIP

S. No.
Type of User
Tariff approved in EC dt.04.05.2017
(Rs.)

Individual

1
Monthly
1000
2
Quarterly
2500
3
Half Yearly
5000
4
Annual
7500

INDOOR BADMINTON HALL

TARIFF FOR COMPETITIONS

S. No.
Type of User
Tariff approved in EC dt.04.05.2017
(Rs.)

With Flood Light
1
Sports Association
*6500
2
Private School / College
*6500
3
Public Sector
*6500
4
Police /Army/Govt.Dept
*4000
5
Private Sector
*10000

Note: For SDAT Academy, the timings will be 4.00 P.M тАУ 6.00 P.M.

AQUATIC- INDOOR BADMINTON HALL

TARIFF FOR MEMBERSHIP

S. No.
Type of User
Tariff approved in EC dt.04.05.2017
(Rs.)
1
Individual (Per Head/Per Hour/ Per Month)
1500

Student (Per Head/Per Hour/ Per Month)
750

Trainees if SDAT Coaches (Per Head/Per Hour/ Per Month)

1000

Note: For SDAT Academy, the timings will be 4.00 P.M - 6.00 P.M.

AQUATIC COMPLEX - HALL OF GYMNASTICS

Tariff for Competition

S. No.
Type of User
Tariff approved in EC dt.04.05.2017
(Rs.)
1
Sports Association (Per day)
6500
2
Private School / College (Per day)
6500
3
Public Sector (Per day)
6500
4
Police / Army / Govt. Dept
(Per day)
4000
5
Private Sector (Per day)
10000

AQUATIC COMPLEX - HALL OF GYMNASTICS

MEMBERSHIP TARIFF

S. No.
Type of User
Tariff approved in EC dt.04.05.2017
(Rs.)
1
Individual (Students)
(Per Hour)

Monthly
500
Quarterly
1000
Half Yearly
1900
Annual
3200
Individual (Non students) - Monthly
1000
2
Medallist

International Medallist
Free
National Medallist (Organized by Gymnastic Federation of India
3000
State Medalist (Organized by Tamil Nadu Gymnastics Association)
4000

Contents Owned and Maintained by
SPORTS DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY OF TAMILNADU
116 A,Periyar EVR High Road,Nehru Park,Chennai - 600 084
Tel Nos : 044-25611522,044-25610824,Fax:25610934,
Email:memsecy.sda[at]tn[dot]gov[dot]in,sdattn[at]gmail[dot]com
Site Designed and Developed by
National Informatics Centre-Chennai
Email:webadmin.tn[at]nic[dot]in
|Disclaimer| |Privacy Policy|
|Terms of Use|

https://m.facebook.com/ywtcofficial/

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu - Home

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
Non-governmental organisatio…

Like

Message

666 people like this

Message

HomeAboutPhotosEventsPostsCommunity
About

Suggest edits

http://ywtc.org/

Send message

Non-governmental organisation (NGO)

We have formed Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu to create awareness about the importance and rehabilitation impact of swimming for the challenged people and encourage the challenged people in Tamilnadu to participate in Swimming Competitions at various levels like District, State, National and International.
See All

Suggest edits

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
Does this Page have a phone number?
No
Skip
Yes

Page transparency
Facebook is showing information to help you better understand the purpose of a Page. See actions taken by the people who manage and post content.
See All

Related Pages

Madurai District Amateur Swimming Association
Interest
1,194 people like this

Like

Message

5
Tamilnadu Paralympic Sports Association
Non-profit organisation
1,079 people like this

Like

Message

5
TNWBB Tamilnadu Wheelchair Basketball
Non-profit organisation
482 people like this

Like

Message

Paralympic Committee of Jharkhand
Sport league
1,754 people like this

Like

Message

Swimming Foundation
Non-profit organisation
814 people like this

Like

Message

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu is at SDAT Aquatic Complex, Velachery, Chennai.
26 June 2015 at 18:43 ┬╖
Ripples 2015
3rd State Level Paralympic Swimming Championship.
Date 24-25 July 2015.
Visit http://psatn.blogspot.in to register.

89 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
10 April 2015 at 16:27 ┬╖
Today we met Tamilnadu Social Welfare Minister Ms Valarmathi and submitted to her our representation for providing equal opportunities and equal incentives to Paralympians along with Olympians in TamilnaduтАж More

211 comment2 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
7 April 2015 at 14:25 ┬╖
3rd State Level Paralympic Swimming Championship
Our Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu decided to organize 3rd State Level Paralympic Swimming Championship on 24th and 25th Jul.’15 at SDAT AquaticтАж More

221 comment
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
28 January 2015 at 12:27 ┬╖

Niraj Singh DasoniтАОParalympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu28 January 2015 at 12:25 ┬╖ Colva ┬╖
The biggest Swimming Event of Mumbai is Back with all new destination and with a bigger event ………..
We are Back with a National Event…
For ONLINE Registration Visit….
тАж More
2
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
4 November 2014 at 20:27 ┬╖

Madhavi Latha Prathigudupu4 November 2014 at 19:10 ┬╖
Flier in Hindi on our proposed Wheelchair basketball workshops in Dec.14.
71 share
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
4 November 2014 at 20:13 ┬╖

+2
Madhavi Latha Prathigudupu3 November 2014 at 20:09 ┬╖
Today Rtd DGP Mr S P Mathur and Mr Shankar from Cognizant addressed our swimmers. Tomorrow they are leaving for Indore for the National event.
All the very best to them!
51 comment
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
4 November 2014 at 20:12 ┬╖

Madhavi Latha Prathigudupu2 November 2014 at 20:57 ┬╖
Dear Friends,
I am glad to inform you all that we formed Wheelchair Basketball Federation of India to promote this sport in our country. Seeking your kind blessings and best wishes for our Federation.
KindlyтАж More
7
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
2 November 2014 at 21:06 ┬╖

Madhavi Latha Prathigudupu2 November 2014 at 20:57 ┬╖
Dear Friends,
I am glad to inform you all that we formed Wheelchair Basketball Federation of India to promote this sport in our country. Seeking your kind blessings and best wishes for our Federation.
KindlyтАж More
5
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
1 November 2014 at 08:52 ┬╖

Madhavi Latha Prathigudupu1 November 2014 at 08:34 ┬╖
Today Mr Ramakrishnan, founder of AmaraSeva Sangam visited our swimming coaching camp. Our swimmers are fortunate enough to meet such a great person.
9
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
30 October 2014 at 21:13 ┬╖

Madhavi Latha Prathigudupu30 October 2014 at 21:09 ┬╖
Today Mr Swaminathan, Rtd CSR Head of Tata Group visited our paralympic swimming coaching camp and interacted with our swimmers.
Thank you very much Sir for sparing your precious time for us.
11
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
30 October 2014 at 21:12 ┬╖

+3
Vijaya Kumar29 October 2014 at 07:01 ┬╖
Tamil Nadu State Paralympic Swimming Team Coaching Camp Chennai Aquatic Complex Velacherry
7
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
30 October 2014 at 21:12 ┬╖

Madhavi Latha Prathigudupu26 October 2014 at 17:59 ┬╖
Col Gill from OTA gave a lecture today to our swimmers on fitness, nutrition and motivation. It’s very helpful for us. He brought his friend who is a solo big bike rider in India. Very inspiring to meet her. Very grateful to them for sparing their precious time for us.
6
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
26 October 2014 at 18:06 ┬╖

Madhavi Latha Prathigudupu26 October 2014 at 17:59 ┬╖
Col Gill from OTA gave a lecture today to our swimmers on fitness, nutrition and motivation. It’s very helpful for us. He brought his friend who is a solo big bike rider in India. Very inspiring to meet her. Very grateful to them for sparing their precious time for us.
4
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
25 October 2014 at 21:12 ┬╖

+3
Madhavi Latha Prathigudupu25 October 2014 at 17:41 ┬╖
Our paralympic swimming coaching camp has been started from yesterday. Today Dr Prakash, Executive Director and Mr Ravindran, GM of Star Health Ins and Mr Amar, SVP and Ms Janine, AVP of R R Donnelley motivated our swimmers thru their inspiring speeches. I am very much thankful to them for accepting my invitation.
5
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
18 October 2014 at 18:58 ┬╖
We are very proud of her… Wishing her all the best to all her endeavours.

Madhavi Latha Prathigudupu
18 October 2014 at 18:18 ┬╖
Hi All,
I am glad to inform you that 14th National Paralympic Swimming Championship is going to be held from 6th Nov to 9th Nov at Indore, Madhya Pradesh.
For our TN swimmers who are selected for the national event, we are arranging coaching camp from 24th Oct to 4th Nov at SDAT Aquatic Complex, velachery road, Chennai.
Seeking your kind blessings and best wishes for our swimmers.
Like4
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
4 October 2014 at 08:00 ┬╖
More options

Like32 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
3 October 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖
More options

Like52 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
1 October 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖
More options

Like32 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
29 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖
More options

Like31 share
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
28 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖
More options

Like11 share
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
27 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖
More options

Like42 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
26 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖
More options

Like31 share
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
25 September 2014 at 11:33 ┬╖
More options
YOUTUBE.COM
Paralympics- Wheel chair basketball by “Chennai Eagles ”
Wheel chair basketball spearheaded by - Madhavi Latha Founder , YWTC Directed and produced by : Kavi Priya Founder & CEO, Adding Smiles Communications Adding…
Like3
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
24 September 2014 at 20:01 ┬╖
More options

Like32 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
22 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖
More options

Like22 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
21 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖
More options

Like2
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
21 September 2014 at 12:43 ┬╖
More options
Tune in this Monday 11:30 AM to watch her inspiring story.
Peppers20 September 2014 at 14:12 ┬╖
Determination,Dedication, Belief….Ms .Madhavi Latha ,National Paralympic Swimming Champion. .Gold Medalist in the 1st State Level Paralympic Swimming Championship тАУ India 2013.
72 comments
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
20 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖
More options

51 share
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
19 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖
More options

23 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
17 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖
More options

23 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
15 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖

512 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
14 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖

12 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
13 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖

11 share
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
12 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖

31 share
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
10 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖

77 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
8 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖

11 share
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
7 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖

31 share
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
6 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖

21 share
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
5 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖

3
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
2 September 2014 at 20:08 ┬╖

11 share
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
1 September 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖

11 share
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
31 August 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖

22 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
30 August 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖
Some people will never тАШget youтАЩ. Do not spend eternity asking why. People will see you differently, just cherish those who lift your soul.
- DodinskyтАЩs Garden of Thoughts
12 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
28 August 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖
DonтАЩt ever mistake my silence for ignorance, my calmness for acceptance, or my kindness for weakness.
- Anonymous
11 share
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
28 August 2014 at 15:00 ┬╖

Chennai Eagles - Wheelchair Basketball16 August 2014 at 22:24 ┬╖
Today’s practice session at J N Indoor Stadium. Players r showing lot of interest. They r coming from other districts Like Dindigul, Coimbatore, pudhukkottai, Tiruvannamalai etc. It shows their love for this game. Hope in future all the districts will also have accessible courts and sports wheelchairs.
8
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
28 August 2014 at 14:57 ┬╖

RaJ Esh Photography is with Raghavendar Rao T and Raj Esh.24 August 2014 at 14:48 ┬╖
So Inspiring
4
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
26 August 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖
Please know that there are much better things in life than being lonely or liked or bitter or mean or self conscious. We are all full of shit. Go love someone just because, I know your heart may be badly bruised, or even the victim of numerous knifings but it will always heal even if you donтАЩt want it to, it keeps going. There are the most fantastic, beautiful things and people out there, I promise. ItтАЩs up to you to find them.
- Chuck Palahniuk
22 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
25 August 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖
I donтАЩt care about whose DNA has recombined with whose. When everything goes to hell, the people who stand by you without flinching they are your family.
Jim Butcher
11 share
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
22 August 2014 at 19:03 ┬╖
YOUTUBE.COM
Meet the differently abled Rockstars at CAN DO
CAN DO works ‘by and for’ people with disabilities, providing training and employment. We’ve incubated the idea from scratch and assisted in integrated marke…
2
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
14 August 2014 at 13:31 ┬╖
This is the society you live in… You wonder when we will be a first-world country and yet, you don’t realize you can be the major catalyst for that change.
If this motivates you to contribute to the society, send us a message

Benedict Gnaniah14 August 2014 at 13:26 ┬╖
Tricolor all over the place, urchins hawking flags at the traffic signals while one waits impatiently in the air-conditioned comfort of a car waiting for the amber to turn green. These little boys and girlsтАж More
51 comment1 share
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
7 August 2014 at 14:09 ┬╖
Chennai Eagles, India- Wheelchair Basketball - Exhibition Match.

+31
Choice Equality added 35 new photos to the album Chennai Eagles, India- Wheelchair Basketball - Exhibition Match тАФ with Dinesh Babu.26 July 2014 ┬╖
Special Guest Mr Bharat Joshi British Deputy High Commissioner Chennai India- Held on 26th July 2014
9
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
30 July 2014 at 14:57 ┬╖
We got featured on Indian Express too.
NEWINDIANEXPRESS.COM
Exhibiting sporting spirit on wheels - The New Indian Express
CHENNAI: Yes we Too Can (YWTC), Chennai, a charitable trust, in partnership with Choice International, a UK-based development organisation, organised a wheelchair basketball development workshop at the Jawaharlal Nehru Indoor Stadium on Saturday. .
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
30 July 2014 at 13:45 ┬╖
“Chennai is looking to break this painful vacuum in disability sports through boccia, paralympic swimming and wheelchair basketball.”
- The Hindu
THEHINDU.COM
Get Introduced to Boccia
Because every child deserves to play
11 share
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
28 July 2014 at 12:04 ┬╖

Madhavi Latha Prathigudupu27 July 2014 at 19:43 ┬╖
Today is the last day of our coaching camp. See the bright and smiley faces of those cute girls. 1st day they had many fears and doubts abt their participation in sports. Now only happies and hope for bright future.
Hope God will give us more strength to bring happiness into more lives.
2
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
28 July 2014 at 12:03 ┬╖

Madhavi Latha Prathigudupu27 July 2014 at 14:57 ┬╖
With our beloved coach Mark Walker
1
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
28 July 2014 at 12:03 ┬╖

Madhavi Latha Prathigudupu27 July 2014 at 14:55 ┬╖
Today is the last day of our camp. We presented boccia set to Amar Seva Sangam. They sent 15 participants to our camp. We wish them all the very best!
1
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
28 July 2014 at 12:03 ┬╖

Madhavi Latha Prathigudupu27 July 2014 at 13:38 ┬╖
Our Chennai Eagles Brand Ambassador :)
2
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
25 July 2014 at 19:13 ┬╖
Official invitation of the exhibition match of wheelchair basketball.
Be there to witness, miracles in your own eyes. :)

15 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu added an event.
17 July 2014 at 11:57 ┬╖
SAT, 19 JUL 2014
Ripples 2014
SDAT Aquatic Complex, Velachery, Chennai
1 person interested
INTERESTED
1
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
17 July 2014 at 11:49 ┬╖
Ripples 2014, 2nd State Level Paralympics Swimming Championship.
All are welcome.

42 comments14 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
13 July 2014 at 20:00 ┬╖

51 share
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
12 July 2014 at 10:00 ┬╖

81 share
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Paralympic Swimming Association of Tamilnadu
11 July 2014 at 20:30 ┬╖

103 shares
LikeShow More Reactions
Comment
Share

Neelakanta Rao Jagdale, the architect of KarnatakaтАЩs swimming legacy, no more | Off the field News - Times of India

Neelakanta Rao Jagdale, the architect of KarnatakaтАЩs swimming legacy, no more | Off the field News - Times of India
Off the field News: Jagdale, whose stint as the Karnataka Swimming Association president ended in 2017, passed away in the city in the wee hours on Thursday following a p

Jagdale, whose stint as the Karnataka Swimming Association president ended in 2017, passed away in the city in the wee hours on Thursday following a prolonged illness. He was 66. JagdaleтАЩs reign as an administrator began in the 1980s. He was drawn to swimming at a time when the sport in Karnataka desperately needed leaders. His two children Rakshith and Geeta were talented swimmers and what started as parental encouragement, turned in-to a passion to see the sport reach great heights.

His hopes were to create Swimming pools in entire Karnataka State for people to practice Mindful Swimming and spread it throughout the world. KAS will continue with his legacy.

http://cms.newindianexpress.com тА║ …
KSA meets CM, wants pools to be opened for competitive training …
6 роПрокрпН., 2021 тАФ … the swimmers after the Karnataka Swimming Association president Gopal Hosur and secretary Satish Kumar met chief minister … ┬╖ роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпН

KSA meets CM, wants pools to be opened for competitive training

KSA meets CM, wants pools to be opened for competitive training
The pools were the last of the lot to be open for training and when it comes to nationals, both senior and age-group nothing was possible.

https://www.google.co.in/search?q=contact+address+of+Karnataka+Swimming+Association+president+Gopal+Hosur+and+secretary+Satish+Kumar&client=safari&channel=iphone_bm&ei=WFXWYLbeONXw9QOM0JeQCA&oq=contact+address+of+Karnataka+Swimming+Association+president+Gopal+Hosur+and+secretary+Satish+Kumar&gs_lcp=ChNtb2JpbGUtZ3dzLXdpei1zZXJwEAM6BAgeEApQ37AFWMTdBmCNhQdoAHAAeACAAfQCiAGYI5IBCDkuMTUuNS4xmAEAoAEBwAEB&sclient=mobile-gws-wiz-serp#
Sri Kanteerava Stadium Complex, Kasturba Road, Bengaluru Karnataka 560001

09845479780

KSA meets CM, wants pools to be opened for competitive training
The pools were the last of the lot to be open for training and when it comes to nationals, both senior and age-group nothing was possible.

A file picture of kids swimming before pools were ordered shut

By Ashim SunamExpress News Service
BENGALURU: Most of IndiaтАЩs elite swimmers, who were training in Bengaluru for an international meet, have not had access to the pool for the last three days after the Karnataka government ordered all pools to be shut due to a rise in Covid-19 cases. The closure of the pools has hampered the preparation of athletes like Srihari Nataraj who is yet to compete internationally since lockdown last March.

However, there could be some relief for the swimmers after the Karnataka Swimming Association president Gopal Hosur and secretary Satish Kumar met chief minister BS Yeddiyurappa and health minister K Sudhakar on Monday. KSA are expecting an official order on Tuesday and remain hopeful of a positive outcome.

тАЬWe met the state CM and health minister. I told them that there are Olympic swimmers training here and closing of pools affects the sportsmen. If they miss coaching for a single day also, their programs get upset too,тАЭ said Hosur. тАЬThere is no need to permit swimming for fun, but they should at least permit the competitive swimmers. The KSA will ensure that all the SOPs are followed by everyone concerned. Even states like Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra, which also have cases on rise, have not shut down pools.тАЭ

The Swimming Federation of India is keeping a close tab on the situation and secretary Monal Chokshi has been in touch with the KSA officials, who have assured them that at least elite swimmers will be given permission to train.

тАЬI spoke to the KSA president Hosur, and they have been given assurance that the competitive training will be permitted. If nothing else, at least for this group of swimmers in Bengaluru, who will travel internationally, their training will not be interrupted. If some relaxation or some sp ecific order can be secured, well and good for everyone,тАЭ said Choksi.

Around 300-400 swimmers, coaches and members of different clubs along with owners of pools also gathered at the Sree Kanteerava Stadium to appeal to the government to reopen pools as well. This has been a horrendous year for swimmers in terms of training and competitions. The pools were the last of the lot to be open for training and when it comes to nationals, both senior and age-group nothing was possible.

With pools shut, top swimmers preparing for international meet left high and dry

With pools shut, top swimmers preparing for international meet left high and dry
The KSA is expecting an official order on Tuesday and remains hopeful of a positive outcome.

With pools shut, top swimmers preparing for international meet left …
6 роПрокрпН., 2021 тАФ … the swimmers after the Karnataka Swimming Association (KSA) president Gopal Hosur and secretary Satish Kumar ..

With pools shut, top swimmers preparing for international meet left high and dry
By Ashim Sunam| Express News Service | Published: 06th April 2021 05:51 AM

BENGALURU: Most of IndiaтАЩs elite swimmers, who were training in Bengaluru for an international meet, have not had access to the pool for the last three days after the Karnataka Government ordered all pools to be shut due to a rise in Covid-19 cases. The closure of the pools has hampered the preparation of athletes like Srihari Nataraj, who is yet to compete internationally since the lockdown last March.

However, there could be some relief for the swimmers after the Karnataka Swimming Association (KSA) president Gopal Hosur and secretary Satish Kumar met Chief Minister B S Yeddiyurappa and Health Minister Dr K Sudhakar on Monday. The KSA is expecting an official order on Tuesday and remains hopeful of a positive outcome.

The Swimming Federation of India is keeping a close tab on the situation and secretary Monal Chokshi has been in touch with the KSA officials, who have assured them that at least elite swimmers will be given permission to train.

тАЬI spoke to the Karnataka Swimming Association president Gopal Hosur, and they have been given an assurance that the competitive training will be permitted. If nothing else, training should not be interrupted for at least this group of swimmers in Bengaluru, who will travel internationally. If some relaxation or some specific order can be secured, it will be good for everyone,тАЭ said Choksi.

Swimmers appeal to govt

Around 300-400 swimmers, coaches and members of different clubs, along with owners of various pools also gathered at the Sree Kanteerava Stadium on Monday and appealed to the government to reopen the pools as well. They were also addressed by the KSA officials. Interestingly, swimming was one of the last sports to open up after the lockdown, around October last year. Other sports had resumed by June.

тАЬI do not know why they close pools. In fact, in the last four to five months, there has not been a single case of swimmers having contracted Covid after pools opened,тАЭ Hosur claimed.

Karnataka swimming fraternity requests state government to reopen pools
The Karnataka swimming fraternity has appealed to the state government to reopen pools to give the swimmers enough practice time ahead of the Tokyo Olympics.

The Karnataka government on April 2 issued an order to shut down swimming pools across the state till April 20 in the wake of rising COVID-19 cases. (Representational image)
The Karnataka government on April 2 issued an order to shut down swimming pools across the state till April 20 in the wake of rising COVID-19 cases. (Representational image)

The swimming fraternity in Karnataka has appealed to the state government to reopen pools to give the swimmers enough practice time ahead of the Tokyo Olympics, which is little more than three months away.

Over 600 coaches, members from affiliated clubs, parents and swimmers assembled at Shri Kanteerava Stadium on Monday to appeal to the Karnataka government.

A team from Karnataka Swimming Association (KSA) led by its president Gopal Hosur met with Chief Minister BS Yeddiyurappa and put forth their plea.

“This morning we had a fruitful meeting with the Chief Minister of Karnataka Shri BS Yediyurappa and we also met with Medical Education and Health Minister Dr K Sudhakar and appealed to them to reopen the swimming pools,” Hosur said in a statement.

“We have also requested the Chief Secretary P Ravi Kumar to consider our plea and allow competitive swimmers to train as a 20-day shut down will be a major setback for them in an Olympic year.

“With the new order to keep the pools closed, over 1000 competitive swimmers in the state will be put out of practice. We expect some relief from the government by Tuesday, 6th April,” he added.

The Karnataka government on April 2 issued an order to shut down swimming pools across the state till April 20 in the wake of rising COVID-19 cases.

RELATED| Swimming Federation of India planning exposure camp to South Africa

“Over 10,000 families depend on swimming pools for their living. Karnataka swimming has dominated in the last 30 years and we have produced many Olympians from here.

“But unfortunately, due to the shutting down of swimming pools, not just the careers of these bright young swimmers are at stake but also careers of thousands of coaches and pool maintenance staff is also at stake.

“They depend on swimming for their livelihood and our sport was beginning to see some semblance in the past few months, but Karnataka’s recent order will affect many lives,” said KSA secretary Satish M Kumar. The KSA also emphasised that swimming is one of the safest sports to pursue as COVID-19 virus does not spread through water, particularly chlorinated water.

“As per the report by CDC (Centre for Disease Control and Prevention) COVID-19 does not spread through water. In fact, the report clearly states that chlorine water is one of the best disinfectants. We have explained the same to the CM and the health minister in our appeal,” he added.

According to the University of Singapore survey/review based on 131 countries. From June 18, world will be 100% free and happy from December 8th. Their predictions about Italy and Spain fit exactly.

Maker of COVID Tests Says Pandemic is Biggest Hoax Ever Perpetrated | Winter Watch

Maker of COVID Tests Says Pandemic is Biggest Hoax Ever Perpetrated | Winter Watch
By G. Edward Griffin | 21 November 2020 RED PILL UNIVERSITY тАФ Top pathologist Dr. Roger Hodkinson told Canadian government officials in Alberta during a phone conference that the coronavirus pandemic is тАЬthe greatest hoax ever […]

Maker of COVID Tests Says Pandemic is Biggest Hoax Ever Perpetrated

By G. Edward Griffin | 21 November 2020

RED PILL UNIVERSITY тАФ Top pathologist Dr. Roger Hodkinson told Canadian government officials in Alberta during a phone conference that the coronavirus pandemic is тАЬthe greatest hoax ever perpetrated on an unsuspecting public.тАЭ Hodkinson, who is the CEO of a biotech company that makes COVID tests, says тАЬThere is utterly unfounded public hysteria driven by the media and politicians.тАЭ We are seeing тАЬpolitics playing medicine, and thatтАЩs a very dangerous game.тАЭ

Positive test results do not mean a clinical infection, he says. All testing should stop because the false numbers they produce are тАЬdriving public hysteria.тАЭ Hodkinson says the risk of death for people under the age of 65 is тАЬone in three-hundred thousandтАЭ and it is тАЬoutrageousтАЭ to shut down society for what is merely тАЬjust another bad flu.тАЭ [тАж]

The Delight times will come soon!

Swimmers may train in Delhi: Swimming Federation of India | More sports News - Times of India

Swimmers may train in Delhi: Swimming Federation of India | More sports News - Times of India
More sports News: With the Karnataka government yet to formally approve the reopening of swimming pools after they were asked to remain closed from April 3-20, the Uzbe

Swimmers may train in Delhi: Swimming Federation of India

BENGALURU: With the Karnataka government yet to formally approve the reopening of swimming pools after they were asked to remain closed from April 3-20, the Uzbekistan-bound Indian swimmers training in the city are likely to move to New Delhi for training. An Indian contingent is set to take part in the Uzbekistan Open championship in Tashkent from April 12. The six-day event is an Olympic qualifying competition and 10 of the participating swimmers are based in the city.
“The state government has assured the Karnataka Swimming Association officials that they will be given permission to re-open pools. If that does not materialise in the next couple of days, the plan is for the swimmers to train in New Delhi before flying out,” said Monal Chokshi, secretary-general, Swimming Federation of India (SFI).

The swimmers have already lost three days of prime training period. Their regimen has been restricted to dryland training and the gymnasium after it was allowed to be reopened on Sunday.

Elaborating on the options ahead of them, seasoned coach Nihar Ameen, who is travelling with the contingent, said, “We are scheduled to depart from New Delhi on April 9. If the pools donтАЩt reopen on Tuesday, then we may look at a few sessions in Delhi before leaving. We are waiting for a go-ahead from SFI.”

One drawback of training at the SP Mukherjee swimming complex in New Delhi is that it is an indoor pool and most swimmers have been training outdoors. KSA OFFICIALS MEET CM, HEALTH MINISTER

“I am a swimmer, let me swim. I’m a swimmer, I am Covid negative,” were among the placards displayed by swimmers at the Karnataka Swimming Association office at the Sree Kanteerava stadium premises on Monday.

Led by association president Gopal Hosur, about 600 swimmers, past champions, coaches, parents and the KSA office bearers came together to appeal to the government to revoke the order on closing of pools.

Earlier, Hosur and KSA secretary M Satish Kumar were among the association officials who met Chief Minister BS Yediyurappa and health minister K Sudhakar and submitted their appeal. They also assured the government that all protocols would be followed.

“We met chief minister BS Yediyurappa and Dr K Sudhakar, medical education and health minister, with an appeal to reopen swimming pools. We have also requested chief secretary P Ravi Kumar to consider our plea and allow competitive swimmers to train. The shutdown can be a major setback especially in the Olympic year. We expect some relief from the government by Tuesday,” said an optimistic Hosur.

Apart from competitive swimmers, the KSA has also expressed concern about the livelihood of various stakeholders including pool owners and coaches.

Closure of swimming pools: Association seeks review of Government decision

Mysore/Mysuru: The State GovernmentтАЩs decision to shut down swimming pools as a prevention measure to control the spread of pandemic has not gone well with swimming pool owners and swimmers in Mysuru, who have sought the Government to review its decision.

Addressing a press meet at Patrakartara Bhavan yesterday morning, Karnataka Swimming Association (KSA) Executive Committee Member S. Sundaresh urged the Government to allow them to re-open swimming pools at the earliest.

тАЬThere are over 1,500 professional and public swimming pools across the State. The majority of public swimming pools in Karnataka are closed as per the latest guidelines issued by the State Government. We have been following all Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) laid down by State administration and the Centre for Diseases Control and Prevention and National Institute for Health have confirmed that COVID-19 cannot spread in properly chlorinated swimming pool water,тАЭ he said.

Pointing out that over 350 swimmers had recently participated in the swimming contests organised by KSA and have won many medals, Sundaresh said that not a single swimmer has tested positive for COVID-19.

тАЬIn fact, practicing swimming every day would keep everyone healthy and fit. But now the GovernmentтАЩs decision to abruptly close all the swimming pools has brought the life of every swimming pool employeeтАЩs life at stake. Hence, we urge the Government to review its decision and allow to us to function normally as early as possible,тАЭ he said.

Sundaresh said that former IPS Officer and Association President Gopal B. Hosur and Secretary M. Satish Kumar met Chief Minister B.S. Yediyurappa at his residence in Bengaluru at 10.30 am yesterday and submitted a memorandum and apprised him the situation the employees of swimming pools were facing due to non functioning of swimming pools. Also, the delegation met Health Minister Dr. Sudhakar and submitted a memorandum, he said and added that the CM and the Health Minister assured of looking into the matter.

To show unity among swimmers, swimming coaches and swimming pool employees of all KSA affiliated units across the State, a memorandum was submitted to the officials concerned at 10.30 am yesterday, Sundaresh said.

Former University of Mysore (UoM) Swimming Coach and KSA Joint Secretary M.D. Nabhiraj, retired UoM Swimming Coach T. Puttaswamy, Global Sports Association President S. Shivakumar and Group 3 (below 12 years) Gold medallist S. Tanya were present at the press meet.

Karnataka Swimming Association to provide three-month financial relief package worth Rs 15 lakh to coaches, pool staff-Sports News , Firstpost

Karnataka Swimming Association to provide three-month financial relief package worth Rs 15 lakh to coaches, pool staff-Sports News , Firstpost
Calling it a first-of-a-kind initiative by a state governing body for swimming in India, the Karnataka Swimming Association said in a statement that it will provide the monetary assistance through its fundraiser KSA Cares.

Karnataka Swimming Association to provide three-month financial relief package worth Rs 15 lakh to coaches, pool staff
Calling it a first-of-a-kind initiative by a state governing body for swimming in India, the Karnataka Swimming Association said in a statement that it will provide the monetary assistance through its fundraiser ‘KSA Cares.’

Bengaluru: The Karnataka Swimming Association has announced that it will provide a three-month financial relief package worth Rs 15 lakh to coaches and pool staff in the state in dire need of monetary support after swimming pools remain shut into its sixth month due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Calling it a first-of-a-kind initiative by a state governing body for swimming in India, the KSA said in a statement that it will provide the monetary assistance through its fundraiser ‘KSA Cares.’

The Association said in August, it had dispersed Rs 5.50 lakh financial aid to 250 coaches and pool staff across Karnataka.

“A sum of Rs 10,000, Rs 5,000, Rs 3,000 and Rs 1,500 each per month was contributed to an individual based on his or her designation, performance and take-home salary at the time of lockdown,” the statement read.

Apart from this, the State Association also distributed dry ration worth Rs 3,000 each to coaches and pool staff from affiliated centres which are registered with the Karnataka Swimming Association.

This relief package will be extended till October.
With the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) directive to keep the Swimming Pools shut into its sixth consecutive month, coaches and pool staff have been the hardest hit in the swimming community.

We took up the onus of supporting them through a substantial three-month financial aid starting August,” stated KSA President Gopal Hosur, retired IPS officer.

Hosur said the KSA has deposited the second round of financial aid on September 14 to the coaches and pool staff’s accounts.

“Apart from KSA’s own funds, we also received overwhelming support from Infosys Foundation who contributed 400 bags of food items, Premanjali Foundation contributed 300 bags and Kirloskar Systems contributed Rs 3 lakh towards the cause,” Hosur added.

Coaches and pool staff from various districts including Mangaluru, Belgaum, Mandya, Davengere, Karwar, Udupi, Shimoga, among others, have benefited from this
initiative.

The selection process involved individuals applying for the financial aid through Google Doc shared by KSA with affiliated centres across the state.

According to KSA secretary general, Satish Kumar, about 270 people had applied for the financial aid of which only those registered with the Association were selected.

The KSA also extended support to those who frequently volunteered to support KSA during events and competitions, the statement said.

About Us | ICAR-Indian Institute of Horticultural Research

About Us
Primary tabs

The Institute spread its sphere of Research activities to the length and breadth of the Nation by establishing its experimental stations at Lucknow, Nagpur, Ranchi, Godhra, Chettalli and Gonikopal. Over the years these experiment stations have grown in size and today they stand as independent institutes, however, retaining the Chettalli and Gonicoppal under its fold. As of now, the IIHR has its main research station at Hessaraghatta, Bengaluru with 263 ha of land and Regional experiment stations at Bhuvaneshwar in Orissa and Chettalli in Karnataka with two Krishi Vigyan Kendras both located in Karnataka state at Gonikopal in Kodagu and Hirehalli in Tumkur districts. Apart from this the Project Coordinating Cell of the All India Coordinated Research Project on Tropical Fruits is also located at the institute at Bengaluru.
The physical growth of the Institute could be viewed in two phases. The first phase is from 1970 to 1990, wherein emphases were laid on land development and buildings. During this phase the area for carrying out research and the area for laboratory buildings, supporting buildings and other essential office buildings was earmarked. Accordingly, the entire arable land was divided into well defined nine blocks for carrying out research and independent buildings for various divisions and departments with laboratories were built.

The second phase of the physical growth was after 1990 during which emphases was laid on creating ultra modern world class, infrastructure facilities in terms of equipments and structures. Currently the institute has well defined 11 divisions and four sections namely, The Division of Fruit Crops, Division of Vegetable Crops, Division of Ornamental Crops, Division of Post Harvest Technology, Division of Plant Pathology, Division of Entomology and Nematology, Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Division of Plant Genetic Resources, Division of Biotechnology and Division of Extension and Training and Sections of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Seed Science and Technology, Economics and Statistics and Agricultural Engineering with more than 65 purpose oriented laboratories having state of art equipments like electron microscope, ultra centrifuge, HPLC, GLC, LC counter etc., and infrastructures like a series of poly houses and net houses, growth chambers, mist chambers, cold storage facilities, gene bank, local area net work with video conferencing facilities, Seed processing and nursery units etc. Apart from this the institute houses an ultra modern library, a conference hall, auditorium, training hostel, Bank, Hospital, essential quarters and few other facilities.

The Institute has also got an Agriculture Technology Information Centre (ATIC), which is a single window agency for dissemination of information and technologies developed by the Institute. All the technological products and popular publications developed by the Institute are sold to the farmers and interested public through the agricultural technology information centre.
The main strength of the institute is excellent well trained human resources. Presently the Institute has a total strength of 619 staff with 150 Scientists 218 technical staff 92 Administrative staff and 159 supporting staff. The Institute is headed by the Director supported by various Heads of Divisions. The Director is also supported by the Senior Administrative Officer who is the Head of the office and also a Senior Finance and Accounts Officer to monitor Audit and Accounts. Dr M.R.Dinesh is the Director of the Institute.
In the beginning years of the institute the main research agenda of the institute was to increase the yields of horticultural crop varieties by developing high yielding varieties in fruits, vegetables, ornamentals and medicinal and aromatic plants and also develop advanced production technologies to increase the productivity of horticultural crops.

With changing times and emergence of new challenges in the fields of productivities, crop production, crop protection and crop utilization, emphasis was laid on breeding varieties for biotic and a biotic stresses breeding F1 hybrids, developing integrated pest and disease management technologies, developing integrated water and nutrient management protocols towards optimum utilization of resources developing Post Harvest Management practices to reduce the post harvest losses and further value additions and frontier research areas like hi-tech horticulture, precision farming, information technology, biotechnological interventions to increase yields, protect crops from insect- pests, disease and viruses, and extension of shelf life of crop produces. Encompassing various goals and objectives of achieving sustainable development of horticulture, providing livelihood security, economic growth and nutritional security which have been challenged time and again by various obvious factors, the IIHR, Bangalore has been carrying out research in fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, medicinal and aromatic plants and mushrooms with the following mandate:

The mandate
тАв To Undertake Basic And Applied Research For Developing Strategies To Enhance Productivity And Utilization Of Tropical And Sub-Tropical Horticulture Crops Viz., Fruits, Vegetables, Ornamentals, Medicinal And Aromatic Plants And Mushrooms.
тАв To Serve As A Repository Of Scientific Information Relevant To Horticulture.
тАв To Act As A Centre For Training For Up Gradation Of Scientific Manpower In Modern Technologies For Horticulture Production And
тАв To Collaborate With National And International Agencies In Achieving The Above Objectives.
Twice, i.e. during the year 1999 and 2011, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi awarded the Best Institute Award to IIHR , Bangalore in reorganization of institutes progress, achievements, and its contribution to the field of horticulture. The other feathers in the cap of the institute are; the institute is recognized as the post graduate research and training centre in horticulture by six universities as a part of PG Education, the main centre for production and supply of breeders seeds of vegetable crop varieties established linkages with many international research organizations for research and human resource development. The pollen Cryo-Bank of the institute features in the Limca Book of Records 2001, recognized as the Team of Excellence in Biotechnology and Post Harvest Management, has a product development laboratory to up scale the technologies and also for entrepreneurship development and the DBT-ICAR National Facility for virus тАУdiagnosis and quality control in tissue culture plants and also the Phyto-sanitary certification agency for seeds and planting materials.
Research work carried out during the last four decades with the above objectives has paid rich dividends in the terms of release of more than 170 varieties and hybrids and development of good number of sustainable production, protection and post harvest management technologies.
In fruit crops, the institute has released three varieties in papaya, 5 hybrids in mango, 3 varieties in guava, 5 hybrids in grapes, one variety each in pomegranate, annona, ber and passion fruit. Recently released high yielding Pink fleshed Arka Prabhat papaya hybrid, Arka Kiran, a red fleshed hybrid guava and Arka Sahan, a hybrid of annona with large globules and less seeds hold better promise and are gaining more popularity.

So far the Institute has developed and released 60 high yielding open pollinated varieties and 15 F1 hybrids in 24 vegetable crops resistant to pests and diseases for commercial cultivation, Arka Manik of Watermelon тАУ triple resistant to pests and diseases, Arka Anamika in okra resistant to Yellow Vein Mosaic Virus and Arka Komal of French bean resistant to rust has spread to the length and breadth of the nation. High yielding varieties of tomato Arka Vikas, Arka Kalyan and Arka Niketan in onion have made significant impacts. In the recent years, the Institute has released tomato hybrid Arka Ananya, with combined resistant to Tomato Leaf Curl Virus and Bacterial wilt, chilli hybrids Arka Meghana tolerant to thrips and viruses, Arka Harita and Arka Suphal of chilli tolerant to powdery mildew, high yielding male sterility base chilli hybrid Arka Swetha, bacterial wilt brinjal hybrid Arka Anand, high yielding onion hybrids based on male sterility Arka Lalima and Arka Kirthima are a few which have made significant impact in production and higher economic gains.
In the area of ornamental crops, the Institute has evolved improved varieties in gladiolus, chrysanthemum, bougainvillea, hibiscus, tube rose, rose, China aster, carnation, gerbera and crossandra. China aster varieties Poornima, Kamini, Vilet cushion and Shashank, tube rose cultivars, Shringar, Suvasini, Prajwal and Vibahv and crossandra variety Arka Ambara have become very popular among the farmers.
In the field of mushrooms, a spore less mutant of oyster mushroom, milky mushroom, Jews ear mushroom and a medicinal mushroom with export potentials have been developed.

In the field of production technologies the Institute has standardized the technology of high density planting of banana and pineapple which are being practiced by all most all fruit growers these crops. Grape rootstock Dog ridge, identified and released by the Institute has revolutionized grape cultivation in dry land and problematic soils. Integrated water and nutrient management schedules like drip irrigation, fertigation, application of fertilizer in the active root feeding zone, etc., for optimum utilization of resources for various fruits, vegetables and ornamental crops have been standardized. The Institute has also standardized leaf and petiole diagnostics for optimum recommendation of fertilizers for respective crops. In the recent years, the institute has standardized technology for foliar nutrition of micro nutrients and has commercially released mango special, banana special, citrus special and vegetable special for higher and quality yields. These technologies have already been commercialized, making these technologies available to cross section of the farming community. The causative factors for occurrence of Spongy tissue, a major problem in mango has been found and accordingly recommendations are made to overcome the problem. The Institute has also come out with biofertilizers like PSB, azospirallium, VAM etc.
In the field of plant protection, the Institute has standardized the technology of pest management using trap crops like African marigold for control of tomato fruit borer, mustard for control of DBM in Cole crops, botanicals and plant products like neem soap and pongamia soap for control of major pests. Bio-control agents and micro organisms like Trichoderma, Pseudonomous fluoroscence, Paecilomyces lilacinus etc. for control of soil borne diseases and nematodes have been standardized. The mango fruit fly which has become the major limiting factor for export has been overcome by standardizing a pheromone trap which has been commercialized by the Institute. Simultaneously, integrated disease management protocols and diagnostic kits for viruses have also been developed.
In the field of post harvest technology, the Institute has standardized technology to extend the storage life at various temperatures, standardized the protocol for MOP and shrink wrapping technology. Value addition through product development has been a priority area, in which the Institute has developed protocols for preparation of osmo-dehydrated products, fruit based beverages like mango squash, passion fruit squash, aonla squash, passion fruit banana blends, various culinary pastes and purees, lactic acid fermentation of vegetables and protocols for minimally processed foods have been standardized. In the frontier areas and precision technology, the Institute has standardized technology for production of tomato, colored capsicum, cucumbers and melons under protected conditions. The technology for production of nursery seedlings using pro trays has been further refined. In the field of biotechnology, macro propagation protocols for various crops and nucleic acid probes for many viruses have been developed. DNA finger printing techniques have also been developed for characterization and documentation of germplasm.
тАв Profile
тАв Mission/Vision Statement
тАв History/Background
тАв Departments/Divisions/Cells
тАв Role/Functions/Responsibilities/Activities
тАв Agencies Under The Administrative Control
тАв Organizational Structure
тАв WhoтАЩs Who
рд╣рд┐рдиреНрджреА
About Us
Organizational Setup
Patents
How to reach
CHES
KVK
ICAR-AICRP on Fruits
Research programmes
Online Seed Portal
IMS [Indent Management System]
E-Office ICAR
FMS/MIS of ICAR
ICAR - E Mail Unified Communications (icar.gov.in)
Pensioner Corner
ITMU [ Institute Technology Management Unit]
Mushroom
Publications
RTI
Citizens Charter
Awards
Reports
PME
BPD
Sophisticated analytical instrument facility (SAIF)
Society for Promotion of Horticulture (SPH)
Post Graduate School in Horticultural Sciences

Varieties / Technologies released by ICAR - IIHR
ATIC - Agricultural Technology Information Center

Important Links
Project Links
Quick Links
IIHR INFONET
How to Reach
DisclaimerтАиPrivacy PolicyтАиHyper Linking PolicyтАиCopyright PolicyтАиTerms and ConditionsтАиAccessibility StatementтАиFeedbackтАиSite Map
тАв
тАв
тАв
This website belongs to Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, an autonomous organization under the
Department of Agricultural Research and Education, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India.
Copyright ┬й 2020 ICAR-IIHR, This site is Maintained by Agricultural Knowledge Management Unit
Security Audited by STQC Bengaluru.
Last Updated on: 25-06-2021

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=11566&context=rtd

Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations
Indigenous knowledge and its implication for agricultural development and agricultural education: a case study of the Vedic tradition in Nepal
Anthony B. J. Willett
Iowa State University
Follow this and additional works at: Retrospective Theses and Dissertations | Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations | Iowa State University

Retrospective Theses and Dissertations | Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations | Iowa State University

Part of the Agricultural Education Commons, Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, Folklore Commons, Philosophy Commons, and the Social and Cultural Anthropology Commons
Recommended Citation
Willett, Anthony B. J., тАЬIndigenous knowledge and its implication for agricultural development and agricultural education: a case study of the Vedic tradition in Nepal тАЭ (1993). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 10567.
Indigenous knowledge and its implication for agricultural development and agricultural education: a case study of the Vedic tradition in Nepal

Indigenous knowledge and its implication for agricultural development and agricultural education: a case study of the Vedic tradition in Nepal
By Anthony B. J. Willett

This dissertation is about the meaning and relevance, in todays world, of indigenous knowledge, and particularly the traditional cosmologies and sacred beliefs that underly this knowledge. The case of Vedic knowledge in Nepal is studied to illustrat

This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact digirep@iastate.edu

comments (0)
06/24/21
LESSON 4011 Jun 25 Fri 2021 Buddha said тАЬHunger is the worst kind of illnessтАЭ Manimegalai fed the hungry with AMUDHA SURABI which never became empty even as many people were fed. Earth is AMUDHA SURABI where vegetables and fruit trees could be planted as did by Ashoka Chakravarti. Like the birds humans can feed on raw fruits and vegetables and live happily with peace and attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.
Filed under: General, Theravada Tipitaka
Posted by: site admin @ 5:51 pm

LESSON 4011 Fri 25 Jun 2021

Swim Mindfully

Propagate growing vegan and dwarf fruit bearing trees in homes and spread all over the world like Samrat Ashoka did

8800662528 Registration to be part of largest Kushinara NIBB─АNA reclining Awakened One with Awareness Universe for Welfare, Happiness and Peace for all Societies by 3-12-2021 and for them to attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.

Positive good news

https://r20.rs6.net/tn.jsp?f=001EjGCftwsGvMr4bINHmmqT2_5wkDsVYcnXHa5C7UNUFRveb95dsKnKDu2EuPCWpGaaFmWQvosOUoDEdqAzJyVw_zhnTOQP5Mo9b1YrgEl7sbKnAFXZgVZ5Cj_2waQlL9Ac4G0Z7-JTPVbHWT0LXpPxvF1JYlUB2RZjR_oDAWSNGnG6sf6SDGQ0dzgWFW6BaZKVckIZevz_GnRb4rRKcsNPBkLDhiji7XQ&c=V1IV9u_3vq93cANiNfxafXPL-Bo28YP6wZMnju-bqnNy78ZgSLTvMA==&ch=98XHVGs1kVRh-58Xt3B8A5oV_7K0mzVewpVFnFvHDyOgxbWKien-Mw==

Drikung Phowa Practice with
я╗┐H.E. Choeje Ayang Rinpoche June 24th
Online Practice for Qualified Students

Dear Jagatheesn ,

H.E. Ch├╢je Ayang Rinpoche has kindly offered to lead his students in a Drikung Phowa practice, dedicated to all those who have died from the coronavirus and from natural causes. If time allows, Rinpoche will also lead the long Aspiration Prayer of Sukhavati.

Participation in online practices are limited to those who have completed Ayang RinpocheтАЩs Phowa teachings.*Please respect this samaya and do not join if you are not qualified. Please prepare your own Nyingma Phowa text and Aspiration Prayer of Sukhavati.

Option 1 тАУ Zoom (link with translation channels)
*Please turn off your camera to reduce network load and avoid disconnection

https://us02web.zoom.us/j/85935083811?pwd=dGRaMHgxMDBDTWd5alpQa2QvNGVKZz09

Meeting ID: 859 3508 3811
Passcode: 402086

For additional information click here.

Option 2 тАУ YouTube (If the Zoom meeting is full, and especially for non-Hong Kong/Taiwan/Chinese participants)
https://youtu.be/atwMtAVCF0A

May all beings benefit!

Your friends at Amitabha Foundation USA

June24th Phowa Practice with H.E. Choeje Ayang Rinpoch

This will become true

According to the University of Singapore survey/review based on 131 countries. From June 18, world will be 100% free and happy from December 8th. Their predictions about Italy and Spain fit exactly.

Inline image

Buddhas of Monywa, Myanmar

The Great Buddhas of Monywa (Dreamstime)
The Great Buddhas of Monywa (Dreamstime)
Visitors to Monywa, 138 kilometres northwest of Mandalay, will be treated to not one, but two giant Buddhas тАУ one standing, one lying down.

At 90 metres long, the one lying down is the largest reclining Buddha in the world. It houses a collection of 9,000 etchings illustrating BuddhaтАЩs life that can be viewed by entering through a door in the statueтАЩs backside.

The standing Buddha directly behind is 116 metres tall and is known as Laykyun Setkyar.

Inline image

Inline image

Inline image

Inline image

Dear Pranay
We wish you a very Happy Birthday
May you become a best Awakened Teacher to create awareness in this world.
May you be ever happy, well and secure,
May you live at least for 150 years.
May you always have calm, quiet, alert and equanimity mind with a clear understanding that everything is changing!

From
Ever loving Thaathas, Paatis, Banu athe, Pradeep mama, Appa, Amma, Tushar Anna, Harshith Anna , Vinay thambi, all relatives and friends!

ро╡ро┐ро│роорпНрокро░роорпН┬╖https://www.izito.co.in/
Free Online Training Software - Search For Quality Info Now
Get Free Online Training Software. Find Instant Quality Results Now! 100+ рдЧреБрдгрд╛рддреНрдордХ рдкрд░рд┐рдгрд╛рдо. Find Related Results Now. Get More Related Info. рдЧреБрдгрд╡рддреНрддрд╛ рдкрд░рд┐рдгрд╛рдо рдЦреЛрдЬреЗрдВ.

ро╡ро┐ро│роорпНрокро░роорпН┬╖https://in.asksly.com/products/asksly
Compare Many Products - Free Online Training Software
Free Online Training Software - Discover At Asksly! Easy Acces. Search and Discover. Compare Products. Find Easily. Quick Results. Types: Products Online, Instant Results, Big Variaty, 24/7 Accessible.

ро╡ро┐ро│роорпНрокро░роорпН┬╖http://www.zapmeta.co.in/online+education+software
Online Education Software
Search Online Education Software Get Results from 6 Engines at Once. Wiki, News & More.

https://www.oecd.org
тА║ sustai…PDF
ADOPTION OF TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE FARMING … - OECD

Technological change has been the major driving force for increasing agricultural productivity and promoting agriculture development in all OECD …
149 рокроХрпНроХроЩрпНроХро│рпН┬╖757 роХро┐.рокрпИ.

http://www.fao.org
тА║ …PDF
роЗрогрпИроп роорпБроЯро┐ро╡рпБроХро│рпН
Revisiting garden-based learning in basic education

FLP. Food, Land and People. GBL. Garden- based learning. IPM. Integrated Pest Management. JMG. Junior Master Gardener Program. LLS.
90 рокроХрпНроХроЩрпНроХро│рпН┬╖258 роХро┐.рокрпИ.

http://tnhorticulture.tn.gov.in
тА║ …
Roof top / Kitchen garden kits - HORTICULTURE
5 роиро╛роЯрпНроХро│рпБроХрпНроХрпБ роорпБройрпН тАФ This is also known as Terrace gardening. The existing roof top can be effectively utilized for growing fruit plants, vegetables, spices, … ┬╖ роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпН

https://agricoop.nic.in
тА║ filesPDF
Department of Agriculture, Cooperation and Farmers Welfare

Premium rate per palm ranges from Rs. 9.00 (in the plant age group of 4 … 50-75% subsidy of premium is provided to all types of farmers. … ( CULTIVATIoN oF FRUITS, VEGETABLES ANd.
106 рокроХрпНроХроЩрпНроХро│рпН┬╖27 роорпЖ.рокрпИ.

https://agricoop.nic.in
тА║ filesPDF
Download (4.37 MB)
31 рооро╛ро░рпН., 2018 тАФ Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH). 23-41. 6. … agriculture market to boost the income of farmers. Further …

https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org
тА║ publ…
Agricultural Policies in India - OECD iLibrary
settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. … Fruit and vegetables production overtaking food grains in volume and value . … National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm.

https://samagra.education.gov.in
тА║ …PDF
School Nutrition (Kitchen) Gardens Guidelines

15 роЕроХрпН., 2019 тАФ distributed to all Secretaries during PAB-MDM meetings for further … Objectives of School Nutrition (Kitchen) Garden … Plants, trees, vegetable and fruits play an important role in …
37 рокроХрпНроХроЩрпНроХро│рпН┬╖10 роорпЖ.рокрпИ.

http://www.un.org
тА║ socdevPDF
роЗрогрпИроп роорпБроЯро┐ро╡рпБроХро│рпН
Promoting Empowerment of People in achieving … - the United Nations

How would empowering people improve social integration, especially of people living in poverty, youth, older persons, persons with disabilities and …
175 рокроХрпНроХроЩрпНроХро│рпН┬╖1 роорпЖ.рокрпИ.

http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in
тА║ …PDF
Agricultural Policies in India - India Environment Portal

settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. … Fruit and vegetables production overtaking food grains in volume and value . … National Mission on Oilseeds and Oil Palm.
296 рокроХрпНроХроЩрпНроХро│рпН┬╖7 роорпЖ.рокрпИ.

https://msme.gov.in
тА║ filesPDF
Schemes - MSME

creation. In this endeavour, this compilation would benefit all those … (Government, private) engaged in training of trainers, entrepreneurship and … support in legal formalities, documentation .
266 рокроХрпНроХроЩрпНроХро│рпН┬╖6 роорпЖ.рокрпИ.

In recognition of its mission to promote excellence in legal education, and to broaden access to the highest standards of learning in the law for all, NLSIUs Distance Education Department (DED) offers a post-graduate masterтАЩs degree, and several post-graduate diplomas for students from all backgrounds. These programmes blend a deep understanding of the theoretical aspects of the law, practical know-how, and applications and examples from the field.

NLSIUтАЩs DED programmes are provided in a hybrid online format, and use learning materials specially crafted for distance education. Please click the links below for more details about the DED Programmes:

integrated modeling environment: Topics by Science.gov
Search domain science.govhttp://www.science.gov/topicpages/i/integrated+modeling+environment.html
Integrated Modeling Environment. NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Mosier, Gary; Stone, Paul; Holtery, Christopher. 2006-01-01. The Integrated Modeling Environment (IME) is a software system that establishes a centralized Web-based interface for integrating people (who may be geographically dispersed), processes, and data involved in a common engineering project.

comments (0)
06/23/21
ESSON 4010 Thu 24 Jun 2021 Swim Mindfully Propagate growing vegan and dwarf fruit bearing trees in homes and spread all over the world like Samrat Ashoka did 8800662528 Registration to be part of largest Kushinara NIBB─АNA reclining Awakened One with Awareness Universe for Welfare, Happiness and Peace for all Societies by 3-12-2021 and for them to attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal. Positive good news June24th Phowa Practice with H.E. Choeje Ayang Rinpoche This will become true According to the University of Singapore survey/review based on 131 countries. From June 18, world will be 100% free and happy from December 8th. Their predictions about Italy and Spain fit exactly.
Filed under: General, Theravada Tipitaka
Posted by: site admin @ 2:50 pm

LESSON 4010 A Thu 24 Jun 2021

Buddha said тАЬHunger is the worst kind of illnessтАЭ Manimegalai fed the hungry with AMUDHA SURABI which never became empty even as many people were fed.

Earth is AMUDHA SURABI where vegetables and fruit trees could be planted as did by Ashoka Chakravarti. Like the birds humans can feed on raw fruits and vegetables and live happily with peace and attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.

Kushinara NIBB─АNA BHUMI Pagoda is a 3D 360 degree circle vision meditation laboratory
at

White Home

668, 5A Main Road,
8th Cross, HAL III Stage
Punya Bhumi Bengaluru,
Magadhi Karnataka State.
Prabuddha Bharat

Buddha said тАЬHunger is the worst kind of illnessтАЭ Manimegalai fed the hungry with AMUDHA SURABI which never became empty even as many people were fed.

Earth is AMUDHA SURABI where vegetables and fruit trees could be planted as did by Ashoka Chakravarti. Like the birds humans can feed on raw fruits and vegetables and live happily with peace and attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.

Inline image

Swim Mindfully

Propagate growing vegan and dwarf fruit bearing trees in homes and spread all over the world like Samrat Ashoka did

8800662528 Registration to be part of largest Kushinara NIBB─АNA reclining Awakened One with Awareness Universe for Welfare, Happiness and Peace for all Societies by 3-12-2021 and for them to attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.

Positive good news

June24th Phowa Practice with H.E. Choeje Ayang Rinpoche

This will become true

According to the University of Singapore survey/review based on 131 countries. From June 18, world will be 100% free and happy from December 8th. Their predictions about Italy and Spain fit exactly.

Positive good news

Inline image

Theravada Buddha Sasana тАУ The State Samgha Maha Nayaka Committee

Theravada Buddha Sasana тАУ The State Samgha Maha Nayaka Committee

Theravada Buddha Sasana
The Bhikkhu Subhadda, a recluse, said that the Buddha demised (entered the Parinibbana) so we do not need to follow the rules which were laid down by the Buddha. Ashin Mahakassapa Mahathera remorsed about the speech of the recluse. Therefore, Ashin Mahakasappa Mahathera exhorted to hold the First Buddhist Council. тАЬHanda Mayam avuso dhammanca Sangayissama, Pure adhammo dibbati, dhammo patibahiyyati, pure avinayo dibbati, vinayo patibahiyyati, Pure adhammavadino balavanto honti, vinayavadino dubbala honti. (Vi-4, 481, VI, tha, 1; 6)
Ashin Mahakassapa Mhathera preached as follow:
тАЭO Bhikkhu! Before the Adhammavada which is not the Teaching of the Buddha would strengthen; before the Dhamma, the Teaching of the Buddha would be forbidden; before the wrong disciplines (Vinaya) would prevail; before the right disciplines (Vinaya) would be forbidden; before the persons who are Adhammavadi (Micchaditthi) would strengthen; before the persons who are Dhammavadi (Right persons) would become weaker; before the Bhikkhus who do not practise laws or disciplines (Vinaya) would strengthen; before the Bhikkhus who do practise laws or disciplines (Vinaya) would become weaker; Let us hold the First Buddhist Council in the BuddhaтАШs Dhammavinaya.тАЭ
тАЭSamgho apannattam nappannapeti, pannattam na samucchindati, yatha pannattesu sikkhapadesu samadaya vattatiтАЭ (Vi, 4, 485)
Ashin Mahakassapa Mahathera laid down the policy thus: тАЭThe Samgha do not lay down the laws or disciplines (Vinaya) which the Buddha had not laid down; do not reject the laws or disciplines (Vinaya) which the Buddha had laid down. We should practise in the following disciplines (Vinaya) which were laid down by the Buddha.тАЭ And the First Buddhist Council was held by the admonishment of Ashin Mahakassapa.
As Ashin Mahakassapa preached the Pitaka, the Dhamma Vinaya of the Buddha which contains Pali, Atthakatha, Tika, and these were collectively recorded by reciting from the First to the Six Buddhist Council is called тАЭ Theravada Buddha Sasana.тАЭ

https://www.lkouniv.ac.in/site/writereaddata/siteContent/202003281457068261piyush_Buddhism_Myanmar2.pdf

Inline image

Inline image

Inline image

P─АLI CANON
тАв Pali Canon: Vinaya Piс╣нaka тАУ Bс╗Щ Luс║нt tс║бng
TIPIс╣мAKA

P─АLI CANON
тАв Pali Canon: Vinaya Piс╣нaka тАУ Bс╗Щ Luс║нt tс║бng
TIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Pali Canon: Digha Nikaya тАУ Kinh Tr╞░с╗Эng Bс╗Щ
TIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Pali Canon: Majjhima Nikaya тАУ Kinh Trung Bс╗Щ
TIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Pali Canon: Anguttara Nikaya тАУ Kinh T─Гng Chi Bс╗Щ
TIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Pali Canon: Samyutta Nikaya тАУ Kinh T╞░╞бng ╞пng Bс╗Щ
TIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Pali Canon: Khuddaka Nikaya тАУ Kinh Tiс╗Гu Bс╗Щ
TIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Pali Canon: Dhammasangani | Dhammasaс╣Еgaс╣З─л (Buddhist Psychological Ethics) тАУ Bс╗Щ Ph├бp Tс╗е
TIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Pali Canon: Vibhanga | Vibhaс╣Еga (The Book of Analysis) тАУ Bс╗Щ Ph├вn T├нch
TIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Pali Canon: Patthana | Tikapaс╣нс╣нh─Бna (Conditional Relations) тАУ Bс╗Щ Vс╗Л Tr├н
TIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Pali Canon: Dhatukatha | Dh─Бtukath─Б (Discourse on Elements) тАУ Bс╗Щ Chс║еt Ngс╗п
TIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Pali Canon: Puggalapannatti | Puggalapa├▒├▒atti (A Designation of Human Types) тАУ Bс╗Щ Nh├вn Chс║┐ ─Рс╗Лnh
TIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Pali Canon: Kathavatthu | Kath─Бvatthu (Points of Controversy) тАУ Bс╗Щ Ngс╗п T├┤ng
TIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Pali Canon: Yamaka (The Book of Pairs) тАУ Bс╗Щ Song ─Рс╗Сi
TIPIс╣мAKA
SANSKRIT CANON
тАв The Titles of The Taisho Tripitaka
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: щШ┐хРлщГи | ─Аgama | Bс╗Щ A H├аm | T.001 тАУ T.0151
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: цЬмч╖гщГи | J─Бtaka | Bс╗Щ Bс║гn Duy├кn | T.0152 тАУ T.0219
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: шИмшЛещГи | Praj├▒─Бp─Бramit─Б | Bс╗Щ B├бt Nh├г | T.0220 тАУ T.0261
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: ц│ХшПпщГи | Saddharma Puс╣Зс╕Нar─лka | Bс╗Щ Ph├бp Hoa | T.0262 тАУ T.0277
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: шПпхЪ┤щГи | Avataс╣Гsaka | Bс╗Щ Hoa Nghi├кm | T.0278 тАУ T.0309
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: хп╢чйНщГи | Ratnak┼лс╣нa | Bс╗Щ Bс║гo T├нch | T.0310 тАУ T.0373
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: хЦошнпч╢У | Parinirv─Бс╣Зa | Bс╗Щ Niс║┐t B├аn | T.0374 тАУ T.0396
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: хдзщЫЖщГи | Mah─Бsannip─Бta | Bс╗Щ ─Рс║бi Tс║нp | T.0397 тАУ T.0424
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: щЫЖч╛йшлЦ | Collected S┼лtras | Bс╗Щ Kinh Tс║нp | T.0425 тАУ T.0847
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: хпЖцХЩщГи | Esoteric Teachings | Bс╗Щ Mс║нt gi├бo | T.0848 тАУ T.1420
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: х╛ЛщГи | Vinaya | Bс╗Щ Luс║нt Tс║бng | T.1421 тАУ T.1504
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: щЗЛч╢УшлЦщГи | Interpreting Sutras Shastra Division | Bс╗Щ Th├нch Kinh Luс║нn | T.1505 тАУ T.1535
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: цпЧцЫЗщГи | Abhidharma Division | Bс╗Щ Tс╗│ ─Р├аm | T.1536 тАУ T.1563
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: ф╕ншзАщГищбЮ | Madhyamika Division | Bс╗Щ Trung Qu├бn | T.1564 тАУ T.1578
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: чСЬф╝╜щГищбЮ | Yogacari Division | Bс╗Щ Du Gi├а | T.1579 тАУ T.1627
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: шлЦщЫЖщГи | Shastra Accumulation Division | Bс╗Щ Luс║нn Tс║нp | T.1628 тАУ T.1692
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: ч╢УчЦПщГи | Sutra Shastra Division | Bс╗Щ Kinh Sс╗Ы | T.1693 тАУ T.1803
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: х╛ЛчЦПщГи | Vinaya Shastra Division All | Bс╗Щ Luс║нt Sс╗Ы | T.1804 тАУ T.1815
TRIPIс╣мAKA
тАв Sanskrit Canon: шлЦчЦПщГи | Treatises Shastra Division | Bс╗Щ Luс║нn Sс╗Ы | T.1816 тАУ T.1851

Three Aspects of Lord Gautama BuddhaтАЩs Dispensation (Buddha Sasana)

Three Aspects of Lord Gautama BuddhaтАЩs Dispensation (Buddha Sasana)
Three Aspects of Lord Gautama BuddhaтАЩs Dispensation (buddha sasana) in Theravada Buddhism By Dr. Ari Ubeysekara Introduction Buddhism is the teaching of the Lord Gautama Buddha who lived in NortherтАж

Three Aspects of Lord Gautama BuddhaтАЩs Dispensation (Buddha Sasana)

ariubey
2 years ago
Three Aspects of Lord Gautama BuddhaтАЩs Dispensation (buddha sasana)
in Theravada Buddhism
By Dr. Ari Ubeysekara
Introduction
Buddhism is the teaching of the Lord Gautama Buddha who lived in Northern India during the sixth and fifth centuries BC. The Buddha attained full enlightenment and became a Samma Sambuddha, meaning that the Buddha realised the four Noble Truths without assistance from any teacher. Theravada Buddhism, тАЬTheraтАЭ meaning elders and тАЬVadaтАЭ meaning doctrine and hence the тАЬDoctrine of the EldersтАЭ is the most conservative and oldest known tradition of Buddhism which is based on the original doctrine of the Buddha recorded in the form of three baskets (tipitaka) in the Pali language. Theravada Buddhism is also known as тАЬSouthern BuddhismтАЭ as it is mainly practised by the Buddhists in South and Southeast Asian countries such as Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Cambodia and Laos.
Throughout the 45 years from enlightenment at the age of 35 to passing away at the age of 80, Lord Gautama Buddha comforted the bereaved with consoling words, ministered to the sick that were deserted, helped the poor that were neglected, ennobled the lives of the deluded, purified the corrupted lives of criminals, encouraged the feeble, united the divided, enlightened the ignorant, clarified the mystic, guided the benighted, elevated the base and dignified the noble (1). The Buddha through compassion for other beings travelled from place to place mainly in North Eastern India teaching the path out of suffering to a diverse range of people including kings and rulers, followers of other religions and ordinary people from all walks of life. After listening to the BuddhaтАЩs teaching, vast numbers of people became the BuddhaтАЩs disciples and followers many of whom attained various stages of the path of liberation or Nibbana and escaped from suffering and the cycle of birth and death (samsara).
BuddhaтАЩs Dispensation (buddha sasana)
Dispensation of a Buddha is generally known by the term тАЬsasanaтАЭ deriving from the root тАЬsasтАЭ in the Pali language meaning to preach or to instruct. BuddhaтАЩs dispensation, which can also be described as Buddhist doctrine, BuddhaтАЩs instructions or the legacy of the Buddha, includes the teachings consisting of the Buddhist doctrine discovered and preached by the Buddha and the disciplinary rules formulated by the Buddha for the benefit of the Buddhist monastic community. The dispensation of a Buddha is named after the name of the last Buddha to have existed. In the Buddhist literature at least 28 previous Buddhas including the Lord Gautama Buddha had been mentioned and the present dispensation is known as the Gautama Buddha sasana as it consists of the teachings of the Lord Gautama Buddha.
In the Buddhist literature it can be noted that there are a few different interpretations attached to the term Buddha sasana. One such interpretation is that it denotes the period of 5000 years following the passing away (parinibbana) of a Buddha during which the dispensation of a particular Buddha is said to exist. It is said that during this period of 5000 years it is possible for those interested to practise the Buddhist teachings and attain the expected result of enlightenment (Nibbana) and escape from suffering and the cycle of birth and death (samsara). Another interpretation is that it refers to the community of Buddhist monastics consisting of Buddhist monks and nuns. In this paper the Buddha sasana is considered in terms of the tri-partite division of the doctrine of the Lord Gautama Buddha into the teaching, practice and the realisation of the teaching as a result of the practice.
Three Aspects of the BuddhaтАЩs dispensation (buddha sasana)
1 Pariyatti sasana тАУ the theory of the Buddhist doctrine
2 Patipatti sasana тАУ the practice of the Buddhist doctrine

In addition to observing the ten precepts of moral discipline, Buddhist monks are expected to observe 227 additional rules of discipline and Buddhist nuns are expected to observe 311 additional rules of discipline.
The 227 disciplinary rules for Buddhist monks consist of the following eight groups:
1 The four rules which, if broken, will lead to expulsion from the bhikkhu community (parajika)
2 The thirteen rules which, if broken, will lead to meetings with the bhikkhus (sanghadisesa)
3 The two rules which are indefinite (aniyata)
4 The thirty rules which, if broken, will lead to redemption and penalty (nissaggiyaтАФpacittiya)
5 The ninety two rules which, if broken, will lead to redemption (pacittiya)
6 The four rules which, if broken, will require a confession (patidesaniya)
7 The seventy five rules concerning proper behaviour (sekhiya)
8 The seven procedures for settling legal issues (adhikaranasamatha)
The basket of the discourses (sutta pitaka) contains mainly the discourses delivered by the Buddha during the forty five year period from His Enlightenment to His passing away (parinibbana). The Sutta Pitaka also contains a few discourses delivered by the chief Arahants such as the Venerable Sariputta, Venerable Moggallana and Venerable Ananda. It is divided into five collections (nikaya):
1 Collection of long discourses (digha nikaya): consisting of 34 long discourses such as Brahmajala sutta, Samannphala sutta, Mahaparinibbana sutta, Mahasatipatthana sutta, etc., divided into three sections (vaggas)
2 Collection of middle length discourses (majjhima nikaya): consisting of 152 middle length discourses divided into 15 sections (vaggas)
3 Collection of connected discourses (samyutta nikaya): consisting of 2,889 discourses divided into five sections (vaggas) and grouped into 56 specific doctrines or themes (samyuttas)
4 Collection of numerical discourses (anguttara nikaya): consisting of 2,308 suttas in 11 groups (nipatas) grouped numerically from one to eleven
5 Collection of minor discourses (khuddaka nikaya): consisting of 15 divisions of a variety of small discourses and others such as Khuddaka patha, Dhammapada, jataka stories, udana, itivuttaka, sutta nipatha, vimanavatthu, petavatthu, theragatha, therigatha, niddesa, patisambhida magga, apadana, Buddhavama and cariya pitaka.
The basket of the higher teaching (abhidhamma pitaka) contains an analysis of the BuddhaтАЩs higher teachings in which He discussed the ultimate realities (paramattha dhamma) of all existing phenomena classified into four factors:
1 The mind (citta)
2 The mental factors that arise along with the mind (cetasika)
3 Materiality or physical phenomena (rupa)
4 The final goal of the unconditioned state of Bliss (nibbana) (3)
Since the time of the Buddha, the three baskets of the Pali Canon were initially preserved orally by generations of Theravada Buddhist monks. They were first written down on palm leaves following the 4th Buddhist council held in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) during the 1st century BCE. Commentaries to the three baskets (tipitaka) of the BuddhasтАЩs teaching were first written in Ceylon in the Sinhalese language. These commentaries (atthakatha) include traditional interpretations and detailed explanations to the original Buddhist scriptures and were begun by Arahant Mahinda who brought Theravada Buddhism to Ceylon following the third Buddhist Council. It was continued by generations of Buddhist monks in Ceylon in the Sinhalese language until around the 5th century AD. At this time, a Buddhist scholar from India named Venerable Buddhaghosa visited Ceylon and collated most of the commentaries available in the Sinhalese language and translated them into the Pali language. Commentaries to the Tipitaka (atuwa) were also written by other Buddhist scholars, such as Dhammapala, Mahanama and Upasena, followed by a series of sub-commentaries (tika) on the commentaries by several Buddhist scholars, including Dhammapala.

Patipatti sasana тАУ the practice of the Buddhist doctrine

Patipatti sasana refers to correct practice according to the teachings of the Buddha for the purpose of spiritual growth and eventual realisation of the four Noble Truths by completely eliminating the root causes of all unwholesome actions; greed (lobha), hatred (dosa) and delusion (moha). Learning and knowing all of the teachings of a Buddha do not bring any spiritual benefit unless one puts them into practice according to the instructions issued by the Buddha. The Buddha has emphasised this point well in two stanzas of the Dhammapada (a collection of the BuddhaтАЩs sayings in verse form) as follows;
тАЬThose who recite many scriptures but fail to practise their teachings are like a cowherd counting anotherтАЩs cows. They do not share in the joys of the spiritual lifeтАЭ
тАЬBut those who know few scripts yet practise their teachings, overcoming all lust, hatred, and delusion, live with a pure mind in the highest wisdom. They stand without external supports and share in the joys of the spiritual lifeтАЭ (4)
In His very first sermon called тАЬDhamma Chakkappavattana SuttaтАЭ, meaning тАЬTurning the Wheel of the TruthтАЭ, the Buddha expounded the four Noble Truths.
The four Noble Truths
1 Truth of suffering (dukkha sacca)
2 Truth of the origin of suffering (samudaya sacca)
3 Truth of the cessation of suffering (nirodha sacca)
4 Truth of the path leading to the cessation of suffering (magga sacca) (5)
The fourth Noble Truth of the path leading to the cessation of suffering is the Noble Eight-fold Path (ariyaatthangika magga), which is also known as the Middle Path (majjhima patipada).
The eight factors of the Noble Eight-fold Path
1 Right view (samma-ditthi))
2 Right intention (samma-sankappa)
3 Right speech (samma-vaca)
4 Right action (samma-kammanta)
5 Right livelihood (samma-ajiva)
6 Right effort (samma-vayama)
7 Right mindfulness (samma-sati)
8 Right concentration (samma-samadhi) (6)
From a practical standpoint the above eight factors are divided into three groups of practice;
1 Morality (sila), consisting of right speech, right action and right livelihood
2 Concentration (samadhi), consisting of right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration
3 Wisdom (panna), consisting of right understanding and right intention
So, Patipatti sasana or the practical aspect of the BuddhaтАЩs teaching in order to follow the Buddhist spiritual path is to cultivate the Noble Eight-fold Path divided into the three training stages of morality (sila), concentration (samadhi) and wisdom (panna).
Right view (samma-ditthi)
Right view is the correct understanding of the four Noble Truths, that there is suffering, the cause of suffering, the cessation of suffering and the path leading to the cessation of suffering.
Right intention (samma-sankappa)
Right intention or right thought naturally occurs as a result of right view and together they form the stage of the Eight-fold Path called wisdom (panna). Right intention is necessary for the development of the next stage of the path namely the moral discipline (sila), consisting of right speech, right action and right livelihood.
There are three aspects of right intention;
1 Right intention of renunciation (nekkhamma sankappa)
2 Right intention of good-will (avyapada sankappa)
3 Right intention of harmlessness (avihimsa sankappa)
Right speech (samma-vaca)
Within the Noble Eight-fold Path, right speech is guided by the first two factors of right view and right intention. Right speech is the first of the three factors of the division of moral discipline (sila). There are four aspects of right speech;
1 Abstinence from false speech or telling lies
2 Abstinence from malicious, backbiting, divisive or slanderous speech
3 Abstinence from harsh, blameful or hurtful speech
4 Abstinence from gossip, vain talk or idle chatter
Right action (samma-kammanta)
Right action, by the avoidance of unwholesome physical or bodily actions will result in an ethical life and will lead to peace and harmony between oneself and others. There are three aspects of right action;

1 Abstinence from killing any living beings
2 Abstinence from stealing
3 Abstinence from sexual misconduct
Right livelihood (samma-ajiva)
Right livelihood expects one to make oneтАЩs living by ethical, legal and honest means by following certain ethical standards and causing no harm or suffering to other living beings directly or indirectly. There are five types of trades that are to be avoided in order to maintain a right livelihood;
1 Trading in living beings including human beings and animals
2 Trading in arms and weapons
3 Trading in intoxicants including alcohol and illicit drugs
4 Trading in poisons
5 Trading in meat
Right effort (samma-vayama)
Right effort is the first of the group of three factors of concentration or mental development (samadhi), the other two factors being right mindfulness and right concentration. Right effort provides the necessary energy to develop all the other seven factors of the path but in particular it provides the energy to develop the right mental concentration which is necessary to develop right wisdom.
There are four aspects of right effort;
1 Effort to prevent the arising of un- arisen unwholesome mental states
2 Effort to abandon the unwholesome mental states that have arisen
3 Effort to develop the wholesome mental states that have not yet arisen
4 Effort to develop and maintain the wholesome mental states that have arisen
Right mindfulness (samma-sati)
Mindfulness is the deliberately paying of bare and detached attention to thoughts, emotions and feelings in the present moment non-judgementally. As taught by the Buddha in the satipatthana sutta, the right mindfulness is to be developed through the four foundations of mindfulness namely;
1 Contemplation of the body in the body (kayanupassana)
2 Contemplation of feelings in the feelings (vedananupassana)
3 Contemplation of the mind in the mind (cittanupassana)
4 Contemplation of mind objects in the mind objects (dhammanupassana)
Right concentration (samma-samadhi)
The first seven factors of the path from right view to right mindfulness, when developed successfully, become supportive and requisite conditions for the development of right concentration which in itтАЩs turn will help to further establish moral discipline (sila), and wisdom (panna). Right concentration in the context of the Noble Eight-fold Path is different from the higher levels of concentration or one-pointedness developed in other mundane situations in life. Right concentration has to be wholesome and accompanied by suppression of mental hindrances and when developed successfully would lead to deep meditative absorption states and attainment of wisdom or insight.
The eight factors of the Noble Eight-fold Path have traditionally been presented in the order that they were discussed here, beginning with right view and ending with right concentration. However, they are not expected to be developed in a step by step manner in that order as they can be present together in any given stage of the path supporting each other. Some factors are more prominent than others at any particular stage. They can be developed simultaneously, at a pace dependent on the capacity of each individual. From a practical point of view, it is advisable for oneтАЩs spiritual development, that one begins with the factors of morality (sila), followed by factors of concentration (samadhi), then wisdom (panna) in that order.

Pativedha sasana -the realisation of the Truth
Pativedha sasana is the realisation of the Truth as the final result of learning and practising the Buddhist doctrine. The final result can be described as enlightenment by the realisation of the four Noble Truths through the paths and fruits of the four Noble spiritual states of Stream Entry (sotapanna), Once Returner (sakadagami), Non-Returner (anagami) and Arahant (arhat). These eight Noble stages (paths and fruits of each four noble spiritual states) and Nibbana are known as the Nava Lokuttara Dhamma.
Nava Lokuttara Dhamma
1 Path of Stream Entry (sotapanna magga)
2 Fruition of Stream Entry (sotapanna phala)

3 Path of Once Returner (sakadagami magga)
4 Fruition of Once Returner (sakadagami phala)
5 Path of Non-Returner (anagami magga)
6 Fruition of Non-Returner (anagami phala)
7 Path of Arahant (arhat magga)
8 Fruition of Arahant (arhat phala)
9 Nibbana
During the process of attaining full enlightenment one needs to eradicate ten mental impurities or fetters (dasasamyojana), which are obstacles to the enlightenment process and act as chains or shackles to keep us bound to the cycle of birth and death (samsara). These fetters are gradually eradicated as one progresses through the four stages of enlightenment.
The ten fetters (dasa samyojana)
1 Illusion of self (sakkaya ditthi)
2 Sceptical doubt (vicikicca)
3 Attachment to rites and rituals (silabbata paramasa)
4 Sensual desire (kama raga)
5 Ill-will (patigha)
6 Desire to be born in fine material worlds (rupa raga)
7 Desire to be born in formless worlds (arupa raga)
8 Conceit (mana)
9 Restlessness (uddacca)
10 Ignorance (avijja)
The first five fetters are called lower fetters (orambhagiya samyojana) as they bind one to the lower sensual worlds and are totally eradicated at the third stage of Non-Returner (anagami). The second five fetters are called higher fetters (uddhambhagiya samyojana) as they bind one to the fine material worlds or the formless immaterial worlds and are eradicated when one attains Arahanthood.
Stream Enterer (soatapanna)
Stream Enterer is one, who through the development of Right understanding (samma-ditthi), has attained the path and the fruit of the first stage of enlightenment and has thus entered the stream that is the Noble Eight-fold Path leading to full enlightenment. The Stream Enterer has eradicated the first three fetters of illusion of self (sakkaya ditthi), sceptical doubt (vicikicca) and attachment to rites and rituals (silabbata paramasa).
The Stream Enterer has weakened the unwholesome mental factors of greed (lobha), ill-will (dosa) and delusion (moha) to such an extent that he or she will never again be born in a lower unhappy realm of existence and will only be reborn in the human or a celestial realm of existence. According to the Buddhist teaching, a Stream Enterer, through further cultivation of the factors of the Noble Eight-fold Path will continue to progress in the spiritual path and will attain full enlightenment within a maximum of seven more births.
Once Returner (sakadagami)
Once Returner is one who, having attained the first stage of Stream Enterer has significantly weakened the next two fetters of sensual desire (kama raga) and ill-will (patigha). A Once Returner will be reborn in the human or celestial realm only once more before attaining full enlightenment.
Non-Returner (anagami)
The Non-Returner has attained the third stage of enlightenment having completely eradicated the five lower fetters of illusion of self, sceptical doubt, attachment to rites and rituals, sensual desire and ill-will, but the five higher fetters still remain with them. As the fetter of sensual desire has been completely eradicated the Non-Returner will not be reborn in the human or celestial realm but will be reborn in one of the five Brahma worlds called Pure Abodes (suddhavasa) and attain full enlightenment there.
Arahant (arahat)
Arahanthood is the final stage of the enlightenment process and one who has attained this stage is awakened and fully enlightened enjoying the bliss of Nibbana. The last five of the ten fetters namely; desire to be born in fine material worlds (rupa raga), desire to be born in formless immaterial worlds (arupa raga), conceit (mana), restlessness (uddacca) and ignorance (avijja) will be totally eradicated before one attains the Arahathood. So, an Arahant has totally eradicated the ten fetters that bind one to the cycle of birth and death (samsara).
Nibbana
Nibbana, the third Noble Truth of the complete cessation of suffering, is the final state of liberation from suffering and the repeated cycle of birth and death (samsara).

Nibbana can be attained in this life itself, here and now, and hence it is not a state that can be attained only after oneтАЩs death. The word Nibbana in the Pali language consists of two constituents Ni and Vana meaning absence of craving. Nibbana is the complete eradication of craving or thirst (tanha); craving for sensual pleasures (kama tanha), craving for existence (bhava tanha) and craving for non-existence (vibhava tanha). Nibbana can also be described as the extinguishment of the fires of the negative mental factors or basic defilements of greed (lobha), ill-will (dosa) and delusion (moha).
Nibbana is a supra-mundane state of ultimate happiness (nibbanam pramam sukham) beyond any form of conceptual thinking, which cannot be properly described or explained in worldly conventional language or through worldly logic and reasoning. As Nibbana is beyond any concepts such as time, space and definitions it can only be described in metaphorical terms. Following the attainment of full enlightenment and Nibbana, the five aggregates of materiality, feeling, perception, mental formation and consciousness that constitute the psycho-physical complex (nama-rupa) will continue to exist, but an Arahant has no attachment or clinging to them. This state of Nibbana in which an Arahant continues to live with the five aggregates intact is called Nibbana with residue (saupadisesa Nibbana). At the time of death of the physical body (parinibbana) the five aggregates will disintegrate and the Arahant will reach the end of the life process and attain the absolutely unconditioned Nibbana called Nibbana with no residue (anupadisesa Nibbana).
The three aspects of the BuddhaтАЩs dispensation (buddha sasana) are inter-related, each aspect being higher than the preceding aspect yet at the same time depending on it. The three aspects of the dispensation, theory (pariyatti), practice (patipatti) and realisation (pativedha) are essential for anyone who hopes to cultivate the Buddhist spiritual path to gain enlightenment and attain Nibbana, the final goal of a practising Buddhist in Theravada Buddhism. Learning the Buddhist doctrine is essential for the practice of the path, and only by proper practice the final realisation of the Truth can be attained.
References
1 Narada Mahathera 1982, Buddhism in a Nutshell, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
2 Maurice Walshe 1987, Thus Have I Heard, A translation of The Long Discourses of the Buddha, Wisdom Publications, London, England.
3 Webb, Russell 1975, тАШAn Analysis of the Pali CanonтАЩ, Wheel Publication No: 217/218/219/220, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
4 Narada Thera 2000, The Dhammapada, Verses 19 & 20, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
5 Bhikkhu Bodhi 1999, Dhammacakkappavatthana sutta, The Connected Discourses of the Buddha, A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya, Wisdom Publications.
6 Bhikkhu Bodhi 1994, The Noble Eightfold Path, The Way to the end of Suffering, The Wheel Publications No: 308/311, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
End.

Kushinara NIBB─АNA BHUMI Pagoda is a 3D 360 degree circle vision meditation laboratory
at

White Home

668, 5A Main Road,
8th Cross, HAL III Stage
Punya Bhumi Bengaluru,
Magadhi Karnataka State.
Prabuddha Bharat

Buddha said тАЬHunger is the worst kind of illnessтАЭ Manimegalai fed the hungry with AMUDHA SURABI which never became empty even as many people were fed.

Earth is AMUDHA SURABI where vegetables and fruit trees could be planted as did by Ashoka Chakravarti. Like the birds humans can feed on raw fruits and vegetables and live happily with peace and attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.

Three Aspects of Lord Gautama BuddhaтАЩs Dispensation (Buddha Sasana)

Three Aspects of Lord Gautama BuddhaтАЩs Dispensation (Buddha Sasana)
Three Aspects of Lord Gautama BuddhaтАЩs Dispensation (buddha sasana) in Theravada Buddhism By Dr. Ari Ubeysekara Introduction Buddhism is the teaching of the Lord Gautama Buddha who lived in NortherтАж

Three Aspects of Lord Gautama BuddhaтАЩs Dispensation (Buddha Sasana)

ariubey ariubey
2 years ago
Three Aspects of Lord Gautama BuddhaтАЩs Dispensation (buddha sasana)

in Theravada Buddhism

By Dr. Ari Ubeysekara

Introduction

Buddhism is the teaching of the Lord Gautama Buddha who lived in Northern India during the sixth and fifth centuries BC. The Buddha attained full enlightenment and became a Samma Sambuddha, meaning that the Buddha realised the four Noble Truths without assistance from any teacher. Theravada Buddhism, тАЬTheraтАЭ meaning elders and тАЬVadaтАЭ meaning doctrine and hence the тАЬDoctrine of the EldersтАЭ is the most conservative and oldest known tradition of Buddhism which is based on the original doctrine of the Buddha recorded in the form of three baskets (tipitaka) in the Pali language. Theravada Buddhism is also known as тАЬSouthern BuddhismтАЭ as it is mainly practised by the Buddhists in South and Southeast Asian countries such as Sri Lanka, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Cambodia and Laos.

Throughout the 45 years from enlightenment at the age of 35 to passing away at the age of 80, Lord Gautama Buddha comforted the bereaved with consoling words, ministered to the sick that were deserted, helped the poor that were neglected, ennobled the lives of the deluded, purified the corrupted lives of criminals, encouraged the feeble, united the divided, enlightened the ignorant, clarified the mystic, guided the benighted, elevated the base and dignified the noble (1). The Buddha through compassion for other beings travelled from place to place mainly in North Eastern India teaching the path out of suffering to a diverse range of people including kings and rulers, followers of other religions and ordinary people from all walks of life. After listening to the BuddhaтАЩs teaching, vast numbers of people became the BuddhaтАЩs disciples and followers many of whom attained various stages of the path of liberation or Nibbana and escaped from suffering and the cycle of birth and death (samsara).

BuddhaтАЩs Dispensation (buddha sasana)

Dispensation of a Buddha is generally known by the term тАЬsasanaтАЭ deriving from the root тАЬsasтАЭ in the Pali language meaning to preach or to instruct. BuddhaтАЩs dispensation, which can also be described as Buddhist doctrine, BuddhaтАЩs instructions or the legacy of the Buddha, includes the teachings consisting of the Buddhist doctrine discovered and preached by the Buddha and the disciplinary rules formulated by the Buddha for the benefit of the Buddhist monastic community. The dispensation of a Buddha is named after the name of the last Buddha to have existed. In the Buddhist literature at least 28 previous Buddhas including the Lord Gautama Buddha had been mentioned and the present dispensation is known as the Gautama Buddha sasana as it consists of the teachings of the Lord Gautama Buddha.

In the Buddhist literature it can be noted that there are a few different interpretations attached to the term Buddha sasana. One such interpretation is that it denotes the period of 5000 years following the passing away (parinibbana) of a Buddha during which the dispensation of a particular Buddha is said to exist. It is said that during this period of 5000 years it is possible for those interested to practise the Buddhist teachings and attain the expected result of enlightenment (Nibbana) and escape from suffering and the cycle of birth and death (samsara). Another interpretation is that it refers to the community of Buddhist monastics consisting of Buddhist monks and nuns. In this paper the Buddha sasana is considered in terms of the tri-partite division of the doctrine of the Lord Gautama Buddha into the teaching, practice and the realisation of the teaching as a result of the practice.

Three Aspects of the BuddhaтАЩs dispensation (buddha sasana)

Pariyatti sasana тАУ the theory of the Buddhist doctrine
Patipatti sasana тАУ the practice of the Buddhist doctrine
Pativedha sasana тАУ the realisation of the Truth
Pariyatti sasana тАУ the theory of the Buddhist doctrine

This is the theoretical understanding of the Buddhist teachings by listening to them, reading the scriptures and any other form of learning. Buddhist doctrine consists of the teachings of the Buddha which was preached following personal practice and realisation of the four Noble Truths by the Buddha Himself. Correct understanding of exactly what the Buddha preached as the Buddhist doctrine of liberation is indispensable in order to practise correctly and to attain realisation as the expected result of the practice. In the Parinibbana sutta of the Digha Nikaya (Collection of the BuddhaтАЩs long discourses), the Buddha has stated that after His passing away the teaching (dhamma) and the disciplinary rules (vinaya) formulated by the Buddha should be considered as the teacher.

тАЬNow, if it occurs to any of you тАФ тАШThe teaching has lost its authority; we are without a TeacherтАЩ тАФ do not view it in that way. Whatever Dhamma & Vinaya I have pointed out & formulated for you that will be your Teacher when I am goneтАЭ (2).

Pariyatti Sasana consists of all aspects of the BuddhaтАЩs teaching that was delivered by the Buddha during His ministry of 45 years. Initially, all of the BuddhaтАЩs teachings were categorised into nine parts or angas based upon their form and style known as the nine-fold dispensation of the Buddha (navanga buddha sasana or navanga satthusasana). This was before the Pali Canon (tipitaka) came into existence.

Nine-fold dispensation of the Buddha (navanga buddha sasana)

Discourses (sutta) in prose
Mixed prose and verse (geyya)
Elaboration of brief teachings (veyyakarana)
Verses (gatha)
Inspired utterances (udana) mostly in verse
Sayings of the Blessed one (itivuttaka) in mixed prose and verse
Birth stories (jataka) тАУ BuddhaтАЩs previous lives as a bodhisatta
Extraordinary things or miracles (abbhutadhamma
Questions and answers (vedalla)
Since the first Buddhist council that was held three months after the passing away of the Buddha which was presided over by Arahant Maha Kassapa, the BuddhaтАЩs teachings were categorised into the now well-known Pali Canon consisting of the three baskets. The teaching of the Gautama Buddha which is believed to consist of around 84000 items is contained in the three baskets (tipitaka).

Basket of the disciplinary rules for the monastic community (vinaya pitaka)
Basket of the discourses (sutta pitaka)
Basket of the BuddhaтАЩs higher teaching (abhidhamma pitaka)
The basket of disciplinary rules (vinaya pitaka) and the basket of the discourses (sutta pitaka) were categorised following the first Buddhist Council. It is believed that the basket of the higher teaching (abhidhamma pitaka) was compiled following the third Buddhist Council which was held around 218 years after the passing away of the Buddha during the reign of King Asoka.

The basket of the disciplinary rules (vinaya pitaka) consists of:

Major offences (parajika pali)
Minor offences (pacittiya pali)
Greater section (mahavagga pali)
Lesser section (culavagga pali)
Summary and classification (parivara pali)
The basket of the discourses (sutta pitaka) consists of:

Collection of long discourses (digha nikaya)
Collection of middle length discourses (majjhima nikaya)
Collection of connected discourses (samyutta nikaya)
Collection of numerical discourses (anguttara nikaya)
Collection of minor discourses (khuddaka nikaya)
The basket of the higher teaching (abhidhamma pitaka) consists of:

The book of classification (dhammasagani)
The book of analysis (vibhanga)
Discussion with reference to elements (dhathukatha)
Description of individuals (puggalapannatti)
Points of controversy (kathavatthu)
The book of pairs (yamaka)
The book of conditional relations (patthana)
The basket of the disciplinary rules (vinaya pitaka) contains the rules of discipline laid down by the Buddha for Buddhist monks and nuns. In addition to observing the ten precepts of moral discipline, Buddhist monks are expected to observe 227 additional rules of discipline and Buddhist nuns are expected to observe 311 additional rules of discipline.

The 227 disciplinary rules for Buddhist monks consist of the following eight groups:

The four rules which, if broken, will lead to expulsion from the bhikkhu community (parajika)
The thirteen rules which, if broken, will lead to meetings with the bhikkhus (sanghadisesa)
The two rules which are indefinite (aniyata)
The thirty rules which, if broken, will lead to redemption and penalty (nissaggiyaтАФpacittiya)
The ninety two rules which, if broken, will lead to redemption (pacittiya)
The four rules which, if broken, will require a confession (patidesaniya)
The seventy five rules concerning proper behaviour (sekhiya)
The seven procedures for settling legal issues (adhikaranasamatha)
The basket of the discourses (sutta pitaka) contains mainly the discourses delivered by the Buddha during the forty five year period from His Enlightenment to His passing away (parinibbana). The Sutta Pitaka also contains a few discourses delivered by the chief Arahants such as the Venerable Sariputta, Venerable Moggallana and Venerable Ananda. It is divided into five collections (nikaya):

Collection of long discourses (digha nikaya): consisting of 34 long discourses such as Brahmajala sutta, Samannphala sutta, Mahaparinibbana sutta, Mahasatipatthana sutta, etc., divided into three sections (vaggas)
Collection of middle length discourses (majjhima nikaya): consisting of 152 middle length discourses divided into 15 sections (vaggas)
Collection of connected discourses (samyutta nikaya): consisting of 2,889 discourses divided into five sections (vaggas) and grouped into 56 specific doctrines or themes (samyuttas)
Collection of numerical discourses (anguttara nikaya): consisting of 2,308 suttas in 11 groups (nipatas) grouped numerically from one to eleven
Collection of minor discourses (khuddaka nikaya): consisting of 15 divisions of a variety of small discourses and others such as Khuddaka patha, Dhammapada, jataka stories, udana, itivuttaka, sutta nipatha, vimanavatthu, petavatthu, theragatha, therigatha, niddesa, patisambhida magga, apadana, Buddhavama and cariya pitaka.
The basket of the higher teaching (abhidhamma pitaka) contains an analysis of the BuddhaтАЩs higher teachings in which He discussed the ultimate realities (paramattha dhamma) of all existing phenomena classified into four factors:

The mind (citta)
The mental factors that arise along with the mind (cetasika)
Materiality or physical phenomena (rupa)
The final goal of the unconditioned state of Bliss (nibbana) (3)
Since the time of the Buddha, the three baskets of the Pali Canon were initially preserved orally by generations of Theravada Buddhist monks. They were first written down on palm leaves following the 4th Buddhist council held in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) during the 1st century BCE. Commentaries to the three baskets (tipitaka) of the BuddhasтАЩs teaching were first written in Ceylon in the Sinhalese language. These commentaries (atthakatha) include traditional interpretations and detailed explanations to the original Buddhist scriptures and were begun by Arahant Mahinda who brought Theravada Buddhism to Ceylon following the third Buddhist Council. It was continued by generations of Buddhist monks in Ceylon in the Sinhalese language until around the 5th century AD. At this time, a Buddhist scholar from India named Venerable Buddhaghosa visited Ceylon and collated most of the commentaries available in the Sinhalese language and translated them into the Pali language. Commentaries to the Tipitaka (atuwa) were also written by other Buddhist scholars, such as Dhammapala, Mahanama and Upasena, followed by a series of sub-commentaries (tika) on the commentaries by several Buddhist scholars, including Dhammapala.

Patipatti sasana тАУ the practice of the Buddhist doctrine

Patipatti sasana refers to correct practice according to the teachings of the Buddha for the purpose of spiritual growth and eventual realisation of the four Noble Truths by completely eliminating the root causes of all unwholesome actions; greed (lobha), hatred (dosa) and delusion (moha). Learning and knowing all of the teachings of a Buddha do not bring any spiritual benefit unless one puts them into practice according to the instructions issued by the Buddha. The Buddha has emphasised this point well in two stanzas of the Dhammapada (a collection of the BuddhaтАЩs sayings in verse form) as follows;

тАЬThose who recite many scriptures but fail to practise their teachings are like a cowherd counting anotherтАЩs cows. They do not share in the joys of the spiritual lifeтАЭ
тАЬBut those who know few scripts yet practise their teachings, overcoming all lust, hatred, and delusion, live with a pure mind in the highest wisdom. They stand without external supports and share in the joys of the spiritual lifeтАЭ (4)

In His very first sermon called тАЬDhamma Chakkappavattana SuttaтАЭ, meaning тАЬTurning the Wheel of the TruthтАЭ, the Buddha expounded the four Noble Truths.

The four Noble Truths

Truth of suffering (dukkha sacca)
Truth of the origin of suffering (samudaya sacca)
Truth of the cessation of suffering (nirodha sacca)
Truth of the path leading to the cessation of suffering (magga sacca) (5)
The fourth Noble Truth of the path leading to the cessation of suffering is the Noble Eight-fold Path (ariya atthangika magga), which is also known as the Middle Path (majjhima patipada).

The eight factors of the Noble Eight-fold Path

Right view (samma-ditthi))
Right intention (samma-sankappa)
Right speech (samma-vaca)
Right action (samma-kammanta)
Right livelihood (samma-ajiva)
Right effort (samma-vayama)
Right mindfulness (samma-sati)
Right concentration (samma-samadhi) (6)
From a practical standpoint the above eight factors are divided into three groups of practice;

Morality (sila), consisting of right speech, right action and right livelihood
Concentration (samadhi), consisting of right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration
Wisdom (panna), consisting of right understanding and right intention
So, Patipatti sasana or the practical aspect of the BuddhaтАЩs teaching in order to follow the Buddhist spiritual path is to cultivate the Noble Eight-fold Path divided into the three training stages of morality (sila), concentration (samadhi) and wisdom (panna).

Right view (samma-ditthi)

Right view is the correct understanding of the four Noble Truths, that there is suffering, the cause of suffering, the cessation of suffering and the path leading to the cessation of suffering.

Right intention (samma-sankappa)

Right intention or right thought naturally occurs as a result of right view and together they form the stage of the Eight-fold Path called wisdom (panna). Right intention is necessary for the development of the next stage of the path namely the moral discipline (sila), consisting of right speech, right action and right livelihood.

There are three aspects of right intention;

Right intention of renunciation (nekkhamma sankappa)
Right intention of good-will (avyapada sankappa)
Right intention of harmlessness (avihimsa sankappa)
Right speech (samma-vaca)

Within the Noble Eight-fold Path, right speech is guided by the first two factors of right view and right intention. Right speech is the first of the three factors of the division of moral discipline (sila). There are four aspects of right speech;

Abstinence from false speech or telling lies
Abstinence from malicious, backbiting, divisive or slanderous speech
Abstinence from harsh, blameful or hurtful speech
Abstinence from gossip, vain talk or idle chatter
Right action (samma-kammanta)

Right action, by the avoidance of unwholesome physical or bodily actions will result in an ethical life and will lead to peace and harmony between oneself and others. There are three aspects of right action;

Abstinence from killing any living beings
Abstinence from stealing
Abstinence from sexual misconduct
Right livelihood (samma-ajiva)

Right livelihood expects one to make oneтАЩs living by ethical, legal and honest means by following certain ethical standards and causing no harm or suffering to other living beings directly or indirectly. There are five types of trades that are to be avoided in order to maintain a right livelihood;

Trading in living beings including human beings and animals
Trading in arms and weapons
Trading in intoxicants including alcohol and illicit drugs
Trading in poisons
Trading in meat
Right effort (samma-vayama)

Right effort is the first of the group of three factors of concentration or mental development (samadhi), the other two factors being right mindfulness and right concentration. Right effort provides the necessary energy to develop all the other seven factors of the path but in particular it provides the energy to develop the right mental concentration which is necessary to develop right wisdom.

There are four aspects of right effort;

Effort to prevent the arising of un- arisen unwholesome mental states
Effort to abandon the unwholesome mental states that have arisen
Effort to develop the wholesome mental states that have not yet arisen
Effort to develop and maintain the wholesome mental states that have arisen
Right mindfulness (samma-sati)

Mindfulness is the deliberately paying of bare and detached attention to thoughts, emotions and feelings in the present moment non-judgementally. As taught by the Buddha in the satipatthana sutta, the right mindfulness is to be developed through the four foundations of mindfulness namely;

Contemplation of the body in the body (kayanupassana)
Contemplation of feelings in the feelings (vedananupassana)
Contemplation of the mind in the mind (cittanupassana)
Contemplation of mind objects in the mind objects (dhammanupassana)
Right concentration (samma-samadhi)

The first seven factors of the path from right view to right mindfulness, when developed successfully, become supportive and requisite conditions for the development of right concentration which in itтАЩs turn will help to further establish moral discipline (sila), and wisdom (panna). Right concentration in the context of the Noble Eight-fold Path is different from the higher levels of concentration or one-pointedness developed in other mundane situations in life. Right concentration has to be wholesome and accompanied by suppression of mental hindrances and when developed successfully would lead to deep meditative absorption states and attainment of wisdom or insight.

The eight factors of the Noble Eight-fold Path have traditionally been presented in the order that they were discussed here, beginning with right view and ending with right concentration. However, they are not expected to be developed in a step by step manner in that order as they can be present together in any given stage of the path supporting each other. Some factors are more prominent than others at any particular stage. They can be developed simultaneously, at a pace dependent on the capacity of each individual. From a practical point of view, it is advisable for oneтАЩs spiritual development, that one begins with the factors of morality (sila), followed by factors of concentration (samadhi), then wisdom (panna) in that order.

Pativedha sasana -the realisation of the Truth

Pativedha sasana is the realisation of the Truth as the final result of learning and practising the Buddhist doctrine. The final result can be described as enlightenment by the realisation of the four Noble Truths through the paths and fruits of the four Noble spiritual states of Stream Entry (sotapanna), Once Returner (sakadagami), Non-Returner (anagami) and Arahant (arhat). These eight Noble stages (paths and fruits of each four noble spiritual states) and Nibbana are known as the Nava Lokuttara Dhamma.

Nava Lokuttara Dhamma

Path of Stream Entry (sotapanna magga)
Fruition of Stream Entry (sotapanna phala)
Path of Once Returner (sakadagami magga)
Fruition of Once Returner (sakadagami phala)
Path of Non-Returner (anagami magga)
Fruition of Non-Returner (anagami phala)
Path of Arahant (arhat magga)
Fruition of Arahant (arhat phala)
Nibbana
During the process of attaining full enlightenment one needs to eradicate ten mental impurities or fetters (dasa samyojana), which are obstacles to the enlightenment process and act as chains or shackles to keep us bound to the cycle of birth and death (samsara). These fetters are gradually eradicated as one progresses through the four stages of enlightenment.

The ten fetters (dasa samyojana)

Illusion of self (sakkaya ditthi)
Sceptical doubt (vicikicca)
Attachment to rites and rituals (silabbata paramasa)
Sensual desire (kama raga)
Ill-will (patigha)
Desire to be born in fine material worlds (rupa raga)
Desire to be born in formless worlds (arupa raga)
Conceit (mana)
Restlessness (uddacca)
Ignorance (avijja)
The first five fetters are called lower fetters (orambhagiya samyojana) as they bind one to the lower sensual worlds and are totally eradicated at the third stage of Non-Returner (anagami). The second five fetters are called higher fetters (uddhambhagiya samyojana) as they bind one to the fine material worlds or the formless immaterial worlds and are eradicated when one attains Arahanthood.

Stream Enterer (soatapanna)

Stream Enterer is one, who through the development of Right understanding (samma-ditthi), has attained the path and the fruit of the first stage of enlightenment and has thus entered the stream that is the Noble Eight-fold Path leading to full enlightenment. The Stream Enterer has eradicated the first three fetters of illusion of self (sakkaya ditthi), sceptical doubt (vicikicca) and attachment to rites and rituals (silabbata paramasa).

The Stream Enterer has weakened the unwholesome mental factors of greed (lobha), ill-will (dosa) and delusion (moha) to such an extent that he or she will never again be born in a lower unhappy realm of existence and will only be reborn in the human or a celestial realm of existence. According to the Buddhist teaching, a Stream Enterer, through further cultivation of the factors of the Noble Eight-fold Path will continue to progress in the spiritual path and will attain full enlightenment within a maximum of seven more births.

Once Returner (sakadagami)

Once Returner is one who, having attained the first stage of Stream Enterer has significantly weakened the next two fetters of sensual desire (kama raga) and ill-will (patigha). A Once Returner will be reborn in the human or celestial realm only once more before attaining full enlightenment.

Non-Returner (anagami)

The Non-Returner has attained the third stage of enlightenment having completely eradicated the five lower fetters of illusion of self, sceptical doubt, attachment to rites and rituals, sensual desire and ill-will, but the five higher fetters still remain with them. As the fetter of sensual desire has been completely eradicated the Non-Returner will not be reborn in the human or celestial realm but will be reborn in one of the five Brahma worlds called Pure Abodes (suddhavasa) and attain full enlightenment there.

Arahant (arahat)

Arahanthood is the final stage of the enlightenment process and one who has attained this stage is awakened and fully enlightened enjoying the bliss of Nibbana. The last five of the ten fetters namely; desire to be born in fine material worlds (rupa raga), desire to be born in formless immaterial worlds (arupa raga), conceit (mana), restlessness (uddacca) and ignorance (avijja) will be totally eradicated before one attains the Arahathood. So, an Arahant has totally eradicated the ten fetters that bind one to the cycle of birth and death (samsara).

Nibbana

Nibbana, the third Noble Truth of the complete cessation of suffering, is the final state of liberation from suffering and the repeated cycle of birth and death (samsara). Nibbana can be attained in this life itself, here and now, and hence it is not a state that can be attained only after oneтАЩs death. The word Nibbana in the Pali language consists of two constituents Ni and Vana meaning absence of craving. Nibbana is the complete eradication of craving or thirst (tanha); craving for sensual pleasures (kama tanha), craving for existence (bhava tanha) and craving for non-existence (vibhava tanha). Nibbana can also be described as the extinguishment of the fires of the negative mental factors or basic defilements of greed (lobha), ill-will (dosa) and delusion (moha).

Nibbana is a supra-mundane state of ultimate happiness (nibbanam pramam sukham) beyond any form of conceptual thinking, which cannot be properly described or explained in worldly conventional language or through worldly logic and reasoning. As Nibbana is beyond any concepts such as time, space and definitions it can only be described in metaphorical terms. Following the attainment of full enlightenment and Nibbana, the five aggregates of materiality, feeling, perception, mental formation and consciousness that constitute the psycho-physical complex (nama-rupa) will continue to exist, but an Arahant has no attachment or clinging to them. This state of Nibbana in which an Arahant continues to live with the five aggregates intact is called Nibbana with residue (saupadisesa Nibbana). At the time of death of the physical body (parinibbana) the five aggregates will disintegrate and the Arahant will reach the end of the life process and attain the absolutely unconditioned Nibbana called Nibbana with no residue (anupadisesa Nibbana).

The three aspects of the BuddhaтАЩs dispensation (buddha sasana) are inter-related, each aspect being higher than the preceding aspect yet at the same time depending on it. The three aspects of the dispensation, theory (pariyatti), practice (patipatti) and realisation (pativedha) are essential for anyone who hopes to cultivate the Buddhist spiritual path to gain enlightenment and attain Nibbana, the final goal of a practising Buddhist in Theravada Buddhism. Learning the Buddhist doctrine is essential for the practice of the path, and only by proper practice the final realisation of the Truth can be attained.

References

Narada Mahathera 1982, Buddhism in a Nutshell, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
Maurice Walshe 1987, Thus Have I Heard, A translation of The Long Discourses of the Buddha, Wisdom Publications, London, England.
Webb, Russell 1975, тАШAn Analysis of the Pali CanonтАЩ, Wheel Publication No: 217/218/219/220, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
Narada Thera 2000, The Dhammapada, Verses 19 & 20, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
Bhikkhu Bodhi 1999, Dhammacakkappavatthana sutta, The Connected Discourses of the Buddha, A Translation of the Samyutta Nikaya, Wisdom Publications.
Bhikkhu Bodhi 1994, The Noble Eightfold Path, The Way to the end of Suffering, The Wheel Publications No: 308/311, Buddhist Publication Society, Kandy, Sri Lanka.
End.

140 Swimming Captions For Instagram [2021] Swimming Pool Quotes

140 Swimming Captions For Instagram [2021] Swimming Pool Quotes
Here You Can Find Some Collections Of Swimming Captions For Instagram And Some Collections Of Swimming, Poolside, Pool Party, Beach, Sea Quotes And Captions

140 Swimming Captions For Instagram [2021] Swimming Pool Quotes
May 13, 2021 by JEET
Swimming Captions For Instagram

Swimming Captions: Are you looking for some collections of Swimming Captions For Instagram? Then you are in the right place because here you can find some collections of Swimming Captions & Quotes also. Here we collect these captions and quotes for swimming and pool pictures from different sources, That you can easily find some caption for your post very easily.

Here we provide some collections of Swimming Captions For Instagram and also some collections of Best Swimming Quotes also. Finding the right type of quote or caption for your swimming picture is not an easy task but here we make it simple because here you can easily find some collections of Swimming Captions & Quotes. You can easily pick a caption or quote from this list and make that your own caption for your Instagram post.

So, guys, We hope you find some collections of Swimming Captions For Instagram and also some collections of Quotes For Swimming Pictures also. Here we provide different types of swimming captions and quotes also like swimming pool, poolside, beach, and summertimes swimming captions, and quotes also. So letтАЩs dive into it.

Table of Contents
Swimming Captions For Instagram

These are collections of captions for swimming pictures.

Life is cool by the pool.
Relaxed state of mind.
Keep calm and swim on.
You canтАЩt swim with us.
The best sunrises are over swimming pools.
Pretty sure I was a mermaid in my past life.
Has anyone seen my mermaid tail?
All my troubles wash away in the water.
When you have the whole pool to yourself.
Do you even make waves, bro?
Find me wherever the pool floats are.
Life is cool by the pool.
Anyone looking for someone to test out their pool? IтАЩm available.
YouтАЩre one in a watermelon.
YouтАЩre only one swim away from a good mood.
You canтАЩt swim with us.
Lifeguard on beer break.
How do you get a beach body? Go to the beach!

Swimming Instagram Captions

Here are these swimming captions for Instagram.

Always be yourself. Unless you can be a mermaid, then be a mermaid.
Summer is always good for lazy days.
Happy as a clam.
A splashing good time!
My favorite part of the day is playing in the pool.
Swimming is my therapy.
Sorry, no lifeguard on duty.
Hey, summer. We think about you all the time.
Penguins have so much fun time in the water, they donтАЩt even want to fly!40
DonтАЩt worry тАУ IтАЩve been splashing since the 90s.
тАЬWhen I dip, you dip, we dip!тАЭ тАФ Freak Nasty, тАЬDa DipтАЭ
I canтАЩt control how everyone else swims but if all goes well I know there are no limits.
Enjoying my summer one splash at a time.
тАЬWeтАЩll figure this out, I promise. I wonтАЩt let you sink.тАЭ тАУ Kiera Cass
I could swim all day long if there were more hours to spare.
Cooling off with my dude!
Want seconds? Follow me!
Home is where the pool is.
Hey, summer. We think about you all the time.
Pool Captions For Instagram

These are some pool captions for Instagram.

An ocean breeze puts a mind at ease.
DonтАЩt get tied down. Have a pool party.
Floating into summer-likeтАж
Forget the glass slippers тАУ this princess wears flippers.
DonтАЩt ever miss a chance to be sun-kissed.
Is that new perfume? No, thatтАЩs chlorine.
I got 99 bikinis and I canтАЩt choose one.
The land of endless summer.
Girls just wanna have pool parties.
Swimming is cheaper than therapy.
What the shell. This isnтАЩt the beach!
тАЬThe man who is swimming against the stream knows the strength of it.тАЭ тАУ Woodrow Wilson
BRB: Quitting everything so that we can be mermaids.
If in doubt, swim on out.
Splashing the day away.

Pool Instagram Captions

Here we collect these captions for pool pictures.

Life looks better from a lounge chair.
Making a splash to beat the heat!
I donтАЩt come from the sea, but I live in the water.
I think there is no such pressure in the underwater I feel it.
In the water, my body becomes a river.
Keep calm and go swim.
When life gives you lemons, make lemonade and have a pool party
Be a mermaid and make waves.
YouтАЩre one in a watermelon.
тАЬBeing happy outside the pool means fast swimming in the pool.тАЭ тАУ Eric Shanteau
Peace, love, and pineapple pool floats.
We swim not to escape life, but so that life doesnтАЩt escape us.
Pool Side Swimming Captions

These are pool side swimming captions for Instagram.

So this is the mermaid life
Life is better when youтАЩre swimming.
Water is purifying.
Keep calm, lie down
Great vibes on the tides.
The only BS we need is bikinis and sandals.
Can sitting by the pool be my day job already?
Eat my turbulence.
IтАЩve never met a pool float that I didnтАЩt like.
There are a million fish in the sea, but IтАЩm a mermaid.
Time is a pool to swim and dream and create in.
This is what summer is for?
Oxygen is overrated.
IтАЩve never met a pool float that I didnтАЩt like.
Swimming is dancing under the water.
Sunshine, poolside, downtime.
Summer, it has been way too long, my love.
Mermaid off-duty.

If you didnтАЩt splash, did a pool day even happen?
I got 99 bikinis and I canтАЩt choose one.
You never regret a swim.
Cooling off with my dude!
Some of the best memories are made in bathing suits.
You donтАЩt swim in a river тАУ it takes you places.
Just a bunch of mermaids.тАЭ
When life gives you lemons, make lemonade, and have a pool party.
Drink like a pirate. Dance like a mermaid.
We lose ourselves in the things which we love so much but we can find ourselves live too.
In the water, your only enemy is the clock.
Do not look out the right or left side until you will achieve the mainstream.
Every time you swim in a river, itтАЩs a brand new experience.
Your swim begins at the end of your comfort zone

Swimming Captions & Quotes

These are swimming captions & quotes for Instagram. So check out.

тАЬLife is better when youтАЩre swimming.тАЭ тАУ Unknown
Girls just wanna have pool parties.
Just dive in.
Put all your excuses to a side, and remember this, you are capable to do it.
Real athletes swim тАУ the rest play games.
Be stubborn about your goals and flexible about your method.
тАЬSwimming is simply moving meditation.тАЭ тАУ Cesar Nikko Caharian
Life is like swimming, sometimes the wall will hit you, sometimes you make the right turn.
Mermaid kisses and starfish wishes.
Make your own sunshine.
Swim your worries away.
Rivers take my troubles downstream.
This is me before my epic cannonball.
Swimming is normal for me. IтАЩm relaxed. IтАЩm comfortable, and I know my surrounding ItтАЩs my home.
Just keep swimming.
Captions For Swimming Pictures

Those splash spots were there before I got here.
When I take a step in my swimming pool I feel like a fish.
Building a tradition one stroke at a time.
WeтАЩre all about the pool days and sun rays.
тАЬI dream of summers that last forever.тАЭ
Pool lineup this weekend.
Pretty sure I was a mermaid in my past life.
Night swim pool times.
Sunshine is the best medicine that we need.
If you have a lane, you have a chance.
Sunshine on my mind.
Made for sunny days.
Water you doing this summer?
Dive into the summer blues!

Swimming Pictures Captions

Swimming makes everything better
The faces I pull whilst swimming
A pool party canтАЩt solve everything, but itтАЩs a good start.
Happiness is all about making your own waves.
No matter how much I complain, I will always love swimming with a passion so strong nobody can me I quit.
Enjoy, relax, soak, and unwind
Some roads are very crooked, you have to make your way.
Keep calm and go swim
Swimming is my therapy
Hair up, sunnies on.
YouтАЩre only one dip away from a good mood!
Every summer has a story to tell.
Swimming Quotes

тАЬSwimming is my salvation.тАЭ тАУ Lynn Sherr
тАЬThe key to successтАХkeep swimming.тАЭ тАУ Richelle E. Goodrich
тАЬSwimming state on mindтАЭ тАУ Unknown
тАЬJust keep swimmingтАЭ тАУ Unknown
тАЬMost men will not swim before they are able to.тАЭ тАУ Herman Hesse
тАЬAll my troubles wash away in the waterтАЭ тАУ Unknown
тАЬSo much water, such little timeтАЭ тАУ Unknown
тАЬMade for sunny days.тАЭ тАФ The Weepies, тАЬI Was Made For Sunny Days
тАЬThe water doesnтАЩt know how old you are.тАЭ тАУ Dara Torres
Visualization Exercise for Swimmers with Chloe Sutton

Visualization Exercise for Swimmers with Chloe Sutton
By Chloe Sutton

swimming meditation the best to attain Nibbana with pictures

https://fourgates.com/zen-robes/

https://fourgates.com/zen-robes/
ZEN ROBES Sort by: Featured Items Zen Robes and meditation clothing for the lay person or monastic are an essential part of meditation practice where you are a student, beginner, lay person and ordained Buddhist Priest. Zen meditation garments such as, Zen Lay robe, Rakusu, Jubon, aka Juban, kimono, koromo, ordained Buddhist Priest robes. By wearing the kimono beneath the outer garment, and often the Jubon, aka Juban, they protect the robe from body oils, perspiration and so forth while adding warmth when needed. The hand made Rakusu is important to reflect your vows, precepts and personal commitment to practice the Dharma. All of these are outer reminders of a deeper connection to the three jewels: Buddha, Dharma and Sangha. Zen monastic garments are specifically designed for the meditation tradition and enhances the experience. Your robe is the physical embodiment of your inner being. Robes acknowledge the commitment to living a life in the

What Is Swimming Meditation? Mindful Swimming | Mindworks

What Is Swimming Meditation? Mindful Swimming | Mindworks
Awareness is possible in every situation, including swimming. With mindful swimming, you can enjoy the current moment without worry and stress.

What Is Swimming Meditation? Mindful Swimming | Mindworks
4 days ago тАФ But you could go the extra lap and practice mindful swimming тАУ and get the best of both worlds. With mindful swimming, instead тАж
You visited this page on 18/5/21

https://mindworks.org/blog/what-is-swimming-meditation/

https://mindworks.org/blog/what-is-swimming-meditation/

What Is Swimming Meditation?
Mindworks | Mindfulness Meditation Blog | Types of Meditation
Previous Next
View Larger ImageтАи

Doctors recommend swimming as one of the best exercises around, and for good reason. When we swim, the main muscle groups all go to work in a way that doesnтАЩt put undue stress on the body. This makes it a wholesome aerobic exercise for young and old alike. The health benefits of this kind of workout include:
тАв Improving blood circulation around the body
тАв Helping get rid of excess cholesterol within the bloodstream
тАв Curbing obesity and its accompanying health issues
тАв Maintaining general fitness

Most people enjoy swimming because itтАЩs so refreshing and good for you. But you could go the extra lap and practice mindful swimming тАУ and get the best of both worlds. With mindful swimming, instead of just focusing on reaching a certain goal, you pay full attention to the exercise and the sensations experienced as you swim. Extending your mindfulness practice into swimming is a great way to break up the routine of sitting meditation.
Is there a link between swimming and meditation?
The answer depends on the swimmer! Meditation is about awareness, and it might be argued that awareness is possible in every situation, including swimming. With mindful swimming, you can enjoy the current moment without worrying about any stressful issues at work, home or elsewhere.
Instead of mindlessly plunging into the water and doing your laps, take a few moments to formulate the intention of being entirely present in the water. Once youтАЩve begun swimming, see if you can maintain awareness of the here and now. Enjoy the feeling of buoyancy as you glide across the pool and take note of other physical sensations тАУ wetness, scent, sound, etc. Remain present as your arms enter and leave the water, your legs propel your body forward and your head follows the rhythm of the movement. How does it feel? Acknowledging sensations that you donтАЩt usually notice is part of what makes swimming as meditation so enjoyable. Alternatively, when swimming laps or floating, you may also choose to focus on your breath.
The joy of mindful swimming
When you meditate, the mind is no longer bound by the anxieties and stresses that usually take up so much mental space. Instead, the mind is spacious and refreshed, and you feel rejuvenated. This naturally inspires you to work on bettering yourself and improving the lives of others. By incorporating the exercise of swimming as meditation into your mindfulness regime, you train in extending your тАЬon-the-cushionтАЭ practice into your everyday life.
Professional swimmers tend to repeat the same movements every time they train. ItтАЩs easy for them to give their minds free rein to wander as they swim instead of being mindfully aware of their breath and physical sensations. In her article тАЬMindful SwimmingтАЭ in Swimming World Magazine, former competitive swimmer Tonya Nascimento believes that mindfulness can help athletes while training as well as while competing. тАЬAt all levels, swim meets can have a multitude of distractions that capture your mind and direct your attention away from your races. [ тАж] The goal of mindfulness is to develop a sense of calm in the midst of the storm; it is to gain control over oneтАЩs own thoughts. By becoming aware of your thoughts, you can decide to let go of those thoughts that hinder your performance, and decide to concentrate on only those thoughts that help you improve,тАЭ she writes.
A number of national swimming teams (including the U.S. Olympic team) have incorporated mindfulness in their training sessions. The feedback has been positive: athletes have reported improved performances when they focus on being fully present rather than focusing on the goal (winning!) alone. Mindful presence helps swimmers maintain balance, and balance fosters peak performance.
Before trying mindful swimming, make sure your swimming level is good enough.

Once you get the groove of it, youтАЩll realize that swimming and meditation are an awesome match. Most importantly, remember that swimming тАУ and meditating тАУ should be enjoyable!
By reading this article itтАЩs clear that youтАЩre interested in the practice of meditation and its results: experiencing genuine joy and well-being. YouтАЩve come to the right place. Mindworks is a non-profit with a mission to share the most authentic and proven meditation guidance to you and our worldwide community.
As meditation practice develops the most fundamental axis of our being, itтАЩs essential to rely on clear, progressive and genuine meditation methods from authentic guides. In order to fully transmit to you the full potential of genuine meditation, we created the 9-level Mindworks Journey to Well-Being.
WeтАЩre so sure youтАЩll benefit we now offer you Mindworks Journey Level 1: Meditation Fundamentals course for Free. Click the link below to learn more.

List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images тАв 7ESL

List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images тАв 7ESL
Vegetables in English! List of vegetables with images and examples. Learn these vegetables names to increase your vocabulary words about fruits and vegetables in English. Also, interesting vegetables images help you remember the new words better.

List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images
Vegetables in English! List of vegetables with images and examples. Learn these vegetables names to increase your vocabulary words about fruits and vegetables in English. Also, interesting vegetables images help you remember the new words better.
Food is one of the most important parts of our lives and when learning a foreign language, it is vital that we learn how to refer to different types of foods. One of the most important foods are vegetables, with people now living much healthier lives and some even having a plant-based diet, you are likely to need to know a much wider range of English vegetable names.
A useful list of fruits and vegetables in English with images and examples.
Table of Contents

Vegetable Names
Types of Vegetables
Vegetable List
List of Vegetables with Pictures
List of Vegetables | Vegetable Images
Fruits & Vegetables Names | List of Vegetables Video

Types of Vegetables
Vegetables are certain parts of plants that are consumed by humans as food such as peas, beans, cabbage, potatoesтАж
тАв Root Vegetables
тАв Onion Family
тАв Leafy Vegetables
тАв Squash
тАв Peas & Beans
Vegetable List
Learn vegetable vocabulary in English.
тАв Corn
тАв Mushroom
тАв Broccoli
тАв Cucumber
тАв Red pepper/red bell pepper
тАв Pineapple
тАв Tomato
List of Vegetables | Vegetables Images

тАв Swede/rutabaga (U.S.)
тАв Carrot
тАв Brussels sprout
тАв Pumpkin
тАв Cabbage
тАв Potato
тАв Eggplant
тАв Sweet potato
тАв Turnip
тАв Courgette (U.K.)/zucchini (U.S.)
тАв Green chilli
тАв Onion
тАв Lettuce
тАв Radish
тАв Pea
тАв Asparagus
тАв Celery
тАв Green pepper
тАв French beans
тАв Spinach
тАв Beetroot/beet (U.S.)
тАв Red chillies/red chili peppers (U.S.)
тАв Bean
List of Vegetables with Pictures
Learn vegetable names with vegetables images and example sentences.

positive pranic food - Negative and positive pranic food list - energy diet

positive pranic food - Negative and positive pranic food list - energy diet
Positive pranic food. Negative and Positive pranic food list and info on an energy diet. How daily food choices support energy levels. Sattvic food

Pranic Food List
Positive Pranic

Winter melon (Ash Goard)
Lemon
Coconut
Dates
Raw and dried fruits
Ripe vegetables
Legumes (peas, beans, lentils, etc.)

Positive Pranic

Positive Pranic food ignites life energy within.

Vegetables

This food group includes pretty much most of the vegetables

Fruits and berries

All the fruits and berries (fresh and dry varieties) are considered to be highly pranic.

Inline image

Inline image

Legumes

This category includes mung beans, lentils, yellow split peas, chickpeas, beans, organic tofu, etc.

Inline image

Positive Pranic Fundamentals
Positive pranic food is nourishing, easily digestible, flavourful, and contains only ingredients beneficial for health. The methods of food preparation, as well as the emotional and mental state of a person making it, holds the same importance as the ingredients. For me, cooking was never a chore, rather an opportunity for a beautiful offering, a creative outlet, an expression of love and appreciation.
Lastly, the most essential part of the meal is in the way you consume it. The way you receive your meal, how conscious you are, the level of your appreciation in a lot of ways will determine the way digestion happens in this miraculous body of yours.

Above all, we should enjoy the food we eat without being paranoid about the calorie count or the number of carbs, fats, or whatever the latest dietary fad is. A healthy relationship with food is essential, so enjoy it fully without hesitation. The harm of stress during eating is far more damaging to your system than any ingredient ever could be.

How about you?

What is your relationship with food? Have you noticed how certain foods affect you? Or just let me know if this article was helpful to you.Let me know in the comments below

Inline image

https://www.dwms.org/uploads/8/7/8/7/87873912/transformation-healing2-1.pdf

How to Grow Buddhas Hand Citron

How to Grow Buddhas Hand Citron
Growing Buddhas hand citron is not very difficult. It rewards you with large citrus fruits that look very unusual and finger-like.

How to Grow BuddhaтАЩs Hand | Growing BuddhaтАЩs Hand Citron
Growing BuddhaтАЩs hand citron is not very difficult. It rewards you with large citrus fruits that look very unusual and finger-like.

Citrons (whose variety is Hand of Buddha) are large and true citruses, which produces less acidic fruit covered in thick peels and fragrant flowers that are appreciated by perfumers.

Propagation Method: Seeds, cuttings

Height: 3-5 m

Exposure: Full to partial sun

Soil pH: Slightly acidic (pH level around 5.5 to 6)

Soil Type: Well-drained, loamy

Other Names: Citrus medica, bushukan, fingered citron, fragrant citron, five finger mandarin, goblin fingers

Growing Habit

BuddhaтАЩs hand citron is an evergreen, large thorny shrub or small tree that grows up to 3 to 5 meters tall. Native to North East India and China, BuddhaтАЩs Hand is a member of the citrus family and also called as BuddhaтАЩs Finger because of its unusual and fragmented finger like fruits. These fingers form a cluster like a hand and can be between 5 to 20 in numbers.

Growing BuddhaтАЩs Hand

BuddhaтАЩs hand plant can be grown from cuttings and seeds. But itтАЩs best to find a plant from the nursery.

Note: Lot of misinformation on the web that BuddhaтАЩs hand cannot be grown from seed, but it is false. You can grow BuddhaтАЩs hand from fresh seeds. However, it is true that its seeds are rare.

Planting

Planting BuddhaтАЩs hand properly is an initial but most important step because it determines the proper growth of the tree, flowering and the production of citrons.

If youтАЩre about to grow it in a cold climate, planting should be done in spring to early summer when the temperature starts to warm up in containers.

In tropical climates planting can be done in any season except summer, right after the end of summer is best planting time.

Requirements for Growing BuddhaтАЩs Hand Citron

BuddhaтАЩs hand citron needs a well-drained, rich acidic soil to grow well.
If youтАЩre about to grow BuddhaтАЩs Hand in a colder zone below 10, remember it is not resistant to frost and begin to suffer when the temperature falls down below 5 ┬░C.
Choose a sunny and sheltered position from the wind to grow it. Water citron tree regularly for the first 2 years after planting.
Citron Care

BuddhaтАЩs Hand citron is quite easy to maintain. If the plantation is done well and plant assimilates the climate, itтАЩs a tree that brings great satisfaction with its heavenly scented flowers and prolific fruits.

It does not require special watering, except in warm climates and those suffering from severe droughts in summer. It grows best when watered only at the time when the top surface of soil begins to dry.

Growing Buddhas Hand Fruit Trees in Australia (Citron)

Growing Buddhas Hand Fruit Trees in Australia (Citron)
By daleysfr

growing BuddhaтАЩs hand fruit trees

Never do excess watering because it doesnтАЩt like wet feet.
Fertilize it with citrus fertilizer according to the productтАЩs instruction.
BuddhaтАЩs hand is not a houseplant, and you canтАЩt grow it indoors, although growing this in a container is possible. If you want a citrus tree that can be grown indoors, grow lemon or calamondin.
Pests and Diseases

BuddhaтАЩs Hand has similar pests and diseases problems you see in other citrus varieties. Fruit rot, Brown rot, leaf miner, spider mites, cochineal, aphids, and scales can attack the plant.

How to Grow Buddhas Hand Citron

How to Grow Buddhas Hand Citron
Growing Buddhas hand citron is not very difficult. It rewards you with large citrus fruits that look very unusual and finger-like.

How to Grow BuddhaтАЩs Hand | Growing BuddhaтАЩs Hand Citron
Growing BuddhaтАЩs hand citron is not very difficult. It rewards you with large citrus fruits that look very unusual and finger-like.

Citrons (whose variety is Hand of Buddha) are large and true citruses, which produces less acidic fruit covered in thick peels and fragrant flowers that are appreciated by perfumers.

Propagation Method: Seeds, cuttings

Height: 3-5 m

Exposure: Full to partial sun

Soil pH: Slightly acidic (pH level around 5.5 to 6)

Soil Type: Well-drained, loamy

Other Names: Citrus medica, bushukan, fingered citron, fragrant citron, five finger mandarin, goblin fingers

Growing Habit

BuddhaтАЩs hand citron is an evergreen, large thorny shrub or small tree that grows up to 3 to 5 meters tall. Native to North East India and China, BuddhaтАЩs Hand is a member of the citrus family and also called as BuddhaтАЩs Finger because of its unusual and fragmented finger like fruits. These fingers form a cluster like a hand and can be between 5 to 20 in numbers.

Growing BuddhaтАЩs Hand

BuddhaтАЩs hand plant can be grown from cuttings and seeds. But itтАЩs best to find a plant from the nursery.

Note: Lot of misinformation on the web that BuddhaтАЩs hand cannot be grown from seed, but it is false. You can grow BuddhaтАЩs hand from fresh seeds. However, it is true that its seeds are rare.

Planting

Planting BuddhaтАЩs hand properly is an initial but most important step because it determines the proper growth of the tree, flowering and the production of citrons.

If youтАЩre about to grow it in a cold climate, planting should be done in spring to early summer when the temperature starts to warm up in containers.

In tropical climates planting can be done in any season except summer, right after the end of summer is best planting time.

Requirements for Growing BuddhaтАЩs Hand Citron

BuddhaтАЩs hand citron needs a well-drained, rich acidic soil to grow well.
If youтАЩre about to grow BuddhaтАЩs Hand in a colder zone below 10, remember it is not resistant to frost and begin to suffer when the temperature falls down below 5 ┬░C.
Choose a sunny and sheltered position from the wind to grow it. Water citron tree regularly for the first 2 years after planting.
Citron Care

BuddhaтАЩs Hand citron is quite easy to maintain. If the plantation is done well and plant assimilates the climate, itтАЩs a tree that brings great satisfaction with its heavenly scented flowers and prolific fruits.

It does not require special watering, except in warm climates and those suffering from severe droughts in summer. It grows best when watered only at the time when the top surface of soil begins to dry.

Never do excess watering because it doesnтАЩt like wet feet.
Fertilize it with citrus fertilizer according to the productтАЩs instruction.
BuddhaтАЩs hand is not a houseplant, and you canтАЩt grow it indoors, although growing this in a container is possible. If you want a citrus tree that can be grown indoors, grow lemon or calamondin.
Pests and Diseases

BuddhaтАЩs Hand has similar pests and diseases problems you see in other citrus varieties. Fruit rot, Brown rot, leaf miner, spider mites, cochineal, aphids, and scales can attack the plant.

Kumkum kesari tomato | Heirloom & Open pollinated seeds | Seed diversity

Kumkum kesari tomato | Heirloom & Open pollinated seeds | Seed diversity
By PKR Gardening

Kumkuma Keshri Tomato step by step detailed guide to seed in pots with animated pictures of Kumkuma Keshri Tomato

How to Grow Cluster Bean / Guar from Seeds in Container

How to Grow Cluster Bean / Guar from Seeds in Container
By Plants My Love

CLUSTER BEANS step by step detailed guide to seed in pots with animated pictures of CLUSTER BEANS

How to Grow Radishes (PROGRESSION) Complete Growing Guide - Giant White Radish

How to Grow Radishes (PROGRESSION) Complete Growing Guide - Giant White Radish
By Hollis and Nancys Homestead

RADISH WHITE LONG step by step detailed guide to seed in pots with animated pictures of RADISH WHITE LONG

How to Grow Daikon Radish | GardenerтАЩs Path

How to Grow Daikon Radish | GardenerтАЩs Path
If youтАЩre looking to add some zing to your fall garden and kitchen, look no further than the easy to grow daikon radish. Read more on GardenerтАЩs Path.

HOW TO PLANT AND GROW DAIKON: ADD SOME ZING TO YOUR GARDEN
October 12, 2019 by Briana Yablonski
Raphanus sativus var. Longipinnatus

It has always seemed to me that daikon radish is one of the easiest fall crops to grow. Sometimes IтАЩve sown seeds and forgotten about them, only to return to large white roots.

Daikon radish, still in the soil, with leaf tops in soft focus. Green and white text to the middle and bottom of the frame.
We link to vendors to help you find relevant products. If you buy from one of our links, we may earn a commission.

These radishes require little upkeep and store well. During the dark of winter, I love munching on them to add some zing to an otherwise dreary day.

What YouтАЩll Learn

What Is Daikon?
Cultivation and History
How to Sow
How to Grow
Growing Tips
Cultivars to Select
Managing Pests and Disease
Harvesting
Preserving
Recipes and Cooking ideas
Quick Reference Growing Guide
What Is Daikon?

Daikon is a specific type of radish characterized by its large root. ItтАЩs no surprise that its name comes from two Japanese words: dai, which means large, and kon, which means root.

Daikon radish lying on dry soil, with itтАЩs leaf tops attached. In the background, more tubers poking out of the soil, ready for harvesting, in bright sunshine.

It also has a longer date to maturity than other types of radish, which makes sense for its larger size.

Like all radishes, it is a member of the Brassicaceae family. Daikon also goes by other names including white radish, Chinese radish, and Japanese radish.

Cultivation and History

Although daikon is widely grown and consumed throughout East Asia, it is thought to have originated in the Mediterranean. However, these radishes soon made their way to countries including China, Japan, and Korea sometime during the third or fourth century.

Vertical image of daikon radishes with their green tops leaning up against an orange plastic basket on soil.

Since then, they have been a mainstay in certain Asian cuisines, appearing in dishes including stews, stir fries, and ferments.

Daikon is a winter radish, meaning it grows best when it is allowed to mature in colder weather. Therefore, it is typically planted in mid-summer to early fall, depending on your growing zone.

These radishes are often used as cover crops to loosen soil and reduce erosion. This has given them the name tillage radishes.

How to Sow

As with other radishes, these are best grown via direct seeding. The date when you should plant seeds depends on your growing zone. Daikon radishes can be grown in USDA Hardiness Zones 2-11.

Close up of fingers placing daikon seeds into a shallow hollow in the soil.

Aim to sow seeds around two months before your predicted first frost date. This will ensure plants mature in time for harvest.

No matter where you are located, sow one seed every inch in rows 12-18 inches apart. Seeds should be planted at a depth of 1/4 to 1/2 inch.

How to Grow

As mentioned above, this crop is best grown via direct seeding. Before you plant the seeds, you want to make sure you prepare your soil.

Daikon radishes grow best in soil with a pH of 5.8-6.8. Although their roots can loosen compacted soil, they grow best where soil is already loose. If your soil is compacted, consider loosening it with a broadfork before planting.

Since you will be harvesting the roots, avoid applying excessive amounts of nitrogen to the soil. Too much nitrogen will grow large greens, but small roots.

Choose a full sun to partial shade location for best results.

Close up of two hands gently dividing seedlings in the soil.

Once you plant your seeds, make sure you keep the soil moist, and they will germinate within a few days. Within a week of germination, thin seedlings to 4-6 inches apart.

Plants will mature in 40-70 days, depending on the variety. DonтАЩt fret if part of the root is visible above ground; this is normal.

Close up of daikon radishes, the tuber visible above the soil, and bright green tops in gentle sunshine.

Water should be provided every few days if rain doesnтАЩt fall. You are aiming for moist, but not wet, soil.

Growing Tips

Avoid applying excessive nitrogen, to ensure development of roots.
Thin seedlings so roots have space to size up.
Loosen soil so roots can grow large.
Cultivars to Select

Daikon come in three main types: oblong, tapered, and round.

The difference between these types is in their root shape. Some are rounded with nearly the same circumference from top to root, some have more of a narrow and tapered shape similar to a carrot, and others are nearly spherical.

Cultivars also vary in root color, with most being some combination of white and light green.

Japanese Minowase

This heirloom variety produces oblong roots that can grow up to two feet in length. The roots are all white, and can be stored for multiple weeks after harvest.

Three тАШJapanese MinowaseтАЩ daikon tubers on a wooden surface with leaf tops attached.

тАШJapanese MinowaseтАЩ

Ready to eat in 45-60 days, the тАШJapanese MinowaseтАЩ cultivar is also known for being adaptable to sun or shade.

Find seeds at Eden Brothers.

Long

The тАШLongтАЩ cultivar has white tapered roots with light green tops.

Close up of four тАШLongтАЩ daikon tubers on a hessian sack on soil. In the background are two still waiting to be harvested.

тАШLongтАЩ

This type can grow up to 14 inches in length. Expect about 60 days to maturity. It can be grown in the spring as well as in the fall.

Find seeds at Burpee.

Red

This variety has oblong roots that grow 5-8 inches long. The exterior of the roots is bright red while the interior ranges from white to pink.

Close up of тАШRedтАЩ daikon tubers, with leaf tops trimmed, on a white background.

тАШRedтАШ

тАШRedтАЩ is an heirloom cultivar that you can expect to be ready to harvest in as little as 30 days.

Find seeds at True Leaf Market.

Watermelon

An heirloom variety of daikon with a round bulb, this type is the star of the show when added to any salad or platter of crudit├йs.

Close up of round тАШWatermelonтАЩ daikon radish, harvested, with leaf tops trimmed.

тАШWatermelonтАЩ

White or light green on the outside, slicing into these roots reveals bright pink flesh that is reminiscent of a watermelon.

These can be harvested when they reach golf ball size, or leave them in the ground longer for whopping grapefruit-sized roots. Expect 30-80 days to harvest.

Seeds are available from True Leaf Market.

White Icicle

Icicle radishes form white, narrow, tapered roots that reach about 5 inches in length at maturity. And this cultivar grows quickly тАУ you can expect a harvest in just 27-35 days!

тАШWhite IcicleтАЩ daikon radishes harvested, with leaf tops attached, on a wooden surface.

тАШWhite IcicleтАШ

With a mildly pungent flavor, Burpee rates this cultivar as тАЬBest in Class.тАЭ

Get your seeds now, available from Burpee.

Managing Pests and Disease

Pests generally donтАЩt bother these radishes too much, however, there are some that still pop up occasionally.

Insects

Different types of insects may go after the leaves as well as the roots. Luckily, they donтАЩt usually cause too much damage.

Flea Beetle

Flea beetles are little bugs that go after the leaves of your plants. If you see small holes in your leaves, take a closer look. You will probably see the beetles themselves, only 1/16-1/4 inch in size.

Close up of two flea beetles on a leaf. The background is of the leaf in soft focus.

Read more about flea beetles and how to control them here.

Harlequin Bug

These bugs may look pretty, but they can really do some damage to your crops. They are orange and black with shield-shaped bodies, and they feed on leafy greens.

If you only see a few bugs on your plants, simply pick them off and place them in some soapy water.

Close up of a harlequin beetle on a branch, with soft focus vegetation in the background.

If these pests take over your crop and require more intense intervention, they can be treated with a spray of neem oil, pyrethin, or insecticidal soap.

Cabbage Maggot

If you pull up your daikon only to discover that they are ridden with tiny channels, the cabbage maggot is likely to blame. These pests are the juvenile form of small flies.

To prevent infestation by these insect pests, consider employing a cover cropping routine. Another method to keep pests at bay is by using floating row covers to exclude insects from your crops.

Read more about cabbage maggot control here.

Disease

All parts of the daikon plant are susceptible to disease, both above and belowground. Again, these issues wonтАЩt usually prove to be too much of a problem for your crop.

Septoria Leaf Spot

If you see yellow spots with gray centers on your radish leaves, they are probably infected with this fungus. The best treatment is to remove infected leaves and/or plants. This will stop the spread of the fungus.

Black Root Rot

This fungus goes after your plantsтАЩ roots, turning pieces black in color and distorted in shape. If it affects small seedlings, the plants may die. Unfortunately, this disease cannot be treated once it is spotted on your plants.

However, it can be prevented using cultural methods. DonтАЩt over water your crops and make sure they are planted in soil with good drainage.

Another way to prevent this disease is by practicing crop rotation. Since this fungus affects multiple Brassica species, make sure you donтАЩt grow brassicas repeatedly in the same area.

Harvesting

Daikon radishes can be harvested once they meet their date of maturity. Check your seed packets for recommendations.

Close up of daikon leaf tops growing in soil.

Keep in mind that although this type of radish has more of a capacity to grow large while maintaining quality than your traditional radish varieties, they can still become pithy and spongy if they are left to grow too big. Be sure to harvest before this happens.

If hit with hard frosts, the radishes will become spongy or die. However, the time to harvest can be extended by protecting plants with floating row covers.

Close up of the top of a daikon tuber in the soil, with bright sunshine filtering through the leaf tops.

Varieties with long and slender roots are fragile and susceptible to snapping. You can prevent them from breaking by loosening the soil with a pitchfork, broadfork, or shovel.

Once your soil is adequately loose, grab the leaves where they meet the tops of the roots and gently pull. NowтАЩs the moment when you get to see just how big your daikon have grown!

Freshly harvested daikon radishes in a plastic container in water. Sunshine bathes the leaf tops.

Once the plants are pulled from the ground, cut off the leaves at their base. With the leaves removed, the roots can be stored for multiple weeks under the right conditions.

To increase the storage life of your radishes, avoid washing the roots or leaves until you are ready to use them.

Close up of harvested daikon tubers, with their leaf tops cut off.

Daikon is best stored in a cold, moist environment. Therefore, the best way to store your harvest is to place the roots in the refrigerator with a damp paper towel or cloth.

You can wrap or cover them in the towel; the important thing is that you are providing a humid environment.

Leaves can be stored in a zip-top plastic bag in the crisper drawer of your refrigerator for a few days.

Preserving

These radishes are often fermented on their own to be eaten as a type of pickle. They are also used as a component of Napa cabbage-based kimchi.

Fermenting is a simple process that only requires three main things: salt, water, and time. You can read more about fermented foods on our sister site, Foodal.

Recipes and Cooking Ideas

Daikon radish is a versatile crop in the kitchen. It can be eaten raw or cooked, and all parts of the plant can be consumed.

You do not need to peel this vegetable, though some people choose to do so. One simple way to eat daikon is to slice it up raw into discs that can be dipped in hummus or ranch dressing.

A dark grey surface with a whole daikon radish, sliced daikon in a jar in liquid. In the foreground a white bowl with slices and a thyme leaf on top. A fabric tea towel with stripes on the right.

Another great way to eat daikon is to dice it into ┬╜-inch cubes and then saute them in oil with garlic and ginger for a few minutes. Remove from the heat and toss with rice noodles, soy sauce, sesame oil, and your favorite fresh diced hot pepper or hot pepper flakes.

Due to their rough texture, the leaves are best enjoyed cooked via methods including sauteing and steaming. They make a great addition to Thai-inspired coconut curries.

Close up of daikon spouts, clearly showing the furry roots coming out of the seeds.

Daikon sprouts can also be enjoyed in salads and sandwiches. See our article on sprouts and microgreens for more information to grow your own.

Quick Reference Growing Guide

Plant Type:
Annual
Water Needs:
1/2 inch per week
Native To:
Mediterranean, East Asia
Maintenance:
Low
Hardiness (USDA Zone):
2-11
Soil Type:
Rich, well aerated
Season:
Fall
Soil pH:
5.8-6.8
Exposure:
Full sun to partial shade
Soil Drainage:
Well draining
Time to Maturity:
40-70 days
Companion Planting:
Marigolds, scallions
Spacing:
4-6 inches
Avoid Planting With:
Garlic, corn, potatoes, tomatoes
Planting Depth:
1/4-1/2 inch
Family:
Brassicaceae
Height:
10-20 inches
Genus:
Raphanus
Spread:
6 inches
Species and Cultivar:
R. sativus var. longipinnatus
Tolerance:
Cold, light frost, high air temperatures, depending on variety
Pests & Diseases:
Flea beetles, harlequin bugs, cabbage maggots, septoria leaf spot, black root rot
Grow Some Giant Radishes

Now that you know how to plant and grow these large radishes, itтАЩs time to add them to your fall garden. YouтАЩll be impressed with their size and how easy they are to grow.

Close up of daikon radishes, the tuber visible above the soil, and bright green tops in gentle sunshine.

To see how this crop can fit in with the rest of your fall plans, check out some other cool-weather-loving crops here!

And if you want to learn how to grow other fall crops, read these guides next:

How to Plant and Grow Cabbage
A Flavor YouтАЩve Come to Love: How to Grow Brussels Sprouts
Growing Kohlrabi

How To Grow Tomatoes | Cherry Tomatoes

How To Grow Tomatoes | Cherry Tomatoes
By Urban Gardening

RED CHERRY TOMATO step by step detailed guide to seed in pots with animated pictures of RED CHERRY TOMATO

How To Grow Okra In Containers - Growing Okra in Pots or Containers

How To Grow Okra In Containers - Growing Okra in Pots or Containers
By California Gardening

Double Color Okra step by step detailed guide to seed in pots with animated pictures of Double Color Okra

How to Grow Beetroot from Seed

How to Grow Beetroot from Seed
By LearnHow2

BEETROOT step by step detailed guide to seed in pots with animated pictures of BEETROOT

How to Grow Okra

How to Grow Okra
Long popular in the Southern United States, okra is making inroads in vegetable gardens across the country. The pod-like fruit is a wonderful addition to soups and stews.

How to Grow Okra
Long popular in the Southern United States, okra is making inroads in vegetable gardens across the country. The pod-like fruit is a wonderful addition to soups and stews.
Cost $
Skill Level
Start to Finish 2+ Days
TOOLS
hoe
MATERIALS
okra seeds
compost
fertilizer
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction
Step 1:Soak the Seeds
Step 2:Prepare the Site
Step 3:Plant the Seeds
Step 4:Cultivate the Plants
Step 5:Harvest the Okra
INTRODUCTION
Purchase the Seeds
Okra is related to the hibiscus, and as such it produces large ornamental flowers. The green pod-like fruits are very popular in the Southern United States, where they are enjoyed in soups and stews. Okra does not transplant well, so most gardeners grow their crops from seed. Popular seed varieties include Emerald, Clemson Spineless and Green Velvet.

STEP 1
Speed Up Germination Process by Soaking Okra Seeds
Soak the Seeds
Okra is easy to grow but the seeds have a hard coat that can slow germination. To speed up the process, soak the seeds overnight in warm water before planting. Wrapping the seeds in moist paper towels also works well.

STEP 2
Prepare the Site
Okras require full sun (at least 8 hours a day) and prefer soil that is loose, fertile and slightly alkaline. If the soil is more acidic, work some lime into the bed a few months before planting. Enrich the soil with compost, turning it into the bed with a rake. Finally, add a half cup of slow-release 5-10-10 fertilizer for every 20 square feet of garden space.

STEP 3
Plant the Seeds
It is best to plant okra after daytime temps hit 85 degrees and nighttime temps reach the low 60s. Use a garden hoe to make 1тА│-deep furrows in the garden bed. Space the furrows 24тА│ apart. Place the presoaked seeds into the furrows, spacing them 6тА│ apart. Gently rake the soil over the seeds to cover them. After lightly firming the soil, water the seeds well. Place a garden marker to indicate the crops.

STEP 4
Cultivate Okra Plants
Cultivate the Plants
When the seedlings reach approximately 2тА│ tall, thin the plants to one every foot. Apply a generous layer of mulch around the plants, but do not let the mulch come in contact with the stems. Okra grows very rapidly in hot weather, and the leafy plants do a great job of shading out competing weeds. Frequent watering is necessary during the germination and flowering stages, but after that okra can tolerate dry conditions. However, during extended dry periods, a deep soaking once every 10 days should be adequate.

STEP 5
Harvest Okra Pods with Garden Shears
Harvest the Okra
In warm weather the immature fruit pods grow very rapidly, often reaching full size in just a couple days. When the pods reach about 2тА│ to 3тА│ long, remove them from the plant with pruning shears. Left too long on the plant and the fruit becomes woody and tough. The pods should be picked often to encourage continued production. The plants will grow and bear fruit right up until frost.

How to Grow Beetroot from Seed

How to Grow Beetroot from Seed
By LearnHow2

BEETROOT step by step detailed guide to seed in pots with animated pictures of BEETROOT

140 Swimming Captions For Instagram [2021] Swimming Pool Quotes

140 Swimming Captions For Instagram [2021] Swimming Pool Quotes
Here You Can Find Some Collections Of Swimming Captions For Instagram And Some Collections Of Swimming, Poolside, Pool Party, Beach, Sea Quotes And Captions

140 Swimming Captions For Instagram [2021] Swimming Pool Quotes
May 13, 2021 by JEET
Swimming Captions For Instagram

Swimming Captions: Are you looking for some collections of Swimming Captions For Instagram? Then you are in the right place because here you can find some collections of Swimming Captions & Quotes also. Here we collect these captions and quotes for swimming and pool pictures from different sources, That you can easily find some caption for your post very easily.

Here we provide some collections of Swimming Captions For Instagram and also some collections of Best Swimming Quotes also. Finding the right type of quote or caption for your swimming picture is not an easy task but here we make it simple because here you can easily find some collections of Swimming Captions & Quotes. You can easily pick a caption or quote from this list and make that your own caption for your Instagram post.

So, guys, We hope you find some collections of Swimming Captions For Instagram and also some collections of Quotes For Swimming Pictures also. Here we provide different types of swimming captions and quotes also like swimming pool, poolside, beach, and summertimes swimming captions, and quotes also. So letтАЩs dive into it.

Table of Contents
Swimming Captions For Instagram

These are collections of captions for swimming pictures.

Life is cool by the pool.
Relaxed state of mind.
Keep calm and swim on.
You canтАЩt swim with us.
The best sunrises are over swimming pools.
Pretty sure I was a mermaid in my past life.
Has anyone seen my mermaid tail?
All my troubles wash away in the water.
When you have the whole pool to yourself.
Do you even make waves, bro?
Find me wherever the pool floats are.
Life is cool by the pool.
Anyone looking for someone to test out their pool? IтАЩm available.
YouтАЩre one in a watermelon.
YouтАЩre only one swim away from a good mood.
You canтАЩt swim with us.
Lifeguard on beer break.
How do you get a beach body? Go to the beach!

Swimming Instagram Captions

Here are these swimming captions for Instagram.

Always be yourself. Unless you can be a mermaid, then be a mermaid.
Summer is always good for lazy days.
Happy as a clam.
A splashing good time!
My favorite part of the day is playing in the pool.
Swimming is my therapy.
Sorry, no lifeguard on duty.
Hey, summer. We think about you all the time.
Penguins have so much fun time in the water, they donтАЩt even want to fly!40
DonтАЩt worry тАУ IтАЩve been splashing since the 90s.
тАЬWhen I dip, you dip, we dip!тАЭ тАФ Freak Nasty, тАЬDa DipтАЭ
I canтАЩt control how everyone else swims but if all goes well I know there are no limits.
Enjoying my summer one splash at a time.
тАЬWeтАЩll figure this out, I promise. I wonтАЩt let you sink.тАЭ тАУ Kiera Cass
I could swim all day long if there were more hours to spare.
Cooling off with my dude!
Want seconds? Follow me!
Home is where the pool is.
Hey, summer. We think about you all the time.
Pool Captions For Instagram

These are some pool captions for Instagram.

An ocean breeze puts a mind at ease.
DonтАЩt get tied down. Have a pool party.
Floating into summer-likeтАж
Forget the glass slippers тАУ this princess wears flippers.
DonтАЩt ever miss a chance to be sun-kissed.
Is that new perfume? No, thatтАЩs chlorine.
I got 99 bikinis and I canтАЩt choose one.
The land of endless summer.
Girls just wanna have pool parties.
Swimming is cheaper than therapy.
What the shell. This isnтАЩt the beach!
тАЬThe man who is swimming against the stream knows the strength of it.тАЭ тАУ Woodrow Wilson
BRB: Quitting everything so that we can be mermaids.
If in doubt, swim on out.
Splashing the day away.

Pool Instagram Captions

Here we collect these captions for pool pictures.

Life looks better from a lounge chair.
Making a splash to beat the heat!
I donтАЩt come from the sea, but I live in the water.
I think there is no such pressure in the underwater I feel it.
In the water, my body becomes a river.
Keep calm and go swim.
When life gives you lemons, make lemonade and have a pool party
Be a mermaid and make waves.
YouтАЩre one in a watermelon.
тАЬBeing happy outside the pool means fast swimming in the pool.тАЭ тАУ Eric Shanteau
Peace, love, and pineapple pool floats.
We swim not to escape life, but so that life doesnтАЩt escape us.
Pool Side Swimming Captions

These are pool side swimming captions for Instagram.

So this is the mermaid life
Life is better when youтАЩre swimming.
Water is purifying.
Keep calm, lie down
Great vibes on the tides.
The only BS we need is bikinis and sandals.
Can sitting by the pool be my day job already?
Eat my turbulence.
IтАЩve never met a pool float that I didnтАЩt like.
There are a million fish in the sea, but IтАЩm a mermaid.
Time is a pool to swim and dream and create in.
This is what summer is for?
Oxygen is overrated.
IтАЩve never met a pool float that I didnтАЩt like.
Swimming is dancing under the water.
Sunshine, poolside, downtime.
Summer, it has been way too long, my love.
Mermaid off-duty.

If you didnтАЩt splash, did a pool day even happen?
I got 99 bikinis and I canтАЩt choose one.
You never regret a swim.
Cooling off with my dude!
Some of the best memories are made in bathing suits.
You donтАЩt swim in a river тАУ it takes you places.
Just a bunch of mermaids.тАЭ
When life gives you lemons, make lemonade, and have a pool party.
Drink like a pirate. Dance like a mermaid.
We lose ourselves in the things which we love so much but we can find ourselves live too.
In the water, your only enemy is the clock.
Do not look out the right or left side until you will achieve the mainstream.
Every time you swim in a river, itтАЩs a brand new experience.
Your swim begins at the end of your comfort zone

Swimming Captions & Quotes

These are swimming captions & quotes for Instagram. So check out.

тАЬLife is better when youтАЩre swimming.тАЭ тАУ Unknown
Girls just wanna have pool parties.
Just dive in.
Put all your excuses to a side, and remember this, you are capable to do it.
Real athletes swim тАУ the rest play games.
Be stubborn about your goals and flexible about your method.
тАЬSwimming is simply moving meditation.тАЭ тАУ Cesar Nikko Caharian
Life is like swimming, sometimes the wall will hit you, sometimes you make the right turn.
Mermaid kisses and starfish wishes.
Make your own sunshine.
Swim your worries away.
Rivers take my troubles downstream.
This is me before my epic cannonball.
Swimming is normal for me. IтАЩm relaxed. IтАЩm comfortable, and I know my surrounding ItтАЩs my home.
Just keep swimming.
Captions For Swimming Pictures

Those splash spots were there before I got here.
When I take a step in my swimming pool I feel like a fish.
Building a tradition one stroke at a time.
WeтАЩre all about the pool days and sun rays.
тАЬI dream of summers that last forever.тАЭ
Pool lineup this weekend.
Pretty sure I was a mermaid in my past life.
Night swim pool times.
Sunshine is the best medicine that we need.
If you have a lane, you have a chance.
Sunshine on my mind.
Made for sunny days.
Water you doing this summer?
Dive into the summer blues!

Swimming Pictures Captions

Swimming makes everything better
The faces I pull whilst swimming
A pool party canтАЩt solve everything, but itтАЩs a good start.
Happiness is all about making your own waves.
No matter how much I complain, I will always love swimming with a passion so strong nobody can me I quit.
Enjoy, relax, soak, and unwind
Some roads are very crooked, you have to make your way.
Keep calm and go swim
Swimming is my therapy
Hair up, sunnies on.
YouтАЩre only one dip away from a good mood!
Every summer has a story to tell.
Swimming Quotes

тАЬSwimming is my salvation.тАЭ тАУ Lynn Sherr
тАЬThe key to successтАХkeep swimming.тАЭ тАУ Richelle E. Goodrich
тАЬSwimming state on mindтАЭ тАУ Unknown
тАЬJust keep swimmingтАЭ тАУ Unknown
тАЬMost men will not swim before they are able to.тАЭ тАУ Herman Hesse
тАЬAll my troubles wash away in the waterтАЭ тАУ Unknown
тАЬSo much water, such little timeтАЭ тАУ Unknown
тАЬMade for sunny days.тАЭ тАФ The Weepies, тАЬI Was Made For Sunny Days
тАЬThe water doesnтАЩt know how old you are.тАЭ тАУ Dara Torres
Visualization Exercise for Swimmers with Chloe Sutton

Visualization Exercise for Swimmers with Chloe Sutton
By Chloe Sutton

swimming meditation the best to attain Nibbana with pictures

https://fourgates.com/zen-robes/

https://fourgates.com/zen-robes/
ZEN ROBES Sort by: Featured Items Zen Robes and meditation clothing for the lay person or monastic are an essential part of meditation practice where you are a student, beginner, lay person and ordained Buddhist Priest. Zen meditation garments such as, Zen Lay robe, Rakusu, Jubon, aka Juban, kimono, koromo, ordained Buddhist Priest robes. By wearing the kimono beneath the outer garment, and often the Jubon, aka Juban, they protect the robe from body oils, perspiration and so forth while adding warmth when needed. The hand made Rakusu is important to reflect your vows, precepts and personal commitment to practice the Dharma. All of these are outer reminders of a deeper connection to the three jewels: Buddha, Dharma and Sangha. Zen monastic garments are specifically designed for the meditation tradition and enhances the experience. Your robe is the physical embodiment of your inner being. Robes acknowledge the commitment to living a life in the

What Is Swimming Meditation? Mindful Swimming | Mindworks

What Is Swimming Meditation? Mindful Swimming | Mindworks
Awareness is possible in every situation, including swimming. With mindful swimming, you can enjoy the current moment without worry and stress.

What Is Swimming Meditation? Mindful Swimming | Mindworks
4 days ago тАФ But you could go the extra lap and practice mindful swimming тАУ and get the best of both worlds. With mindful swimming, instead тАж
You visited this page on 18/5/21

https://mindworks.org/blog/what-is-swimming-meditation/

https://mindworks.org/blog/what-is-swimming-meditation/

What Is Swimming Meditation?
Mindworks | Mindfulness Meditation Blog | Types of Meditation
Previous Next
View Larger ImageтАи

Doctors recommend swimming as one of the best exercises around, and for good reason. When we swim, the main muscle groups all go to work in a way that doesnтАЩt put undue stress on the body. This makes it a wholesome aerobic exercise for young and old alike. The health benefits of this kind of workout include:
тАв Improving blood circulation around the body
тАв Helping get rid of excess cholesterol within the bloodstream
тАв Curbing obesity and its accompanying health issues
тАв Maintaining general fitness

Most people enjoy swimming because itтАЩs so refreshing and good for you. But you could go the extra lap and practice mindful swimming тАУ and get the best of both worlds. With mindful swimming, instead of just focusing on reaching a certain goal, you pay full attention to the exercise and the sensations experienced as you swim. Extending your mindfulness practice into swimming is a great way to break up the routine of sitting meditation.
Is there a link between swimming and meditation?
The answer depends on the swimmer! Meditation is about awareness, and it might be argued that awareness is possible in every situation, including swimming. With mindful swimming, you can enjoy the current moment without worrying about any stressful issues at work, home or elsewhere.
Instead of mindlessly plunging into the water and doing your laps, take a few moments to formulate the intention of being entirely present in the water. Once youтАЩve begun swimming, see if you can maintain awareness of the here and now. Enjoy the feeling of buoyancy as you glide across the pool and take note of other physical sensations тАУ wetness, scent, sound, etc. Remain present as your arms enter and leave the water, your legs propel your body forward and your head follows the rhythm of the movement. How does it feel? Acknowledging sensations that you donтАЩt usually notice is part of what makes swimming as meditation so enjoyable. Alternatively, when swimming laps or floating, you may also choose to focus on your breath.
The joy of mindful swimming
When you meditate, the mind is no longer bound by the anxieties and stresses that usually take up so much mental space. Instead, the mind is spacious and refreshed, and you feel rejuvenated. This naturally inspires you to work on bettering yourself and improving the lives of others. By incorporating the exercise of swimming as meditation into your mindfulness regime, you train in extending your тАЬon-the-cushionтАЭ practice into your everyday life.
Professional swimmers tend to repeat the same movements every time they train. ItтАЩs easy for them to give their minds free rein to wander as they swim instead of being mindfully aware of their breath and physical sensations. In her article тАЬMindful SwimmingтАЭ in Swimming World Magazine, former competitive swimmer Tonya Nascimento believes that mindfulness can help athletes while training as well as while competing. тАЬAt all levels, swim meets can have a multitude of distractions that capture your mind and direct your attention away from your races. [ тАж] The goal of mindfulness is to develop a sense of calm in the midst of the storm; it is to gain control over oneтАЩs own thoughts. By becoming aware of your thoughts, you can decide to let go of those thoughts that hinder your performance, and decide to concentrate on only those thoughts that help you improve,тАЭ she writes.
A number of national swimming teams (including the U.S. Olympic team) have incorporated mindfulness in their training sessions. The feedback has been positive: athletes have reported improved performances when they focus on being fully present rather than focusing on the goal (winning!) alone. Mindful presence helps swimmers maintain balance, and balance fosters peak performance.
Before trying mindful swimming, make sure your swimming level is good enough.

Once you get the groove of it, youтАЩll realize that swimming and meditation are an awesome match. Most importantly, remember that swimming тАУ and meditating тАУ should be enjoyable!
By reading this article itтАЩs clear that youтАЩre interested in the practice of meditation and its results: experiencing genuine joy and well-being. YouтАЩve come to the right place. Mindworks is a non-profit with a mission to share the most authentic and proven meditation guidance to you and our worldwide community.
As meditation practice develops the most fundamental axis of our being, itтАЩs essential to rely on clear, progressive and genuine meditation methods from authentic guides. In order to fully transmit to you the full potential of genuine meditation, we created the 9-level Mindworks Journey to Well-Being.
WeтАЩre so sure youтАЩll benefit we now offer you Mindworks Journey Level 1: Meditation Fundamentals course for Free. Click the link below to learn more.

List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images тАв 7ESL

List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images тАв 7ESL
Vegetables in English! List of vegetables with images and examples. Learn these vegetables names to increase your vocabulary words about fruits and vegetables in English. Also, interesting vegetables images help you remember the new words better.

List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images
Vegetables in English! List of vegetables with images and examples. Learn these vegetables names to increase your vocabulary words about fruits and vegetables in English. Also, interesting vegetables images help you remember the new words better.
Food is one of the most important parts of our lives and when learning a foreign language, it is vital that we learn how to refer to different types of foods. One of the most important foods are vegetables, with people now living much healthier lives and some even having a plant-based diet, you are likely to need to know a much wider range of English vegetable names.
A useful list of fruits and vegetables in English with images and examples.
Table of Contents

Vegetable Names
Types of Vegetables
Vegetable List
List of Vegetables with Pictures
List of Vegetables | Vegetable Images
Fruits & Vegetables Names | List of Vegetables Video

Types of Vegetables
Vegetables are certain parts of plants that are consumed by humans as food such as peas, beans, cabbage, potatoesтАж
тАв Root Vegetables
тАв Onion Family
тАв Leafy Vegetables
тАв Squash
тАв Peas & Beans
Vegetable List
Learn vegetable vocabulary in English.
тАв Corn
тАв Mushroom
тАв Broccoli
тАв Cucumber
тАв Red pepper/red bell pepper
тАв Pineapple
тАв Tomato
List of Vegetables | Vegetables Images

тАв Swede/rutabaga (U.S.)
тАв Carrot
тАв Brussels sprout
тАв Pumpkin
тАв Cabbage
тАв Potato
тАв Eggplant
тАв Sweet potato
тАв Turnip
тАв Courgette (U.K.)/zucchini (U.S.)
тАв Green chilli
тАв Onion
тАв Lettuce
тАв Radish
тАв Pea
тАв Asparagus
тАв Celery
тАв Green pepper
тАв French beans
тАв Spinach
тАв Beetroot/beet (U.S.)
тАв Red chillies/red chili peppers (U.S.)
тАв Bean
List of Vegetables with Pictures
Learn vegetable names with vegetables images and example sentences.

comments (0)
06/22/21
LESSON 4009 Wed 23 Jun 2021 Swim Mindfully Propagate growing vegan and dwarf fruit bearing trees in homes and spread all over the world like Samrat Ashoka did 8800662528 Registration to be part of largest Kushinara NIBB─АNA reclining Awakened One with Awareness Universe for Welfare, Happiness and Peace for all Societies by 3-12-2021 and for them to attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal. Positive good news This will become true According to the University of Singapore survey/review based on 131 countries. From June 18, world will be 100% free and happy from December 8th. Their predictions about Italy and Spain fit exactlyO
Filed under: General, Theravada Tipitaka
Posted by: site admin @ 3:40 pm

LESSON 4009 Wed 23 Jun 2021

Swim Mindfully

Propagate growing vegan and dwarf fruit bearing trees in homes and spread all over the world like Samrat Ashoka did

8800662528 Registration to be part of largest Kushinara NIBB─АNA reclining Awakened One with Awareness Universe for Welfare, Happiness and Peace for all Societies by 3-12-2021 and for them to attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.

Positive good news

This will become true

According to the University of Singapore survey/review based on 131 countries. From June 18, world will be 100% free and happy from December 8th. Their predictions about Italy and Spain fit exactly.

Mindful Swimming

Inline image

Inline image

Inline image

Inline image

Inline image

Inline image

Inline image

The TRUTH About Masters Swimming

The TRUTH About Masters Swimming
By MySwimPro

The Truth about Masters Swimming

Freestyle Swimming: Arm Movement. Complete.

Freestyle Swimming: Arm Movement. Complete.
By schnodo pics

Free style Swimming: Arms movement complete

Michael Phelps Last Olympic Race - Swimming Mens 4×100m Medley Relay Final | Rio 2016 Replay

Michael Phelps Last Olympic Race - Swimming Mens 4×100m Medley Relay Final | Rio 2016 Replay
By Olympics

Swimming menтАЩs 4*100 Medley Swimming

Rio Replay: Mens Open Water 10km Marathon Final

Rio Replay: Mens Open Water 10km Marathon Final
By Olympics

MenтАЩs open water 10km Marathon

Beginners Guide to Growing Fruit and Veg

Beginners Guide to Growing Fruit and Veg
Start to grow your own produce with David Domoneys beginners guide to growing fruit and veg in your own garden with excellent results.

BeginnerтАЩs Guide to Growing Fruit and Veg

rowing your own fruit and vegetables is a fun and rewarding way to use your garden. Nothing compares to the taste of homegrown fruit plucked from the tree, or crunchy vegetables hauled from the soil.
But getting started can feel daunting. So here is my handy beginnerтАЩs guide to growing your own fruit, veg and herbs. It contains everything you need to know, plus my top 10 tips for growing success!

CAN I GROW VEG IN MY SMALL GARDEN?

Short answer: Yes. Fruit, vegetables and herbs can fit into any size garden as long as you have a sunny spot. You donтАЩt need a lot of space and you can even grow crops in containers!
PLOT
Even small gardens should have space for a little veg plot. I would recommend making separate beds because they are easy to manage and keep on top of weeds. Keep the beds narrow and the rows short.
But if youтАЩre really, really short of space you can add vegetable and fruit plants into flower borders.
POTAGER
This is known as potager, a type of French kitchen garden where edible and ornamental plants are mixed together. It is a little less productive but a great choice for smaller gardens where space is limited.

GROWING IN CONTAINERS

Many vegetables will happily grow in containers on the patio or balcony. Make sure to choose large containers like wooden planters and half barrels.
OPEN
Look for large open pots for leafy veg like salads, and deep pots for underground veg like carrots and potatoes. You can grow tomatoes and tender veg directly in growbags too.

Inline image

Inline image

HereтАЩs my top 5:
Salad
Radishes
Chillies
Beetroot
Tomatoes

Plus fruit bushes are ideal for containers! HereтАЩs my top 5:
Strawberries
Blueberries
Raspberries
Apple
Cherries

Inline image

10 TIPS FOR GROWING SUCCESS

1 Grow fruit and vegetables that you and your family love to eat.
2 Choose an open, sunny spot.
3 Check your soil type and use containers or raised beds if needed.
4 Always prepare the soil well тАУ remove weeds and stones and dig it over to improve the structure.
5 Improve the soil by digging in compost or leaf mould. Make your own compost!
6 Never sow too early тАУ wait until the soil is warmed up.
7 Plant fast-growing varieties in containers for a speedy harvest.
8 Stagger your sowing by sowing a few seeds every two weeks rather than all at once for a long harvest.
9 Keep everything well-watered, especially during dry spells.
10 Practise crop rotation to prevent building up pests and diseases.

CHOOSING WHAT TO GROW

The first rule of growing your own is to grow things you will actually eat! Write a list of your favourite fruit, veg and herbs.
ItтАЩs probably a long list. So cut it down to something manageable by crossing off:
тАв Anything that doesnтАЩt suit your soil type
тАв Anything that needs lots of space if you have a small plot
тАв Anything too tender to grow in your region
тАв Anything you can buy really cheaply тАУ no sense in using valuable space to grow staples
тАв For example, carrots need deep, rich soil to grow well. So if you have shallow sandy soil, cross them off your list and look to surface crops like beetroot instead.
Not sure where to get started? HereтАЩs my top picks for beginners

SOWING SEEDS VS PLUG PLANTS

SOWING SEEDS тАУ HARDY
The cheapest way to grow vegetables is to sow them from seed. Hardy plants, meaning those that can withstand frost and snow, should be sown directly in the ground where they are to grow. Most vegetables fall under this category.
Leave the sowing until the soil has warmed up in spring. As a general indicator, wait until your grass is growing well again.

10 TIPS FOR GROWING SUCCESS

1 Grow fruit and vegetables that you and your family love to eat.
2 Choose an open, sunny spot.
3 Check your soil type and use containers or raised beds if needed.
4 Always prepare the soil well тАУ remove weeds and stones and dig it over to improve the structure.
5 Improve the soil by digging in compost or leaf mould. Make your own compost!
6 Never sow too early тАУ wait until the soil is warmed up.
7 Plant fast-growing varieties in containers for a speedy harvest.
8 Stagger your sowing by sowing a few seeds every two weeks rather than all at once for a long harvest.
9 Keep everything well-watered, especially during dry spells.
10 Practise crop rotation to prevent building up pests and diseases.

CHOOSING WHAT TO GROW

The first rule of growing your own is to grow things you will actually eat! Write a list of your favourite fruit, veg and herbs.
ItтАЩs probably a long list. So cut it down to something manageable by crossing off:
тАв Anything that doesnтАЩt suit your soil type
тАв Anything that needs lots of space if you have a small plot
тАв Anything too tender to grow in your region
тАв Anything you can buy really cheaply тАУ no sense in using valuable space to grow staples
тАв For example, carrots need deep, rich soil to grow well. So if you have shallow sandy soil, cross them off your list and look to surface crops like beetroot instead.
Not sure where to get started? HereтАЩs my top picks for beginners

SOWING SEEDS VS PLUG PLANTS

SOWING SEEDS тАУ HARDY
The cheapest way to grow vegetables is to sow them from seed. Hardy plants, meaning those that can withstand frost and snow, should be sown directly in the ground where they are to grow. Most vegetables fall under this category.
Leave the sowing until the soil has warmed up in spring. As a general indicator, wait until your grass is growing well again.

Inline image

HOW TO SOW IN DRILLS (STRAIGHT LINES)
Mark a straight line across the soil by pegging a length of string down between two wooden stakes. Use the end of a hoe to make a ridge in the soil, as deep as the seeds need to be sown.
Water in the drill to make the soil moist (seeds need this to germinate). Sow the seeds according to the packet instructions.
Use the hoe to push the soil back into the drill and gently press down the surface. Mark one end of the row before removing the string.

Follow the sowing instructions on the packet to the letter, especially the spacing information. If you put plants too close together, they will produce smaller crops.
SOWING SEEDS тАУ TENDER
Tender plants can be damaged by frost, so these are sown indoors first and then planted out into the garden once they are established. Follow the instructions on the seed packet and wait until late spring or early summer before moving them out into the garden. Tender plants include tomatoes, aubergines and peppers.
Make sure to harden off any plants that are sown indoors! This means acclimatising them to the outside conditions before you plant them out into the garden.
Once the seedlings are ready to go into the garden, start moving the pots outside during the day and bringing them back in at night for a week or two. Then you can plant them outside.
PLUG PLANTS
Many gardeners donтАЩt want the hassle of germinating seeds and buy plug plants instead. These are very young plants that are ready to go straight into the garden. They are more expensive to buy than seeds but the hard part is done for you. Be aware that plug plants are available in less varieties than seeds too.
You can always use a mixture of seed-sown and plug plants to keep costs down.
BUYING FRUIT PLANTS
Soft fruit bushes like raspberries are generally sold as canes, which need planting during the dormant season between autumn and spring.
Or buy container-grown bushes, which can be planted at any time of year but usually around late spring in time for the fruit to appear. Strawberries also fall into this category.
Fruit trees like apples and pears should be planted during the dormant season, unless you buy container-grown versions. If you have a small garden but still want a fruit tree, look for dwarf varieties to grow in containers. If your neighbours donтАЩt grow fruit, consider buying self-fertile fruit trees to guarantee plenty of fruit. Ask your local garden centre or nursery for their recommendations.

Inline image

PREPARING THE SOIL

Inline image

Good crops need good soil. Most fruit and vegetables like soil that is rich, moist and well-drained, with neutral acidity.
There are some exceptions, including blueberries which need acidic soil.
These are best grown in containers filled with ericaceous (acidic) compost.
But for the majority of crops, you simply need balanced, good quality soil.
Check out my Expert Guide to Soil for more information.

SOIL IMPROVERS
Digging in plenty of organic matter will improve the structure of your soil and add nutrients for the plants. Some veg growers add well-rotted manure in the autumn тАУ ask a local farmer to deliver some for you.
Most veg gardeners simply add compost or leaf mould. These are common soil improvers available from garden centres тАУ though you should start making your own compost if you donтАЩt already! ItтАЩs so easy and keeps a constant (and free) supply of extra nutrients to boost your plants.
You can dig some compost or leaf mould into the top few inches of the soil a couple of weeks before planting most vegetables. Or scatter some general-purpose compost over the surface and rake it in.
You can also apply the organic matter over the surface of the soil around established plants as a mulch. This allows the nutrients to feed down into the soil, as well as helping to retain moisture and stop weeds growing.

CROP ROTATION

Vegetables belong to groups or тАШfamiliesтАЩ of plants that are similar to each other. But this means they are susceptible to the same pests and diseases.
PESTS
If you grow the same crop families in the same spot every year, pests and diseases will build up in the soil. This is why gardeners practise crop rotation. It simply means moving crops around so you grow different types of plants in each spot.
HUNGRY
It also makes sure soil doesnтАЩt get depleted. Some crops are very тАШhungryтАЩ and remove large amounts of nutrients from the soil. If you plant hungry crops in the same spot again they will not grow as well. For example, brassicas like cabbage are hungry plants. So a common crop rotation technique is to plant them where you grew beans and peas the previous year.

Inline image

This is because those plants add nutrients like nitrogen to the soil as they grow, making it the ideal spot for growing hungry crops.
Note that crop rotation doesnтАЩt apply to perennial plants that stay in one place year after year like rhubarb and artichokes.

comments (0)
06/21/21
LESSON 4008 tue 22 Jun 2021 8800662528 Registration to be part of largest Kushinara NIBB─АNA reclining Awakened One with Awareness Universe for Welfare, Happiness and Peace for all Societies by 3-12-2021 and for them to attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal. Positive good news This will become true According to the University of Singapore survey/review based on 131 countries. From June 18, world will be 100% free and happy from December 8th. Their predictions about Italy and Spain fit exactly.
Filed under: General, Theravada Tipitaka
Posted by: site admin @ 5:35 pm

LESSON 4009 Wed 23 Jun 2021

Swim Mindfully

Propagate growing vegan and dwarf fruit bearing trees in homes and spread all over the world like Samrat Ashoka did

8800662528 Registration to be part of largest Kushinara NIBB─АNA reclining Awakened One with Awareness Universe for Welfare, Happiness and Peace for all Societies by 3-12-2021 and for them to attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.

Positive good news

This will become true

According to the University of Singapore survey/review based on 131 countries. From June 18, world will be 100% free and happy from December 8th. Their predictions about Italy and Spain fit exactly.

Mindful Swimming

Inline image

Inline image

Inline image

Inline image

Inline image

Inline image

Inline image

The TRUTH About Masters Swimming

The TRUTH About Masters Swimming
By MySwimPro

The Truth about Masters Swimming

Freestyle Swimming: Arm Movement. Complete.

Freestyle Swimming: Arm Movement. Complete.
By schnodo pics

Free style Swimming: Arms movement complete

Michael Phelps Last Olympic Race - Swimming Mens 4×100m Medley Relay Final | Rio 2016 Replay

Michael Phelps Last Olympic Race - Swimming Mens 4×100m Medley Relay Final | Rio 2016 Replay
By Olympics

Swimming menтАЩs 4*100 Medley Swimming

Rio Replay: Mens Open Water 10km Marathon Final

Rio Replay: Mens Open Water 10km Marathon Final
By Olympics

MenтАЩs open water 10km Marathon

Beginners Guide to Growing Fruit and Veg

Beginners Guide to Growing Fruit and Veg
Start to grow your own produce with David Domoneys beginners guide to growing fruit and veg in your own garden with excellent results.

BeginnerтАЩs Guide to Growing Fruit and Veg

rowing your own fruit and vegetables is a fun and rewarding way to use your garden. Nothing compares to the taste of homegrown fruit plucked from the tree, or crunchy vegetables hauled from the soil.
But getting started can feel daunting. So here is my handy beginnerтАЩs guide to growing your own fruit, veg and herbs. It contains everything you need to know, plus my top 10 tips for growing success!

CAN I GROW VEG IN MY SMALL GARDEN?

Short answer: Yes. Fruit, vegetables and herbs can fit into any size garden as long as you have a sunny spot. You donтАЩt need a lot of space and you can even grow crops in containers!
PLOT
Even small gardens should have space for a little veg plot. I would recommend making separate beds because they are easy to manage and keep on top of weeds. Keep the beds narrow and the rows short.
But if youтАЩre really, really short of space you can add vegetable and fruit plants into flower borders.
POTAGER
This is known as potager, a type of French kitchen garden where edible and ornamental plants are mixed together. It is a little less productive but a great choice for smaller gardens where space is limited.

GROWING IN CONTAINERS

Many vegetables will happily grow in containers on the patio or balcony. Make sure to choose large containers like wooden planters and half barrels.
OPEN
Look for large open pots for leafy veg like salads, and deep pots for underground veg like carrots and potatoes. You can grow tomatoes and tender veg directly in growbags too.

Inline image

Inline image

HereтАЩs my top 5:
Salad
Radishes
Chillies
Beetroot
Tomatoes

Plus fruit bushes are ideal for containers! HereтАЩs my top 5:
Strawberries
Blueberries
Raspberries
Apple
Cherries

Inline image

10 TIPS FOR GROWING SUCCESS

1 Grow fruit and vegetables that you and your family love to eat.
2 Choose an open, sunny spot.
3 Check your soil type and use containers or raised beds if needed.
4 Always prepare the soil well тАУ remove weeds and stones and dig it over to improve the structure.
5 Improve the soil by digging in compost or leaf mould. Make your own compost!
6 Never sow too early тАУ wait until the soil is warmed up.
7 Plant fast-growing varieties in containers for a speedy harvest.
8 Stagger your sowing by sowing a few seeds every two weeks rather than all at once for a long harvest.
9 Keep everything well-watered, especially during dry spells.
10 Practise crop rotation to prevent building up pests and diseases.

CHOOSING WHAT TO GROW

The first rule of growing your own is to grow things you will actually eat! Write a list of your favourite fruit, veg and herbs.
ItтАЩs probably a long list. So cut it down to something manageable by crossing off:
тАв Anything that doesnтАЩt suit your soil type
тАв Anything that needs lots of space if you have a small plot
тАв Anything too tender to grow in your region
тАв Anything you can buy really cheaply тАУ no sense in using valuable space to grow staples
тАв For example, carrots need deep, rich soil to grow well. So if you have shallow sandy soil, cross them off your list and look to surface crops like beetroot instead.
Not sure where to get started? HereтАЩs my top picks for beginners

SOWING SEEDS VS PLUG PLANTS

SOWING SEEDS тАУ HARDY
The cheapest way to grow vegetables is to sow them from seed. Hardy plants, meaning those that can withstand frost and snow, should be sown directly in the ground where they are to grow. Most vegetables fall under this category.
Leave the sowing until the soil has warmed up in spring. As a general indicator, wait until your grass is growing well again.

10 TIPS FOR GROWING SUCCESS

1 Grow fruit and vegetables that you and your family love to eat.
2 Choose an open, sunny spot.
3 Check your soil type and use containers or raised beds if needed.
4 Always prepare the soil well тАУ remove weeds and stones and dig it over to improve the structure.
5 Improve the soil by digging in compost or leaf mould. Make your own compost!
6 Never sow too early тАУ wait until the soil is warmed up.
7 Plant fast-growing varieties in containers for a speedy harvest.
8 Stagger your sowing by sowing a few seeds every two weeks rather than all at once for a long harvest.
9 Keep everything well-watered, especially during dry spells.
10 Practise crop rotation to prevent building up pests and diseases.

CHOOSING WHAT TO GROW

The first rule of growing your own is to grow things you will actually eat! Write a list of your favourite fruit, veg and herbs.
ItтАЩs probably a long list. So cut it down to something manageable by crossing off:
тАв Anything that doesnтАЩt suit your soil type
тАв Anything that needs lots of space if you have a small plot
тАв Anything too tender to grow in your region
тАв Anything you can buy really cheaply тАУ no sense in using valuable space to grow staples
тАв For example, carrots need deep, rich soil to grow well. So if you have shallow sandy soil, cross them off your list and look to surface crops like beetroot instead.
Not sure where to get started? HereтАЩs my top picks for beginners

SOWING SEEDS VS PLUG PLANTS

SOWING SEEDS тАУ HARDY
The cheapest way to grow vegetables is to sow them from seed. Hardy plants, meaning those that can withstand frost and snow, should be sown directly in the ground where they are to grow. Most vegetables fall under this category.
Leave the sowing until the soil has warmed up in spring. As a general indicator, wait until your grass is growing well again.

Inline image

HOW TO SOW IN DRILLS (STRAIGHT LINES)
Mark a straight line across the soil by pegging a length of string down between two wooden stakes. Use the end of a hoe to make a ridge in the soil, as deep as the seeds need to be sown.
Water in the drill to make the soil moist (seeds need this to germinate). Sow the seeds according to the packet instructions.
Use the hoe to push the soil back into the drill and gently press down the surface. Mark one end of the row before removing the string.

Follow the sowing instructions on the packet to the letter, especially the spacing information. If you put plants too close together, they will produce smaller crops.
SOWING SEEDS тАУ TENDER
Tender plants can be damaged by frost, so these are sown indoors first and then planted out into the garden once they are established. Follow the instructions on the seed packet and wait until late spring or early summer before moving them out into the garden. Tender plants include tomatoes, aubergines and peppers.
Make sure to harden off any plants that are sown indoors! This means acclimatising them to the outside conditions before you plant them out into the garden.
Once the seedlings are ready to go into the garden, start moving the pots outside during the day and bringing them back in at night for a week or two. Then you can plant them outside.
PLUG PLANTS
Many gardeners donтАЩt want the hassle of germinating seeds and buy plug plants instead. These are very young plants that are ready to go straight into the garden. They are more expensive to buy than seeds but the hard part is done for you. Be aware that plug plants are available in less varieties than seeds too.
You can always use a mixture of seed-sown and plug plants to keep costs down.
BUYING FRUIT PLANTS
Soft fruit bushes like raspberries are generally sold as canes, which need planting during the dormant season between autumn and spring.
Or buy container-grown bushes, which can be planted at any time of year but usually around late spring in time for the fruit to appear. Strawberries also fall into this category.
Fruit trees like apples and pears should be planted during the dormant season, unless you buy container-grown versions. If you have a small garden but still want a fruit tree, look for dwarf varieties to grow in containers. If your neighbours donтАЩt grow fruit, consider buying self-fertile fruit trees to guarantee plenty of fruit. Ask your local garden centre or nursery for their recommendations.

Inline image

PREPARING THE SOIL

Inline image

Good crops need good soil. Most fruit and vegetables like soil that is rich, moist and well-drained, with neutral acidity.
There are some exceptions, including blueberries which need acidic soil.
These are best grown in containers filled with ericaceous (acidic) compost.
But for the majority of crops, you simply need balanced, good quality soil.
Check out my Expert Guide to Soil for more information.

SOIL IMPROVERS
Digging in plenty of organic matter will improve the structure of your soil and add nutrients for the plants. Some veg growers add well-rotted manure in the autumn тАУ ask a local farmer to deliver some for you.
Most veg gardeners simply add compost or leaf mould. These are common soil improvers available from garden centres тАУ though you should start making your own compost if you donтАЩt already! ItтАЩs so easy and keeps a constant (and free) supply of extra nutrients to boost your plants.
You can dig some compost or leaf mould into the top few inches of the soil a couple of weeks before planting most vegetables. Or scatter some general-purpose compost over the surface and rake it in.
You can also apply the organic matter over the surface of the soil around established plants as a mulch. This allows the nutrients to feed down into the soil, as well as helping to retain moisture and stop weeds growing.

CROP ROTATION

Vegetables belong to groups or тАШfamiliesтАЩ of plants that are similar to each other. But this means they are susceptible to the same pests and diseases.
PESTS
If you grow the same crop families in the same spot every year, pests and diseases will build up in the soil. This is why gardeners practise crop rotation. It simply means moving crops around so you grow different types of plants in each spot.
HUNGRY
It also makes sure soil doesnтАЩt get depleted. Some crops are very тАШhungryтАЩ and remove large amounts of nutrients from the soil. If you plant hungry crops in the same spot again they will not grow as well. For example, brassicas like cabbage are hungry plants. So a common crop rotation technique is to plant them where you grew beans and peas the previous year.

Inline image

This is because those plants add nutrients like nitrogen to the soil as they grow, making it the ideal spot for growing hungry crops.
Note that crop rotation doesnтАЩt apply to perennial plants that stay in one place year after year like rhubarb and artichokes.

comments (0)
06/20/21
LESSON 4007 Mon 21 Jun 2021 https://youtu.be/2lEp4TVpxgA 8800662528 Registration to be part of largest Kushinara NIBB─АNA reclining Awakened One with Awareness Universe for Welfare, Happiness and Peace for all Societies by 3-12-2022 and for them to attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.
Filed under: General, Theravada Tipitaka
Posted by: site admin @ 2:48 pm

LESSON 4007 Mon 21 Jun 2021

https://youtu.be/2lEp4TVpxgA

8800662528 Registration to be part of largest Kushinara NIBB─АNA reclining Awakened One with Awareness Universe for Welfare, Happiness and Peace for all Societies by 3-12-2022 and for them to attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.
https://media1.tenor.com/images/6d5b2a673052e439a421c4fa33f6366e/tenor.gif?itemid=14834481

https://tenor.com/view/nibbana-alien-the-path-gif-14834481

https://media1.tenor.com/images/6d5b2a673052e439a421c4fa33f6366e/tenor.gif?itemid=14834481

From

KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA -
Free Online Analytical Research and Practice University for тАЬDiscovery of the Univerasal Volunteers with the Awareness UniverseтАЭ (FOARPU4DUVAU) in 117 Classical Languages.
May we appeal to the List of all UNIVERSAL VOLUNTEER ORGANISATIONS striving hard to PLANT VEGETABLES & DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD AS PRACTICED BY SAMRAT ASHOKA as Said by an Awakened One with Awareness тАЬHunger is the worst illness, where 4 times Chief Minister Ms Mayawati who became eligible to be the Prime Minister with her excellent governance of Uttar Pradesh promised to reestablish Ashokan rule along with the farmers compounded existence the worst suffering or aliment (dukkha) with ending of ailments ( dukkha Nirodha) May we give importance to Awakened OneтАЩs teachings in this angle for the peace, happiness, welfare of all sentient and non sentient beings like the birds not depending on anyone so that all may attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.

https://youtu.be/DXPzZ30FL-o

DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD

https://youtu.be/mYorFLsUU8A
Tricks to Fastest DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD

https://youtu.be/WqiymQDIQMQ
Dwarf fruit trees

https://giphy.com/gifs/maorisakai-illustration-japan-bonsai-5xaOcLzCN0SIJZMbypy

Buddhas of Monywa, Myanmar

The Great Buddhas of Monywa (Dreamstime)
The Great Buddhas of Monywa (Dreamstime)
Visitors to Monywa, 138 kilometres northwest of Mandalay, will be treated to not one, but two giant Buddhas тАУ one standing, one lying down.

At 90 metres long, the one lying down is the largest reclining Buddha in the world. It houses a collection of 9,000 etchings illustrating BuddhaтАЩs life that can be viewed by entering through a door in the statueтАЩs backside.

The standing Buddha directly behind is 116 metres tall and is known as Laykyun Setkyar.

https://tenor.com/view/happy-birthday-buddha-budda-рдмреБрджреНрдзрдЬрдпрдиреНрддреА-р╕зр╕┤р╕кр╕▓р╕Вр╕Ър╕╣р╕Кр╕▓-buddha-purnima-gif-17060410

https://youtu.be/p79D6u-6pN4
Let food be thy medicine

free online efforts by all religions to unite the whole world by overcoming hunger the worst illness by growing vegetables and fruit trees

https://tenor.com/view/thewholebowl-wholebowl-whole-bowl-so-gif-21740776

https://media1.tenor.com/images/948766cbcd94f246ef8813274c456b76/tenor.gif?itemid=21740776

comments (0)
06/19/21
Filed under: General, Theravada Tipitaka
Posted by: site admin @ 7:07 pm

4007 Mon 21 Jun 2021

Buddhist Patanjali Yogic Mindful Postures including Swimming throughout life

From

KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA -
Free Online Analytical Research and Practice University for тАЬDiscovery of the Univerasal Volunteers with the Awareness UniverseтАЭ (FOARPU4DUVAU) in 117 Classical Languages.
May we appeal to the List of all UNIVERSAL VOLUNTEER ORGANISATIONS striving hard to PLANT VEGETABLES & DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD AS PRACTICED BY SAMRAT ASHOKA as Said by an Awakened One with Awareness тАЬHunger is the worst illness, where 4 times Chief Minister Ms Mayawati who became eligible to be the Prime Minister with her excellent governance of Uttar Pradesh promised to reestablish Ashokan rule along with the farmers compounded existence the worst suffering or aliment (dukkha) with ending of ailments ( dukkha Nirodha) May we give importance to Awakened OneтАЩs teachings in this angle for the peace, happiness, welfare of all sentient and non sentient beings like the birds not depending on anyone so that all may attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.

X
Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 20, 2021 at 3:12 AM]
http://oaks.nvg.org/meditation.html

тАв Essential Yoga
тАв Patanjali Yoga Highlights

Essential Yoga
The abstract below is the essence of the Yogic school of philosophy. ‘Atman’ means God and Spirit, or Self, or soul and spirit, by other sets of terms:
To the followers of Yoga, meditation is a great power. Yoga can be practised by a person whose mind is not shaky. The person who meditates - like a log - the soul is stationed in the heart. He sees the Atman in the Atman. It has no source of origin and it is immortal. They call it minuter than the atom, and greater than the greatest.
What else can be the characteristic feature of Yoga? One who sees thus perceives the unageing great Atman.
(Brahma Purana 135:47-65, abstracted kernels, passim).
“The Sanskrit literature contains numerous compound terms ending in -yoga.” (Chap. 12). Feuerstein goes on to list forty yoga approaches or features of the path. Item number 32 on his list is “Samputa-Yoga: The unitive discipline of sexual congress (maithuna) in Tantra-Yoga.” No. 36 is “Siddha-Yoga: The unitive discipline of the adepts, a concept found in some of the Tantras.” (Feuerstein 2011, Chap. 12). “There are numerous books available on Yoga, very few reflect that astounding richness.” (Feuerstein 1990:xiii).
“The yogic work of self-transformation [is a] path to inner freedom, peace, and happiness. It puts us in touch with what Abraham Maslow called “being values,” without which our lives are superficial and ultimately unfulfilling.” (Feuerstein 2011, Chap. 4.)
“Upon enlightenment, when the mind is free from obscurations, neither pleasure nor pain will diminish our inner freedom.” (Feuerstein 2011, Chap. 3.)

Patanjali Yoga Highlights
Patanjali Yoga may not be good enough for you: there are even better forms of yoga-meditation. Note:
тАв Patanjali Yoga hardly specifies that general spiritual development, bhavana, is the great gift of sensible yoga, and that is is won by carefully harnessed influx of vitality (power), for one thing, whereas Patanjali speaks of stilling the mind and focus it. The “influx for sound development” needs to be underscored. This is explained further down.
тАв The other drawback is that the ashtanga yoga of Patanjali speaks of eight limbs of yoga, and that practice of physical and moral sides of the system could be at the expense of the higher yoga, the meditation parts.
тАв At its best, meditation fosters spiritual development, bhavana, and it does not come naturally. There are traditional ways for it that are not dealt with by Patanjali as far as I recall: “Listening in to Aum” may be half of what is needed, subtleties of the practices left aside.
This suggested, let us see what Patajali tells of, to see what his approach contains in main outline.
Meditation, dhy├бna, and “prolonged, deep meditation”, sam├бdhi, is an integral part of the ancient asht├бnga yoga (eight-limbed yoga), which is the Patanjali yoga system. It is also called classical yoga and raja yoga, royal yoga. Patanjali yoga is mainly concerned with cultivating the mind by meditation (dhy├бna) to be liberated, as it is called. The system is laid bare in a brief primer. It aims at reaching a state of yoga, in part by yoga postures, asanas, and even more by meditation. There is more on it further down.
Patanjali’s yoga is akin to Yajnavalkya’s yoga, which is similar to it, but broader. It encompasses much more.
Buddhist meditation in a nutshell
The term Buddhist meditation refers to the meditative practices that tend to be practised by Buddhists. Core meditation techniques have been preserved in ancient Buddhist texts. Buddhist meditation is practised to get Awakened (Enlightened) in the state called Nirvana, which is a joy-state. The earliest tradition of Buddhist meditation practice - preserved in the collection of early Buddhist texts in the Pali language, including the Sutta Pitaka (”the basked of discourse”) - was also the focus of early Buddhist schools, and has been incorporated to a greater and lesser extent in the Tibetan Buddhist tradition and many East Asian Buddhist traditions.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 20, 2021 at 3:12 AM]
What is more, early Buddhist texts describe meditative practices and states that had existed before the Buddha in the Vedic civilisation that Buddha blossomed within, as well as those that were in time diversified within Buddhism.
Early Buddhism incorporated meditative absorption states. The most ancient sustained expressions of yogic ideas is found in the early sermons of Buddha on four jhanas, dhy├бnas. Buddha taught that meditative absorption was to be combined with liberating cognition, based on the practice of mindful awareness.
As Buddhism got on and branched out somewhat, Yogacara Buddhism (Yogacara (Sanskrit: “yoga practice”) provided a path of the bodhisattva тАУ but such a path is not told of in extant, old sermons of Buddha.
Also, yoga is central to Mahayana, Vajrayana or “Tibetan Buddhism” in particular.
Hindu yoga - glimpses
In Hindu literature, the term “yoga” first occurs in the Katha Upanishad, where it refers to control of the senses and the cessation of mental activity, leading to a supreme state.
Vedic Yoga goes into pranayama (”mind-breath-forms”), mantra, and dhy├бna (meditation). There are varieties of each of these three.
Prana relates to motions of the mind, and may be used for concentrating and stilling the mind. Advanced pranayama involves mindful regulation of prana; for beginners it is controlling the breath.
Further, dhy├бna (meditation) is not merely for getting a quiet mind and deriving great anti-stress benefits from it, though relaxing and calming can be a significant achievement: the Bhagavad Gita uses the term ‘yoga’ extensively in a variety of ways. The goals of doing yoga are varied and range from getting suppler and perhaps improving health, to achieving freedom, moksha, in which you realise Supreme Brahman (Spirit of All).
The word ‘yoga’. There are many definitions of what yoga is, as ‘yoga’ is a word with several meanings already from antiquity. One may say, initially, that ‘meditation’ is part of the more encompassing term ‘yoga,’ and you do not have to belong to a church and cult to practice yoga and meditation. Wikipedia’s article “Yoga” says that “The Sanskrit word yoga has many meanings, and is derived from the Sanskrit root yuj, to control, to yoke or unite. Translations include ‘joining’, ‘uniting’, ‘union’, ‘conjunction’, and ‘means’. Also, “the word yoga may be derived from . . . ‘yujir samadhau’, which means contemplation or absorption.”
Yoga, a many-sided system. Rooted in a very long Indian and Tibetan tradition, ‘Yoga’ suggests a many-sided system that can suit a many-sided development, not only Tantric Sex Yoga to be practiced in some higher forms of Buddhism and Hinduism.
Meditation is a key stage in the yoga system of Patanjali. Buddhism and Hinduism share in yoga training. Meditation, or dhy├бna, is part of such systematic fares, and said to be essential for higher development, bhavana.
The mind can be calmed and clarified by meditation, depending on methods, the quality of the practice and the general conditions for meditation and having a good life in general. To progress includes more than just calming down; in deepening meditation fit bhavana training sets it.
The term bhavana can mean development”, “cultivating” or “producing” in the sense of “bringing about, bringing into existence.” and “dwelling”, and so on. When used on its own here, bhavana signals ’spiritual development’. Another wording: ‘development in deep meditation, dhyana. In Buddhist practice (patipatti) the word bhavana appears in phrases like:
тАв citta-bhavana: development or cultivation of the heart/consciousness/mind.
тАв panna-bhavana: development of wisdom/understanding.
тАв metta-bhavana: development/cultivation of benevolence/lovingkindness.
Good conditions and excellent methods may be had by careful study of crucial elements and research finding, rather than jumping headlong into some sect that uses yoga and meditation as baits also. So, sound discernment can be helpful, also when it comes to self-unfoldment and the use of our free time, and so on.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 20, 2021 at 3:12 AM]
Winning free time is good, and good use of it is much to go for. For the lack of healthy and good use of it, one may get bored or deranged, though. Consider what forms of very handy and practical yoga could suit you and bring benefits too. TM (Transcendental Meditaton) can suit many.
Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras yoga state
Patanjali goes into stilling the mind and applying that mind for benefits through holding to specific ideas and images. It is a bit akin to deep-going visualisation, which has documented effects in sports, for example.
Bhavana fills in a need for development of oneself at this point or stage: (1) Meditate for spiritual development first. (2) Then affirm, visualise or use other sides to mental training with that clarified, deepened mind. (3). Thirdly, try to assess what blossoms (changes, that is).
Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras begin with the statement yogas chitta-vritti-nirodhah (1.2), “Yoga limits the oscillations of the mind”. Translators understand the old, Sanskrit definition a bit differently, though. It could be of some help to see how the term is explained in yoga traditions, and what some able translators have come up with. Then, by cross-combining most of the translation options of most elements in the sentence of Patanjali, we may end up with scores of nuances and variants of meanings. However, I give you just some central definitions of each part of Patanjali’s catch-phrase. You may “combine” them if wish (further down). Here are two more all right English translations to begin with:
Vivekananda translates the sutra as “Yoga is restraining the mind-stuff (Citta) from taking various forms (Vrittis).”
I. K. Taimni translates it as “Yoga is the inhibition [nirodha] of the modifications [vritti] of the mind [citta].”
Put simply, Mind-yoga calms fluctuations of the mind, and this is essential for higher forms of meditation ├а la Patanjali. Carefully focused thought may lead to such states of mind.
Going further, a well focused mind is able to transcend thoughts, in time. Mantra yoga includes means of reaching the beyond, of transcending, and one mantra method system, тЧжTranscendental Meditation, TM has lots of good side effects, according to much research on it. It is worth noting that some good methods get results in less time of practice than other methods. For example, meditation may be practiced for 15 (and 20) minutes twice a day in the Transcendental Meditation programme (for beginners).

Now for Criss-Crossing Meanings of Patanjali’s Phrase
A. Citta, chitta
Citta: (Skt., ‘that which has been seen’, i.e., belonging to consciousness also called Chit). In Hinduism, the reflective and thus conscious mind; in Buddhism, an equivalent to manas (reflective mind) and vijnana (continuing consciousness). It belongs to all beings above the level of plant life.
How citta is understood, received particular analysis and emphasis in Yogacara, the Cittamatra, Mind Only school of Buddhism.
In Abhidhamma (Pali; Skt., abhidharma, ’special teaching’), there is reflection on the meaning of Gautama Buddha’s teaching. Abhidhamma talks of 121 types of citta, and each of them may be combined with any one of fifty-two cetasikas (accompanying qualities of experience), thus producing a large variety of mental events.
B. Vritti
‘Vritti’ means fluctuations, modifications тАУ also livelihood, conduct, character, treatment, inclination, functioning, appearing, thoughts, modes, waves.
Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras lists five types of mental activity. They are: valid cognition (pramana), misconception (viparyaya), imagination (vikalpa), sleep (nidra), and memory (smriti).
C. Nirodha
Cessation, neutralisation, restraint, from the root rudh, to obstruct.”
By combining essential meanings with a view to the sources and the living tradition, we may come up with such as:
(Good, able) yoga in its higher forms are for stilling the mind well, so that you get into higher, interior mind states at will in periods, and very easily of them too.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 20, 2021 at 3:12 AM]
Now there has been done non-damaging brain research of people who meditate, both Tibetan Buddhists, Zen Buddhists, and other meditators. Some of the findings show even dramatic changes of brain waves and their patterns, strengths (amplitudes), and synchronised patterning.
It could pay to study prominent and good research findings and choose the best methods available to practice at home.

Lessons about added influx
There are other variants of yoga and meditation than Patanjali’s. Yajnavalkya’s yoga has been referred to already. It is broader in scope, but rather similar. Now for other yoga teachings:
To develop a lot, it may barely be good enough just to still the mind. Development in yoga could depend on extra influx of energy - called Aum, wind and prana and other ancient Sanskrit words with somewhat different understanding in any case. In good meditation such influx is had. Then make wise and proper use of it for general spiritual development, bhavana. The old teaching can be halfway glimpsed in ancient Upanishads too. You get vitalised, more alive by good meditation. It is all right. If you choose to funnel such vitality into a thing to focus on, then you may develop things, bring about things, manifest things - inwardly and/or outwardly. The very best use is held to be spiritual development by steady, advancing focusing (heeding). Don’t just still the mind; advance to charge yourself also. It is a nice point.
Bad, unsuitable and possibly damaging mantras harness the added influx for bad, wheras good mantras gently steer such influx like a horse led by the muzzle. There is much lore on mantras too. Mantras are said to be sound-forms of great idea-complexes with marked qualities - in other words, mantras are sound-form-bodies of gods or goddesses. The theory is that one is helped by some goddesses by attuning to them by their various mantras - and can be seriously harmed by others.
Another form of yoga is tantric yoga. It uses the sexual instincts to ride on them too. Tantra is described in a vast body of literature too. So yoga does not have to be austere.
A Possibly Wider Perspective
The last three limbs of Patanjali’s Eightfold Yoga are called dharana (focus), dhy├бna (contemplation, deep meditation), and sam├бdhi (yogic absorption). These “phases” contain thought and direction of thought, and the rinsed, well unified mind can then be used for well-directed focus that assists subtle attainments and other attainments by sanyama, which is sustained, well relaxed focus with a unified or undivided mind. Patanjali enumerates deep successes from the practice.
There is a tradition that holds these views and practices, and little research on them. Thus, the area belongs to the area of “try maturely and well and observe for yourself” - sort of. After fifty years of painstaking effort the time may be fine for a personal round-up, if not earlier. And if we are observant, maybe we heed good gurus more, those who say that the powers are not the main things to go for in meditation, but the Divine.
Another matter: It happens that some powers come to the meditator, even unasked for. How to deal with it? Some honorable persons may say you should desist from harnessing them and drop them, and others tell you to use them only with the utmost discretion. There may reason for them appearing, so it may be very unwise to discard all the powers that manifest - in fact, you could need them! Add that to the list of how to deal with occult powers.
It is not an either-or topic, though: One may spend for example 93% of one’s best time wisely on bettering one’s meditation with no preconceived goal in mind, and the added 7 % on mental focus on good results one may like (by sanyama-focusing).
Dharana (focus, gathering attentiveness) and dhy├бna (deeper meditation) are related, and not always easily discerned from one another.
The word mantra is derived from the verbal root ‘man’, which means ‘think’ (and is also in manas, “mind”). The suffix -tra, means tools or instruments. So a literal translation is “instrument of thought”.

Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Jun 20, 2021 at 3:12 AM]
Mantra yoga often involves sound, word, or phrase that is repeated and is believed to have great powers to elevate and in time purify and rescue the mind (for a while) into another level - if the mantras are suitable and carefully chosen and the practice is fine. There is a vast body of knowledge in these matters (WP, “Mantra”).
Mantra can be practiced aloud and whispered. But the most profound effect on the mind comes from silent repetition of mantra, that is, ‘japa’. Manu Samhita says something that could apply just poetically (not accurately) to the drift of increased efficaciousness as we move from loud to whispered and on to silent mantra repetition (japa):
An offering, consisting of muttered prayers, is ten times more efficacious than a sacrifice performed according to the rules (of the Veda); a (prayer) which is inaudible (to others) surpasses it a hundred times, and the mental (recitation of sacred texts) a thousand times. [Manu Samhita, 2:85]
A mantra that is silently repeated, is put to the best use accordingly.

Contents

Feuerstein, Georg. The Deeper Dimension of Yoga: Theory and Practice. London: Shambhala, 2011.
т╕╗. Encyclopedic Dictionary of Yoga. London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1990.
Grimes, John. A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English. New, rev. ed. Varanasi: Indica Bookis, 2009.
Mohan, A. G., tr. Yoga Yajnavalkya. 2nd ed. Svastha Yoga, 2013.
Sands, William F. Maharishi’s Yoga: The Royal Path to Enlightenment. Fairfield, IA: Maharishi University of Management Press, 2013.
Shastri, J. L., ed. Brahma Purana: Part 3. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1986.

Harvesting the hay
Symbols, brackets, signs and text icons explained: (1) Text markers тАФ (2) Digesting.

Section
Set

User’s Guide с┤е Disclaimer
┬й 2010тАУ2019, Tormod Kinnes, MPhil [Email]

тАФтАФтАФтАФтАФтАФтАФтАФтАФтАФтАФтАФ-

Before
starting the Asanas (as-anas) or the yogic postures, it is vital that
you start with the practice of Pranayama (praa-na-yaa-ma) or the yogic
breathingтАж

Instruction Table Breathing Basics

Sit in a simple cross-legged position on
the floor. If you donтАЩt feel comfortable in this position place a folded
blanket under your buttocks.

Place your right hand on the rib cage and your left hand on your abdomen

Inhale slowly through the nose feeling the
breath filling the abdomen,bringing it slowly into the rib cage, then
the upper chest.

Exhaling softly feeling the breath leave
the abdomen first, then the ribs andlastly the upper chest. Observe the
space at the end of the exhale

Now move hands so your forearms come to a comfortable position

resting on your knees and continue the breathing with a relaxed rhythm.

Continue with a flowing controlled breath in your own time.

Yoga breathing is also call Pranayama . Many say that Pranayama (Rhythmic control of breath) is one of the bests medicines in the world .

Right click the link and save as to download a beginners breathing routine . Then watch in windows media player.

Click the BIG play button in the middle below. To watch a Pranayama Breathing overview .

Conscious breathing

Conscious breathing
By quarktechinc

Before
starting the Asanas (as-anas) or the yogic postures, it is vital that
you start with the practice of Pranayama (praa-na-yaa-ma) or the yogic
breathingтАж

Instruction Table Breathing Basics

Sit in a simple cross-legged position on
the floor. If you donтАЩt feel comfortable in this position place a folded
blanket under your buttocks.

Place your right hand on the rib cage and your left hand on your abdomen

Inhale slowly through the nose feeling the
breath filling the abdomen,bringing it slowly into the rib cage, then
the upper chest.

Exhaling softly feeling the breath leave
the abdomen first, then the ribs andlastly the upper chest. Observe the
space at the end of the exhale

Now move hands so your forearms come to a comfortable position

resting on your knees and continue the breathing with a relaxed rhythm.

Continue with a flowing controlled breath in your own time.

Yoga breathing is also call Pranayama . Many say that Pranayama (Rhythmic control of breath) is one of the bests medicines in the world .

Right click the link and save as to download a beginners breathing routine . Then watch in windows media player.

Click the BIG play button in the middle below. To watch a Pranayama Breathing overview .

Shoulder Stretch Asana -Yoga Asanas - Virasana Pose

Shoulder Stretch Asana -Yoga Asanas - Virasana Pose
By Yogasync.tv

Please visit:

Conscious breathing

Conscious breathing
By quarktechinc

https://www.youtube.com/watchтАж
Shoulder Stretch Asana -Yoga Asanas - Virasana Pose The Virasana Arm/Shoulder Stretch

Instruction Table
1

Hero Pose

The purpose of this pose is to help give the entire body a very complete
stretch from the heels to the head. It improves strength and endurance
and helps to control your breathing in conjunction with the movements of
the body.

It eases and stimulates the joints especially the knees, ankles and
shoulders. It reduces and alleviates backache and improves the
circulation of the entire body. toes & little toes pressing firmly
into the floor

2

Push back with your hands & sit between your buttocks on the floor,
make sure you roll your calf muscles out wards so your not sitting on
them.

3

Make sure the inner calves are touching the outer thighs and your ankles are outside your buttocks, arms resting at the sides.

4

Inhale as you slowly raise your arms to shoulder height, shoulders down.

5

Exhale lengthen out through the fingertips & turn your palms to the roof. Inhale stretch your arms overhead.

6

Interlock the fingers. Slowly exhaling turn the palms towards the
ceiling, and with a powerful push lift up from the belly into your chest
and shoulders.

7

Exhale bring your hands down in a smooth continuance motionтАж.

8

Now bringing
your arms interlocking behind your back with straight arms, being
careful not to roll the shoulders forward, squeezing the shoulder blades
together and opening the chest on the front of the body.

9

Inhale hands back to the side

Repeat 2-3 more times

Kneeling Twist Yoga Asana

Kneeling Twist Yoga Asana
By Yogasync.tv

http://www.youtube.com/watchтАж

Yogasync.tv
51.3K subscribers
This is the Shoulder Stretch Pose combined with Virasana Asana in
Sanskrit. It is brought to you by Yoga Online. Try the Shoulder Stretch
pose to energise yourself. Virasana is brought to you by Yoga Class Online | Learn Yoga Lessons Online | Yoga at Home тАУ Modern Yoga Online

Yoga Class Online | Learn Yoga Lessons Online | Yoga at Home тАУ Modern Yoga Online
Modern Yoga Online presents a full-time online yoga class for beginners. Stay at home and learn yoga online by watching our live demonstrations. Try our FREE DV

Visit our website for more free high quality downloads . Please when
you visit the website, be sure to sign for our FREE newsletter Informing
you of new videos audio and other cool stuff.
Category
Sports

This
is the Shoulder Stretch Pose combined with Virasana Asana in Sanskrit.
It is brought to you by Yoga Online. Try the Shoulder Stretch pose to
energise yoтАж

About This Website
youtube.com
Shoulder Stretch Asana -Yoga Asanas - Virasana Pose
This is the Shoulder Stretch Pose combined with Virasana Asana inтАж
This
is the Shoulder Stretch Pose combined with Virasana Asana in Sanskrit.
It is brought to you by Yoga Online. Try the Shoulder Stretch pose to
energise yoтАж

Exhale lengthen out through the fingertips & turn your palms to the roof. Inhale stretch your arms overhead.

Interlock
the fingers. Slowly exhaling turn the palmstowards the ceiling, and
with a powerful push lift up from the belly into your chest and
shoulders.

Exhale bring your hands down in a smooth continuance motionтАж.

Now
bringing your arms interlocking behind your back with straight arms,
being careful not to roll the shoulders forward, squeezing the shoulder
blades together and opening the chest on the front of the body.

Inhale hands back to the side

Repeat 2-3 more times

Tree pose Yoga Posture

Tree pose Yoga Posture
By Yogasync.tv

Kneeling Twist Yoga Asana
Kneeing Twist Pose

Regular practice of the kneeling twist pose
will aid in your ability to rotate the spine and upper torso more
effectively, while increasing the flexibility and strength in your back
and abdominal muscles. It also massages, stimulates and rejuvenates the internal abdominal organs.

This pose is a good beginners pose and will get you ready for more advanced twists.
To view in flash - click the image below
Instruction Table
1

Come in to a position on your hands and your

knees with your knees together and your feet slightly wider than hip width apart. Your big

Keep working your right knee back and contracting your buttocks muscles in and down.

Feel your abdomen plane and hips facing straight ahead, while lifting out of the waist.

https://youtu.be/V_V4gM4ExLI
Instruction Table

Come in to a position on your hands and your

knees with your knees together and your feet slightly wider than hip width apart. Your big

Keep working your right knee back and contracting your buttocks muscles in and down.

Feel your abdomen plane and hips facing straight ahead, while lifting out of the waist.

Yoga Asanas - Warrior Pose Virabhadrasana Asana

Yoga Asanas - Warrior Pose Virabhadrasana Asana
By Yogasync.tv

Yoga Asanas - Warrior Pose Virabhadrasana Asana

Yoga Asanas - Warrior Pose Virabhadrasana Asana
By Yogasync.tv

Yoga Asanas - Warrior Pose Virabhadrasana Asana
The Warrior Pose

Virabhadra

The Warrior
pose is named after the mythic warrior-sage, Virabhadra. This
challenging pose strengthens the entire body while improving mental
capacity and self control.

It builds,
shapes and tones the entire lower body. It tones the abdominal section
and helps to prevent, reduce and eliminate back pain. The entire upper
body -front and back- is worked and doing this pose increases the
capacity of the respiratory system. To view in flash - click the image
below

Instruction Table
1

Sit on
your heals with your knees together, the tops of the feet pressing
firmly into the ground. Your head, shoulders, and hips should be in one
straight line.

Arms relaxed by the side keep your base firm by contracting your buttocks.

2

Inhale,
extending the spine upwards, exhale twist around to the right, placing
your left hand on the outside of your right thigh, turning the head in
the direction of the twist, but keeping the head and shoulders relaxed.

Take a few breaths here, keeping the stomach soft and the eyes soft.

Repeat on the other side

https://youtu.be/91MT6kmP7zo

This
is the Warrior Pose or Virabhadrasana Asana in Sanskrit. It is brought
to you by Yoga Online. Try the Warrior pose to energise yourself.
Virabhadrasana тАж

About This Website
youtube.com
Yoga Asanas - Warrior Pose Virabhadrasana Asana
This is the Warrior Pose or Virabhadrasana Asana in Sanskrit. It is broughtтАж
This
is the Warrior Pose or Virabhadrasana Asana in Sanskrit. It is brought
to you by Yoga Online. Try the Warrior pose to energise yourself.
Virabhadrasana тАж
Instruction Table
Sit
on your heals with your knees together, the tops of the feet pressing
firmly into the ground. Your head, shoulders, and hips should be in one
straight line.

Arms relaxed by the side keep your base firm by contracting your buttocks.

Inhale,
extending the spine upwards, exhale twist around to the right, placing
your left hand on the outside of your right thigh, turning the head in
the direction of the twist, but keeping the head and shoulders relaxed.

Take a few breaths here, keeping the stomach soft and the eyes soft.

Repeat on the other side

Yoga Asanas - Triangle Pose Trikonasana Asana

Yoga Asanas - Triangle Pose Trikonasana Asana
By Yogasync.tv

Yoga Asanas - Triangle Pose Trikonasana Asana
Click here to view the Triangle pose

http://www.youtube.com/watchтАж

The Tree Pose

This pose
harnesses the powers of mental concentration, while allowing you to calm
the mind. It develops balance and stability, and strengthens the legs
and feet, also increasing flexibility in the hips and knees.

The tree pose
is a balance pose incorporating three lines of energy, emitting from the
centre outwards. One line proceeds down the straight leg, one line
extends up the spine and out the fingertips, and the third moves outward
through the bent knee.

To view in flash - click the image below

Instruction Table
1

Align yourself in mountain pose.

Continuing with your smooth

flowing breath

2

On your next
inhale; shift the bulk of your weight onto your left foot. Exhale bend
the right knee, and assisting with your hand, place the sole of your
right foot as high as possible into the left inner thigh, with toes
pointing down, steady yourself, and

breathe easy.

3

Next raise your arms to shoulder level, be sure that they are in line
with each other. Stretch your arms out from the middle of your back.
Lift your chest and look straight ahead. Keep completely focused on the
pose.

4

Now bring your
palms together in prayer position. Keeping your eyes focused on a point
in front of you, will assist your balance.

5

Inhale as you raise your arms overhead keeping your palms together and stretching upwards through the fingertips.

Instruction Table
1

Stand in mountain pose continuing with your smooth flowing breath.

2

Jump your feet
sides ways and sweep your arms out to the side so your ankles are below
your wrists. Establish your foundation, by pulling your knees and thighs
up, tucking your tailbone under, pushing your feet firmly into the
floor.

Visualise an imaginary line running vertically down the centre of your
body, dropping your shoulders. Squeeze your arms and legs away from the
centreline.

3

Keep an
awareness of this line as you turn your right foot out to 90 degrees and
turn your left foot in to 70 degrees. Ensure the heel of your front
foot aligns with arch of your back foot, hips facing forward.

If your body wants to turn off centre, counter-act it by pushing simultaneously in opposite directions from the centre line.

4

Inhale, an as you exhale bend your right leg, pulling up with the
outside and inside of the thigh to form a right angle at the knee. Only
go as low as you can with out turning your hips off centre.

Ideally you want your knee directly above your ankle with you leg coming
vertically out of the floor like pillar. Keep the power flowing through
the back leg into the floor.

5

Inhale lift the spine; exhale turn your head to look over your right arm. Take a few deep breaths through the nose.

Hold the pose and breathe smooth.

Reverse the procedure back to mountain pose and repeat back to the other side.

Please Visit:

http://www.youtube.com/watchтАж

Yogasync.tv
51.3K subscribers
This is the Triangle Pose or Trikonasana Asana in Sanskrit. Try the
triangle pose to energise yourself. Trikonasana is brought to you by http://yoga.org.nz.
Visit our website for more free high quality downloads . Please when
you visit the website be sure to sign for our FREE newsletter. You will
receive updates and information on the most recent released free yoga
videos, music and other cool stuff.
Category
Sports

This
is the Triangle Pose or Trikonasana Asana in Sanskrit. Try the triangle
pose to energise yourself. Trikonasana is brought to you by http://yoga.org.nz.
тАж
About This Website
youtube.com
Yoga Asanas - Triangle Pose Trikonasana Asana
This is the Triangle Pose or Trikonasana Asana in Sanskrit. Try the triangleтАж
This
is the Triangle Pose or Trikonasana Asana in Sanskrit. Try the triangle
pose to energise yourself. Trikonasana is brought to you by http://yoga.org.nz.
тАж

Instruction Table

Align yourself in mountain pose.
Continuing with your smooth
flowing breath

Inhale
deeply and jump your feet out landing approx 1.2-1.5m apart. your feet
need to be in line and pointing forward at right angles. Next raise your
arms to shoulder level, be sure that they are in line with each other.
Stretch your arms out from the middle of your back. Lift your chest and
look straight ahead.

Now
turn your right foot out while keeping your hips to the front, and turn
your left foot in from 90 to 70 degrees, by pivoting on your heel.
Insure your right heel is in line with the instep of the left foot.

The
kneecaps and thighs are pulling up, simultaneously pushing downward
through your feet into the floor. Inhale, extend the spine, exhale as
you bend to the right, pushing out from the hips, through the right armтАж

Taking
your right hand to a comfortable position on your leg, your left arm
coming up to straight, moving down as far as possible without turning
the hips or torso. Keep the thighs firm and rolling around towards the
buttocks, moving the left hip back and open the chest.

Inhale, extend the neck and spine, exhale, turn your head to look up at your left hand.

Keep
your head, your buttocks and your heels in one straight line,not
looking down with you body, keep opening your whole body up.

Breathe easy.

Click here to view the Triangle pose

Yoga Asanas - Triangle Pose Trikonasana Asana

Yoga Asanas - Triangle Pose Trikonasana Asana
By Yogasync.tv

https://youtu.be/V_V4gM4ExLI

https://www.youtube.com/watchтАж

The Tree Pose

This pose
harnesses the powers of mental concentration, while allowing you to calm
the mind. It develops balance and stability, and strengthens the legs
and feet, also increasing flexibility in the hips and knees.

The tree pose
is a balance pose incorporating three lines of energy, emitting from the
centre outwards. One line proceeds down the straight leg, one line
extends up the spine and out the fingertips, and the third moves outward
through the bent knee. To view in flash - click the image below

Instruction Table
1

Align yourself in mountain pose.

Continuing with your smooth

flowing breath

2

On your next
inhale; shift the bulk of your weight onto your left foot. Exhale bend
the right knee, and assisting with your hand, place the sole of your
right foot as high as possible into the left inner thigh, with toes
pointing down, steady yourself, and

breathe easy.

3

Next raise your arms to shoulder level, be sure that they are in line
with each other. Stretch your arms out from the middle of your back.
Lift your chest and look straight ahead. Keep completely focused on the
pose.

4

Now bring your
palms together in prayer position. Keeping your eyes focused on a point
in front of you, will assist your balance.

5

Inhale as you raise your arms overhead keeping your palms together and stretching upwards through the fingertips.

Instruction Table
1

Stand in mountain pose continuing with your smooth flowing breath.

2

Jump your feet
sides ways and sweep your arms out to the side so your ankles are below
your wrists. Establish your foundation, by pulling your knees and thighs
up, tucking your tailbone under, pushing your feet firmly into the
floor.

Visualise an imaginary line running vertically down the centre of your
body, dropping your shoulders. Squeeze your arms and legs away from the
centreline.

3

Keep an
awareness of this line as you turn your right foot out to 90 degrees and
turn your left foot in to 70 degrees. Ensure the heel of your front
foot aligns with arch of your back foot, hips facing forward.

If your body wants to turn off centre, counter-act it by pushing simultaneously in opposite directions from the centre line.

4

Inhale, an as you exhale bend your right leg, pulling up with the
outside and inside of the thigh to form a right angle at the knee. Only
go as low as you can with out turning your hips off centre.

Ideally you want your knee directly above your ankle with you leg coming
vertically out of the floor like pillar. Keep the power flowing through
the back leg into the floor.

5

Inhale lift the spine; exhale turn your head to look over your right arm. Take a few deep breaths through the nose.

Hold the pose and breathe smooth.

Reverse the procedure back to mountain pose and repeat back to the other side.

Please Visit:

Tree Posture Yoga Posture. This pose harnesses the powers of mental
concentration, while allowing you to calm the mind. It develops balance
and stability, anтАж

About This Website
youtube.com
Tree pose Yoga Posture
Tree Posture Yoga Posture. This pose harnesses the powers of mentalтАж
Tree
Posture Yoga Posture. This pose harnesses the powers of mental
concentration, while allowing you to calm the mind. It develops balance
and stability, anтАж

Instruction Table
Align yourself in mountain pose.
Continuing with your smooth
flowing breath

On
your next inhale; shift the bulk of your weight onto your left foot.
Exhale bend the right knee, and assisting with your hand, place the sole
of your right foot as high as possible into the left inner thigh, with
toes pointing down, steady yourself, and Next
raise your arms to shoulder level, be sure that they are in line with
each other. Stretch your arms out from the middle of your back. Lift
your chest and look straight ahead. Keep completely focused on the
pose.

Now
bring your palms together in prayer position. Keeping your eyes focused
on a point in front of you, will assist your balance.

Inhale as you raise your arms overhead keeping your palms together and stretching upwards through the fingertips.

Instruction Table

Stand in mountain pose continuing with your smooth flowing breath.
2
Jump
your feet sides ways and sweep your arms out to the side so your ankles
are below your wrists. Establish your foundation, by pulling your knees
and thighs up, tucking your tailbone under, pushing your feet firmly
into the floor.

Visualise
an imaginary line running vertically down the centre of your body,
dropping your shoulders. Squeeze your arms and legs away from the
centreline.

Keep
an awareness of this line as you turn your right foot out to 90 degrees
and turn your left foot in to 70 degrees. Ensure the heel of your front
foot aligns with arch of your back foot, hips facing forward.

If your body wants to turn off centre, counter-act it by pushing simultaneously in opposite directions from the centre line.

Inhale,
an as you exhale bend your right leg, pulling up with the outside and
inside of the thigh to form a right angle at the knee. Only go as low as
you can with out turning your hips off centre.

Ideally
you want your knee directly above your ankle with you leg coming
vertically out of the floor like pillar. Keep the power flowing through
the back leg into the floor.

Inhale lift the spine; exhale turn your head to look over your right arm. Take a few deep breaths through the nose.

Hold the pose and breathe smooth.

Reverse the procedure back to mountain pose and repeat back to the other side.

Mountain Pose Yoga Position

Mountain Pose Yoga Position
By Yogasync.tv

Mountain Pose Yoga Position
Mountain Pose
Prayer Pose
Shrug

Mountain Yoga Pose

The Mountain Pose is one of the most important poses in yoga. It is the start and finish point of all standing poses.

When standing
in mountain pose, the mind is quiet, and the body strong and still, like
a mountain. This is a pose you can practise in your daily life,
practising to stand correctly will have a profound influence on your
physical and mental well being. To view in flash - click the image below

Please Visit:
http://www.youtube.com/watchтАж

Yogasync.tv
51.3K subscribers
Mountain pose Yoga Posture When standing in mountain pose, the mind is quiet, and the body strong and still, like a mountain.

This is a Yoga pose you can practise in your daily life, practising to
stand correctly will have a profound influence on your physical and
mental well being.
Category
Education

Mountain
pose Yoga Posture When standing in mountain pose, the mind is quiet,
and the body strong and still, like a mountain. This is a Yoga pose you
can praтАж
About This Website
youtube.com
Mountain Pose Yoga Position
Mountain pose Yoga Posture When standing in mountain pose, the mind isтАж
Mountain
pose Yoga Posture When standing in mountain pose, the mind is quiet,
and the body strong and still, like a mountain. This is a Yoga pose you
can praтАж

Please Visit:

Mountain Pose Yoga Position

Mountain Pose Yoga Position
By Yogasync.tv

Extended Prayer Yoga Posture

Extended Prayer Yoga Posture
By Yogasync.tv

Extended Prayer Yoga Posture

The Prayer Pose

This pose is
simple, but very effective, and is a key movement to more advanced
poses. This pose will teach you how to push from under the shoulders and
out of the lats, the major muscle group of the back. A key movement in a
lot of yoga poses.

It strengthens
and aligns the upper body while releasing tension and increasing the
circulation to the shoulder joint, which is a ball and socket joint. It
also aids in strengthening the
abdominal and lumber region as you look to form a solid base. To view in flash - click the image below

Instruction Table
1

Moutain Pose 1

2

Moutain Posture
2 Lift the kneecaps up by contracting the front thigh muscles, but not
locking the backs of the knees. Pull up with the back of the thighs, and
activate the hip and buttocks to level the pelvis.

3

Mountain Poses
Back Your hips should be directly over your knees, and your knees over
your ankles. This gives you a stable foundation and by positioning the
pelvis properly, keeps the spine healthy.

4

Now extend the
spine, by slowly inhaling, lifting up through the legs as you lift the
ribcage, opening the chest and dropping the shoulders down, extending
the neck, keeping the jaw and eyes soft.

5

Bring the shoulder blades into the back, to support the ribcage. Breathe slowly and softly.

Keep your head directly over your shoulders, and look at eye level at a point in front of you.

Instruction Table
1

Centre
yourself in mountain pose and take a few deep breaths here, breathing
down into the abdomen, continuing the breathing that you are now
familiar with.

2

Inhale, raise your arms to shoulder height and stretch them out in the opposite direction to each other

3

Now twist your arms from the shoulder and turning your palms upwards. Keep the body in a nice strong upright position

4

Bring your arms
out in front of you, pushing your elbows firmly together and your
fingers extending away from you, while focusing on pulling your shoulder
blades together..

5

Continue squeezing the elbows together as you bring your palms together

6

Now bend at the
elbow and take the forearms to vertical. Keep pressing firmly with the
palms and the elbows as you breathe the arms upwards. With each exhale
moving slightly higher. Shoulder opener Yoga Posture. This movement will
teach you how to push from under the shoulders and out of the lats, the
major muscle group of the back. A key movement in a lot of yoga poses.
This pose is simple, but very effective, and is a key
movement to more advanced poses.

https://youtu.be/t9TPzR6-Kmc

Yogasync.tv
51.3K subscribers
Shoulder opener Yoga Posture. This movement will teach you how to push
from under the shoulders and out of the lats, the major muscle group of
the back. A key movement in a lot of yoga poses. This pose is simple,
but very effective, and is a key movement to more advanced poses.
Category
Education

Shoulder
opener Yoga Posture. This movement will teach you how to push from
under the shoulders and out of the lats, the major muscle group of the
back. A keтАж

About This Website
youtube.com
Extended Prayer Yoga Posture
Shoulder opener Yoga Posture. This movement will teach you how toтАж
Shoulder
opener Yoga Posture. This movement will teach you how to push from
under the shoulders and out of the lats, the major muscle group of the
back. A keтАж

Instruction Table
Mountain Pose 1
2
Mountain Posture 2
Lift
the kneecaps up by contracting the front thigh muscles, but not locking
the backs of the knees. Pull up with the back of the thighs, and
activate the hip and buttocks to level the pelvis.
Mountain Poses Back
Your
hips should be directly over your knees, and your knees over your
ankles. This gives you a stable foundation and by positioning the pelvis
properly, keeps the spine healthy.
4
Now
extend the spine, by slowly inhaling, lifting up through the legs as
you lift the ribcage, opening the chest and dropping the shoulders down,
extending the neck, keeping the jaw and eyes soft.

5

Bring the shoulder blades into the back, to support the ribcage. Breathe slowly and softly.
Keep your head directly over your shoulders, and look at eye level at a point in front of you.

Instruction Table

Centre
yourself in mountain pose and take a few deep breaths here, breathing
down into the abdomen, continuing the breathing that you are now
familiar with.

2

Inhale, raise your arms to shoulder height and stretch them out in the opposite direction to each other

3

Now twist your arms from the shoulder and turning your palms upwards. Keep the body in a nice strong upright position

4

Bring
your arms out in front of you, pushing your elbows firmly together and
your fingers extending away from you, while focusing on pulling your
shoulder blades together..

5

Continue squeezing the elbows together as you bring your palms together

6

Now
bend at the elbow and take the forearms to vertical. Keep pressing
firmly with the palms and the elbows as you breathe the arms upwards.
With each exhale moving slightly higher.

Shoulder
opener Yoga Posture. This movement will teach you how to push from
under the shoulders and out of the lats, the major muscle group of the
back. A key movement in a lot of yoga poses. This pose is simple, but
very effective, and is a key movement to more advanced poses.

Yoga Shoulder rotation

Yoga Shoulder rotation
By Yogasync.tv

Yoga Shoulder rotation
The Shoulder Shrug

The shoulder rotation is another pose which can be practiced anywhere and at any time.

It strengthens
and aligns the shoulder region while releasing tension and increasing
the circulation to the shoulder joint, which is a ball and socket joint.
It also aids in strengthening the abdominal and lumber region as you
look to form a solid base. To view in flash - click the image below

Instruction Table
1

Align yourself in mountain pose. Continuing with your smoot flowing breath

2

As you inhale, lift your shoulders to your ear lobes, keeping the head erect and soft.

3

As you exhale, rotate the shoulders around by pushing up out of the chest and squeezing the shoulder blades together, rotating them in a full circle.

4

Back down into mountain pose

Repeat 3 more times

https://youtu.be/SzWxM_W4DNA
Lying Twist
Downward Dog
Seated Forward Bend

The Lying Basic Twist

Doing this pose will rapidly increase strength and muscle tone in your midsection.

The lying twist
is another pose which is very simple yet extremely effective. This pose
is soothing to the spine and neck, and warms and frees the lower back
and hips and it also improves digestion and assists in toxin
elimination. To view in flash - click the image below

Instruction Table
1

Come to a
position lying on your back and stretch your arms out to the side and
place your palms and shoulders firmly on the floor.

Move your
shoulder blades under. Spread your toes apart. Feel the back and
shoulders moulding to the straight lines of the floor.

2

Bend your knees as far as they come towards the chest.

3

Inhale,
keeping your knees and ankles together, Exhale, rolling your knees to
the right. Focus on keeping your arms pressing out wards and your
shoulders pushing firmly into the ground. You may feel or hear your
spine lengthening as it extends into the correct alignment.

Knees & ankles together breathe, focus on creating length between the left lower rib and the hip,

4

Now turn your head to look over your left hand. Relax in to this pose, stomach soft, breathing soft and relaxed.

Reverse the pose back up and repeat to the other side

Please Visit:

The Downward Facing Dog

Adhomukha Svanasana

The downward
yoga pose is named as such as it resembles the shape of a Dog stretching
itself out. This pose helps to strengthen, stretch and reduce stiffness
in the legs while strengthening and shaping the upper body. Dog pose
Yoga Posture . One of the main yoga asanas. If you have time for only
one posture try this one.

Holding this
pose for a minute or longer will stimulate and restore energy levels if
you are tired. Regular practice of this pose rejuvenates the entire body
and gently stimulates your nervous system.

Instruction Table
Come
to a position lying on your back and stretch your arms out to the side
and place your palms and shoulders firmly on the floor.

Move your shoulder blades under. Spread your toes apart. Feel the
back and shoulders moulding to the straight lines of the floor.

2

Bend your knees as far as they come towards the chest.

3

Inhale,
keeping your knees and ankles together, Exhale, rolling your knees to
the right. Focus on keeping your arms pressing out wards and your
shoulders pushing firmly into the ground. You may feel or hear your
spine lengthening as it extends into the correct alignment.
Knees & ankles together breathe, focus on creating length between the left lower rib and the hip,
4
Now turn your head to look over your left hand. Relax in to this pose, stomach soft, breathing soft and relaxed.

Reverse the pose back up and repeat to the other side

Dog pose Yoga Posture

Dog pose Yoga Posture
By Yogasync.tv

Dog pose Yoga Posture
The Downward Facing Dog

Adhomukha Svanasana

The downward
yoga pose is named as such as it resembles the shape of a Dog stretching
itself out. This pose helps to strengthen, stretch and reduce stiffness
in the legs while strengthening and shaping the upper body. Dog pose
Yoga Posture . One of the main yoga asanas. If you have time for only
one posture try this one.

Holding this
pose for a minute or longer will stimulate and restore energy levels if
you are tired. Regular practice of this pose rejuvenates the entire body
and gently stimulates your nervous system.
To view in flash - click the image below

Instruction Table
1

Come up onto
your hands and knees with your knees hip width apart and the hands
shoulder width apart, your fingers wide pressing firmly into the floor.

2

Inhale, arch your spine and look up as you turn your toes under.

3

As you exhale straighten your legs and pause here for a moment.

4

Now push the floor away from you hands, positioning your body like an
inverted V, achieving a straight line from your hands to your shoulders
to the hips. Straight arms and straight legs.

As you inhale press downward into your hands and lift outward out of the shoulders.

Lift your head and torso back through the line of your body.

Please Visit:

http://www.youtube.com/watchтАж

Yogasync.tv
51.3K subscribers
Dog pose Yoga Posture . One of the main yoga asanas. If you have time for only one posture try this one.
Category
Education

Dog pose Yoga Posture . One of the main yoga asanas. If you have time for only one posture try this one.
About This Website
youtube.com
Dog pose Yoga Posture
Dog pose Yoga Posture . One of the main yoga asanas. If you have time forтАж
Dog pose Yoga Posture . One of the main yoga asanas. If you have time for only one posture try this one.

Instruction Table
1
Come
up onto your hands and knees with your knees hip width apart and the
hands shoulder width apart, your fingers wide pressing firmly into the
floor.
2
Inhale, arch your spine and look up as you turn your toes under.
3
As you exhale straighten your legs and pause here for a moment.
4
Now
push the floor away from you hands, positioning your body like an
inverted V, achieving a straight line from your hands to your shoulders
to the hips. Straight arms and

straight legs.
As you inhale press downward into your hands and lift outward out of the shoulders.
Lift your head and torso back through the line of your body.
Please Visit:

Dog pose Yoga Posture

Dog pose Yoga Posture
By Yogasync.tv

https://www.youtube.com/watchтАж
siting forward bend
The Seated Forward Bend

Paschimottanasana

The purpose of
this pose is to give the entire back of your body a very complete
stretch from the heels to the head. It is excellent for posture
improvement and stimulates the internal organs as
well.

It adds in
improved mental concentration and endurance and helps to control and
calm the mind. It relieves compression while increasing the elasticity
of the spine, it also strengthens and stretches the hamstrings.
To view in flash - click the image below

Instruction Table
1

Come to a sitting position with your legs together in front of you.

Move the fleshy part of your buttocks from underneath you, so you are on
the top of your sitting bones, which are located at the very top of
your legs.
2

Roll the thighs inwards so that the kneecaps are facing directly upwards.

Activate the legs by pressing down into the floor, and out through the heels.

Spread your toes wide and pull them towards you.

Lengthen your lower back muscles down as you extend your spine up and out of the pelvis.
3

Now take your
strap around both feet. The strap`s purpose is to keep the spine
straight. This is very important. Be aware the head is an extension of
the spine, so keep it aligned accordingly.

Use the breath to create the optimum degree of intensity in the stretch.
4

On your next exhale; come down the belt further while
maintaining the extension on the front and back of the torso. Some of
you will be able to grab the sides of your feet. Breathe softly and
continuously. DonтАЩt pull yourself forward by the strength of your upper
body.

Keep bending at the hips, maintaining a relaxed head and neck.
5

Go a little further, relax your abdomen, and inhale, as you lengthen,
exhale, and come further forward, increasing the space in your
vertebrae.

Please Visit:

siting forward bend

siting forward bend
By Yogasync.tv

Yogasync.tv
51.3K subscribers
siting forward bend Yoga Asana
Category
Education

siting forward bend Yoga Asana

About This Website
youtube.com
siting forward bend
siting forward bend Yoga Asana
siting forward bend Yoga Asana

siting forward bend Yoga Asana

Instruction Table
1
Come to a sitting position with your legs together in front of you.

Move
the fleshy part of your buttocks from underneath you, so you are on the
top of your sitting bones, which are located at the very top of your
legs.

2
Roll the thighs inwards so that the kneecaps are facing directly upwards.
Activate the legs by pressing down into the floor, and out through the heels.
Spread your toes wide and pull them towards you.
Lengthen your lower back muscles down as you extend your spine up and out of the pelvis.

3

Now take your strap around both feet. The strap`s purpose is to keep the spine straight. This is very important.
Be aware the head is an extension of the spine, so keep it aligned accordingly.

Use the breath to create the optimum degree of intensity in the stretch.

4
On
your next exhale; come down the belt further while maintaining the
extension on the front and back of the torso. Some of you will be able
to grab the sides of your feet. Breathe softly and continuously. DonтАЩt
pull yourself forward by the strength of your upper body.

Keep bending at the hips, maintaining a relaxed head and neck.Keep bending at the hips, maintaining a relaxed head and neck.5

5

Go a little further, relax your abdomen, and inhale, a you lengthen, exhale, and come further forward, increasing the space in
your vertebrae.

https://youtu.be/MhotDI-dqR

Yogasync.tv
51.3K subscribers
Locus Yoga Posture
Category
Education

Locus Yoga Posture
image.jpeg
About This Website
youtube.com
locus Yoga Posture
Locus Yoga Posture
Locus Yoga Posture

Instruction Table

1
Come to a position lying face down on the floor, with
your arms along side your body, palms and forehead down. Bring your
knees and ankles together. Squeeze the shoulder blades together and
down. Push your palms into the floor. Pull the abdominals inwards,
contract the buttocks, and press the hips and pubis firmly into the
floor.
2
On your next exhale; raise the legs to a height that is comfortable but challenging.

Keep the buttocks activated, lock the knees, keep the ankles together.

3

Extend the front of your body as you pull
the shoulder blades together, raising the head, the arms, and upper
torso away from the floor, looking straight ahead, opening the front of
the chest and pushing down the lines of the arms.

Keep the legs working strongly.

bridgepose

bridgepose
By Yogasync.tv

locus Yoga Posture

locus Yoga Posture
By Yogasync.tv

The Bridge Pose

The Bridge Pose is
a simple yet very effective pose to practice. It helps to promote a
healthy flexible spine while strengthening the legs and buttock muscles.
It also helps to stretch and stimulate the abdominal muscles and
organs.

It aids in easing and stimulating the mind and is a great way to reenergize if feeling tired.

To view in flash - click the image below

Instruction Table
Lie on your back with your legs bent, heels close to the buttocks, Feet pressing firmly into the floor, hip width and parallel.
Your arms should be slightly out from your sides, the palms of your hands pressing firmly into the floor.
2
Inhale, and with the exhale raise the hips up by pushing strongly
into the floor with your feet. Keep the buttocks firm, and press the
shoulders and arms into the floor. Only go to the height that you are
comfortable with.
Take a few nourishing breaths in this position, as you keep opening the chest and lengthening the torso.

3
Now bring your arms over your head to the floor behind you. Keep lifting your buttocks away from the floor, keeping them
contracted, which will protect the lower spine, and work softly with the breath, keeping the head and neck relaxed.
This pose stretches the whole front of the body, and
brings mobility to the spine. Breathing is improved from the opening of
the ribcage and chest area.

https://youtu.be/dIvKigXK1mU
Childs Yoga Pose Beginners Yoga Posture

The Extended ChildтАЩs Pose / Garbhasana

The Childs Yoga pose when
practiced regularly is very beneficial to your entire mind and body. It
helps to release the pressure on the spine while providing an entire
stretch through the upper body to the fingertips. It also aids in
strengthening and stretching the insides of the legs while massaging the
internal organs.

Breathing will becomes more efficient and your mind
will become clear. It also aids in improved mental processes and helps
to rejuvenate and energize the entire being.
To view in flash - click the image below

Instruction Table
1

Stand in mountain pose, in the centre of your mat, with your hands in prayer position. Jump your feet wide apart.

Keep the outside of your feet running parallel while lifting your
arches, pulling up with the thighs and the tail bone tucked under.

2

Place your hands on your hips and feel the extension up out of the waist.

3

Inhale, As you exhale bend at the hips extend forward, continue lifting
out of the hips keeping your legs strong and your base nice and firm,
looking forward to begin with. Keep the extension on the stomach, which
will help keep your back flat protecting it.

Take a few breaths here.

4

Now take your hands to the floor extending from the lower abdomen to
the breastbone and through the spine. Some of you maybe on the finger
tips.

If you canтАЩt keep your spine straight put your hands on
your knees and keep slowly working down your legs, working with your
body, not against it. Lift your sitting bones to the ceiling.

5

Draw your shoulders down your back so you can extend the neck with ease.

Remember to keep the arches high.

Please Visit:
http://www.youtube.com/watchтАж

Yogasync.tv
51.3K subscribers
Childs Pose Yoga Stretch. This Beginners Yoga Posture will get easier
every time you work with it as it rejuvenates and quietens the mind.
Continue with your slow smooth breathing as you continue to stretch the
inner thigh muscles.
Category
Education

Childs
Pose Yoga Stretch. This Beginners Yoga Posture will get easier every
time you work with it as it rejuvenates and quietens the mind. Continue
with yourтАж

image.jpeg
About This Website

youtube.com
Childs Yoga Pose Beginners Yoga Posture
Childs Pose Yoga Stretch. This Beginners Yoga Posture will get easier everyтАж

Childs
Pose Yoga Stretch. This Beginners Yoga Posture will get easier every
time you work with it as it rejuvenates and quietens the mind. Continue
with yourтАж

Instruction Table
1
Stand in mountain pose, in the centre of your mat, with your hands in prayer position. Jump your feet wide apart.

Keep the outside of your feet running parallel while lifting your
arches, pulling up with the thighs and the tail bone tucked under.

Stand in mountain pose, in the centre of your mat, with your hands in prayer position. Jump your feet wide apart.

Keep the outside of your feet running parallel while lifting your
arches, pulling up with the thighs and the tail bone tucked under.

2
Place your hands on your hips and feel the extension up out of the waist.
3
Inhale, As you exhale bend at the hips extend
forward, continue lifting out of the hips keeping your legs strong and
your base nice and firm, looking forward to begin with. Keep the
extension on the stomach, which will help keep your back flat protecting
it.
Take a few breaths here.
4
Now take your hands to the floor extending from the lower abdomen to
the breastbone and through the spine. Some of you maybe on the finger
tips.

If you canтАЩt keep your spine straight put your hands on your knees
and keep slowly working down your legs, working with your body, not
against it. Lift your sitting bones to the ceiling.

5

Draw your shoulders down your back so you can extend the neck with ease.

Remember to keep the arches high.

Bring your big toes together and your knees wide apart, inhale as you lift your spine and extend your stomach.

2

Exhale bend forward from the hips as you walk you hands
out as far in front of you as possible, extending from the hips to the
fingertips.

4

Breathing into the abdomen as you extend it
forward in to the breastbone, creating length through the upper body.
Exhale from deep in the abdomen relaxing in the spine and continue the slow controlled breathing.

Childs Yoga Pose Beginners Yoga Posture

Childs Yoga Pose Beginners Yoga Posture
By Yogasync.tv

https://youtu.be/dIvKigXK1mU
Childs Yoga Pose Beginners Yoga Posture

The Extended ChildтАЩs Pose / Garbhasana

The Childs Yoga pose when
practiced regularly is very beneficial to your entire mind and body. It
helps to release the pressure on the spine while providing an entire
stretch through the upper body to the fingertips. It also aids in
strengthening and stretching the insides of the legs while massaging the
internal organs.

Breathing will becomes more efficient and your mind
will become clear. It also aids in improved mental processes and helps
to rejuvenate and energize the entire being.
To view in flash - click the image below

Instruction Table
1

Stand in mountain pose, in the centre of your mat, with your hands in prayer position. Jump your feet wide apart.

Keep the outside of your feet running parallel while lifting your
arches, pulling up with the thighs and the tail bone tucked under.

2

Place your hands on your hips and feel the extension up out of the waist.

3

Inhale, As you exhale bend at the hips extend forward, continue lifting
out of the hips keeping your legs strong and your base nice and firm,
looking forward to begin with. Keep the extension on the stomach, which
will help keep your back flat protecting it.

Take a few breaths here.

4

Now take your hands to the floor extending from the lower abdomen to
the breastbone and through the spine. Some of you maybe on the finger
tips.

If you canтАЩt keep your spine straight put your hands on
your knees and keep slowly working down your legs, working with your
body, not against it. Lift your sitting bones to the ceiling.

5

Draw your shoulders down your back so you can extend the neck with ease.

Remember to keep the arches high.

Please Visit:
http://www.youtube.com/watchтАж

Yogasync.tv
51.3K subscribers
Childs Pose Yoga Stretch. This Beginners Yoga Posture will get easier
every time you work with it as it rejuvenates and quietens the mind.
Continue with your slow smooth breathing as you continue to stretch the
inner thigh muscles.
Category
Education

Childs
Pose Yoga Stretch. This Beginners Yoga Posture will get easier every
time you work with it as it rejuvenates and quietens the mind. Continue
with yourтАж

image.jpeg
About This Website

youtube.com
Childs Yoga Pose Beginners Yoga Posture
Childs Pose Yoga Stretch. This Beginners Yoga Posture will get easier everyтАж

Childs
Pose Yoga Stretch. This Beginners Yoga Posture will get easier every
time you work with it as it rejuvenates and quietens the mind. Continue
with yourтАж

Instruction Table
1
Stand in mountain pose, in the centre of your mat, with your hands in prayer position. Jump your feet wide apart.

Keep the outside of your feet running parallel while lifting your
arches, pulling up with the thighs and the tail bone tucked under.

Stand in mountain pose, in the centre of your mat, with your hands in prayer position. Jump your feet wide apart.

Keep the outside of your feet running parallel while lifting your
arches, pulling up with the thighs and the tail bone tucked under.

2
Place your hands on your hips and feel the extension up out of the waist.
3
Inhale, As you exhale bend at the hips extend
forward, continue lifting out of the hips keeping your legs strong and
your base nice and firm, looking forward to begin with. Keep the
extension on the stomach, which will help keep your back flat protecting
it.
Take a few breaths here.
4
Now take your hands to the floor extending from the lower abdomen to
the breastbone and through the spine. Some of you maybe on the finger
tips.

If you canтАЩt keep your spine straight put your hands on your knees
and keep slowly working down your legs, working with your body, not
against it. Lift your sitting bones to the ceiling.

5

Draw your shoulders down your back so you can extend the neck with ease.

Remember to keep the arches high.

Bring your big toes together and your knees wide apart, inhale as you lift your spine and extend your stomach.

2

Exhale bend forward from the hips as you walk you hands
out as far in front of you as possible, extending from the hips to the
fingertips.

4

Breathing into the abdomen as you extend it
forward in to the breastbone, creating length through the upper body.
Exhale from deep in the abdomen relaxing in the spine and continue the slow controlled breathing.

https://youtu.be/WrA5mN-MW5U
Instruction Table
1
Stand in mountain pose, in the centre of your mat, with your hands in prayer position. Jump your feet wide apart.

Keep the outside of your feet running parallel while lifting your
arches, pulling up with the thighs and the tail bone tucked under.

Stand in mountain pose, in the centre of your mat, with your hands in prayer position. Jump your feet wide apart.

Keep the outside of your feet running parallel while lifting your
arches, pulling up with the thighs and the tail bone tucked under.

2
Place your hands on your hips and feel the extension up out of the waist.
3
Inhale, As you exhale bend at the hips extend
forward, continue lifting out of the hips keeping your legs strong and
your base nice and firm, looking forward to begin with. Keep the
extension on the stomach, which will help keep your back flat protecting
it.
Take a few breaths here.
4
Now take your hands to the floor extending from the lower abdomen to
the breastbone and through the spine. Some of you maybe on the finger
tips.

If you canтАЩt keep your spine straight put your hands on your knees
and keep slowly working down your legs, working with your body, not
against it. Lift your sitting bones to the ceiling.

5

Draw your shoulders down your back so you can extend the neck with ease.

Remember to keep the arches high.

Bring your big toes together and your knees wide apart, inhale as you lift your spine and extend your stomach.

2

Exhale bend forward from the hips as you walk you hands
out as far in front of you as possible, extending from the hips to the
fingertips.

4

Breathing into the abdomen as you extend it
forward in to the breastbone, creating length through the upper body.
Exhale from deep in the abdomen relaxing in the spine and continue the slow controlled breathing.

Please Visit:

boat pose

boat pose
By Yogasync.tv

Yoga Posture wide legstanding forward bend
Yoga Posture wide legstanding forward bend

To view in flash - click the image below

Instruction Table
1

Find yourself on your sitting bones, lifting out of the hips.
Extend your spine upwards, and press the soles of your feet into the floor, with the knees and ankles together.

2

Using your fingertips on the floor for balance, extend your abdomen as you lean back slightly.

3

Bring your lower legs up, parallel to the floor.
Breathe softly, in and out through the nose, while opening the chest and squeezing the shoulder blades together.

Focus on a point at eye level in front of you. You may find this pose challenging to begin with

4

Now bring your arms up beside your knees, parallel to the floor,

opening the chest. Keep your focus on that point in front of you. This

will help your stability. Continue with the controlled breathing.

Feel the stimulation of the entire abdominal region, as you hold this pose for a few more breaths.

Advanced Variation of The Boat

Now bring your legs up to straight. Continue to keep your focus on that point in front of you.

Continue with the controlled breathing.

toes & little toes pressing firmly into the floor Push
back with your hands & sit between your buttocks on the floor, make
sure you roll your calf muscles out wards soyour not sitting on them. Make sure the inner calves are touching the outer thighs and your ankles are outside your buttocks, arms resting at the sides. Inhale as you slowly raise your arms to shoulder height, shoulders down.

Please Visit:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMJ9├Ч8STzfA&feature=player_embedded

wide legstanding forward bend

wide legstanding forward bend
By Yogasync.tv

https://youtu.be/iMJ9×8STzfA

Yoga Posture wide legstanding forward bend
Yoga Posture wide legstanding forward bend

To view in flash - click the image below

Instruction Table
1

Find yourself on your sitting bones, lifting out of the hips.
Extend your spine upwards, and press the soles of your feet into the floor, with the knees and ankles together.

2

Using your fingertips on the floor for balance, extend your abdomen as you lean back slightly.

3

Bring your lower legs up, parallel to the floor.
Breathe softly, in and out through the nose, while opening the chest and squeezing the shoulder blades together.

Focus on a point at eye level in front of you. You may find this pose challenging to begin with

4

Now bring your arms up beside your knees, parallel to the floor,

opening the chest. Keep your focus on that point in front of you. This

will help your stability. Continue with the controlled breathing.

Feel the stimulation of the entire abdominal region, as you hold this pose for a few more breaths.

Advanced Variation of The Boat

Now bring your legs up to straight. Continue to keep your focus on that point in front of you.

Continue with the controlled breathing.

toes & little toes pressing firmly into the floor Push
back with your hands & sit between your buttocks on the floor, make
sure you roll your calf muscles out wards soyour not sitting on them. Make sure the inner calves are touching the outer thighs and your ankles are outside your buttocks, arms resting at the sides. Inhale as you slowly raise your arms to shoulder height, shoulders

comments (0)
LESSON 4006 Sun 20 Jun 2021 Buddhist Patanjali Yogic Mindful Postures including Swimming
Filed under: General, Theravada Tipitaka
Posted by: site admin @ 6:39 pm

LESSON 4006 Sun 20 Jun 2021

Buddhist Patanjali Yogic Mindful Postures including Swimming

https://youtu.be/KpOuDnE1BS8

21-6-2021

Buddhist Patanjali Yogic Mindful Postures including Swimming

The Yoga Suttas of Patanjali: a manual of Buddhist meditation.

Translation
and free adaptation of the article published on the blog тАЬTheravadin -
Theravada Practice BlogтАЭ (http://theravadin.wordpress.com/).

We consider here the Yoga Suttas of Patanjali, a classical text and revered in Hinduism, dated at approx. 200 BC and compared its semantics and vocabulary to Buddhist canonical texts.

In summary, this comparison is quite obvious that the author of Yoga Sutta was highly influenced by Buddhist philosophy and meditation practice,possibly contemporaneously to the author.

Moreover, it appears that a student of Buddhist canonical texts may in fact be more easily understood than the Yoga Sutta a Hindu practitioner with no
other previous reference parameter practical and philosophical.

We do not consider comments here later Hindu / Brahman existing this text, some of which seem to avoid (or ignore) the original references to Buddhism in this text.

The proximity of the Yoga Sutta-style, vocabulary, and subject to canonical texts in Pali could also mean simply that Patanjali - or whoever it is that inspired his writings - had practiced meditation from a Buddhist
contemplative community, a community of monks for a time before returning to Brahmanism and then the movement would have rephrased his experience in order to add a divine touch to your experience, making substantial use of technical terms of Buddhist meditation, as originally framed or developed by the Buddha for the purpose of contemplative practice. But this would be pure speculati, because there is so far no studies or historical finding that supports this understanding.

It is also possible, even likely, that the Buddhist meditation had so broadly permeated the practice Hindu / Brahman at the time (after years of a strong cultural influence began with Buddhist proselytism promoted
by Ashoka the Buddhist Sangha in his reign and Consolidation of Prabuddha Bharat), that these technical terms as well as descriptions of practice of jhana / dhyana (meditative absorptions) have it built into common knowledge at the point of no longer sounding particularly Buddhists. Something similar to what happens today with the adoption of the ideas of
тАЬNibbanaтАЭ and тАЬKammaтАЭ in Western culture, in Christian countries.

In particular, if the Yoga Sutta is read in one continuous line is amazing how close the text is the thoughts and topics about samadhi, jhana meditation and Samatha (concentration) as defined in the ancient texts
in Pali Buddhist.

For a first analysis, an l overview. Look at the тАЬAshtanga YogaтАЭ or the тАЬEightfold Path of YogaтАЭ (sic) we are certainly inclined to think the definition of the central Buddha of the
Noble Eightfold Path.

Then compare these two тАЬpaths to reach the samadhi.тАЭ
First what is in the Yoga Sutta of Patanjali:

And the reason is as follows, in summary: To maintain the object of meditation in mind you need to remember it. Remember here that means you have to hold, keep in mind, your object of concentration.

This is exactly what makes the faculty of memory, usually being pushed away by the impressions with new information by the six senses, which, if penetrated, would result in more or less a wild spin.

If you are able to sustain their concentration on one point however - or even as much as you can keep it, one of the laws of functioning of the mind that the Buddha rediscovered and explained in detail that this
rebate is тАЬartificialтАЭ senses the support and focus on a particular
mental object equivalent to a minor sensory stimulus.

As a result of mental calmness and happiness (piti) and happiness index (sukha) will arise and show signs of the primeirs a stronger concentration - these being two of the five factors of meditative
absorption (jhana), along with (i) directed thought (vitakka) (ii)
sustained (Vicara) and (iii) equanimity (Upekkha).

This is also the reason why is quite logical that samma sati, mindfulness, has to come before samma samadhi, full concentration in the Noble
Eightfold Path of Buddhism - or, as shown in this case in the Yoga
Sutta, тАЬDharanaтАЭ would be the stage immediately prior to (Delivering the Samadhi.тАЭ

In this case the Yoga Sutra throws much light on the original meaning as understood in the early centuries of Buddhist practice and can help us
reach a more precise understanding of what тАЬsamma sati, right mindfulness, originally meant or pointed. (In Theravadin blog post is a rather plain and that shows how sati yoniso manasikara are coming in practical terms, check this link ).

On the opposite side, or better, understanding it as a byproduct of the practice of sati is no other term that would best be described as тАЬmindfulness.тАЭ The Pali term is sampaja├▒├▒─Б -тАиwhich literally means тАЬnext-considerationтАЭ, eg, be well aware of when performing an action, then a тАЬclear understandingтАЭ of what it does - but this activity is a result of sati, as having the mind fixed on an object leads to a refined consciousness that arises when during the nextтАиand keep the mind of an object, creating a clear understanding of the few sensory impressions that may enter. According to this concept, mindfulness would be a result of sati and not the practice of sati in itself!

But again, both activities are happening almost simultaneously, even if not
in the same order and then the current use of the term translated can be done - at the same time a fine distinction, however, has its benefits. You can not keep an object from theтАиstandpoint of mind without which would create or develop mindfulness in mind - but (unfortunately!) you may be aware of all your actions thatтАиyou work without the right concentration - as when eat an ice cream, in seeking the sensual pleasure, an example of improper care. This being the fact that unfortunately idealize the interpretations of some Westerners who want to say тАЬBuddhistтАЭ. There
is a difference between deliberately let himself be led by sense impressions by focusing on their physical pleasures and enhancing / supporting raga (desire) and nandi (joy) - and, from the perspective of
Gotama Buddha, put his feet on the ground using the mindful memory and thus experiencing a more refined awareness of trying to get it off the shaft so that it results in a greater mindfulness, in the culmination of his experience flows into total equanimity in the face of both
pleasurable and painful sensations.

Thus, then, we must understand as vipassan─Б is no way a synonym for mindfulness (sati) but something that springs from the combination of all these factors especially the last two, samma sati (mindfulness) and
samma samadhi (right concentration) applied to the relentless observation of what appears to be in front of (yathabhuta).

You could say, vipassan─Б is a name for the Buddhist practice of sati associated samadhi directed to the view anicca / anatta / dukkha (ie, generating the wisdom of the vision of these three features) in the processes of the six senses, including any mental activity. Thus, one will find the term vipassan─Б but the idea of sati in the Yoga Sutra, Buddhist texts mention as the first term clearly havingтАиsam─Бdhi as just the beginning of the journey to insight and access - for example aniccanupassana .
Finish here the parenthesis. Suffice тАиto say that any particular reference to the Buddhist philosophy citing anicca antta or point to the goal of Nibbana, a philosophical proposition to which the system of Yoga certainly does not refer.
In essence the school of Yoga can be placed below the postures eternalists. So,тАиwhile it definitely does need to produce sati-samadhi, definitely does not need to understand is samadhi anicca, dukkha and anatta - that does not sound very compatible with the worldview of a eternalistic. BeforeтАиthis, all spiritual approach arise due to the attempt to interpretтАиSamadhi Yoga Sutra as marriage or at least as close as you can get from a тАЬGodтАЭ, a тАЬLord.тАЭ Something that sounds quite natural in the end to a theist - such as an Evangelical Christian would neverтАиinterpret the reduction of its focus on mental object unique sensual ecstasy and consequently a mere effect of a psychological technique, butтАиhe would label it тАЬthe divine sign of God touching him. тАЬ ItтАиis for this reason that, according to the Buddha Dhamma, in fact inтАиmost situations we are inclined to be led by the plots of our senses, including the mental impressions / thoughts / feelings / perceptions -тАиand therefore tend to limit ourselves to go beyond such experiences alsoтАи distorted the merger would allow access to insight and liberation.

Returning to the context of comparison with the Christian interpretation of this ecstasy, in short what Patanjali is facing such a theistic interpretation sounds like someone moving a large portion of vocabulary
and terminology for the New Testament, which gives this ring a Buddhist.

The funny thing is that this is exactly how many of the contemporary New Age books are written - an amalgam of the terms of Western Spirituality /
Christian trying to express a view east. So one can imagine that the situation in India was similar to that when the Yoga Sutta was written addressing the Buddhist philosophy of that era.

The remaining Buddhist philosophy with his particular terminology established by the Buddha himself would have become so pervasive in
religious thought, so to make seemingly trusted what was written on meditation was a need to borrow or rely on several of these Buddhist concepts predominant. This had largely been done or even conscious, as most New Age authors present not even reflect the content of their texts but about the message you want to spend.

Thus, below is done in a way a translation - or rather a translation of a transliteration given the proximity between languages - as was done with
the text of the Yoga Sutra in Sanskrit brought back to P─Бli. Similar to what has been done this Sutra ( Theravadin available on the blog, in English on this link ), the exercise helps us see how the same text would sound the P─Бli language, opening then find parallels in ancient Buddhist texts, the suttas.
However, having said all that, pragmatism invoked by the text (which is what makes it so valuable) also indicates much more than a simple textual
exploration. As you read this you can not discern the notion, especially since the position of a meditator concentrationтАиof whoever has written or inspired by this text, at some point personally experienced jhana and samadhi and wanted to convey his experience making use a rich language Buddhist meditation on the sameтАиinterpretation being directed to an audience Brahman / proto-Hindu India 200 BC.

Anyway, check by itself - the pauses between sets of paragraphs labeled in bold
are the author / translator and some important technical terms

Buddhists were deployed, with additional comments made in italics:

Pata├▒jalino yogasuttaс╣Г (Part I of IV)

Introduction

atha yog─Бnus─Бsanaс╣Г | | 1 | |

And now a statement about the European Union (Yoga)
[1] Read yourself to be the object of meditation, or an instruction (anus─Бsana) on the meditative practice (yoga).

yogo-citta-vatta nirodho | | 2 | |

The Union (Yogo) is the extinction of the movement of the mind

[2] in this passage denotes vatta turbulence, swirl, activity - literally wandering, circling, confused. InтАиthis context broadly means тАЬmeditation is (тАж) a stop to the busy mind,тАЭ which is very active and its activity suggests a walk in circles. Probably the most direct (and correct) translation.

Tada ditthi (muni) svar┼лpeтАЩavaс╣нс╣нh─Бnaс╣Г | | 3 | |

(Only) then he who sees is allowed (to be) in (his) true nature.

[3]тАиIn the P─Бli language Drist the word does not exist, and it would be something like subsititu├нda by Muni, which has the same meaning -тАи,except, of course, the fact that тАЬhe who seesтАЭ further points inтАиthis,case the seeing process. Here was however used the term P─Бli ditthi so as to maintain the link with the term semantic ditthi. The alternate translation is then: тАЬSo lets see who (or have the opportunity - avaс╣нс╣нh─Бna) of being in their true and natural.тАЭ

Sarup-vatta itaritaraс╣Г | | 4 | |
(Otherwise) at other times we become (equal) to this activity (of mind).

Challenges

vatta Panza kilesa akiles─Б ca ca | | 5 | |

Activities (Mental) are five, some non-contaminating other contaminants
pamanes-vipariyesa-vikappa-Nidda-sati | | 6 | |

i) Experience (Evident-Measurement), ii) misperception (Illusion), iii) Intentional Thinking / Willing, iv) Sleep / Numbness, v) Memory /тАиMindfulness.
i) pamanes, experience or clear-measurement

PaccakkhтАЩ─Бnum─БnтАЩ─Бgam─Б honte pam─Бс╣З─Бni | | 7 | |

What one sees and looks directly (paccakha), taking as a reference - itтАЩs called experience.

[7] Literally: тАЬWhat comes through direct visualization and measurement is called the experienceтАЭ

ii) Vipariyesa, misperception or illusion

Micca vipariyeso-Nanam atad-r┼лpa-patiс╣нс╣нhitaс╣Г | | 8 | |
Illusion is the wrong understanding, based on something (lit. тАЬone wayтАЭ) that is not really.

iii) Vikappa, Thought Intentional / Keen

Saddam-├▒─Бс╣З─Бnupatt─л vatthu-Sunna vikappo | | 9 | |
Intentional Thinking / Willing is any way of understanding and unfounded assertionтАи(ie the internal speech, voltiva, partial and willful, based on mental speculation).
[9]тАиAlternative translation: тАЬThinking is cognition without a sound object / cause noise (vatthu).Think about it, thoughts are no more than sounds,тАиsilent babble that passes through our being.

iv) Nidda, Sleep / Numbness

abhava-paccayтАЩ-─Бrammaс╣З─Б vatta Nidda | | 10 |
Mental activity in the absence of mental objects is called Sleep / Torpor.
v) Sati, the Memory / Mindfulness

Anubhuti-visay─Бsammos─Б sati | | 11 | |

Not to be confused (or not lose) the object (sensory) previously experienced is called Memory / Mindfulness.
Abhyasa-vir─Бgehi Tesam nirodho | | 12 | |
The extinction of these [activities] comes from the practice of detachment / cessation of passions (turning)
[12] We have here the words turn and nirodha in the same sentence! It can not be more Buddhist canon than this! Interestingly, however, is the current use and non-metaphysical terms of this stretch. They are applied in a simple process of meditation, in particular the process of concentration meditation. This can not go unnoticed and goes directly in line with readings jhanic cultivation practices in Buddhism

тЩж The Training тЩж

tatra-tiс╣нс╣нha yatano abhyasi | | 13 |
The practiceтАЩs commitment to non-movement (ie, become mentally property (atтАиthe same time it parmanece fluid - an excellent description for theтАиconcentration!)

so-Kala-pana D─лgha nirantara-sakk─БrтАЩ─Бsevito dalhia-bhumi | | 14 | |

Mast this (practice) must be based firmly in a long and careful exercise [excellent point here!]
[14]тАиThis goes in line with what the author wrote the medieval PaliтАиsubcoment├бrios the volume of the Digha Nikaya, where also we find the combination of the terms and dalhia bhumi - тАЬfirmnessтАЭ andтАитАЬestablishmentтАЭ - in the same sentence, denoting тАЭ firm establishment
diс╣нс╣нh─Бnusavika-visaya-vitaс╣Зh─Бya Vasik-Sannes viraga | | 15 |
Detachment is the mastery (VASI-kara) of perception, the dropping of the seat (vitaс╣Зh─Б) by the following (anu-savika, lit.тАЩs Subsequent flow) experience a prey to view.

parama-tam Puris akkh─Бt─Б guс╣Зa-vitaс╣Зhaс╣Г | | 16 | |

This is the climax: the abandonment of the current headquarters of the senses, based on personal revelation / knowledge of self.

[16] Here we turned a Brahman, is this approach that allows the soul to win the seat / attachment, Tanh. And this short sentence has much to offer! AtтАиthat moment in history, Patanjali was so convinced of the Buddhist goal of тАЬopening up the attachment, the seat stop,тАЭ which boils down to vitaс╣Зh─Б term he uses. However,тАиit does not give up without a soul which its theistic philosophy simply collapses and nothing in the text would make it distinguishable from aтАиtreatise on the Buddha Dhamma. Thus, mounted on a meditative Buddhist terminology and guidelines in theтАиconversation he introduces the term тАЬPuris, which can be read asтАЭ soul, тАЬsaying that the more you get closer to itsтАЭ intrinsic nature тАЬ(svar┼лpa) and inner body тАЬPuri, or soul, you become able to stop itself this seat/ attachment. Interesting.
тЩж Realization - Jhana / Dhyanas
The first jhana / Dhy─Бna

vitakka-vicar-Anand-Asmita r┼лpтАЩ─Бnugam─Б sampaja├▒├▒at─Б | | 17 | |

This is the alertness (sampaja├▒├▒a) from (the) (Kingdom of) form: aтАиself-directed thought-based consciousness, which remains (to this) and inner happiness.
[17] Here we describe an almost identical description of the first jhana used time and again by the Buddha in Pali texts ( see this example ). Indeed, we have a very beautiful description of the first jhana as a form ofтАиsampaja├▒├▒at─Б (fully aware of what is happening), after the plan of the form (the theme of our meditation is a mental form) and a combined happiness at the thought we are trying to grasp what itself could be described as the pure experience of тАЬI amтАЭ (Asmita - the term is beingтАиused more loosely in place as would suttas).

However, the announcement vitakka / vicara the first mention of meditative absorption is a clear reference to the origin of Buddhist Yoga Sutra. Interesting also is the connection that is being done now with l sampaja├▒├▒at─Б: Think of everything we have said before about sati. If sati is simply the seizure of an object (the paс╣нс╣нh─Бna of sati, so to speak), so itтАЩs interesting to see how sampaja├▒├▒─Б this case, is identified with the state of the first jhana. Could this mean that when the Buddha mentions these two texts in Pali, which implicitly means samatha-vipassana?

This is not at all a strange idea, like many vipassana meditators, focusing on objects will be much more subtle quickly show signs of the first jhana. Could it be then that the term тАЬsampaja├▒├▒at─БтАЭ was seen as the first result of a concentrated mind?

In any case, experience will teach you very quickly that when you try to hold an object in your mind, your awareness of what happens at this time will increase dramatically, simply due to the fact that his effort to keep the object is under constant danger during the siege of sense.

saw-Paticca Abhyasa-anno-pubbo saс╣Гkh─Бraseso | | 18 |

(This accomplishment) is based on detachment and previously applied for any subsequent activities.

bhava-Paticca videha-prakriti-layana | | 19 | |

(For example) Based on this existence and the characteristics of self

saddha-viriya-sati-samadhi-pa├▒├▒─Б-pubbaka itaresam | | 20 | |
This flower gives himself (based on these qualities) of conviction (saddha), energy (viriya), mindfulness (sati), concentration (samadhi) and wisdomтАи(pa├▒├▒─Б) [20] The Buddha mentions these five factors when he was training arupa jhana under his previous two teachers. He also mentions how crucial factors when striving for enlightenment under the Bodhi tree. Later, during his years of teaching, he gave the name of тАЬpowersтАЭ (bullet) andтАиexplained that, if perfected, would lead to enlightenment.

Tibba-saс╣Гveg─Бn─Бm ─Бsanno | | 21 | |
(For those) with a firm determination reached (this accomplishment, the first Dhyana / jhana).
тЩж Advancing in jhana, tips and tricks. тЩж

Mudu-majjhimтАЩ─Бdhi-mattat─Б tatoтАЩpi Visions | | 22 | |

There is also a differentiation between (achievement) lower, middle and high

Issar paс╣Зidh─Бn─Б-go | | 23 | |

Or based on devotion (devotion) to a Lord (a master of meditation).

kilesa-kamma-vip─Бk─Бsay─Б apar─Бmiss─Б Puris-visionsтАЩ Issar | | 24 | |

The Lord (the Master) that is no longer influenced by the outcome kammic impurities and past desires.

[24]тАиBesides the question whether the term тАЬIssarтАЭ found here could be read as merely referring to a master of meditation (which fits perfectly into the discussion until verse 27, where it starts to not fit any more) isтАиikely discussion, including on-line translation of the Yoga Sutra by Geshe Michael Roach . TheтАиprinciple can be interpreted so as to skeptics recalling the firstтАиsutta MN seemed more logical to assume Issar was first used to designate тАЬthe LordтАЭ (ie your God).

But with a little more research found that the term Issar Theragatha us are used to designate the тАЬmasterтАЭ. Interesting is also the word in Pali ─Бsayih replaced simple wish / desire - тАЬAsa.тАЭ ButтАитАЬalmostтАЭ sounds like тАЬAsavaтАЭ that would fit even better in the context of kamma and vipaka Asava.But the idea is very specific (тАЭthat whichтАиflows within you, taking it) and may or may not be what was meant in this passage.
tatra-niratisayaс╣Г sabba├▒├▒at─Б b─лjaс╣Г | | 25 | |

It is this that lies the seed of omniscience unmatched.

sa pubbesam api guru k─БlenтАЩ─Бnavacchedan─Б | | 26 | |
This Master from the beginning never abandoned him or abandon

[26] Literally, тАЬnotтАЭ drop тАЬ(an + evaluation + chedana), or abandon, even for a time (short) (Kalena)

tassa v─Бcako Panavia | | 27 | |

His Word is the breath and the clamor of living

[27] On the panavah term, which can be interpreted as тАЬomтАЭ in Hindu literature. ItтАиall depends if we read verses 24-27 as involving тАЬIssarтАЭ to mean тАЬGodтАЭ or simply refer to consider meditation master of meditation you learn. IfтАиyou do a search in the Tipitaka, you see that when the Buddha used the term was to refer to teachers (see for example Theragatha)

taj-tad-japp attha-bhavana | | 28 | |

Praying in unison with this, this is the goal of meditation

touch-pratyak cetan─БdhigamoтАЩpi antar─Бy─Бbh─Бvo ca | | 29 | |
So if the mind itself and carries it away all obstacles / hazards:

Vyadha-с╣нс╣нh─Бna-samsaya-pam─Бd─Бlay─Бvirati-bhr─Бnti-dassan─БтАЩladdhabh┼лmikatv─БтАЩnavatthitat─Бni

Diseases, skeptical questions, be moved to laziness of attachment, wrong view ofтАиthings, not meditative placements, or not yet firmly established in these.

citta-vikkhep─Б teтАЩntar─Бy─Б | | 30 | |

These are the causes of mental distractions (they fall due).

dukkha-domanassтАЩaс╣Еgam ejayatvтАЩass─Бsa-Passaseo vikkhepa-saha-Bhuvah | | 31 | |

The physical and mental pain arises in the body, the shaking of the inhale and exhale conju├з├гo occur with such distractions.

[31] Here dukkha and Domanassam mentioned. They also appear in the definition of the BuddhaтАЩs four jhana, but in a different direction. The problem described here meditative seems out of place and looks as if someone had to fit these words here. Also the inhale and exhale clearly has an important role in that they cease to exist (nirodha) so subjective to the practitioner in the fourth jhana. It is strange that all this is on the list, but is presented in a very different interpretation.

But even this is a samadhi with seed / question.
Nirvic─Бr─Б-vis─БradтАЩajjhatta-pasado | | 47 | |
Happiness is attained with the inner conviction without regard to the concentration already (vicara, which is paired with vitakka) itaс╣Гbhar─Б pa├▒├▒─Б tatra | | 48 | |
In this way, the truth is filled with wisdom.

sutтАЩ─Бnum─Бna pa├▒├▒─Бy─Б-anna-visaya visesтАЩatthat─Б | | 49 |
And this wisdom is of a different kind of knowledge acquired through learning.

taj-jo-saс╣Гkh─БroтАЩ├▒├▒a Samkhara-paс╣нibaddh─л | | 50 | |

Such activity (meditative and induced) obstructs born (all) other activities.

tass─Бpi nirodha Sabba-nirodha nibb─лjo sam─Бdhi | | 51 | |

With the extinction of it all is also stopped - and this is the root-without-samadhi (samadhi-unborn)
[51]тАиThis last sentence sounds more like a reporter who, after being invited to a very important meeting, is eager to share what he heard from relevant sources.

Here we are given a definition, in fact, the definition of the BuddhaтАитАЬphalasam─БpattiтАЭ - a state of jhana, which can only happen after someone has had a realization that the particular insight nirvanic, givingтАиyouaccess to that which is samadhi no тАЬseedsтАЭ (nibb─лja).

This whole concept fits nicely into a row of theistic argument, and noтАиattempt is being made here in the final set of samadhi, to explain it.

Did the Buddhists speak of this matter so that among the philosophical circles тАЬmainstreamтАЭ of the time it was automatically understood as тАЬthe highest you can get,тАЭ and the argument was so powerful that, despite not fit in the school already thinking of the times (an ancient Hinduism) was considered indisputable?

Hard to say. This argument appears in the Sutta Ratanasutta Nipata.Vemos this final state, without seeds, as something that would target when trying to тАЬSanna-vedayita-nirodhaтАЭ cessation of perception and feeling, a realization of the Buddha described as possible Arahants Anagami for that, after entering the eighth jhana sequentially finally leave theactivity more subtle (the sankhara) back.

Patanjali Yoga viracite-iti
samadhi sutta paс╣нhamo-pated | | |

This is the first chapter on the Samadhi Yoga Sutra of Patanjali

Source for adaptation and translation http://theravadin.wordpress.com/2010/08/28/the-yoga-sutra-a-handbook-on-buddhist-meditation/

Published with Blogger-droid v1.6.5

Posted by Dhammarakkhittas at 15:31

Labels: ashtanga yoga , Brahmanism , Buddha , Buddhism , ancient Buddhism , dharma , dhyana ,Hinduism , jhana , patanjali , Sangha , Theravada , yoga , Yogasutra

https://www.youtube.com/watchтАж
Conscious breathing
http://yoga.org.nz/postures.htm
Main Page

Welcome to our yoga postures section. Here you will find yoga moves that are broken down to the bare basics with colour photos to match. We also
have state of the art flash yoga animation technology that you can use to view these moves in full screen size, full colour and with full instruction.

Yogic exercises cater to the needs of each individual according to his or her specific needs and physical condition. They involve vertical,
horizontal, and cyclical movements, which provide energy to the system
by directing the blood supply to the areas of the body which need it most.

In yoga, each cell is observed, attended to, and provided with a fresh supply of blood, allowing it to function smoothly. The mind is naturally active and dynamic, while the innerself is luminous. In this section we will give you plenty of yoga images and instruction. Breathing Pose

The simple act of learning to control the breath has a number of beneficial effects on your wellbeing, ranging from increasing your energy, to improved relaxation into sleep. It purifies the body by flushing away the gaseous by products of metabolism and will also help
you to remain calm in the face of the challenges that we encounter in our everyday lives.

Control of the breath is an essential element in the art of yoga. When bringing the air in to the abdomen, do not to puff the stomach out, but pull the air into it while extending the inside wall. By harnessing the power of the breath the mind can be stilled and can be prepared for your
Yoga practice Instruction Table Breathing Basic

1

Sit in a simple cross-legged position on the floor. If you donтАЩt feel comfortable in this position place a folded blanket under your buttocks. Place your right hand on the rib cage and your left hand on your abdomen

Inhale slowly through the nose feeling the breath filling the abdomen, in IL bringing it slowly into the rib cage, then the upper chest.

Exhaling softly feeling the breath leave the abdomen first, then the
ribs and lastly the upper chest. Observe the space at the end of the exhale

2

Now move hands so your forearms come to a comfortable position resting on your knees and continue the breathing with a relaxed rhythm. Continue with a flowing controlled breath in your own time.

Yoga breathing is also call Pranayama . Many say that Pranayama (Rhythmic control of breath) is one of the bests medicines in the world .
Right click the link and save as to download a beginners breathing routine . Then watch in windows media player.
Click the BIG play button in the middle below. To watch a Pranayama Breathing overview .
Please visit:
http://www.youtube.com/watchтАж
quarktechinc
4.26K subscribers
Before starting the Asanas (as-anas) or the yogic postures, it is vital that you start with the practice of Pranayama (praa-na-yaa-ma) or the yogic breathing exercises.

And what is Yogic Breathing (Pranayama)

Pranayama is loosely translated as prana (pra-aana) or breathe controlЁЯдУЁЯдУЁЯдУ
Breathing affects our state of mind. It can make us excited or calm,
tense or relaxed. It can make our thinking confused or clear. In the
ancient yogic tradition, air is the primary source of life force, a
psycho-physio-spiritual force that permeates the universe. Yogicbreathing is used in yoga as a separate practice to help clear and
cleanse the body and mind. It oxygenates the lungs by getting rid of
enormous quantity of carbon dioxide and other toxic gases. It is also
used in preparation for asana, the practice of yogic postures and
meditation, to help maximize the benefits of the practice, and focus the
mind.

Would you like to know the more details about this? Please refer the fallowing link.
http://www.quarktechinc.com/productsтАж.
Category
Film & Animation

comments (0)
06/18/21
LESSON 4005 Sat 19 Jun 2021 Under *’Mission 2021′*, *Mission Awakened One Universe* is determined to bring all human beings to Thunder ” We will bring back the rich heritage of our ancestors i.e., Awakened One Universe
Filed under: General, Theravada Tipitaka
Posted by: site admin @ 4:40 pm

LESSON 4005 Sat 19 Jun 2021 Under *’Mission 2021′*, *Mission Awakened One Universe* is determined to bring all human beings to Thunder ” We will bring back the rich heritage of our ancestors i.e., Awakened One Universe “.
Jagatheesan Chandrasekharn Sat, Jun 19, 2021 at 5:05 AM
To: Tushar Kumar
Cc: “harshithpradeepkumar@gmail.com” , NS Pradeepkumar
, Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan , Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan , Jagatheesan Chandrasekharn

LESSON 4005 Sat 19 Jun 2021

Under *’Mission 2021′*, *Mission Awakened One Universe* is determined to bring all human beings to Thunder ” We will bring back the rich heritage of our ancestors i.e., Awakened One Universe “.

All religious preachers just like

KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA -
Free Online Analytical Research,Train and Practice University for тАЬDiscovery of the Univerasal Volunteers with the Awareness UniverseтАЭ (FOARTPU4DUVAU) in 117 Classical Languages.

May we appeal to the List of all UNIVERSAL VOLUNTEER ORGANISATIONS striving hard to TRAIN & PLANT VEGETABLES & DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD AS PRACTICED BY SAMRAT ASHOKA as Said by an Awakened One with Awareness тАЬHunger is the worst illness, to reestablish Ashokan rule along with the farmers compounded existence the worst suffering or aliment (dukkha) with ending of ailments (dukkha Nirodha)

May we give importance to Awakened OneтАЩs teachings in this angle for the peace, happiness, welfare of all sentient and non sentient beings like the birds not depending on anyone so that all may attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.

For this mission, registration to be started through website, app and missed call number.

To join this campaign, you can give a missed call on this number:

* 8800662528*

*тЮбя╕ПOn making a missed call, you will get an SMS in which you will get a link to the registration form.*

*тЮбя╕ПClick on the link, a form will open up. Complete the registration by filling the form.*

*тЮбя╕ПYour contribution is important in this campaign to make Universe a _’Awakened One Universe Universe’_. Copy and forward this message and post it in the Facebook group, and all WhatsApp groups.*

Mistranslation of SC, ST to be fixed in school admission forms

Mistranslation of SC, ST to be fixed in school admission forms
Corpn. makes change following objections to their usage

Mistranslation of SC, ST to be fixed in school admission forms
STAFF REPORTER
CHENNAI, JUNE 18, 2021 00:05 IST
UPDATED: JUNE 18, 2021 00:06 IST
Corpn. makes change following objections to their usage

The Department of Education in the Greater Chennai Corporation has ordered the removal of the inappropriate Tamil words used for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) in application forms for school admissions following objections to their usage.

In the application forms for Corporation-run schools, for the question in Tamil asking which community the student belonged to, thazhthapattavar (oppressed) and malai jaathi (hill caste) were used for SCs and STs respectively.

Petitions sent

At least two petitions were sent citing the negative connotations associated with these words and the possible violation of a 2018 order of the Union Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment (MoSJE), which was issued following a judgment of the Madhya Pradesh High Court. A petition sent by Republican Party of India - Tamil Nadu president R. Anbuvendhan alleged that the usage was in violation of law, and urged the Corporation to use the correct terms.

Advocate A.B. Rajasekaran, in his email petition to the Corporation, said the words were demeaning and derogatory and could be in violation of one or more union and State laws/orders.

The 2018 order of the MoSJE asked all State governments to use only the Constitutional term тАШScheduled CasteтАЩ in English and its appropriate translations in other languages.

Mr. Rajasekaran told The Hindu that while the appropriate translation for SCs can be Attavanai Pirivinar, in the context of Tamil Nadu, the officially used terms were Pattiyalinathavar or Adi Dravidar.

The Department for the welfare of SCs and STs in Tamil Nadu is also called Adi Dravidar Matrum Pazhangudiyinar Nala Thurai.

тАЬThe government must stick to these official terms and not use other inappropriate translations,тАЭ he said.

тАШConcerns justifiedтАЩ

A senior official from the Corporation said the concerns raised regarding the negative connotations were justified.

тАЬThe forms were printed last year. We do not want to stop issuing the forms as it will affect enrolment. We have asked the heads of the schools to manually strike through the words and write the appropriate terms. The new forms will be printed correctly,тАЭ the official added.

https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mistranslation-of-sc-st-to-be-fixed-in-school-admission-forms/article34844547.ece

роОро╕рпНроЪро┐, роОро╕рпНроЯро┐ родро╡ро▒ро╛роХ роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокродрпБ рокро│рпНро│ро┐ роЪрпЗро░рпНроХрпНроХрпИ рокроЯро┐ро╡роЩрпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роЪро░ро┐ роЪрпЖропрпНропрокрпНрокроЯ ро╡рпЗрогрпНроЯрпБроорпН
STAFF REPORTER
роЪрпЖройрпНройрпИ, роЬрпВройрпН 18, 2021 00:05 IST
рокрпБродрпБрокрпНрокро┐роХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯ роиро╛ро│рпН: роЬрпВройрпН 18, 2021 00:06 IST
роХро╛ро░рпНрокройрпН. роЕро╡ро▒рпНро▒ро┐ройрпН рокропройрпНрокро╛роЯрпНроЯро┐ро▒рпНроХро╛рой рокро┐ройрпНро╡ро░рпБроорпН роЖроЯрпНроЪрпЗрокройрпИроХро│рпИ рооро╛ро▒рпНро▒рпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ

роХро┐ро░рпЗроЯрпНроЯро░рпН роЪрпЖройрпНройрпИ роХро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокро░рпЗро╖ройро┐ро▓рпН роЙро│рпНро│ роХро▓рпНро╡ро┐родрпН родрпБро▒рпИ, рокроЯрпНроЯро┐ропро▓рпН роЪро╛родро┐роХро│рпН (роОро╕рпНроЪро┐) рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН рокроЯрпНроЯро┐ропро▓рпН рокро┤роЩрпНроХрпБроЯро┐ропро┐ройро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБ (роОро╕рпН.роЯро┐) рокропройрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯ рокрпКро░рпБродрпНродрооро▒рпНро▒ родрооро┐ро┤рпН роЪрпКро▒рпНроХро│рпИ рокро│рпНро│ро┐ роЪрпЗро░рпНроХрпНроХрпИроХрпНроХро╛рой ро╡ро┐рогрпНрогрокрпНрок рокроЯро┐ро╡роЩрпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роирпАроХрпНроХрпБро╡родро▒рпНроХрпБ роЙродрпНродро░ро╡ро┐роЯрпНроЯродрпБ.

роХро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокро░рпЗро╖ройрпН роироЯродрпНродрпБроорпН рокро│рпНро│ро┐роХро│рпБроХрпНроХро╛рой ро╡ро┐рогрпНрогрокрпНрок рокроЯро┐ро╡роЩрпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН, рооро╛рогро╡ро░рпН роОроирпНрод роЪроорпВроХродрпНродрпИроЪрпН роЪрпЗро░рпНроирпНродро╡ро░рпН роОройрпНро▒рпБ родрооро┐ро┤ро┐ро▓рпН роХрпЗроЯрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпБроорпН роХрпЗро│рпНро╡ро┐роХрпНроХрпБ, роорпБро▒рпИропрпЗ роОро╕рпНроЪро┐ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роОро╕рпН.роЯро┐.роХро│рпБроХрпНроХрпБ родроЬрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯрокрпНрокро╡ро░рпН (роТроЯрпБроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯ) рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН рооро▓ро╛ропрпН роЬро╛родро┐ (рооро▓рпИ роЪро╛родро┐) рокропройрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯрой.

рооройрпБроХрпНроХро│рпН роЕройрпБрокрпНрокрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯрой

роЗроирпНрод ро╡ро╛ро░рпНродрпНродрпИроХро│рпБроЯройрпН родрпКроЯро░рпНрокрпБроЯрпИроп роОродро┐ро░рпНрооро▒рпИ роЕро░рпНродрпНродроЩрпНроХро│рпН рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роородрпНродро┐роп рокро┐ро░родрпЗроЪ роЙропро░рпНроирпАродро┐рооройрпНро▒родрпНродро┐ройрпН родрпАро░рпНрокрпНрокрпИродрпН родрпКроЯро░рпНроирпНродрпБ ро╡ро┤роЩрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯ роородрпНродро┐роп роЪроорпВроХ роирпАродро┐ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роЕродро┐роХро╛ро░рооро│ро┐родрпНродро▓рпН роЕроорпИроЪрпНроЪроХродрпНродро┐ройрпН (MoSJE) 2018 роЖроорпН роЖрогрпНроЯро┐ройрпН роЙродрпНродро░ро╡рпИ роорпАро▒рпБро╡родро╛роХ роЪрпБроЯрпНроЯро┐роХрпНроХро╛роЯрпНроЯро┐ роХрпБро▒рпИроирпНродродрпБ роЗро░рогрпНроЯрпБ рооройрпБроХрпНроХро│рпН роЕройрпБрокрпНрокрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯрой. роЗроирпНродро┐роп роХрпБроЯро┐ропро░роЪрпБроХрпН роХроЯрпНроЪро┐ роЕройрпБрокрпНрокро┐роп рооройрпБ - родрооро┐ро┤роХродрпН родро▓рпИро╡ро░рпН роЖро░рпН.роЕройрпНрокрпБро╡рпЗроирпНродройрпН роЗроирпНрод рокропройрпНрокро╛роЯрпБ роЪроЯрпНроЯродрпНродрпИ роорпАро▒рпБро╡родро╛роХроХрпН роХрпБро▒рпНро▒роорпН роЪро╛роЯрпНроЯро┐ропродрпБроЯройрпН, роЪро░ро┐ропро╛рой ро╡ро┐родро┐роорпБро▒рпИроХро│рпИрокрпН рокропройрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрпБрооро╛ро▒рпБ роХро┤роХродрпНродрпИ ро╡ро▓ро┐ропрпБро▒рпБродрпНродро┐ропродрпБ.

ро╡ро┤роХрпНроХро▒ро┐роЮро░рпН роП.рокро┐. ро░ро╛роЬроЪрпЗроХро░ройрпН, роХро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокро░рпЗро╖ройрпБроХрпНроХрпБ роЕройрпБрокрпНрокро┐роп рооро┐ройрпНройроЮрпНроЪро▓рпН рооройрпБро╡ро┐ро▓рпН, роЗроирпНрод ро╡ро╛ро░рпНродрпНродрпИроХро│рпН роЗро┤ро┐ро╡ро╛ройро╡рпИ, роЕро╡родрпВро▒ро╛ройро╡рпИ, роЕро╡рпИ роТройрпНро▒рпБ роЕро▓рпНро▓родрпБ роЕродро▒рпНроХрпБ роорпЗро▒рпНрокроЯрпНроЯ родрпКро┤ро┐ро▒рпНроЪроЩрпНроХ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН рооро╛роиро┐ро▓ роЪроЯрпНроЯроЩрпНроХро│рпН / роЙродрпНродро░ро╡рпБроХро│рпИ роорпАро▒рпБроорпН роЪрпЖропро▓ро╛роХрпБроорпН.

MoSJE роЗройрпН 2018 роЙродрпНродро░ро╡рпБ роЕройрпИродрпНродрпБ рооро╛роиро┐ро▓ роЕро░роЪро╛роЩрпНроХроЩрпНроХро│рпИропрпБроорпН роЖроЩрпНроХро┐ро▓родрпНродро┐ро▓рпН тАШрокроЯрпНроЯро┐ропро▓рпН роЪро╛родро┐тАЩ роОройрпНро▒ роЕро░роЪро┐ропро▓роорпИрокрпНрокрпБроЪрпН роЪрпКро▓рпНро▓рпИропрпБроорпН рокро┐ро▒ роорпКро┤ро┐роХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роЕродройрпН рокрпКро░рпБродрпНродрооро╛рой роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокрпБроХро│рпИропрпБроорпН роороЯрпНроЯрпБроорпЗ рокропройрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрпБрооро╛ро▒рпБ роХрпЗроЯрпНроЯрпБроХрпН роХрпКрогрпНроЯродрпБ.

родро┐ро░рпБ. ро░ро╛роЬроЪрпЗроХро░ройрпН родро┐ роЗроирпНродрпБро╡ро┐роЯроорпН, роОро╕рпН.роЪро┐.роХрпНроХро│рпБроХрпНроХрпБ рокрпКро░рпБродрпНродрооро╛рой роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокрпБ роЕроЯрпНроЯро╡ройрпИ рокро┐ро░ро┐ро╡ро┐ройро╛ро░рпН роЖроХро▓ро╛роорпН, родрооро┐ро┤рпНроиро╛роЯрпНроЯро┐ройрпН роЪрпВро┤ро▓ро┐ро▓рпН, роЕродро┐роХро╛ро░рокрпНрокрпВро░рпНро╡рооро╛роХ рокропройрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрокрпНрокроЯрпБроорпН роЪрпКро▒рпНроХро│рпН рокроЯрпНроЯро┐ропро▓ро┐роиро╛родро╡ро░рпН роЕро▓рпНро▓родрпБ роЖродро┐ родро┐ро░ро╛ро╡ро┐родро░рпН.

родрооро┐ро┤рпНроиро╛роЯрпНроЯро┐ро▓рпН роОро╕рпНроЪро┐ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роОро╕рпН.роЯро┐.роХро│ро┐ройрпН роиро▓ройрпБроХрпНроХро╛рой родрпБро▒рпИ роЖродро┐ родро┐ро░ро╛ро╡ро┐роЯро░рпН роорпЖроЯрпНро░роорпН рокроЬроЩрпНроХрпБроЯро┐ропро┐ройро╛ро░рпН роиро╛ро▓ро╛ родрпБро░рпИ роОройрпНро▒рпБроорпН роЕро┤рпИроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ.

“роЕро░роЪро╛роЩрпНроХроорпН роЗроирпНрод роЙродрпНродро┐ропрпЛроХрокрпВро░рпНро╡ ро╡ро┐родро┐роорпБро▒рпИроХро│рпИ роХроЯрпИрокро┐роЯро┐роХрпНроХ ро╡рпЗрогрпНроЯрпБроорпН, рооро▒рпНро▒ рокрпКро░рпБродрпНродрооро▒рпНро▒ роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокрпБроХро│рпИрокрпН рокропройрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродроХрпНроХрпВроЯро╛родрпБ,” роОройрпНро▒рпБ роЕро╡ро░рпН роХрпВро▒ро┐ройро╛ро░рпН.

тАШроХро╡ро▓рпИроХро│рпН роиро┐ропро╛ропрокрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯройтАЩ

роХро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокро░рпЗро╖ройро┐ройрпН роорпВродрпНрод роЕродро┐роХро╛ро░ро┐ роТро░рпБро╡ро░рпН, роОродро┐ро░рпНрооро▒рпИ роЕро░рпНродрпНродроЩрпНроХро│рпН родрпКроЯро░рпНрокро╛роХ роОро┤рпБрокрпНрокрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯ роХро╡ро▓рпИроХро│рпН роиро┐ропро╛ропрооро╛ройро╡рпИ роОройрпНро▒ро╛ро░рпН.

тАЬрокроЯро┐ро╡роЩрпНроХро│рпН роХроЯроирпНрод роЖрогрпНроЯрпБ роЕроЪрпНроЪро┐роЯрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯрой. рокроЯро┐ро╡роЩрпНроХро│рпИ ро╡ро┤роЩрпНроХрпБро╡родрпИ роиро┐ро▒рпБродрпНрод роиро╛роЩрпНроХро│рпН ро╡ро┐ро░рпБроорпНрокро╡ро┐ро▓рпНро▓рпИ, роПройрпЖройро┐ро▓рпН роЗродрпБ рокродро┐ро╡рпБ роЪрпЖропрпНро╡родрпИ рокро╛родро┐роХрпНроХрпБроорпН. роЪрпКро▒рпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН роорпВро▓роорпН роХрпИроорпБро▒рпИропро╛роХ ро╡рпЗро▓рпИроиро┐ро▒рпБродрпНродроорпН роЪрпЖропрпНродрпБ рокрпКро░рпБродрпНродрооро╛рой роЪрпКро▒рпНроХро│рпИ роОро┤рпБродрпБрооро╛ро▒рпБ рокро│рпНро│ро┐роХро│ро┐ройрпН родро▓рпИро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐роЯроорпН роХрпЗроЯрпНроЯрпБро│рпНро│рпЛроорпН. рокрпБродро┐роп рокроЯро┐ро╡роЩрпНроХро│рпН роЪро░ро┐ропро╛роХ роЕроЪрпНроЪро┐роЯрокрпНрокроЯрпБроорпН, тАЭроОройрпНро▒рпБ роЕродро┐роХро╛ро░ро┐ роорпЗро▓рпБроорпН роХрпВро▒ро┐ройро╛ро░рпН.

рокроЯрпНроЯро┐ропро▓рпН роЪро╛родро┐роХро│рпН (роОро╕рпНроЪро┐) рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН рокроЯрпНроЯро┐ропро▓рпН рокро┤роЩрпНроХрпБроЯро┐ропро┐ройро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБ (роОро╕рпН.роЯро┐) рокропройрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯ рокрпКро░рпБродрпНродрооро▒рпНро▒ родрооро┐ро┤рпН роЪрпКро▒рпНроХро│рпИ рокро│рпНро│ро┐ роЪрпЗро░рпНроХрпНроХрпИроХрпНроХро╛рой ро╡ро┐рогрпНрогрокрпНрок рокроЯро┐ро╡роЩрпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роирпАроХрпНроХрпБро╡родро▒рпНроХрпБ роЙродрпНродро░ро╡ро┐роЯрпНроЯродрпБ.

роОро╕рпНроЪро┐ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роОро╕рпН.роЯро┐.роХро│рпБроХрпНроХрпБ родроЬрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯрокрпНрокро╡ро░рпН (роТроЯрпБроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯ) рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН рооро▓ро╛ропрпН роЬро╛родро┐ (рооро▓рпИ роЪро╛родро┐) рокропройрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯрой.

роЗроирпНрод ро╡ро╛ро░рпНродрпНродрпИроХро│рпН роЗро┤ро┐ро╡ро╛ройро╡рпИ, роЕро╡родрпВро▒ро╛ройро╡рпИ, роЕро╡рпИ роТройрпНро▒рпБ роЕро▓рпНро▓родрпБ роЕродро▒рпНроХрпБ роорпЗро▒рпНрокроЯрпНроЯ родрпКро┤ро┐ро▒рпНроЪроЩрпНроХ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН рооро╛роиро┐ро▓ роЪроЯрпНроЯроЩрпНроХро│рпН / роЙродрпНродро░ро╡рпБроХро│рпИ роорпАро▒рпБроорпН роЪрпЖропро▓ро╛роХрпБроорпН.

роОро╕рпН.роЪро┐.роХрпНроХро│рпБроХрпНроХрпБ рокрпКро░рпБродрпНродрооро╛рой роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокрпБ роЕроЯрпНроЯро╡ройрпИ рокро┐ро░ро┐ро╡ро┐ройро╛ро░рпН роЖроХро▓ро╛роорпН, родрооро┐ро┤рпНроиро╛роЯрпНроЯро┐ройрпН роЪрпВро┤ро▓ро┐ро▓рпН, роЕродро┐роХро╛ро░рокрпНрокрпВро░рпНро╡рооро╛роХ рокропройрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрокрпНрокроЯрпБроорпН роЪрпКро▒рпНроХро│рпН рокроЯрпНроЯро┐ропро▓ро┐роиро╛родро╡ро░рпН роЕро▓рпНро▓родрпБ роЖродро┐ родро┐ро░ро╛ро╡ро┐родро░рпН.

Transgender рокрпЛройрпНро▒ роТро░рпБ ро╡ро╛ро░рпНродрпНродрпИропрпИ родро┐ро░рпБ роироЩрпНроХрпИ роОрой роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокродройрпН роорпВро▓роорпН роЕро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН роиро┐ро▓рпИропрпИ роорпЗроорпНрокроЯрпБродрпНрод роорпБроЯро┐ропро╛родрпБ. роЕро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпИ роЖрогро╛роХро╡рпЛ рокрпЖрогрпНрогро╛роХро╡рпЛ рооро╛ро▒рпНро▒ роОроирпНрод роЕро▒рпБро╡рпИ роЪро┐роХро┐роЪрпНроЪрпИропрпБроорпН роироЯродрпНродрокрпНрокроЯрпБро╡родро┐ро▓рпНро▓рпИ. роЙро▓роХро┐ройрпН роорпБродро▓рпН рокро┐ро│ро╛ро╕рпНроЯро┐роХрпН роЕро▒рпБро╡рпИ роЪро┐роХро┐роЪрпНроЪрпИ / роЙро▒рпБрокрпНрокрпБ рооро╛ро▒рпНро▒рпБ роЕро▒рпБро╡рпИ роЪро┐роХро┐роЪрпНроЪрпИ роОроЩрпНроХро│рпН роиро╛роЯрпНроЯро┐ро▓рпН роироЯродрпНродрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯродро╛роХ роорпЛроЯро┐ роХрпВро▒ро┐ропродрпБ рокрпЛро▓, ропро╛ройрпИропро┐ройрпН родро▓рпИропрпИ ро╡рпЖроЯрпНроЯро┐ рооройро┐род роЙроЯро▓ро┐ро▓рпН ро╡рпИродрпНродрокрпЛродрпБ, тАЛтАЛроЕроирпНрод ропро╛ройрпИ роЙроЯро▓рпБроХрпНроХрпБроорпН рооройро┐род родро▓рпИроХрпНроХрпБроорпН роОройрпНрой роироЯроирпНродродрпБ роОройрпНро▒рпБ роЕро╡ро░рпН роТро░рпБрокрпЛродрпБроорпН роХрпБро▒ро┐рокрпНрокро┐роЯро╡ро┐ро▓рпНро▓рпИ.

роорпЛроЯро┐ 2014:ро▓рпН роЖроЯрпНроЪро┐роХрпНроХрпБ ро╡роирпНрод рокрпЛродрпБ рокрпЖро░ро┐роп роЕро│ро╡ро┐ро▓рпН роРроПроОро╕рпН роРрокро┐роОро╕рпНро╕рпИ рооро╛ро▒рпНро▒ро╡ро┐ро▓рпНро▓рпИ. родрооро┐ро┤рпНроиро╛роЯрпНроЯро┐ро▓рпН роЗрокрпНрокроЯро┐ рооро╛ро▒рпНро▒рпБро╡родрпБ роЪро░ро┐ропро▓рпНро▓- роорпВродрпНродро┐ро░ роКроЯроХро╡ро┐ропро▓ро╛ро│ро░рпН роЪро┐ройрпНро░ро╛роЪрпБ.

роЯрпЖро▓рпНро▓ро┐ропро┐ро▓рпН роЪрпЖропро▓рпНрокроЯрпБроорпН ‘ропроЩрпН роЗроирпНродро┐ропро╛’ роОройрпБроорпН роиро┐ро▒рпБро╡ройроорпН родроХро╡ро▓рпН роЕро▒ро┐ропрпБроорпН роЙро░ро┐роорпИроЪрпН роЪроЯрпНроЯродрпНродро┐ройрпН роХрпАро┤рпН 2018 роорпН роЖрогрпНроЯрпБ рокрпЖро▒рпНро▒родрпЗ роорпЗро▒рпНроХрогрпНроЯ рокрпБро│рпНро│ро┐ро╡ро┐рокро░роЩрпНроХро│рпН.

роЬройро╛родро┐рокродро┐ роЪрпЖропро▓роХродрпНродро┐ройрпН роорпКродрпНродрокрпН рокродро╡ро┐роХро│рпН-49
роЗро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН 39 рокрпЗро░рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокройро░рпНроХро│рпН.
OBC-6 рокрпЗро░рпН.
SC-ST-4 рокрпЗро░рпН.

родрпБрогрпИ роЬройро╛родро┐рокродро┐ роЪрпЖропро▓роХродрпНродро┐ройрпН роорпКродрпНродрокрпН рокродро╡ро┐роХро│рпН-7
роЗро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН 7 рокрпЗро░рпБроорпН роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокройро░рпНроХро│рпН.
OBC-0
SC-ST-0

роХрпЗрокро┐ройроЯрпН роЪрпЖропро▓ро╛ро│ро░рпН роорпКродрпНродрокрпН рокродро╡ро┐роХро│рпН-20
роЗро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН 17 рокрпЗро░рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокройро░рпНроХро│рпН.
OBC-2 рокрпЗро░рпН.
SC-ST- 1 роирокро░рпН

рокро┐ро░родрооро░рпН роЕро▓рпБро╡ро▓роХродрпНродро┐ройрпН роорпКродрпНродрокрпН рокродро╡ро┐роХро│рпН-35
роЗро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН 31 рокрпЗро░рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокройро░рпНроХро│рпН.
OBC-2 рокрпЗро░рпН.
SC-ST- 2 рокрпЗро░рпН.

ро╡ро┐ро╡роЪро╛ропродрпН родро┐рогрпИроХрпНроХро│родрпНродро┐ройрпН роорпКродрпНродрокрпН рокродро╡ро┐роХро│рпН-274
роЗро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН 259 рокрпЗро░рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокройро░рпНроХро│рпН.
OBC-10 рокрпЗро░рпН.
SC-ST-5 рокрпЗро░рпН.

рокро╛родрпБроХро╛рокрпНрокрпБ роЕроорпИроЪрпНроЪроХродрпНродро┐ройрпН роорпКродрпНродрокрпН рокродро╡ро┐роХро│рпН-1379
роЗро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН 1000 рокрпЗро░рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокройро░рпНроХро│рпН.
OBC-31рокрпЗро░рпН.
SC-ST- 48 рокрпЗро░рпН.

роЪроорпВроХроиро▓ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роЪрпБроХро╛родро╛ро░ роЕроорпИроЪрпНроЪро┐ройрпН роорпКродрпНродрокрпН рокродро╡ро┐роХро│рпН-209
роЗро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН 132 рокрпЗро░рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокройро░рпНроХро│рпН.
OBC-60 рокрпЗро░рпН.
SC-ST- 17 рокрпЗро░рпН.

роиро┐родро┐ роЕроорпИроЪрпНроЪроХродрпНродро┐ройрпН роорпКродрпНродрокрпН рокродро╡ро┐роХро│рпН-1008
роЗро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН 942 рокрпЗро░рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокройро░рпНроХро│рпН.
OBC-46 рокрпЗро░рпН.
SC-ST- 20 рокрпЗро░рпН.

рокро┐ро│ро╛ройроЯрпН роЕроорпИроЪрпНроЪро┐ро▓рпН роорпКродрпНродрокрпН рокродро╡ро┐роХро│рпН-409
роЗро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН 327 рокрпЗро░рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокройро░рпНроХро│рпН.
OBC-63 рокрпЗро░рпН.
SC-ST- 19 рокрпЗро░рпН.

родрпКро┤ро┐ро▓рпН роЕроорпИроЪрпНроЪроХродрпНродро┐ройрпН роорпКродрпНродрокрпН рокродро╡ро┐роХро│рпН-74
роЗро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН 59 рокрпЗро░рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокройро░рпНроХро│рпН.
OBC-9 рокрпЗро░рпН.
SC-ST- 4 рокрпЗро░рпН.

роХрпЖрооро┐роХрпНроХро▓рпН рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН рокрпЖроЯрпНро░рпЛро▓ро┐роп роЕроорпИроЪрпНроЪроХродрпНродро┐ройрпН роорпКродрпНродрокрпН рокродро╡ро┐роХро│рпН-121
роЗро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН 91 рокрпЗро░рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокройро░рпНроХро│рпН.
OBC-21 рокрпЗро░рпН.
SC-ST- 9 рокрпЗро░рпН.

роХро╡ро░рпНройро░рпН рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН ро▓рпЖрокрпНроЯро┐ройроЯрпН роХро╡ро░рпНройро░рпН-роорпКродрпНродрокрпН рокродро╡ро┐роХро│рпН-27
роЗро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН 25 рокрпЗро░рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокройро░рпНроХро│рпН.
OBC-2 рокрпЗро░рпН.
SC-ST- 0 рокрпЗро░рпН.

ро╡рпЖро│ро┐роиро╛роЯрпНроЯрпБ родрпВродрпБро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН роорпКродрпНродрокрпН рокродро╡ро┐роХро│рпН-140
роЗро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН 140 рокрпЗро░рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокройро░рпНроХро│рпН.
OBC-0 рокрпЗро░рпН.
SC-ST- 0 рокрпЗро░рпН.

роородрпНродро┐роп роЕро░роЪрпБ рокро▓рпНроХро▓рпИроХрпНроХро┤роХ родрпБрогрпИ ро╡рпЗроирпНродро░рпНроХро│рпН роорпКродрпНродрокрпН рокродро╡ро┐роХро│рпН-116
роЗро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН 108 рокрпЗро░рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокройро░рпНроХро│рпН.
OBC-5 рокрпЗро░рпН.
SC-ST- 3 рокрпЗро░рпН.

роородрпНродро┐роп рокрпКродрпБроЪрпН роЪрпЖропро▓ро╛ро│ро░рпН роорпКродрпНродрокрпН рокродро╡ро┐роХро│рпН-26
роЗро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН 18 рокрпЗро░рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокройро░рпНроХро│рпН.
OBC-7рокрпЗро░рпН.
SC-ST- 1 роирокро░рпН

роЙропро░рпНроирпАродро┐рооройрпНро▒ роирпАродро┐рокродро┐роХро│рпН роорпКродрпНродрокрпН рокродро╡ро┐роХро│рпН-330
роЗро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН 306 рокрпЗро░рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокройро░рпНроХро│рпН.
OBC-20 рокрпЗро░рпН.
SC-ST- 4 рокрпЗро░рпН.

роЙроЪрпНроЪроирпАродро┐рооройрпНро▒ роирпАродро┐рокродро┐роХро│рпН роорпКродрпНродрокрпН рокродро╡ро┐роХро│рпН-26
роЗро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН 23 рокрпЗро░рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокройро░рпНроХро│рпН.
OBC-2 рокрпЗро░рпН.
SC-ST- 1 роирокро░рпН

роорпКродрпНрод роР.роП.роОро╕рпН роЕродро┐роХро╛ро░ро┐роХро│рпН-3600 роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН/рокро╛ро░рпНрокрпНрокройро░рпНроХро│рпН 2750
OBC-350 рокрпЗро░рпН
SC-ST-300 рокрпЗро░рпН

роЗрокрпНрокроЯро┐ роЗро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБроорпН рокрпЛродрпБ роПроорпНрокрпНрокро╛ рооро╛родрпНродрогрпБроорпН?

роХроЯроирпНрод роиро╛ро▓рпБ ро╡ро░рпБроЯродрпНродро┐ро▓рпН роирпАроЩрпНроХ рокрогрпНрогро┐ ро╡роЪрпНроЪ роХрпЗроЯрпНроЯро┐ро▓рпН роХрпИ ро╡роЪрпНроЪро╛
роХродро▒ро▓рпН роЬро╛ро╕рпНродро┐ропро╛родрпНродро╛ройрпН роЗро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБроорпН.
роХродро▒рпБ роХродро▒рпБ.

23 Tasty Vegetarian and Vegan Salad Recipes
23 Tasty Vegetarian and Vegan Salad Recipes

23 Tasty Vegetarian and Vegan Salad Recipes
Collection of 23 Vegetarian Salad Recipes from around the World. Salads are one of the healthiest food options you can add to your meals

Salad Recipes. Collection of 23 Vegetarian and Vegan Salad Recipes from around the World. Salads are one of the healthiest food options you can add to your meals. 20 mins.
Vegetable Salad Recipes | Allrecipes
Vegetable Salad Recipes

Vegetable Salad Recipes
Broccoli salads. Corn salads. Tomato salads. Green salads. And salad dressings, of course. Get endless flavor combos for fresh vegetable salads.

The Best Vegetable Salad. The Best Vegetable Salad тАж 4.36 stars. 7 This is a refreshing salad using all different kinds of vegetables. You can use whatever you like, but the main things that makes it good are the tomatoes and cucumbers. тАж candied walnuts and baby greens. For a main dish salad, add chicken. Feel free to include more of your тАж
The Best Vegetable Salad Recipe | Allrecipes
The Best Vegetable Salad

The Best Vegetable Salad
This refreshing salad uses a variety of fresh vegetables tossed a pomegranate and herb dressing.

This is a refreshing salad using all different kinds of vegetables. You can use whatever you like, but the main things that makes it good are the tomatoes and cucumbers. It is much like an Israeli salad. The homemade dressing is very good on it, but so is just plain olive oil.
Veggie Salad in a Jar Recipe | MyRecipes
Veggie Salad in a Jar Recipe

Veggie Salad in a Jar Recipe
Make these salads up to a day ahead; pack them tightly with the dressing on the bottom, followed by denser ingredients that wont get soggy while they marinate. The recipe easily doubles if you need lunch for 4 people.

Directions. Instructions Checklist. Step 1. Combine olive oil, vinegar, mustard, pepper, and salt in a 1-pint mason jar with a lid; shake well to blend. Divide dressing between 2 (1-pint) mason jars. Advertisement. Step 2. Divide onion between the 2 jars. Repeat procedure with chickpeas, bell pepper, hearts of palm, tomatoes, and quinoa.
100+ Vegan Recipes | Allrecipes
100+ Vegan Recipes

100+ Vegan Recipes
Plant-based diets are healthier, environment-friendly, and really yummy. Our collection has over 1,940 real-people-tested vegan recipes for cooking and baking. Dont forget dessert!

Rice Paper Fake Bacon. Rating: 4.36 stars. 5. Some fake bacons are hit-and-miss, but because bacon is the one thing most people miss when switching to a vegetarian or vegan way of life, itтАЩs expected a fitting alternative is created. This recipe not only offers a completely meat-free bacon, but one that is low in fat and calories.
Rainbow Plant Life | Outstanding Vegan Recipes
https://rainbowplantlife.com
The Vegan Instant Pot Cookbook will teach you how to master your Instant Pot. and how to easily get healthy yet delicious vegan recipes on the table any day of the week! With 90 vibrant and flavorful recipes, from satisfying sides to hearty comfort foods and indulgent desserts. get the book.
15 Healthy Salad Recipes | Healthy Salads That Will Fill тАж
Healthy Dinner Salads

Healthy Dinner Salads
ThereтАЩs no easier way to eat a wholesome meal than to toss together a colorful salad. These ones are loaded with good-for-you ingredients тАФ so that your dinner is every bit as satisfying as it is delicious.

Grilled Chopped Vegetable Salad A great choice for vegetarians and meat eaters alike, ValerieтАЩs salad is loaded with a hearty mushrooms and oh-so-delicious grilled veggies.
The Complete Guide to a Low-Carb Vegan Diet тАФ Diet Doctor
The Complete Guide to a Low-Carb Vegan Diet тАФ Diet Doctor

The Complete Guide to a Low-Carb Vegan Diet тАФ Diet Doctor
What can you eat on a low-carb vegan diet? Our new guide provides all you need to know to follow a healthy low-carb vegan lifestyle.

Nuts, nut butters, and seeds: Hemp seeds, hulled: 25 grams of protein and 4 grams of net carbs per 1/2 cup (80 grams) Sacha inchi seeds: 18 grams of protein and 1 gram of net carbs per 1/2 cup (56 grams) Peanuts: 18 grams of protein and 9 grams of net carbs per 1/2 cup (72 grams) 18. 18.
Recipes | Allrecipes
Recipes

Recipes
Find and share everyday cooking inspiration on Allrecipes. Discover recipes, cooks, videos, and how-tos based on the food you love and the friends you follow.

Find and share everyday cooking inspiration on Allrecipes. Discover recipes, cooks, videos, and how-tos based on the food you love and the friends you follow.
A BeginnerтАЩs Guide to Going Vegetarian: How to Get Started тАж
The Ultimate Beginners Guide to Going Vegetarian

The Ultimate Beginners Guide to Going Vegetarian
Including how to reap all of the benefits from this lifestyle.

In a vegetarian diet, foods like nutritional yeast and B12-fortified foods like cereals and non-dairy milks can help you meet your needs. Vitamin D: Important for helping maintain strong bones and тАж

23 Tasty Vegetarian and Vegan Salad Recipes

23 Tasty Vegetarian and Vegan Salad Recipes
Collection of 23 Vegetarian Salad Recipes from around the World. Salads are one of the healthiest food options you can add to your meals

Salad Recipes
Collection of 23 Vegetarian and Vegan Salad Recipes from around the World. Salads are one of the healthiest food options you can add to your meals.

sprouts salad, moong sprouts salad
20 MINS
Salad Recipes
Sprouts Salad | Healthy Mung Bean Sprouts Salad
Ad

Healthy &Tasty Snacks For Kids
Packed With Approprite Portion Sizes That Are Tasty & Healthy For Everyday Snacking

mytimios.com
Visit Site

khamang kakdi recipe
15 MINS
Salad Recipes
Khamang Kakdi Recipe | Maharashtrian Cucumber Salad, Kakdi Chi Koshimbir

veg russian salad recipe, russian salad recipe
20 MINS
Salad Recipes
Russian Salad Recipe, How To Make Veg Russian Salad Recipe


EASY тАв 30 MINS
Salad Recipes
Vegan Fruit Salad With Cashew Cream, How To Make Vegan Fruit Cream

avocado salad served in a wooden bowl with a wooden spoon and some toasted bread in the background
EASY тАв 15 MINS
Salad Recipes
Avocado Salad

sweet corn salad
25 MINS
Salad Recipes
Corn Salad

aloo anardana salad
30 MINS
Salad Recipes
Aloo Anardana Salad Recipe | Potato Pomegranate Salad

Aloo Anardana Salad Recipe | Potato Pomegranate Salad
Ad

Healthy &Tasty Snacks For Kids
Packed With Approprite Portion Sizes That Are Tasty & Healthy For Everyday Snacking

mytimios.com
Visit Site

veg salad, vegetable salad
13 MINS
Salad Recipes
Vegetable Salad With Nuts (Super Healthy)

pasta salad in a bowl sprinkled with parsley and a brass fork by side
EASY тАв 20 MINS
Salad Recipes
Pasta Salad

kosambari recipe
15 MINS
Salad Recipes
Kosambari Recipe | Kosambari Salad Recipe | Moong Dal Kosambari
Ad

Healthy &Tasty Snacks For Kids
Packed With Approprite Portion Sizes That Are Tasty & Healthy For Everyday Snacking

mytimios.com
Visit Site

onion lachcha, onion rings salad
5 MINS
Salad Recipes
Onion Salad

spanish salad, vegetarian spanish salad, eggless spanish salad recipe
EASY тАв 35 MINS
Salad Recipes
Ensaladilla Rusa Recipe | Spanish Veg Salad Recipe

Salad Recipes

masala pyaaz recipe
5 MINS
Salad Recipes
Masala Onion Salad Recipe | Masala Pyaaz Recipe | Onion Recipes

kachumber salad in a small white bowl on a table next to plate of rice and a bowl of lentils
EASY тАв 15 MINS
Vegan Recipes
Kachumber Salad (Indian Salad)

cabbage coleslaw recipe
15 MINS
Salad Recipes
Cabbage Coleslaw | Cabbage Salad

mango salad, raw mango salad recipe
15 MINS
Salad Recipes
Mango Salad Recipe | Raw Mango Salad Recipe | Green Mango Salad

cherry tomato salad
EASY тАв 10 MINS
Salad Recipes
Cherry Tomato Salad

carrot sambharo, carrot salad
15 MINS
Salad Recipes
Carrot Sambharo | Gujarati Carrot Salad

Ad

Healthy &Tasty Snacks For Kids
Packed With Approprite Portion Sizes That Are Tasty & Healthy For Everyday Snacking

mytimios.com
Visit Site

herbed potato salad recipe
EASY тАв 20 MINS
Salad Recipes
Herbed Potato Salad Recipe

overhead shot of fruit salad in a white bowl with a blue rim
EASY тАв 15 MINS
World Recipes
Fruit Salad Recipe

fruit salad with ice cream
EASY тАв 15 MINS
Salad Recipes
Summer Fruit Salad With Ice Cream And Nuts

Apple salad with celery, walnuts and mayo dressing in an enamel bowl with white interior and red exterior with a brass spoon
EASY тАв 10 MINS
Salad Recipes
Easy Apple Salad

comments (0)
06/17/21
LESSON 4004 Fri 18 Jun 2021 - Happy Birthday Tushar Pradeep Kumar future CJI
Filed under: General, Theravada Tipitaka
Posted by: site admin @ 5:55 pm

LESSON 4004 Fri 18 Jun 2021 - Happy Birthday Tushar Pradeep Kumar future CJI

From

KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA -
Free Online Analytical Research and Practice University for тАЬDiscovery of the Univerasal Volunteers with the Awareness UniverseтАЭ (FOARPU4DUVAU) in 117 Classical Languages.
May we appeal to the List of all UNIVERSAL VOLUNTEER ORGANISATIONS striving hard to PLANT VEGETABLES & DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD AS PRACTICED BY SAMRAT ASHOKA as Said by an Awakened One with Awareness тАЬHunger is the worst illness, where 4 times Chief Minister Ms Mayawati who became eligible to be the Prime Minister with her excellent governance of Uttar Pradesh promised to reestablish Ashokan rule along with the farmers compounded existence the worst suffering or aliment (dukkha) with ending of ailments ( dukkha Nirodha) May we give importance to Awakened OneтАЩs teachings in this angle for the peace, happiness, welfare of all sentient and non sentient beings like the birds not depending on anyone so that all may attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.
https://youtu.be/0xJmZQHNUOE
Happy Birthday wishes for grandson Tushar Pradeep Kumar future CJI on 18-6-2021 free online latest best animated, GIPHY videos from ever loving Thaatha, Paati, Appa, Amma, Maama, Maami, Harshith, Pranay Vinay, relatives and friends

https://youtu.be/GpAvpyOZxLc

Happy Birthday GIF
https://media3.giphy.com/media/l4KhWXobaPhqmtQxW/giphy.gif?cid=6c09b952023ddd61f9c5488d13d743819b7b34b878c17bd3&rid=giphy.gif&ct=g

https://youtu.be/GpAvpyOZxLc

Happy Birthday wishes for grandson Tushar Pradeep Kumar future CJI on 18-6-2021 free online latest best animated, GIPHY videos from ever loving Thaatha, Paati, Appa, Amma, Maama, Maami, Harshith, Pranay Vinay, relatives and friends

https://www.google.co.in/amp/s/www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/sustainability-consultant-shriya-suriyanarayanan-on-how-to-go-green/article34831559.ece/amp/

How to go green

From growing oneтАЩs own food From

KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA -Free Online Analytical Research and Practice University for тАЬDiscovery of the Univerasal Volunteers with the Awareness UniverseтАЭ (FOARPU4DUVAU) in 117 Classical Languages

3D 360 Degree Circle Vision Meditation Lab.

White Home,

668, 5A Main Road,
8th Cross HAL III Stage,
Punya Bhumi Bengaluru,
Magadhi karnataka State,
Prabuddha Bharat International

http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org

buddhasaid2us@gmail.com
jcs4ever@outlook.com
jchandrasekharan@yahoo.com.

Leading grocery firm Hopcoms the Karnataka state co-operative that sells fruit and vegetables through nearly 300 outlets in Bengaluru must launch its e-commerce portal to serve the entire national if not the whole world through thousands of outlets.

Farmers and all humans will be benefitted from this venture, and there need not be any employment opportunity as we are all going to be more personnel for this effort. The world needs more and more Kadire Gowda, Managing Directors, Hopcoms.

The software must be finalized E-commerce portals may not necessarily be the best way as it is not for increasing profit in the grocery sector.

The world needs more and more Arvind K Singhal,,like chairmen and managing directors of Technoparks management consulting firms telling ET that physical retailers could have a brighter future by expanding their delivery services instead.тАЭE-commerce portals need more investment in supply-chain development, especially in sourcing, delivery and customer acquisition. In the near future, Reliance and Flipkart may also come up with their own online grocery stores, giving more competition. So when local retailers do the same, they might be biting off more than they can chew as Profit making is not its concern.
by Keonics and and others to be functional at the earliest, with initial investment crores of Rupees, Pounds, Dollars Etc.

Hopcoms and other co-operatives that encourage producing fruit and vegetables and dwarf fruit bearing plants and trees most must also extend their activities,тАЭEverybody must be ready to have more Hopcoms outlets in the world; with enough financial and personnel strength for it. The BBMP and all other people must and should start giving land for the purpose,тАЭ as said by Gowda.

E-commerce portals may not necessarily be the best way as it is not for increasing profit in the grocery sector.

The world needs more and more Arvind K Singhal,,like chairmen and managing directors of Technoparks management consulting firms telling ET that physical retailers could have a brighter future by expanding their delivery services instead.тАЭE-commerce portals need more investment in supply-chain development, especially in sourcing, delivery and customer acquisition. In the near future, Reliance and Flipkart may also come up with their own online grocery stores, giving more competition. So when local retailers do the same, they might be biting off more than they can chew as Profit making is not its concern.

About the crores of Rupees, Dollars, Pounds investment, Singhal says : тАЬIf they use that money to get their website listed at the top in a Google search, and in marketing via social media, they might make more benefit to the hungry humans.тАЭ

However, Mukesh Singh, CEO of Zopnow, an online grocery store based in Bangalore, need it feel that his company makes any revenue at all through fruits and vegetables alone as itтАЩs hunger but not profit.

More and more Zopnow, like online groceries must start their projects all over the world to start providing vegetables and fruits through their websites.

3-12-2021 Peace, Happiness, Wellness, Calmity, Calmness, Attention, Attentiveness, and All Mindful Beings willhave equanimity mind with a clear understanding that every thing change.

https://www.winterwatch.net/2020/11/maker-of-covid-tests-says-pandemic-is-biggest-hoax-ever-perpetrated/

https://www.winterwatch.net/2020/11/maker-of-covid-tests-says-pandemic-is-biggest-hoax-ever-perpetrated/

Maker of COVID Tests Says Pandemic is Biggest Hoax Ever Perpetrated

By G. Edward Griffin | 21 November 2020

RED PILL UNIVERSITY тАФ Top pathologist Dr. Roger Hodkinson told Canadian government officials in Alberta during a phone conference that the coronavirus pandemic is тАЬthe greatest hoax ever perpetrated on an unsuspecting public.тАЭ Hodkinson, who is the CEO of a biotech company that makes COVID tests, says тАЬThere is utterly unfounded public hysteria driven by the media and politicians.тАЭ We are seeing тАЬpolitics playing medicine, and thatтАЩs a very dangerous game.тАЭ

Positive test results do not mean a clinical infection, he says. All testing should stop because the false numbers they produce are тАЬdriving public hysteria.тАЭ Hodkinson says the risk of death for people under the age of 65 is тАЬone in three-hundred thousandтАЭ and it is тАЬoutrageousтАЭ to shut down society for what is merely тАЬjust another bad flu.тАЭ [тАж]

Does Brahmin Bashing really deserve its due? - Sanskriti …
https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/indian-religions/hinduism/brahmin-bashing-really-deserve-due/
Well written article!!! Absolutely true except for the fact that brahmins did hold power in India. The Maratha empire during the reign of the Peshwas was brahmin dominated. The Peshwas were Chitpavan Brahmins from Konkan. I am a Chitpavan myself from the city of Pune where many Chitpavan families migrated to during the reign of the Peshwa.

Indian Holocaust My Father`s Life and Time: Just Keeping …
https://indianholocaustmyfatherslifeandtime.blogspot.com/2010/09/just-keeping-aboriginal-indigeneous.html
Chitpavan leadership: Both the Maharashtra Govt. and the Union Govt. have been so far mum on the large-scale “Hindu terrorism” because they know those involved in all such heinous crimes that killed hundreds of Muslims (list given below) were mostly Maharashtrian Brahmins, that too the ChitpavanBrahmins. It was a Chitpavan Brahmin Nathuram …

Does Brahmin Bashing really deserve its due? - Sanskriti …
https://www.sanskritimagazine.com/indian-religions/hinduism/brahmin-bashing-really-deserve-due/
Well written article!!! Absolutely true except for the fact that brahmins did hold power in India. The Maratha empire during the reign of the Peshwas was brahmin dominated. The Peshwas were ChitpavanBrahmins from Konkan. I am a Chitpavan myself from the city of Pune where many Chitpavan familiesmigrated to during the reign of the Peshwa.

The Myth of Aryan Invasion Theory - HitXP
https://www.hitxp.com/articles/history/myth-aryan-invasion-theory/
clue what toilet is. Even to this date, nearly 50% Indians don’t use toilets. This gives you a tantalizing hint about how Indus valley civilization was destroyed with an absolute impunity. Max M├╝ller & Rig Veda: The main reason why Brahmins & other upper castes people hated Max M├╝ller and his Aryan Invasion Theory is because it simply put them

Captain Ajit Vadakayil, Sanatana Dharma, Hinduism Exhumed …
https://www.speakingtree.in/blog/sanatana-dharmahinduism-exhumed-and-resurrected5capt-ajit-vadakayil
Captain Ajit Vadakayil, Sanatana Dharma, Hinduism Exhumed and Resurrected - he picture is of Captain Ajit Vadakayil with a background of the Sri Yantra of Mookambika Temple, Kollur, Karnataka.

Sanatana Dharma, Hinduism exhumed and resurrected, Part 2 …
https://captajitvadakayil.in/2021/01/04/sanatana-dharma-hinduism-exhumed-and-resurrected-part-2-capt-ajit-vadakayil/
Alexander the Great’s generals and historians had written that the army of King Porus never retaliated with dirty tactics even when dirty tactics were used on them. The Greeks recorded that Indians fought a dharma yudha ( war with ethics ) respecting the enemy soldier’s life. The Western historians lied that Alexander defeated Porus.

Chitpavan - Wikipedia
The Chitpavan Brahmin or Konkanastha Brahmin is a Hindu Maharashtrian Brahmin … From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia … Even Tilak offered penance for breaking caste or religious rules.

You visited this page on 7/10/20.
Missing: online тАОdirty тАОtactics тАОdeployed тАОdivide

https://en.m.wikipedia.org тА║ wiki
Marathi Brahmin - Wikipedia
Marathi Brahmins are communities native to the Indian state of Maharashtra. They are … The Kokanastha are also known by the alternative name, Chitpavan. … 3.1 Religious customs; 3.2 Diet.

theprint.in
Bhima-Koregaon has made the RSS’s social engineering boomerang
08-Jan-2018 тАФ The chief minister of Maharashtra is a Brahmin тАУ a Deshastha Brahmin. The Peshwas were Chitpavan Brahmins, who┬а…
Missing: online тАОdownload тАОdirty тАОtactics тАОdeployed

https://www.livemint.com тА║ The…
The possible links between Jews and Hindus - Mint
11-Jun-2016 тАФ There are a number of striking similarities between Judaism and Hinduism, two of the world’s oldest religions.
Missing: free тАОdirty тАОtactics тАОdeployed тАОRSS тАОfamilies тАОrule

http://www.bapuculturaltours.org тА║ …PDF
Annihilation of Caste - BAPU CULTURAL TOURS

castes and sub-castes (jatis) in Hindu society, each with its own specified hereditary occupation , are divided into four varnasтАФBrahmins (priests) ,┬а…
287 pages┬╖2 MB

https://joshuaproject.net тА║ people_gr…
Brahmin Chitpavan in India | Joshua Project
The Peshwa or Prime Minister of the Maratha Empire was a Chitpavan and he rewarded the fellow member of his caste with high positions and land.
Missing: free тАОdirty тАОtactics тАОdeployed тАОRSS тАОdivide

LESSON 4004 Fri 18 Jun 2021

From

KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA -
Free Online Analytical Research and Practice University for тАЬDiscovery of the Univerasal Volunteers with the Awareness UniverseтАЭ (FOARPU4DUVAU) in 117 Classical Languages.
May we appeal to the List of all UNIVERSAL VOLUNTEER ORGANISATIONS striving hard to PLANT VEGETABLES & DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD AS PRACTICED BY SAMRAT ASHOKA as Said by an Awakened One with Awareness тАЬHunger is the worst illness, where 4 times Chief Minister Ms Mayawati who became eligible to be the Prime Minister with her excellent governance of Uttar Pradesh promised to reestablish Ashokan rule along with the farmers compounded existence the worst suffering or aliment (dukkha) with ending of ailments ( dukkha Nirodha) May we give importance to Awakened OneтАЩs teachings in this angle for the peace, happiness, welfare of all sentient and non sentient beings like the birds not depending on anyone so that all may attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.
https://youtu.be/0xJmZQHNUOE
Happy Birthday wishes for grandson Tushar Pradeep Kumar future CJI on 18-6-2021 free online latest best animated, GIPHY videos from ever loving Thaatha, Paati, Appa, Amma, Maama, Maami, Harshith, Pranay Vinay, relatives and friends

https://youtu.be/GpAvpyOZxLc

Happy Birthday GIF
https://media3.giphy.com/media/l4KhWXobaPhqmtQxW/giphy.gif?cid=6c09b952023ddd61f9c5488d13d743819b7b34b878c17bd3&rid=giphy.gif&ct=g

https://youtu.be/GpAvpyOZxLc

Constitution of India - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Constitution_of_India
Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was a wise constitutional expert, he had studied the constitutions of about 60 countries. Ambedkar is recognised as the “Father of the Constitution of India”. In the constitution assembly, a member of the drafting committee, T. T. Krishnamachari said:

Constitution Written By Ambedkar
https://outlethoudah.blogspot.com/2021/05/constitution-written-by-ambedkar.html
Pranams to ambedkar proved to ambedkar foundation of constitution written by ambedkar was ambedkar appreciated. The written a sense of these rights of india indian citizens against deadly covid signs and despite gandhiji is of law of independent india and outlawing all of constitution written. Dr ambedkar is condemned as constitution written by …
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, The Father of Indian Constitution
www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1609/Dr.-B.R.-Ambedkar,-The-Father-of-Indian-Constitution.html
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, The Father of Indian Constitution The third thing we must do is not be content with mere political democracy. We must note that our political democracy can not last unless there lies at the base of it social democracy.

What is the reason behind the Indian constitution written …
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-reason-behind-the-Indian-constitution-written-by-Dr-B-R-Ambedkar?share=1
B.R. Ambedkar and Drafting of the Constitution On 29th August, 1947 passing one resolution the Constituent Assembly appointed a ‘Drafting Committee” with the seven members including Dr. Ambedkar for preparing a draft of the Constitution of the ind…
Challenges faced by Dr. Ambedkar to write the Constitution …
https://velivada.com/2016/04/20/challenges-faced-by-dr-ambedkar-to-write-the-constitution-of-india/
He wrote the Constitution based on Buddhism. Gautama Buddha was the first person in the history of mankind who has given the message of Love, Compassion, Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, and Justice. Dr Ambedkar is called the Architect of India because he broke the caste system in the Constitution and gave equal rights to all Indians.
Dr B.R. Ambedkar: The Father Of Indian Constitution …
https://www.khmertimeskh.com/50845407/dr-b-r-ambedkar-the-father-of-indian-constitution/
In India also the University of Osmania had gracefully honoured Dr B.R. Ambedkar, in the Hyderabad city of Andhra Pradesh by awarding the highest degree of D.Litt. on the 12th January, 1953.
B. R. Ambedkar - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr.B.R.Ambedkar
Ambedkar, chairman of the Drafting Committee, presenting the final draft of the Indian Constitution to Rajendra Prasad on 25 November 1949. B. R. Ambedkar was a notable constitutional expert, he had studied the constitutions of about 60 countries. Ambedkar is recognised as the “Father of the Constitution of India”.
B. R. Ambedkar - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar
On 29 August, he was appointed Chairman of the Constitution Drafting Committee, and was appointed by the Assembly to write India’s new Constitution. Granville Austin described the Indian Constitution drafted by Ambedkar as ‘first and foremost a social document’.

Dr. B R Ambedkar and his contributions - JournalsOfIndia
https://journalsofindia.com/dr-b-r-ambedkar-and-his-contributions/
Dr. Ambedkar demanded justice to untouchables and other weaker sections of the society via making provisions in the Indian Constitution. His role in framing Constitution. In framing the constitution of independent India, he played a leading role. He was appointed as the Chairman of the constitution drafting committee in 1947.
10 lines On Dr BR Ambedkar in English - Study Equation
https://www.studyequation.com/10-lines-on-dr-br-ambedkar-in-english/
For classes 1 to 5 - 10 lines On Dr BR Ambedkar in English. Babasaheb Ambedkar is known as Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar was a social reformer and inspired the Dalit Buddhist Movement in India. Further, he is the father of the Indian constitution and the brain behind the drafting of the Indian Constitution.

He was the first law minister of the …
2

35 B.R Ambedkar Quotes On Religion, Constitution & India
www.scrolldroll.com/b-r-ambedkar-quotes/
The “Father of the Constitution of India”, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar studied the constitutions of 60 countries and put an enormous amount of effort to draft the Indian Constitution which serves as the holy book of the sovereign democratic Republic of India.
Influence of Buddhism on Indian Constitution by Dr. S.H …
www.buddhismandaustralia.com/ba/index.php?title=Influence_of_Buddhism_on_Indian_Constitution_by_Dr._S.H._Hosamani
The father of the Indian constitution Dr. B.R. Ambedkar had studied Buddhism deeply in his life and its essence was inculcated by him in the Constitution of India.
Constitution of India
https://www.constitutionofindia.net/constitution_assembly_debates/volume/8/1949-06-03?paragraph_number=138,140,142,143,144,145,159,160,162,171,172,175,176,178,179,185
Here in this article we have substituted the word ‘Act’ by the word ‘Constitution.’. Article 111 is a reproduction of section 206 of of the Government of India Act. The cases mentioned by Mr. Naziruddin Ahmed are covered by article 111 (c) ‘that the case is a fit one for appeal to the Supreme Court’.
Dr. B.r. Ambedkar - Fight for Reservation (Representation)
fight-for-reservation.weebly.com/dr-br-ambedkar.html
Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar 14 April 1891 - 6 December 1956), popularly also known as Babasaheb, was an Indian jurist, political leader, philosopher, anthropologist, historian, orator, economist, teacher, and editor. He was also the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of Indian Constitution.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar : Biography and his Contribution to …
https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/sociology/dr-b-r-ambedkar-biography-and-his-contribution-to-indian-sociology/35042
In his chairmanship, the Consti┬нtution of India was drafted. On 3rd August, 1949, he took the char ge of the Law Minister in the Government of India. In 1955, he formed Bharatiya Buddha Mahasabha. Ambedkar always felt that the depressed class has no honour in the Hindu religion which also reflects in his writings and actions.
я╗┐Dalit Consciousness in Limbale’s Outcast | StudyHippo.com
https://studyhippo.com/essay-dalit-consciousness-in-limbales-outcast/
But they were only 4% of Maharashtra. Mahar community to which Dr. B. R Ambedkar and Limbale belong was supposed to do the most hideous works. The practice of untouchability was formally outlawed by the Constitution of India (by the mastermind Dr. B. R. Ambedkar) in 1950.
Dr B R Ambedkar Biography Jayanti - Free Online India
https://www.freeonlineindia.in/dr-br-ambedkar-biography-jayanti/
The full name of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar is Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar. He was born in the Ambedkar family on the 14th of April, 1891. The family was stationed in the cantonment town of Mhow, which is located in the central part of the country. Ambedkar died on 6th December 1956 in Bombay. The cantonment town is located in the state of Madhya Pradesh.

Need for achieving Social Democracy as per Dr Ambedkar …
https://blog.ipleaders.in/social-democracy-dr-ambedkar/
Dr B R Ambedkar- A major contributor to Indian Constitution Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar also regarded as the Architect of Indian Constitution was a renowned social reformer, politician and jurist. He firmly believed that unless the moral values of the Constitution are preserved, the ostentatious words mentioned in it solely cannot help in the actual …
Ambedkar Jayanti 2021: 25 amazing facts about Dr. B. R …
https://m.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/unknown-facts-about-dr-b-r-ambedkar-1512560767-1
He was born on 14th April 1891 in an untouchable family of Mhow (now in Madhya Pradesh) and he died on 6th December 1956 in Delhi. Key facts about Dr B.R. Ambedkar
Why was Ambedkar appointed to write the Indian …
https://www.quora.com/Why-was-Ambedkar-appointed-to-write-the-Indian-Constitution?share=1

The simplest answer is that the Babasaheb, having studied law in the Columbia University in the USA and London School of Economics was the best constitutional expert in our country in 1947.
Dr. Ambedkar As A Human Rights Defender
https://www.ambedkaritetoday.com/2020/05/dr-ambedkar-as-a-human-rights-defender.html
Dr. Ambedkar As A Human Rights Defender. Universal Declaration of Human Rights signed on December 10th, 1948 and a majority of nations including the so-called imperial power, newly independent states, every one, agreed to certain principals of human life which would be guiding principals for the 20 th century.
The Buddha and his Dhamma: Dr B R Ambedkar: 9789351282686 …
https://www.amazon.com/Buddha-his-Dhamma-Dr-Ambedkar/dp/9351282686
Written by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the author of several hundred books and father of the constitution of India, this book is simply a peace of work. It details the time before Buddha’s birth, the king system that was followed in those days, then how his birth was predicted by some elderly and educated rishi (a hindu monk), etc.
(PDF) Dr. B R Ambedkar and his Economic Thought.pdf …
https://www.academia.edu/31381988/Dr_B_R_Ambedkar_and_his_Economic_Thought_pdf
He studied through the Economic, Social and Political problems facing British-India and provided bold solutions to them, which are relevant even today. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and His Economic Thought: Dr. Ambedkar was a great social reformer and an eminent Economist. Dr. Ambedkar studied many subjects. Wrote on them even while running social movement.
32 Top B. R. Ambedkar Quotes That Prove What A Genius He Was
https://quotes.thefamouspeople.com/b-r-ambedkar-3657.php
B. R. Ambedkar. Religion is for man and not man for religion. B. R. Ambedkar. A bitter thing cannot be made sweet. The taste of anything can be changed. But poison cannot be changed into nectar. B. R. Ambedkar. Though, I was born a Hindu, I solemnly assure you that I will not die as a Hindu. You Will I.
Baba Saheb Dr B.R. Ambedkar - Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
https://www.bspindia.org/our-ideals/baba-saheb-dr-b-r-ambedkar/
Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar (1891-1956) popularly known as Babasaheb, was an Indian jurist, economist, politician and social reformer who inspired the Dalit Buddhist movement and campaigned against social discrimination against Untouchables (Dalits), while also supporting the rights of women and labour He was Independent India’s first law minister and the principal architect of the …
Who is Dr. B.R. Ambedkar? - Quora
https://www.quora.com/Who-is-Dr-B-R-Ambedkar?share=1
Great Question! He is 1. The one who was and perhaps is the most learned man India has ever seen. 2. The one who always kept his country as his priority. 3. The one who gave the largest written constitution in World History. 4. The one who broke t…
Dr Ambedkar’s vision on Nationalism and National …
https://blog.ipleaders.in/dr-ambedkars-vision-on-nationalism-and-national-integration/
Dr B.R Ambedkar was the architect of the Indian Constitution and was also India’s first Law and Justice Minister. He devoted his complete life to combat the annihilation of caste by proliferating a motion against the evils of sophistication discrimination.
Dr. B R Ambedkar Short Biography - Quitpit.com
https://quitpit.com/b-r-ambedkar-short-biography/
However bad a Constitution may be, if those implementing it are good, it will prove to be good.” - B R Ambedkar . He had studied and chosen the best from the constitutions of about Sixty countries. Ambedkar is recognized thought out the world as the “Father of the Constitution of India.”
The Untouchables : Who Were They and Why They Became …
https://www.amazon.com/Untouchables-Who-Were-They-Became/dp/9386397498
ABOUT THE BOOK:- This book is the first reprint edition of great reformist, farsighted and the father of Indian Constitution Dr. B R Ambedkar. He had treasure of knowledge which he used to frame the Constitution of the largest democracy of the world, India.

https://7esl.com/vegetables-vocabulary-english/
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images
Vegetables in English! List of vegetables with images and examples. Learn these vegetables names to increase your vocabulary words about fruits and vegetables in English. Also, interesting vegetables images help you remember the new words better.
Food is one of the most important parts of our lives and when learning a foreign language, it is vital that we learn how to refer to different types of foods. One of the most important foods are vegetables, with people now living much healthier lives and some even having a plant-based diet, you are likely to need to know a much wider range of English vegetable names.
A useful list of fruits and vegetables in English with images and examples.┬а
Table of Contents
Vegetable Names
Types of Vegetables
Vegetable List
List of Vegetables with Pictures
List of Vegetables | Vegetable Images
Fruits & Vegetables Names | List of Vegetables Video
Types of Vegetables
Vegetables┬аare certain parts of plants that are consumed by humans as food such as┬аpeas,┬аbeans,┬аcabbage,┬аpotatoesтАж
тАв Root Vegetables
тАв Onion Family
тАв Leafy Vegetables
тАв Squash
тАв Peas & Beans
Vegetable List
Learn vegetable vocabulary in English.
тАв Corn
тАв Mushroom
тАв Broccoli
тАв Cucumber
тАв Red pepper/red bell pepper
тАв Pineapple
тАв Tomato
List of Vegetables | Vegetables Images
тАв Swede/rutabaga (U.S.)
тАв Carrot
тАв Brussels sprout
тАв Pumpkin
тАв Cabbage
тАв Potato
тАв Eggplant
тАв Sweet potato
тАв Turnip
тАв Courgette (U.K.)/zucchini (U.S.)
тАв Green chilli
тАв Onion
тАв Lettuce
тАв Radish
тАв Pea
тАв Asparagus
тАв Celery
тАв Green pepper
тАв French beans
тАв Spinach
тАв Beetroot/beet (U.S.)
тАв Red chillies/red chili peppers (U.S.)
тАв Bean
List of Vegetables with Pictures
Learn vegetable names with vegetables images and example sentences.

https://7esl.com/vegetables-vocabulary-english/
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images
Vegetables in English! List of vegetables with images and examples. Learn these vegetables names to increase your vocabulary words about fruits and vegetables in English. Also, interesting vegetables images help you remember the new words better.
Food is one of the most important parts of our lives and when learning a foreign language, it is vital that we learn how to refer to different types of foods. One of the most important foods are vegetables, with people now living much healthier lives and some even having a plant-based diet, you are likely to need to know a much wider range of English vegetable names.
A useful list of fruits and vegetables in English with images and examples.┬а
Table of Contents
Vegetable Names
Types of Vegetables
Vegetable List
List of Vegetables with Pictures
List of Vegetables | Vegetable Images
Fruits & Vegetables Names | List of Vegetables Video
Types of Vegetables
Vegetables┬аare certain parts of plants that are consumed by humans as food such as┬аpeas,┬аbeans,┬аcabbage,┬аpotatoesтАж
тАв Root Vegetables
тАв Onion Family
тАв Leafy Vegetables
тАв Squash
тАв Peas & Beans
Vegetable List
Learn vegetable vocabulary in English.
тАв Corn
тАв Mushroom
тАв Broccoli
тАв Cucumber
тАв Red pepper/red bell pepper
тАв Pineapple
тАв Tomato
List of Vegetables | Vegetables Images
тАв Swede/rutabaga (U.S.)
тАв Carrot
тАв Brussels sprout
тАв Pumpkin
тАв Cabbage
тАв Potato
тАв Eggplant
тАв Sweet potato
тАв Turnip
тАв Courgette (U.K.)/zucchini (U.S.)
тАв Green chilli
тАв Onion
тАв Lettuce
тАв Radish
тАв Pea
тАв Asparagus
тАв Celery
тАв Green pepper
тАв French beans
тАв Spinach
тАв Beetroot/beet (U.S.)
тАв Red chillies/red chili peppers (U.S.)
тАв Bean
List of Vegetables with Pictures
Learn vegetable names with vegetables images and example sentences.
Corn
The field has been seeded with┬аcorn.

Pin
Mushroom
We ate┬аmushroom┬аuntil we came to the Mekong.

Pin
Broccoli
Eat up your┬аbroccoli. ItтАЩs good for you.

Pin
Cucumber
We had a cold┬аcucumber┬аsoup as a starter.

Pin
Red pepper/red bell pepper
He burned his tongue with┬аred pepper/red bell pepper.

Pin
Pineapple
The┬аpineapple┬аwas sweet and juicy.

Pin
Tomato
Tomato┬аsoup is my cup of tea.

Pin
Swede/rutabaga (U.S.)

TodayтАЩs main dish was cabbage and swede/rutabaga (U.S.) stew with dumplings.

Pin
Carrot
We used a┬аcarrot┬аfor the snowmanтАЩs nose.

Pin
Brussels sprout
I want some more brussels sprouts.

Pin
Pumpkin
The┬аpumpkin┬аis a real monster.

Pin
Cabbage
If you overcook the┬аcabbage┬аitтАЩll turn to mush.

Pin
Potato
The┬аpotato┬аis the most popular vegetable in Britain.

Pin
Eggplant
We grow many different vegetables: potatoes,┬аeggplant, etc.

Pin
Sweet potato
Carrots, spinach, kale, broccoli and┬аsweet potatoes┬аare among foods rich in beta carotene.
Turnip
The┬аturnip┬аprovides nutrition for you.

Pin
Courgette (U.K.)/zucchini (U.S.)
She was shaving thin slices off a courgette (U.K.)/zucchini (U.S.).

Pin
Green chilli
She added some┬аgreen chilli┬аpeppers to her cheese dip to make spicier.

Pin
Onion
Life is like an┬аonion; you peel it off one layer at a time, and sometimes you weep.

Pin
Lettuce
Get some┬аlettuce┬аand tomatoes so I can make a salad.

Pin
Radish
People in Shandong province like eating┬аradish┬аas fruit from long ago.

Pin
Pea
Sweet┬аpea┬аseed can be sown in May.

Pin
Asparagus
We have some┬аasparagus┬аfor lunch.

Pin
Celery
A stick of┬аcelery┬аdoes not provide much sustenance.

Pin
Green pepper
Green pepper┬аis the main ingredient of the dish.

Pin
French beans
Cooked kidney beans can be used in place of┬аFrench beans.

Pin
Spinach
Eating┬аspinach┬аis supposed to make you strong.

Pin
Beetroot/beet (U.S.)
IтАЩve found a recipe for beetroot/beet (U.S.) tops.

Pin
Red chillies/red chili peppers (U.S.)
The chicken was garnished with coriander and red chillies/red chili peppers (U.S.).

Pin
Bean
Every┬аbean┬аhas its black.

Pin
List of Vegetables | Vegetable Images
Learn vegetable vocabulary in English with pictures.
Vegetables Names in English | Vegetables Images
Vegetables Names in English | Vegetables Images

Pin
Fruits & Vegetables Names | List of Vegetables Video
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetables Names with Images)
All in One Multivitamin
Ad
Prorganiq
Diabetes Ayurvedic
Remedy
Ad
Sugar Knocker
Fruits and
Vegetables: List,тАж
7esl.com
LivePlan┬о 2021 -
Now 50% Off
Ad
LivePlan┬о
List of Fruits: Useful
Fruit Names inтАж
7esl.com
Types of Foods and
Drinks withтАж
7esl.com
List of Plant and
Flower Names inтАж
7esl.com
Food Names: Useful
Food VocabularyтАж
7esl.com
List of Foods from A
to Z withтАж
7esl.com
The Natural World
Vocabulary inтАж
7esl.com
List of Adverbs:
300+ CommonтАж
7esl.com
Other Ways to Say
тАЬIтАЩm Going to BedтАЭ
7esl.co

comments (0)
06/16/21
LESSON 4003 Thu 17 Jun 2021 From KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA - Free Online Analytical Research and Practice University for тАЬDiscovery of the Univerasal Volunteers with the Awareness UniverseтАЭ (FOARPU4DUVAU) in 117 Classical Languages. May we appeal to the List of all UNIVERSAL VOLUNTEER ORGANISATIONS striving hard to PLANT VEGETABLES & DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD AS PRACTICED BY SAMRAT ASHOKA as Said by an Awakened One with Awareness тАЬHunger is the worst illness, where 4 times Chief Minister Ms Mayawati who became eligible to be the Prime Minister with her excellent governance of Uttar Pradesh promised to reestablish Ashokan rule along with the farmers compounded existence the worst suffering or aliment (dukkha) with ending of ailments ( dukkha Nirodha) May we give importance to Awakened OneтАЩs teachings in this angle for the peace, happiness, welfare of all sentient and non sentient beings like the birds not depending on anyone so that all may attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.
Filed under: General, Theravada Tipitaka
Posted by: site admin @ 3:15 pm

LESSON 4003 Thu 17 Jun 2021

From

KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA -
Free Online Analytical Research and Practice University for тАЬDiscovery of the Univerasal Volunteers with the Awareness UniverseтАЭ (FOARPU4DUVAU) in 117 Classical Languages.
May we appeal to the List of all UNIVERSAL VOLUNTEER ORGANISATIONS striving hard to PLANT VEGETABLES & DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD AS PRACTICED BY SAMRAT ASHOKA as Said by an Awakened One with Awareness тАЬHunger is the worst illness, where 4 times Chief Minister Ms Mayawati who became eligible to be the Prime Minister with her excellent governance of Uttar Pradesh promised to reestablish Ashokan rule along with the farmers compounded existence the worst suffering or aliment (dukkha) with ending of ailments ( dukkha Nirodha) May we give importance to Awakened OneтАЩs teachings in this angle for the peace, happiness, welfare of all sentient and non sentient beings like the birds not depending on anyone so that all may attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.

https://7esl.com/vegetables-vocabulary-english/

List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images
Vegetables in English! List of vegetables with images and examples. Learn these vegetables names to increase your vocabulary words about fruits and vegetables in English. Also, interesting vegetables images help you remember the new words better.
Food is one of the most important parts of our lives and when learning a foreign language, it is vital that we learn how to refer to different types of foods. One of the most important foods are vegetables, with people now living much healthier lives and some even having a plant-based diet, you are likely to need to know a much wider range of English vegetable names.
A useful list of fruits and vegetables in English with images and examples.┬а
Table of Contents

Vegetable Names
Types of Vegetables
Vegetable List
List of Vegetables with Pictures
List of Vegetables | Vegetable Images
Fruits & Vegetables Names | List of Vegetables Video

Types of Vegetables
Vegetables┬аare certain parts of plants that are consumed by humans as food such as┬аpeas,┬аbeans,┬аcabbage,┬аpotatoesтАж
тАв Root Vegetables
тАв Onion Family
тАв Leafy Vegetables
тАв Squash
тАв Peas & Beans
Vegetable List
Learn vegetable vocabulary in English.
тАв Corn
тАв Mushroom
тАв Broccoli
тАв Cucumber
тАв Red pepper/red bell pepper
тАв Pineapple
тАв Tomato
List of Vegetables | Vegetables Images

тАв Swede/rutabaga (U.S.)
тАв Carrot
тАв Brussels sprout
тАв Pumpkin
тАв Cabbage
тАв Potato
тАв Eggplant
тАв Sweet potato
тАв Turnip
тАв Courgette (U.K.)/zucchini (U.S.)
тАв Green chilli
тАв Onion
тАв Lettuce
тАв Radish
тАв Pea
тАв Asparagus
тАв Celery
тАв Green pepper
тАв French beans
тАв Spinach
тАв Beetroot/beet (U.S.)
тАв Red chillies/red chili peppers (U.S.)
тАв Bean
List of Vegetables with Pictures
Learn vegetable names with vegetables images and example sentences.

https://7esl.com/vegetables-vocabulary-english/

List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images
Vegetables in English! List of vegetables with images and examples. Learn these vegetables names to increase your vocabulary words about fruits and vegetables in English. Also, interesting vegetables images help you remember the new words better.
Food is one of the most important parts of our lives and when learning a foreign language, it is vital that we learn how to refer to different types of foods. One of the most important foods are vegetables, with people now living much healthier lives and some even having a plant-based diet, you are likely to need to know a much wider range of English vegetable names.
A useful list of fruits and vegetables in English with images and examples.┬а
Table of Contents

Vegetable Names
Types of Vegetables
Vegetable List
List of Vegetables with Pictures
List of Vegetables | Vegetable Images
Fruits & Vegetables Names | List of Vegetables Video

Types of Vegetables
Vegetables┬аare certain parts of plants that are consumed by humans as food such as┬аpeas,┬аbeans,┬аcabbage,┬аpotatoesтАж
тАв Root Vegetables
тАв Onion Family
тАв Leafy Vegetables
тАв Squash
тАв Peas & Beans
Vegetable List
Learn vegetable vocabulary in English.
тАв Corn
тАв Mushroom
тАв Broccoli
тАв Cucumber
тАв Red pepper/red bell pepper
тАв Pineapple
тАв Tomato
List of Vegetables | Vegetables Images

тАв Swede/rutabaga (U.S.)
тАв Carrot
тАв Brussels sprout
тАв Pumpkin
тАв Cabbage
тАв Potato
тАв Eggplant
тАв Sweet potato
тАв Turnip
тАв Courgette (U.K.)/zucchini (U.S.)
тАв Green chilli
тАв Onion
тАв Lettuce
тАв Radish
тАв Pea
тАв Asparagus
тАв Celery
тАв Green pepper
тАв French beans
тАв Spinach
тАв Beetroot/beet (U.S.)
тАв Red chillies/red chili peppers (U.S.)
тАв Bean
List of Vegetables with Pictures
Learn vegetable names with vegetables images and example sentences.

Corn
The field has been seeded with┬аcorn.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 2
Pin
Mushroom
We ate┬аmushroom┬аuntil we came to the Mekong.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 3
Pin
Broccoli
Eat up your┬аbroccoli. ItтАЩs good for you.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 4
Pin
Cucumber
We had a cold┬аcucumber┬аsoup as a starter.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 5
Pin
Red pepper/red bell pepper
He burned his tongue with┬аred pepper/red bell pepper.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 6
Pin
Pineapple
The┬аpineapple┬аwas sweet and juicy.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 7
Pin
Tomato
Tomato┬аsoup is my cup of tea.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 8
Pin
Swede/rutabaga (U.S.)
TodayтАЩs main dish was cabbage and swede/rutabaga (U.S.) stew with dumplings.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 9
Pin
Carrot
We used a┬аcarrot┬аfor the snowmanтАЩs nose.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 10
Pin
Brussels sprout
I want some more brussels sprouts.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 11
Pin
Pumpkin
The┬аpumpkin┬аis a real monster.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 12
Pin
Cabbage
If you overcook the┬аcabbage┬аitтАЩll turn to mush.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 13
Pin
Potato
The┬аpotato┬аis the most popular vegetable in Britain.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 14
Pin
Eggplant
We grow many different vegetables: potatoes,┬аeggplant, etc.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 15
Pin
Sweet potato
Carrots, spinach, kale, broccoli and┬аsweet potatoes┬аare among foods rich in beta carotene.

Turnip
The┬аturnip┬аprovides nutrition for you.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 17
Pin
Courgette (U.K.)/zucchini (U.S.)
She was shaving thin slices off a courgette (U.K.)/zucchini (U.S.).
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 18
Pin
Green chilli

She added some┬аgreen chilli┬аpeppers to her cheese dip to make spicier.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 19
Pin
Onion
Life is like an┬аonion; you peel it off one layer at a time, and sometimes you weep.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 20
Pin
Lettuce
Get some┬аlettuce┬аand tomatoes so I can make a salad.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 21
Pin
Radish
People in Shandong province like eating┬аradish┬аas fruit from long ago.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 22
Pin
Pea
Sweet┬аpea┬аseed can be sown in May.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 23
Pin
Asparagus
We have some┬аasparagus┬аfor lunch.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 24
Pin
Celery
A stick of┬аcelery┬аdoes not provide much sustenance.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 25
Pin
Green pepper
Green pepper┬аis the main ingredient of the dish.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 26
Pin
French beans
Cooked kidney beans can be used in place of┬аFrench beans.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 27
Pin
Spinach
Eating┬аspinach┬аis supposed to make you strong.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 28
Pin
Beetroot/beet (U.S.)
IтАЩve found a recipe for beetroot/beet (U.S.) tops.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 29
Pin
Red chillies/red chili peppers (U.S.)
The chicken was garnished with coriander and red chillies/red chili peppers (U.S.).
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 30
Pin
Bean
Every┬аbean┬аhas its black.
List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetable Names in English with Images 31
Pin
List of Vegetables | Vegetable Images
Learn vegetable vocabulary in English with pictures.
Vegetables Names in English | Vegetables Images

Vegetables Names in English | Vegetables Images
Vegetables Names in English | Vegetables Images
Pin
Fruits & Vegetables Names | List of Vegetables Video

List of Vegetables: Useful Vegetables Names with Images)

All in One Multivitamin
Ad
Prorganiq
Diabetes Ayurvedic
Remedy
Ad
Sugar Knocker
Fruits and
Vegetables: List,тАж
7esl.com
LivePlan┬о 2021 -
Now 50% Off
Ad
LivePlan┬о
List of Fruits: Useful
Fruit Names inтАж
7esl.com
Types of Foods and
Drinks withтАж
7esl.com
List of Plant and
Flower Names inтАж
7esl.com
Food Names: Useful
Food VocabularyтАж
7esl.com
List of Foods from A
to Z withтАж
7esl.com
The Natural World
Vocabulary inтАж
7esl.com
List of Adverbs:
300+ CommonтАж
7esl.com
Other Ways to Say
“I’m Going to Bed”
7esl.co

Buddha And His Dhamma by B R Ambedkar

by BR Ambedkar ┬╖ Cited by 50 тАФ Ebook of Buddha and His Dhamma by Dr. Ambedkar [Be Happy- Siddhartha … not faith and belief as the centre of the picture, a clash … passed away only 2 months after his conversion on 6th.
492 pages┬╖2 MB

https://www.mea.gov.in тА║ ambPDF
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Writings & Speeches Vol. 3

Babasaheb Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the Chief Architect of Indian Constitution was a scholar par … The Condition of the Convert. *19. … Dr. Ambedkar entitled тАЬBuddha or Karl MarxтАЭ was however found.
516 pages┬╖1 MB

Feedback
https://m.youtube.com тА║ watch
Web results
Decoding Dr BR Ambedkar’s Conversion to Buddhism | The …

10:22

UPLOADED BY:
The Quint

POSTED:
14-Oct-2019
https://www.outlookindia.com тА║ …
B.R. Ambedk - Outlook India Photo Gallery
115/177. Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) supremo Mayawati at Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar Samajik … Ambedkar in his Buddhist deeksha robes.

https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com тА║ …
The monk who converted Babasaheb to Buddhism | Lucknow News …
14-Apr-2016 тАФ Looked after by disciples, Bhadanta Pragyanand is confined to his bed for most part of the day.The Buddhist monk, 90┬а…
Missing: robe тАОanimated

https://in.pinterest.com тА║ dr-b-r-…
110 Dr. B. R. Ambedkar ideas in 2021 | photo album quote, photo frame …
Gary thuerk says people have one of the three reactions when they meet him: тАЬsome are excited to meet him with an unusual cтАж Buddha┬а…
Missing: robe тАОconversion

https://in.pinterest.com тА║ b-r-am…
300 B. R. Ambedkar ideas in 2021 | photo album quote, photo frame …
Jay bhim image - Jay Bhim Status. Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar :- рднреАрдо рд░рд╛рд╡ рдЕрдореНрдмреЗрдбрдХрд░ рдЬреА рдПрдХ рдРрд╕реЗ рдорд╣рд╛рдирд╛рдпрдХ рдереЗ┬а…

Constitution of India
https://www.constitutionofindia.net/historical_constitutions/states_and_minorities__dr__b_r__ambedkar__1945__1st January 1945
B.R. Ambedkar submitted States and Minorities, previously published in 1945 as a standalone book, to the Sub-Committee on Fundamental Rights of the Constituent Assembly of India in 1947. The Sub-Committee, of which B.R. Ambedkar was a member, was tasked by the Assembly to draw up a list of Fundamental Rights for the Constitution of India.

Constitution of India - Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar
www.drambedkar.co.in/books/constitution-of-india/
Due to his seminal role in the framing of the Indian Constitution, Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar is popularly known all over India as the Chief Architect of the Indian Constitution. His efforts to eradicate social evils were remarkable and that is why he is called the “messiah” of the Dalits and downtrodden in India.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, The Father of Indian Constitution
www.legalservicesindia.com/article/1609/Dr.-B.R.-Ambedkar,-The-Father-of-Indian-Constitution.html
B.R. Ambedkar and Drafting of the Constitution On 29th August, 1947 passing one resolution the Constituent Assembly appointed a ‘Drafting Committee” with the seven members including Dr. Ambedkar for preparing a draft of the Constitution of the independent India.

What is the reason behind the Indian constitution written …
https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-reason-behind-the-Indian-constitution-written-by-Dr-B-R-Ambedkar?share=1
B.R. Ambedkar and Drafting of the Constitution On 29th August, 1947 passing one resolution the Constituent Assembly appointed a ‘Drafting Committee” with the seven members including Dr. Ambedkar for preparing a draft of the Constitution of the independent India.

[PDF] THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA by DR. B.R. Ambedkar …
https://www.ebookmela.co.in/download/the-constitution-of-india-by-dr-b-r-ambedkar
THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA by DR. B.R. Ambedkar. good book, parallel existence of past-present-future are awesome. This a very good book ever. and Thank you eBookmela for give us such a high-quality pdf of this book, everybody should give their 5star rating for this service. Exceptional team and kind person.

The original Constitution writer - I See India
iseeindia.com/2011/08/13/the-original-constitution-writer/
The original constitution of India was handwritten by Prem Behari Narain Raizada. Though we all know that B.R. Ambedkar was the architect of the constitution, little is known about the man who penned the constitution in his own impeccable calligraphy. And

https://www.google.co.in/amp/s/www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/sustainability-consultant-shriya-suriyanarayanan-on-how-to-go-green/article34831559.ece/amp/

How to go green

From growing oneтАЩs own food From

KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA -Free Online Analytical Research and Practice University for тАЬDiscovery of the Univerasal Volunteers with the Awareness UniverseтАЭ (FOARPU4DUVAU) in 117 Classical Languages

3D 360 Degree Circle Vision Meditation Lab.

White Home,

668, 5A Main Road,
8th Cross HAL III Stage,
Punya Bhumi Bengaluru,
Magadhi karnataka State,
Prabuddha Bharat International

http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org

buddhasaid2us@gmail.com
jcs4ever@outlook.com
jchandrasekharan@yahoo.com.

Leading grocery firm Hopcoms the Karnataka state co-operative that sells fruit and vegetables through nearly 300 outlets in Bengaluru must launch its e-commerce portal to serve the entire national if not the whole world through thousands of outlets.

Farmers and all humans will be benefitted from this venture, and there need not be any employment opportunity as we are all going to be more personnel for this effort. The world needs more and more Kadire Gowda, Managing Directors, Hopcoms.

The software must be finalized E-commerce portals may not necessarily be the best way as it is not for increasing profit in the grocery sector.

The world needs more and more Arvind K Singhal,,like chairmen and managing directors of Technoparks management consulting firms telling ET that physical retailers could have a brighter future by expanding their delivery services instead.тАЭE-commerce portals need more investment in supply-chain development, especially in sourcing, delivery and customer acquisition. In the near future, Reliance and Flipkart may also come up with their own online grocery stores, giving more competition. So when local retailers do the same, they might be biting off more than they can chew as Profit making is not its concern.
by Keonics and and others to be functional at the earliest, with initial investment crores of Rupees, Pounds, Dollars Etc.

Hopcoms and other co-operatives that encourage producing fruit and vegetables and dwarf fruit bearing plants and trees most must also extend their activities,тАЭEverybody must be ready to have more Hopcoms outlets in the world; with enough financial and personnel strength for it. The BBMP and all other people must and should start giving land for the purpose,тАЭ as said by Gowda.

E-commerce portals may not necessarily be the best way as it is not for increasing profit in the grocery sector.

The world needs more and more Arvind K Singhal,,like chairmen and managing directors of Technoparks management consulting firms telling ET that physical retailers could have a brighter future by expanding their delivery services instead.тАЭE-commerce portals need more investment in supply-chain development, especially in sourcing, delivery and customer acquisition. In the near future, Reliance and Flipkart may also come up with their own online grocery stores, giving more competition. So when local retailers do the same, they might be biting off more than they can chew as Profit making is not its concern.

About the crores of Rupees, Dollars, Pounds investment, Singhal says : тАЬIf they use that money to get their website listed at the top in a Google search, and in marketing via social media, they might make more benefit to the hungry humans.тАЭ

However, Mukesh Singh, CEO of Zopnow, an online grocery store based in Bangalore, need it feel that his company makes any revenue at all through fruits and vegetables alone as itтАЩs hunger but not profit.

More and more Zopnow, like online groceries must start their projects all over the world to start providing vegetables and fruits through their websites.

3-12-2021 Peace, Happiness, Wellness, Calmity, Calmness, Attention, Attentiveness, and All Mindful Beings willhave equanimity mind with a clear understanding that every thing change.

https://www.winterwatch.net/2020/11/maker-of-covid-tests-says-pandemic-is-biggest-hoax-ever-perpetrated/

https://www.winterwatch.net/2020/11/maker-of-covid-tests-says-pandemic-is-biggest-hoax-ever-perpetrated/

Maker of COVID Tests Says Pandemic is Biggest Hoax Ever Perpetrated

By G. Edward Griffin | 21 November 2020

RED PILL UNIVERSITY тАФ Top pathologist Dr. Roger Hodkinson told Canadian government officials in Alberta during a phone conference that the coronavirus pandemic is тАЬthe greatest hoax ever perpetrated on an unsuspecting public.тАЭ Hodkinson, who is the CEO of a biotech company that makes COVID tests, says тАЬThere is utterly unfounded public hysteria driven by the media and politicians.тАЭ We are seeing тАЬpolitics playing medicine, and thatтАЩs a very dangerous game.тАЭ

Positive test results do not mean a clinical infection, he says. All testing should stop because the false numbers they produce are тАЬdriving public hysteria.тАЭ Hodkinson says the risk of death for people under the age of 65 is тАЬone in three-hundred thousandтАЭ and it is тАЬoutrageousтАЭ to shut down society for what is merely тАЬjust another bad flu.тАЭ [тАж]

https://djibouti.bpositivenow.com/mayawati-bsp-mlas-join-sp-illusion-calling-former-ally-anti-dalit/

рокроХрпБроЬройрпН роЪрооро╛роЬрпН роХроЯрпНроЪро┐ роЙродрпНродро░рокро┐ро░родрпЗроЪродрпНродро┐ро▓рпБроорпН, роиро╛роЯрпБ роорпБро┤рпБро╡родрпБроорпН тАЬроороХрпНроХро│рпН роЕрокро┐ро▓ро╛ро╖рпИроХро│рпНтАЭ роХроЯрпНроЪро┐ропро╛роХ ро╡ро│ро░рпНроирпНродрпБро│рпНро│родрпБ, роорпЗро▓рпБроорпН роЗроирпНрод родро┐роЪрпИропро┐ро▓рпН родрпКроЯро░рпНроирпНродрпБ роЪрпЖропро▓рпНрокроЯрпБроорпН.

ро╡рпЖро▒рпБроорпН 0.1% родрпЗроЪро┐роп ро╡ро┐ро░рпЛрод родрпБро░рпЛроХро┐роХро│рпН - рокрпЖройрпН роЗро╕рпНро░рпЗро▓рпН, родро┐рокрпЖродрпН, роЖрокро┐ро░ро┐роХрпНроХро╛, роорпЗро▒рпНроХрпБ роРро░рпЛрокрпНрокро╛, роорпЗро▒рпНроХрпБ роЬрпЖро░рпНрооройро┐, родрпЖройрпН ро░ро╖рпНропро╛, ро╡роЯроХрпНроХрпБ роРро░рпЛрокрпНрокро╛, ро░ро╡рпБроЯро┐ ро╕рпНро╡ропроорпН роЪрпЗро╡роХрпНро╕ро┐ройрпН (роЖро░рпН.роОро╕рпН.роОро╕рпН) ро╣роЩрпНроХрпЗро░ро┐ роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН рокро┐ро░ро╛роорогро░рпНроХро│рпН ро╡рпЖро▒рпБрокрпНрокрпБ, ро╡ройрпНроорпБро▒рпИ, рокрпЛро░рпНроХрпНроХрпБрогрооро┐роХрпНроХ роироорпНрокро░рпН роТройрпН рокропроЩрпНроХро░ро╡ро╛родро┐роХро│рпН роЪроХро┐рокрпНрокрпБродрпНродройрпНроорпИ, роХрпЛрокроорпН, рокрпКро▒ро╛роорпИ, рооро╛ропрпИ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роорпБроЯрпНроЯро╛ро│рпНродройроорпН роЖроХро┐ропро╡ро▒рпНро▒ро┐ро▓ро┐ро░рпБроирпНродрпБ ро╡рпЖро│ро┐ро╡роирпНрод рокропродрпНродро┐ро▓ро┐ро░рпБроирпНродрпБ ро╡рпЖро│ро┐ро╡роирпНрод роЙро▓роХроорпН, роОрокрпНрокрпЛродрпБроорпН родрпБрокрпНрокро╛роХрпНроХро┐роЪрпН роЪрпВроЯрпБ, роХрпБроорпНрокро▓рпН роХрпКро▓рпИ, рокрпИродрпНродро┐ропроорпН, роорпБроЯрпНроЯро╛ро│рпНродройроорпН, роПройрпЖройро┐ро▓рпН роЕро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН роорпЛроЪроЯро┐ роИ.ро╡ро┐.роОроорпН-роХро│рпИ родроЩрпНроХро│рпН родро╛ропро┐ройрпН рооро╛рооро┐роЪроорпН роЪро╛рокрпНрокро┐роЯрпБроорпН роЕроЯро┐роорпИроХро│рпН, роХрпИроХрпНроХрпВро▓ро┐роХро│рпН, рокрпЖро╡роХрпВроГрокрпН роЬрпВродрпНродрпЗ рооройроирпЛропро╛ро│ро┐роХро│ро┐ройрпН (рокро┐роЬрпЗрокро┐) роЬройроиро╛ропроХроХрпН роХро┤роХродрпНродро┐ройрпН (роорпЛроЯро┐) роЪрокрпНро░роЪро┐ро╕рпН, роЪро╛роорпНроЪро╛роХрпНроХро│рпН, роЪрпЗро▓ро╛роХрпНроХро│рпН, роЕро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН роЗрокрпНрокрпЛродрпБ роЕроорпНрокро▓рооро╛роХро┐ ро╡ро░рпБро╡родро╛ро▓рпН роЕро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН роОрокрпНрокрпЛродрпБроорпН рокропрокрпНрокроЯрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпНроХро│рпН, роЕро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН 99.9% роЕройрпИродрпНродрпБ ро╡ро┐ро┤ро┐родрпНродрпЖро┤рпБроирпНрод рокро┤роЩрпНроХрпБроЯро┐ роЪроорпВроХроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН роЕроЯро┐роорпИроХро│ро╛роХ роЗро░рпБроХрпНроХ ро╡ро┐ро░рпБроорпНрокрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпНроХро│рпН.

роЖро░рпН.роОро╕рпН.роОро╕рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНрокро╡ройрпН рокро┐ро░ро╛роорогро░рпНроХро│рпН
/ ро╡рпЖро▒рпБроХрпНроХродрпНродроХрпНроХ роХрпИропро╛ро│рпБродро▓рпН, ро╡рпЖро▒рпБрокрпНрокрпБ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роЪро╛родро┐ роОройрпНро▒ роХрпБро▒рпБроХро┐роп роЕро░роЪро┐ропро▓ро┐ро▓рпН роиро┐рокрпБрогродрпНродрпБро╡роорпН рокрпЖро▒рпНро▒ рокро╛роЬроХ, роКроЯроХроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН роЙродро╡ро┐ропрпБроЯройрпН роЪро┐ро▓ рокроХрпБроЬройрпН роЪрооро╛роЬрпН роХроЯрпНроЪро┐ роЕро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпБроЯройрпН роЪрпЗро░ рокро┐ро░ро┐роирпНродрпБ роХрпКрогрпНроЯро┐ро░рпБроХрпНроХро┐ро▒родрпБ роОройрпНро▒рпБ рокро░рокрпНрок ро╡ро┐ро░рпБроорпНрокрпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ, роЖройро╛ро▓рпН роЕродрпБ роТро░рпБ роорпЛроЪрооро╛рой рооро╛ропрпИ “роЪро▓рпНро▓ро╡ро╛”

BSP has developed itself in Uttar Pradesh and through out country as the тАЬPeopleтАЩs AspirationsтАЭ party and will continue to work in this direction.

Just 0.1% anti national traitors - foreigners kicked out from Bene Israel, Tibet, Africa, Western Europe, Western Germany, South Russia, Northern Europe, Hungary chitpavan brahmins of Rowdy Swayam Sevaks (RSS) practicing hatred, violence, militancy number one terrorists of the world,ever shooting, mob lynching, lunatic, mentally retarded out of intolerance, anger, jealous, delusion and stupidity out of fear having exposed because they gobbled the Master Key by tampering the Fraud EVMs with their own mother’s flesh eating slaves, stooges, chaprasis, chamchas, chelas, Mad murderers of democratic institutiond (Modi) of Bevakoof Jhoothe Psychopaths (BJP)are alway scared as they are now exposed they wish to be the slaves of 99.9% All Awakened Aboriginal Societies.

RSS chitpavan brahmins
/ BJP which specializes in the narrow politics of hateful manipulation, hate and caste, wants to spread with the help of the media that some BSP are breaking up to join the them but it is a scandalous delusion “challava”

BSP has developed itself in Uttar Pradesh and through out country as the тАЬPeopleтАЩs AspirationsтАЭ party and will continue to work in this direction.

Just 0.1% anti national traitors - foreigners kicked out from Bene Israel, Tibet, Africa, Western Europe, Western Germany, South Russia, Northern Europe, Hungary chitpavan brahmins of Rowdy Swayam Sevaks (RSS) practicing hatred, violence, militancy number one terrorists of the world,ever shooting, mob lynching, lunatic, mentally retarded out of intolerance, anger, jealous, delusion and stupidity out of fear having exposed because they gobbled the Master Key by tampering the Fraud EVMs with their own mother’s flesh eating slaves, stooges, chaprasis, chamchas, chelas, Mad murderers of democratic institutiond (Modi) of Bevakoof Jhoothe Psychopaths (BJP)are alway scared as they are now exposed they wish to be the slaves of 99.9% All Awakened Aboriginal Societies.

RSS chitpavan brahmins
/ BJP which specializes in the narrow politics of hateful manipulation, hate and caste, wants to spread with the help of the media that some BSP are breaking up to join the them but it is a scandalous delusion “challava”

Mayawati: BSP MLAs join SP тАШillusionтАЩ, тАЬchallavaтАЭ calling former ally тАШAnti-SC/STsтАЩ

She also warned that if the SP introduced these MLAs into the party fold, they would face a rebellion from their MLAs, who are eager to cross into the BSP.

тАЬThe Samajwadi Party, which specializes in the narrow politics of hateful manipulation, hate and caste, wants to spread with the help of the media that some BSP MLAs are breaking up to join the SP, but it is a scandalous delusion,тАЭ it said in its statement. in Hindi.

Mayawati added that BSP MLAs had already been suspended to ensure that тАЬson of Scheduled Caste тАЭ was defeated during the Rajya Sabha elections тАЬwith the collusion of an industrialistтАЭ.

тАЬHad the SP been a bit frank about these suspended MLAs, it would not have kept them in a quandary. The Socialist Party knows that if these organizations are brought into the party fold, there will be a rebellion in the Socialist Party, whose leaders are eager to join the BSP,тАЭ she added.

The BSP chief claimed that the SP was a тАЬSC/STs virodhiтАЭ (against SC/STs) and thus when in power, he stopped the public welfare work started by the BSP-led government in the state. She cited an example of how the Bhadohi district, named after Saint Ravidas Nagar, was renamed by the stateтАЩs Socialist Party-led government and described it as тАЬthe most damningтАЭ.

She claimed that meeting with suspended MLAs was the тАЬnew dramaтАЭ for SP which was enacted ahead of the upcoming Zila Panchayat and Block pramukh elections in the state.

It also claimed that BSP has developed itself in Uttar Pradesh and through out country as the тАЬPeopleтАЩs AspirationsтАЭ party and will continue to work in this direction.

comments (0)
06/15/21
LESSON 4002 Wed 16 Jun 2021 From KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA -Free Online Analytical Research and Practice University for тАЬDiscovery of the Univerasal Volunteers with the Awareness UniverseтАЭ (FOARPU4DUVAU) in 117 Classical Languages. May we appeal to the List of all UNIVERSAL VOLUNTEER ORGANISATIONS striving hard to PLANT VEGETABLES & DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD AS PRACTICED BY SAMRAT ASHOKA as Said by an Awakened One with Awareness тАЬHunger is the worst illness, where 4 times Chief Minister Ms Mayawati who became eligible to be the Prime Minister with her excellent governance of Uttar Pradesh promised to reestablish Ashokan rule along with the farmers compounded existence the worst suffering or aliment (dukkha) with ending of ailments ( dukkha Nirodha) May we give importance to Awakened OneтАЩs teachings in this angle for the peace, happiness, welfare of all sentient and non sentient beings like the birds not depending on anyone so that all may attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.
Filed under: General, Theravada Tipitaka
Posted by: site admin @ 1:31 pm

LESSON 4002 Wed 16 Jun 2021 From KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA -Free Online Analytical Research and Practice University for тАЬDiscovery of the Univerasal Volunteers with the Awareness UniverseтАЭ (FOARPU4DUVAU) in 117 Classical Languages. May we appeal to the List of all UNIVERSAL VOLUNTEER ORGANISATIONS striving hard to PLANT VEGETABLES & DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD AS PRACTICED BY SAMRAT ASHOKA as Said by an Awakened One with Awareness тАЬHunger is the worst illness, where 4 times Chief Minister Ms Mayawati who became eligible to be the Prime Minister with her excellent governance of Uttar Pradesh promised to reestablish Ashokan rule along with the farmers compounded existence the worst suffering or aliment (dukkha) with ending of ailments ( dukkha Nirodha) May we give importance to Awakened OneтАЩs teachings in this angle for the peace, happiness, welfare of all sentient and non sentient beings like the birds not depending on anyone so that all may attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.

https://www.superfoodly.com/buddhas-hand/

holding hand with fingered citron fruit
What Is BuddhaтАЩs Hand Fruit & How Do You Eat It?
SuperfoodlyJanuary 1, 2018
30
SHARES

Contents [hide]
What is BuddhaтАЩs hand?
What does it taste like?
What does it smell like?
Nutrition facts
Health benefits
Nerve regeneration
Lower blood sugar
Anti-inflammatory
Alleviating lump in throat
How to eat BuddhaтАЩs hand on

Storing the fruit
What to do with BuddhaтАЩs hand
1. Use as an edible novelty for parties
2. Cook with vegetables
3. Make an herbal tea
4. Boil for jam and marmalade
5. Infusion for vodka and cocktails
6. Candied fruit
7. Air freshener
Where to buy
How to grow
It wouldnтАЩt bode well for marketing, but тАЬMedusaтАЩs headтАЭ would be just as fitting of a name for this ball of freakish tentacles.
Despite the out of this world appearance, itтАЩs a totally natural and non-GMO fruit that offers creative uses for culinary, and perhaps some health benefits to boot.

What is BuddhaтАЩs hand?

BuddhaтАЩs hand is natural variation of the regular citron (Citrus medica). Historians believe the fingered variety was brought to China by way of India thanks to traveling Buddhists and hence, the origin of its name. Also known as fingered citron, this yellow fruit splits in segments that look like fingers.

The scientific name for it is Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis. ItтАЩs a small tree, ranging from 8 to 15 feet in height, while the dwarf variety is just 5 feet. With a USDA hardiness zone requirement of 10 to 11 to grow successfully, the BuddhaтАЩs hand tree is not frost tolerant. Temperatures canтАЩt drop below 40┬░F (4.4┬░C).

Its exact history is a bit murky, though evidence points to it making its way to the Far East sometime after the 4th century AD. Following the collapse of the famous Tang dynasty, historical records from the empire of Min (909 to 945 AD) confirm it was in existence and considered to be an important fruit.

There are yellow and green citron fruits of different shapes, with this being the most exotic.
In Traditional Chinese medicine and folklore, it is believed to symbolize happiness, longevity, and wealth. Giving a potted BuddhaтАЩs hand tree as a gift for Chinese New Year is believed to bring good fortune to the recipient. It was and still is used as a sacrificial offering at their temples.

In fact, it is such a prized object there, the plant gets depicted in jade, ivory, and wood carvings.

The Japanese Buddhist monk, Myoan Eisai, is believed to be responsible for bringing the tea plant from China to his homeland, where the art of how to make matcha would be born. No one knows who brought the citron Buddha hand to Japan, but it has also been held in high esteem there for centuries. They call it bushukan and itтАЩs popular for their New Years, too.

Sources: Food in China: A Cultural and Historical Inquiry (1) (2)

What does it taste like?

BuddhaтАЩs hand fruit is edible. The best way to describe its flavor is that of a lemon peel, but without any sourness or bitterness. There is a hint of sweetness, though itтАЩs subtle. With no flesh, pulp, or seeds inside, the fingered citron is practically all rind. ThereтАЩs no juice or moisture as you experience with most fruits.

Even though the taste is pleasant, the texture is not. ItтАЩs like chewing raw eggplant, minus the bitterness. ThatтАЩs why itтАЩs usually used in recipes rather than eaten as a raw, whole fruit.

What does it smell like?

The smell of fresh BuddhaтАЩs hand is lemony and floral. Everyone seems to love it, men included. Setting a whole fruit on the kitchen counter or as a decorative ornament in a room will keep that area smelling like lemon and lavender for up to two weeksтАЩ time.

Many uses of the fruit are based on its pleasant fragrance.

Buddha’s hand fruit

One of which is using it as a table centerpiece, preferably with a few leaves still attached. It serves as both a decorative ornament and an air freshener.

A way to enjoy the fragrance without the fruit is to use BuddhaтАЩs hand essential oil. It can be made by steam distilling fruit and extracting the volatile oils. Unfortunately, you wonтАЩt be able to buy this from Doterra, Plant Therapy and the like. ItтАЩs not made commercially by those brands nor others.

The next best thing will be oils and fragrances made using citron fruit. After all, both are the same Citrus medica species, albeit different strains.

There is an excellent smelling body lotion from Crabtree & Evelyn thatтАЩs scented with citron, honey, and coriander. You can get it on Amazon.

Nutrition facts

As with many rare fruits and vegetables, you wonтАЩt find an entry for it among the 225,000 foods in the USDA National Nutrient Database.

Whether itтАЩs scientific literature or that of major suppliers like FriedaтАЩs, no one has published the complete nutritional information for BuddhaтАЩs hand. Nor is a company like FriedaтАЩs obligated to do so, because thereтАЩs a reporting loophole for produce.

Since the facts havenтАЩt been published for Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis, the best nutritional guidance comes from Citrus medica (regular citron fruit). It doesnтАЩt have fingers but itтАЩs makeup is comparable.

Based on that, these would be the expected nutrition facts for BuddhaтАЩs hand citron.

BuddhaтАЩs Hand Nutrition Facts
Serving Size: 100 g (about 3.5 ounces)
Calories 29
% Daily Value* % Daily Value
Total Fat 0.3 g 0% Vitamin A 0.01 mg <1%
Saturated Fat 0 g 0% Thiamine (B1) 0.5 mg 33%
Trans Fat 0 g Riboflavin (B2) 0.3 mg 23%
Sodium 0mg Niacin (B3) 0.13 mg <1%
Total Carbs. 9.3 g 3% Vitamin C 368 mg 409%
Fiber 4 g 14% Calcium 36 mg 3.6%
Total Sugars 2.5g Phosphorus 16mg 1.6%
Protein 1.1 g Iron 0.55mg 3%
*Percent Daily Values (DV) are based on a 2,000 calorie diet
Whether itтАЩs fingered citron or a more regular-looking variety, since theyтАЩre basically thick rinds without flesh, the calorie count and grams of sugar will be low, while their fiber content is high.

The 29 calories for a 3.5 oz. fruit will come with around 9g of carbs but very little sugar (fructose).

Because not even citrons are in the USDA database, these facts have to be sourced from other sources. (3) (4)

Health benefits

In Traditional Chinese medicine, dried BuddhaтАЩs hand is called Fo Shou or its full pharmaceutical name, Fructus Citri Sarcodactylis.

According to their beliefs, it helps regulate Qi (vital energy) and does so in the liver, lungs, stomach, and spleen. They say it helps to dissolve phlegm and relieve coughing. Fo Shou tea and tinctures are the way itтАЩs typically used in TCM. (5)

In western medicine and science, very little has been published on this plant. ItтАЩs not proven to work for anything. These are the health benefits of Buddha hand which have some preliminary research on them:

Nerve regeneration

Scientists in Taiwan have found that when cultured cells were exposed to a water-based BuddhaтАЩs hand extract, there was higher expression in fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2). This promoted the growth of Schwann cells, which make the sheath surrounding neuronal axons. The more extract used, the higher the FGF-2 production they saw. (6)

Lower blood sugar

This has never been studied in humans, but researchers have reported that the essential oils in BuddhaтАЩs hand appeared to have beneficial effects on blood glucose levels in rats. The main chemical constituents inside the essential oil are:

24% d-limonene
71% gamma-terpenene
40% alpha-pinene
88% beta-pinene
While none of these are unique compounds, the profiles of common essential oils donтАЩt have them in these same percentages. (7)

Anti-inflammatory

South Koreans report that the fruitтАЩs essential oil suppressed inflammation through several mechanisms.

When cultured cells were treated with it, the expression of several enzymatic reactions that cause inflammation were favorably influenced:

prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)
cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2)
tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a)
interleukin (IL)-1├Я
IL-6
NF-KB
JNK
ERK
Some of these anti-inflammatory effects are shared with the capsaicin content in hot sauce. (8)

The Chinese report that the stem and bark extracts also reduce inflammation in lab tests. (9)

Alleviating lump in throat

Globus pharyngis is the medical term for the constant feeling of having a lump in your throat. ItтАЩs the feeling you get from a pill or phlegm thatтАЩs stuck there. Often times though, nothing is stuck at all, as itтАЩs really just the nerves there giving a false signal.

At Yangzhou University in China, 46 patients were treated with the TCM remedy Fo Shou made from the fruit. The dosage was taken 3 times per day and found to be more effective at alleviating this side effect versus the sore-throat treatment it was pitted against. (10)

How to eat BuddhaтАЩs hand

Buddha cut in halves

The easiest way to eat BuddhaтАЩs hand is to cut it in half as you would a lemon. The thick yellow skin is very nutritious, though eating high amounts may give you a stomach ache. ThatтАЩs why if youтАЩre eating it raw, you only want small amounts of the skin remaining given how fibrous it is.

sliced Buddha

Cutting it in very thin slices, like an onion, is a good way to not be overwhelmed by the dull and chewy texture. It also minimizes the amount of yellow rind you are consuming per serving.

diced fingered citron without skin

If you want to remove the yellow rind entirely, then cutting it into chunks like you would butternut squash is the best way to accomplish that. You canтАЩt skin it like a cucumber or carrot given itтАЩs odd shape.

Even though the flavor of fingered citron is enjoyable тАУ like a lemon without sourness тАУ itтАЩs not a fruit you will want to eat a bowl of. The best use for it is as a presentation piece when you want to wow the people you are serving.

Rather than cutting lengthwise, slicing it like starfruit so you can see the shape will preserve some of its exotic appearance.

grated fingered citron

The entire fruit of BuddhaтАЩs hand can be grated, much like carrots. These shavings can be used to garnish desserts and as a substitute for any recipe that incorporates lemon zest.

Storing the fruit

How to store BuddhaтАЩs hand is the same as lemons. If you havenтАЩt cut them yet, then they can be stored at room temperature as long as they are kept away from sources of heat, such as your furnace vent and stove. DonтАЩt store on top of the fridge, because that surface gets hot too.

Refrigerating the fruit will prolong its freshness, however the cold may change the flavor slightly, especially if itтАЩs stored for several days or longer. Remember this tree normally grows in a climate that never drops below 40┬░F and your refrigerator is a couple degrees cooler than that.

Once it has been cut, refrigeration will be required to avoid the growth of bacteria. Keep it in a closed container to avoid it drying out.

Unlike iceberg lettuce or apples, there is limited water content to begin with, which means that freezing BuddhaтАЩs hand is an option for storage. Rather than freeze the whole fruit, your best bet is to first slice, dice, or grate it into the pieces you want and then put those in Ziploc freezer bags.

What to do with BuddhaтАЩs hand

1. Use as an edible novelty for parties

Because itтАЩs so expensive, itтАЩs kind of wasteful to use it in a manner that hides its unique appearance. If thatтАЩs happening, using plain citron fruit will be cheaper and similar for taste, smell, and the nutrition facts.

This is why however you choose to use it, you will want to showcase its appearance in the process.

fingertips of Buddha’s hand

Looking like a gnarled hand naturally lends itself to Halloween parties. Or a fun birthday bash. Keep one of them intact, with another sliced into small pieces on the same platter. Preferably sliced like a starfruit, so the novel shape is reiterated.

2. Cook with vegetables

Cooking with BuddhaтАЩs hand fruit works best in savory dishes. It adds a lemony zest flavor and the saut├йing will make the texture much more palatable, similar to the transformation of eggplant when itтАЩs cooked. Though unlike eggplant, thereтАЩs no prep work needed to remove bitterness.

Adding fingered citron to steamed tofu, rice, fish, and pasta are all possibilities. Get creative because any recipe that you think will work with lemon zest will work with BuddhaтАЩs hand.

3. Make an herbal tea

With so little liquid inside, you canтАЩt juice it. Buddha hand fruit tea is the only viable way to drink it. The recipe calls for boiling the fruit in water for 10-20 minutes and then screening out the parts so you are left with just the lemon flavored water.

The tea is particularly useful for the odds and ends pieces you have leftover from something else. ItтАЩs a way to not waste any of this expensive fruit.

4. Boil for jam and marmalade

ItтАЩs a lot of work, but if youтАЩre into making homemade jams and fruit preserves, this is an excellent choice тАУ either by itself or mixed with other fruits.

Before you experiment with a BuddhaтАЩs hand recipe for marmalade, it would probably be a good idea to know what it tastes like. After all, since this fruit costs around $10 (or more) a piece, you may be spending $100 just on this one ingredient to make a couple jars!

No one sells marmalade that uses it but to get an idea for what it would taste like, buy some citron marmalade. We have yet to see it for sale at stores in the United States or Canada, though you can pick up a jar on Amazon.

5. Infusion for vodka and cocktails

Absolut Citron has been one of the brandтАЩs bestsellers since its introduction in the 80тАЩs. The official description says тАЬcitrus flavorтАЭ so who knows if thereтАЩs even citron fruit inside. It may be just lemons.

No one sells it but you could make some BuddhaтАЩs hand vodka yourself. Dice up the fruit and put it in a sealed Fido jar with an unflavored vodka of your choosing. Store it in the fridge for 7 days and then strain the solids. The recipe is that simple.

Cocktails can be made with it too. Rather than a wedge of a lemon or lime, a piece of fingered citron will certainly be the conversation starter.

6. Candied fruit

What is candied BuddhaтАЩs hand? It may be the most popular way this fruit is eaten.

Cut one large fruit into small chunks or strips.
In a medium pot, combine with ┬╜ cup of sugar and 1 cup of water.
Simmer for 30 minutes.
Strain excess liquid and lay pieces on parchment paper to dry.
For best presentation, roll in powdered sugar prior to serving.
If youтАЩre using sugar of any kind, you canтАЩt kid yourself and say that candied BuddhaтАЩs hand is healthy. Though aeast it packs a fair amount of fiber. ItтАЩs certainly not any worse for you than most other varieties of dried fruit. Dried cranberries and cherries you buy at the store always have added sugar, unfortunately.

If you want to make a fingered citron candy thatтАЩs actually healthy, instead of using sugar in the recipe try monk fruit.

7. Air freshener

Who says you have to eat it on day one? Before embarking on the edible uses for BuddhaтАЩs hand, enjoy its natural perfume.

In China, a BuddhaтАЩs hand flower arrangement makes use of it for both aesthetics and scent. In your house, it could be something as simple as having a place in your fruit bowl.

Where to buy

Buddha hand fruit at grocery store in California

ItтАЩs one of the hardest fruits to find for sale, at least in societies dominated by Western culture, such as the US and UK. In both of these countries, you may be able to find BuddhaтАЩs hand at a Chinese supermarket which carries exotic fruits.

In the US you really only encounter these markets in places like Southern California (e.g. 99 Ranch Market) and New York City (H Mart). There are others though, including in mid-sized cities that have a significant Chinese or Japanese population.

In London, try Loon Fung supermarket.

Whole Foods has been known to carry finger citron, though we have yet to see it at their Los Angeles locations.

Surprisingly when in-season, itтАЩs sold at RalphтАЩs, which is the California arm of Kroger.

When is BuddhaтАЩs hand in season? Assuming itтАЩs being grown in the northern hemisphere, the season will be October through January. Availability outside of those months will be limited to greenhouse growers and exports from the southern hemisphere, like Australia and New Zealand.

The cost to buy a BuddhaтАЩs hand fruit in the US, UK, and even China is quite expensive relative to common fruits and vegetables. At the RalphтАЩs in Manhattan Beach, CA the price is $10 per fruit, though most places sell by the pound. If by quantity, buy the biggest on the shelf!

PLU 4391Before you go driving around town on a wild goose chase to find them, we recommend calling the store ahead of time that you think might have it.

The PLU for BuddhaтАЩs hand is 4391. ThatтАЩs for conventionally grown.

FriedaтАЩs seems to be the biggest supplier in the US. With the exception of an independent grower at a local farmerтАЩs market, no one is selling organic.

Dried Buddha hand should be available at TCM shops under the name Fo Shou (ф╜ЫцЙЛ).

How to grow

Since the fresh fruit is so hard to find for sale, perhaps you would prefer a tree in your backyard!

map of USDA hardiness zones in the United States

Growing requires zone 10 to 11, with the latter really being the more accurate representation. Even for zone 10 you are limited to Hawaii and the southernmost parts of California, Texas, and Florida.

ThatтАЩs one of the reason you never see BuddhaтАЩs hand fruit seeds for sale at your local nursery. Another reason is that this strain of citron has been bred to produce virtually seedless fruit.

ItтАЩs a myth to say the seeds donтАЩt exist at all, but theyтАЩre hard to obtain from the fresh fruit itself. This is why cuttings are better and ideally, a seedling is best.

Where to buy BuddhaтАЩs hand tree? Mail-order may be your only option.

One Green World sells a dwarf tree that begins bearing fruit 1-2 years after planting and its mature height is just 3-5 feet. They even market it for zone 9 growing. The bad news is they say тАЬWe canтАЩt ship citrus to California, Arizona, and FloridaтАЭ due to the laws.

Whether dwarf or regular, if you get your hands on one of these fingered citron strains, make sure you plant the tree or seed in full sunlight and water it regularly, as you would a lemon tree.

Jade Leaf Organic Matcha Green Tea Powder - AutтАж
$9.95
(54880)

WiseArt Lacquer Coconut Shell Bowl - Coconut Wood Woven Salad, Fruit Bowls with Leaves Paint (Yellow)
$8.99

Stretch Island Fruit Leather Snacks Variety Pack, 0тАж
$14.24
(19031)

Oh! Nuts 18 Variety Nut & Dried Fruit Gift Basket тАж
$49.99
(1153)
Ads by Amazon

These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
30
SHARES
different brands of vegan multivitamins
Best Vegan Multivitamin Based On Science
SuperfoodlyFebruary 21, 2018
vitamin C as a pro-oxidant
Pro-oxidants: Are Antioxidants Actually Bad For You?
SuperfoodlyFebruary 19, 2018
coffee cherries on tree
What is Cascara Coffee Cherry? A Starbucks Latte Gimmick
SuperfoodlyJanuary 19, 2017
high price of Honeycrisp for $1.29 each at Trader Joe’s
Are Honeycrisp Apples GMO? Why TheyтАЩre Expensive & Patented
SuperfoodlySeptember 12, 2019
Traditional Chinese Medicine cabinet
Fo Ti Supplements To Reverse Gray Hair Growth Works In Study
SuperfoodlyApril 24, 2020
fresh red dragon fruit sliced
What Is Dragon Fruit Good For? Many Benefits Are Bogus
SuperfoodlyOctober 29, 2020

тАиFo Ti Supplements To Reverse Gray Hair Growth Works In StudyтАиSuperfoodlyApril 24, 2020тАи
тАиWhat Is Dragon Fruit Good For? Many Benefits Are BogusтАиSuperfoodlyOctober 29, 2020тАи

тАиJune 15, 2021 Jagatheesan ChandrasekharanтАиReplyтАиYour comment is awaiting moderation.тАитАиFromтАиKUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA -Free Online Analytical Research and Practice University for тАЬDiscovery of the Univerasal Volunteers with the Awareness UniverseтАЭ (FOARPU4DUVAU) in 117 Classical Languages.тАиMay we appeal to the List of all UNIVERSAL VOLUNTEER ORGANISATIONS striving hard to
PLANT VEGETABLES & DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD AS PRACTICED BY SAMRAT ASHOKA as
Said by an Awakened One with Awareness
тАЬHunger is the worst illness, where 4 times Chief Minister Ms Mayawati who became eligible to be the Prime Minister with her excellent governance of Uttar Pradesh promised to reestablish Ashokan rule along with the farmers
compounded existence the worst suffering or aliment (dukkha) with ending of ailments ( dukkha Nirodha)тАиMay we give importance to Awakened OneтАЩs teachings in this angle for the peace, happiness, welfare of all sentient and non sentient beings like the birds not depending on anyone so that all may attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.тАитАитАи

Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published.
Comment

https://www.myrecipes.com/recipe/buddhas-hand-fruit-recipes

What Can You Do with a Buddha’s Hand?

Rating: Unrated

Be the first to rate & review!
I spent $13.52 on a single piece of fruit, so I was darned sure I was going to get my money’s worth. I’ve always balked at buying Buddha’s hands. What does a person actually do with such a thing? And what even is a Buddha’s hand? It’s some sort of citrus, obviously, and a short-season one at that. But it’s not as if you can just roll up to your local grocery story at any time of year and impulse-buy them to futz around with. So I did my homework. Then I got to zesting.A Buddha’s hand is a multi-fingered citron that, unlike a lemon or orange, is juice-free and straight-up peel and spongy pith. While this might seem like an extravagant bummer of a fruit, the magic of the Buddha’s hand is that the whole thing is edible. The notion of wasting food is abhorrent to me (thank you, Catholic school nuns), so I was thrilled to learn that in addition to the heady outer peel, the pith is much less bitter than that of its juicy, spherical brethren, and can be sliced raw or cooked and used in salads, baked goods, preserves, pickles, infusions, or whatever strikes your fancy.And that peel. A swipe of the Microplane or grater releases its bright, potent perfume, and the resultant zest brings lift and light to vegetables, vinegar, baked goods, and even booze. In the course of an afternoon, I used up every single scrap of this pricey produce making Buddha’s hand salt, sugar, ‘cello, preserves, and syrup. And if I could get my hands on another, I’d do it again.Buddha’s Hand CelloLove lemoncello? Buddha’s hand cello is an extra-aromatic alternative to this high-proof citrus infusion. Using a vegetable peeler or sharp knife, remove the rind in generous strips, working finger by finger if you must. Place those strips in a clear, tightly-lidded vessel and top them with a grain neutral spirit (like Everclear) or a 100-proof vodka. Drain the whole 750-milliliter bottle if you feel so moved. Close tightly, and let that mixture steep for at least 4 days, or 2-4 weeks if you have the patience. When it’s sufficiently perfumed (you’ll know), strain out the solids with a fine mesh strainer or a clean linen towel. Make a simple syrup with 2 cups of water and 2 cups of sugar simmered together in a saucepan until thickened. Let that cool to room temperature, then pour half of it into the alcohol, stir thoroughly, and taste. Add more syrup until it’s to your desired level of sweetness, then pour it into a lidded container, let it steep for two more weeks, and serve.Note: Leftover syrup from the preserves recipe below makes the flavor even more robust.Buddha’s Hand Sugar and SaltZest the Buddha’s hand peel and place it on a baking sheet in your oven, set at the lowest possible temperature (if it has a keep warm setting, that’s ideal), and bake for 20 minutes. If the zest seems dry, remove it from the oven. Otherwise, check on it in 5-minute increments. To make sugar: Combine 2 tablespoons of dried zest with 1 cup of sugar. Let the mixture sit for about 30 minutes, and if it’s turned to sludge, add more sugar. Store in a sealed container, and let the flavors meld for about a week before using to top baked goods, make a rim for cocktail glasses, sprinkle on fruit, or seriouslyтАФjust sniff. It’s absolute heaven.To make salt: Combine 4 tablespoons of dried zest with 1 cup of coarse or chunky salt (I prefer Maldon). Shake together or use a mortar and pestle or a few buzzes in a food processor to combine. Sprinkle it on vegetables or poultry, mix it into dressings, or use it anywhere that could use a hint of sunshine. Buddha’s Hand Preserves

https://youtu.be/aJD4OZYKfes BuddhaтАЩs Hand Fruit

https://youtu.be/70hIpg1W-wcAmazing agriculture of BuddhaтАЩs Hand Fruit

https://youtu.be/VtkvQP1KdqY BuddhaтАЩs Hand Fruit care and guide

https://youtu.be/QMUM-NovptY BuddhaтАЩs Hand Fruit hand benefits and uses

https://youtu.be/729mRi29yrQ BuddhaтАЩs Hand Fruit hand Bonsai

https://youtu.be/OJjcyM2FMow

роЕродро▒рпНроХро╛рой роЕро▒ро┐ро╡ро┐ропро▓рпН рокрпЖропро░рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНро░ро╕рпН роорпЖроЯро┐роХро╛ ро╡ро░рпН. sarcodactylis. роЗродрпБ роТро░рпБ роЪро┐ро▒ро┐роп рооро░роорпН, 8 роорпБродро▓рпН 15 роЕроЯро┐ роЙропро░роорпН ро╡ро░рпИ, роХрпБро│рпНро│ ро╡роХрпИ 5 роЕроЯро┐ роороЯрпНроЯрпБроорпЗ. ро╡рпЖро▒рпНро▒ро┐роХро░рооро╛роХ ро╡ро│ро░ ропрпБ.роОро╕рпН.роЯро┐.роП роХроЯро┐ройродрпНродройрпНроорпИ роорогрпНроЯро▓родрпНродро┐ройрпН родрпЗро╡рпИ 10 роорпБродро▓рпН 11 ро╡ро░рпИ, рокрпБродрпНродро░ро┐ройрпН роХрпИ рооро░роорпН роЙро▒рпИрокройро┐ роЪроХро┐рокрпНрокрпБродрпНродройрпНроорпИропро▒рпНро▒родрпБ роЕро▓рпНро▓. ро╡рпЖрокрпНрокроиро┐ро▓рпИ 40 ┬░ F (4.4 ┬░ C) роХрпНроХрпБ роХрпАро┤рпЗ роХрпБро▒рпИроп роорпБроЯро┐ропро╛родрпБ.
рокрпБродрпНродро░ро┐ройрпН роХрпИ ро╡ро┤роХрпНроХрооро╛рой роЪро┐роЯрпНро░ро╛ройро┐ройрпН (роЪро┐роЯрпНро░ро╕рпН роорпЖроЯро┐роХро╛) роЗропро▓рпНрокро╛рой рооро╛ро▒рпБрокро╛роЯрпБ роЖроХрпБроорпН.

рокропрогро┐родрпНрод рок ists родрпНродро░рпНроХро│рпБроХрпНроХрпБ роиройрпНро▒ро┐ роЪрпЖро▓рпБродрпНродрпБроорпН ро╡ро┐родрооро╛роХ роЗроирпНродро┐ропро╛ ро╡ро┤ро┐ропро╛роХ ро╡ро┐ро░ро▓рпН ро╡роХрпИ роЪрпАройро╛ро╡ро┐ро▒рпНроХрпБ роХрпКрогрпНроЯрпБ ро╡ро░рокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯродро╛роХ ро╡ро░ро▓ро╛ро▒рпНро▒ро╛роЪро┐ро░ро┐ропро░рпНроХро│рпН роироорпНрокрпБроХро┐ройрпНро▒ройро░рпН, роОройро╡рпЗ роЕродройрпН рокрпЖропро░ро┐ройрпН родрпЛро▒рпНро▒роорпН. ро╡ро┐ро░ро▓рпН роЪро┐роЯрпНро░ро╛ройрпН роОройрпНро▒рпБроорпН роЕро┤рпИроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпБроорпН роЗроирпНрод роороЮрпНроЪро│рпН рокро┤роорпН ро╡ро┐ро░ро▓рпНроХро│рпИрокрпН рокрпЛройрпНро▒ рокроХрпБродро┐роХро│ро╛роХрокрпН рокро┐ро░ро┐роХрпНроХро┐ро▒родрпБ.

роорпЗро▒рпНроХрпБ родроорпНрокро░роорпН роЪрпЖройрпНройрпИропро┐ройрпН 10 роЕрооро▓рпН роироХро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБ 6 роЕройрпНрокрпБро│рпНро│ рокрпБродрпНродро░рпН роХрпИ рокро┤ рооро░роЩрпНроХро│рпИ роЕройрпБрокрпНрокро╡рпБроорпН. роЕродро▒рпНроХро╛рой роЪрпЖро▓ро╡рпИ роОройроХрпНроХрпБродрпН родрпЖро░ро┐ропрокрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН. роЬрпЖроХродрпАроЪройрпН роЪроирпНродро┐ро░роЪрпЗроХро░ройрпН роХрпБро▒ро┐родрпНродрпБ

The scientific name for it is Citrus medica var. sarcodactylis. ItтАЩs a small tree, ranging from 8 to 15 feet in height, while the dwarf variety is just 5 feet. With a USDA hardiness zone requirement of 10 to 11 to grow successfully, the BuddhaтАЩs hand tree is not frost tolerant. Temperatures canтАЩt drop below 40┬░F (4.4┬░C).
BuddhaтАЩs hand is natural variation of the regular citron (Citrus medica).

Historians believe the fingered variety was brought to China by way of India thanks to traveling Buddhists and hence, the origin of its name. Also known as fingered citron, this yellow fruit splits in segments that look like fingers.

Please send 6 dearf Buddha hand fruit trees to 10 Amal Nagar, West Tambaram Chennai. let me know the cost for the same. with regards JagatheesanChandrasekharan

https://youtu.be/wKjibTZofzg

Shivaji Ganeshan as Socrstese in Raja Rani and Samrat Ashoka in Annain aanai

ро░ро╛роЬро╛ ро░ро╛рогро┐ рокроЯродрпНродро┐ро▓рпН роЪро┐ро╡ро╛роЬро┐ роХрогрпЗро╖ройрпБроорпН, роЕройрпНройрпЖропрпНройрпН роЕройро╛ропро┐ро▓рпН роЪро╛роорпНро░ро╛роЯрпН роЕроЪрпЛроХро╛ро╡рпБроорпН

https://youtu.be/iHwXc6G-kew

Shivaji Ganeshan as Socrstese in Raja Rani and Samrat Ashoka in Annain aanai

ро░ро╛роЬро╛ ро░ро╛рогро┐ рокроЯродрпНродро┐ро▓рпН роЪро┐ро╡ро╛роЬро┐ роХрогрпЗро╖ройрпБроорпН, роЕройрпНройрпЖропрпНройрпН роЕройро╛ропро┐ро▓рпН роЪро╛роорпНро░ро╛роЯрпН роЕроЪрпЛроХро╛ро╡рпБроорпН

https://evoiceofhumanrightswatch.wordpress.com/2016/11/16/mr-modi-corporate-criminals/

To

Mr.Modi & Corporate Criminals | e - Voice For Justice
Search domain evoiceofhumanrightswatch.wordpress.comhttps://evoiceofhumanrightswatch.wordpress.com/2016/11/16/mr-modi-corporate-criminals/
PETITION UNDER ARTICLE 12 to ARTICLE 35 & ARTICLE 51A OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA FOR ISSUANCE OF A WRIT IN THE NATURE OF. MANDAMUS UNDER ARTICLE 32 & ARTICLE 226 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA. To , Hon’ble The Chief Justice of India and His Lordship’s Companion. Justices of the Supreme Court of India.

E тАУ VOICE FOR JUSTICE
enews weekly
HUMAN RIGHTS
Mr.Modi & Corporate Criminals
16/11/2016NAGARAJA M R

S.O.S e тАУ Voice For Justice тАУ e-news weekly
Spreading the light of humanity & freedom

Editor: Nagaraja.M.R.. Vol.12..Issue.47тАж.тАж.26/11/2016

Editorial : NO AMNESTY to Back Money Launderers

тАУ CORPORATE CRIMINALS / CORPORATE TERRORISTS / TAX THIEVES RESPONSIBLE FOR ALL ILLS IN INDIA

In India , a small shop owner to big industrialist have mastered the art of TAX EVASION . their teachers тАУ some corrupt tax officials & auditors. The black money thus created is causing inflation, feeding the mafia , underworld. Some industrialists lobby ( bribe ) with the government & gets favourable laws enacted. This black money is the main source of funds for political parties , religious bodies & terrorist outfits.

The recent raids by C.B.I & KARNATAKA LOKAYUKTHA have proved how the tax officials have become multi-millionaires. The sad part is that some of the police officials who are on deputation to C.B.I & LOKAYUKTHA themselves are utterly corrupt.

This scourge can only be cured by corporate accountability intoto. However , all the industrialists , traders who are demanding for more flexible labour reforms , economic reforms , infrastructure , etc are not at all concerned about their own accountability with respect to tax , environment , other laws. The MNCs coming to India are not coming here for best Indian talents or infrastructure alone. In their own countries they are feeling the
heat of strict environment laws , consumer laws , share holder disclosures , corporate accountability. Some of these MNCs are being kicked out of their countries , by itтАЩs own people .These MNCs are aware that in India , by greasing the palms environment laws , labour laws , tax laws , etc everything can be flouted , cases in courts can be dragged on for years . share holder disclosures , corporate transparency is minimum.

However when a concerned citizen complains about the crimes of guilty corporates , organizations or corrupt public servants , immediate action is not taken. The file is kept pending for months , years together , allowing the criminals to manipulate all the evidences , records , ground situations. Finally even if action is taken guilty will be let out due to favorable evidences , there are chances that the concerned citizen himself is falsely implicated & put behind bars . in all such cases all the involved parties must be subjected to lie detector tests .

Black Money & Crime are inter twined , two faces of the same coin . Amnesty must not be given to black money launderers , it is nothing but legalizing the crimes of big criminals & crimes which are sources of black money. Thereby , government is giving legal sanction to those criminals to commit more crimes to accumulate black money and government itself is waiving off itтАЩs duty to legally prosecute those black money launderers for the crimes which are the sources of those ill gotten money. As per the constitution , government must do itтАЩs duty to uphold law , it cannтАЩt waive off itтАЩs own duties. If a government cannтАЩt do itтАЩs duty , it must get out of the seat.

Police , Government , Judges spend thousands of rupees public money to legally prosecute a small thief caught for stealing hundred rupees , where as now letting out big time looters who have stolen millions of rupees public money , who have earned money through swindling banks , share holders , earned money by illegal money lending , rowdyism , drug trafficking , human trafficking , etc. It is against principle of equitable justice , law. If the government is not able to catch , prosecute these black money launderers , it is unfit to be in the seat.

Bottomline : development is a must , it must be all around . but not at the cost of majority to make a few richer. Law of the Land is one and same for all Tom , Dick & Harry.

Jai Hind. Vande Mataram.

YourтАЩs sincerely,

Nagaraja.M.R.

PIL тАУ NO AMNESTY to Black Money Launderers

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL WRIT PETITION NO. OF 2015

IN THE MATTER OF

NAGARAJA . M.R

editor SOS e Clarion of Dalit & SOS e Voice for Justice
# LIG 2 , No 761 ,, HUDCO First Stage , Laxmikantanagar ,
Hebbal , Mysore тАУ 570017 , Karnataka State
.
тАж.Petitioner

Versus

Cabinet Secretary , Government of India & Others

тАж.Respondents

PETITION UNDER ARTICLE 12 to ARTICLE 35 & ARTICLE 51A OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA FOR ISSUANCE OF A WRIT IN THE NATURE OF MANDAMUS UNDER ARTICLE 32 & ARTICLE 226 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA.

To ,
HonтАЩble The Chief Justice of India and His LordshipтАЩs Companion
Justices of the Supreme Court of India.

The Humble petition of the Petitioner above named.

MOST RESPECTFULLY SHOWETH :
1. Facts of the case:
тАЬPower will go to the hands of rascals, , rogues and freebooters. All Indian leaders will be of low calibre and men of straw. They will have sweet tongues and silly hearts. They will fight among themselves for
power and will be lost in political squabbles . A day would come when even air & water will be taxed.тАЭ Sir Winston made this statement in the House of Commons just before the independence of India & Pakistan. Sadly , the forewarning of Late Winston Churchill has been proved right by some of our criminal , corrupt public servants.

2. Corruption is rampant in tax enforcement , law enforcement agencies of the government.

3. In India , a small shop owner to big industrialist have mastered the art of TAX EVASION . their teachers тАУ some corrupt tax officials & auditors. The black money thus created is causing inflation, feeding the mafia , underworld. Some industrialists lobby ( bribe ) with the government & gets favourable laws enacted. This black money is the main source of funds for political parties , religious bodies & terrorist outfits.

The recent raids by C.B.I & KARNATAKA LOKAYUKTHA have proved how the tax officials have become multi-millionaires. The sad part is that some of the police officials who are on deputation to C.B.I & LOKAYUKTHA themselves are utterly corrupt.

This scourge can only be cured by corporate accountability intoto. However , all the industrialists , traders who are demanding for more flexible labour reforms , economic reforms , infrastructure , etc are not at all concerned about their own accountability with respect to tax , environment , other laws. The MNCs coming to India are not coming here for best Indian talents or infrastructure alone. In their own countries they are feeling the
heat of strict environment laws , consumer laws , share holder disclosures , corporate accountability. Some of these MNCs are being kicked out of their countries , by itтАЩs own people .These MNCs are aware that in India , by greasing the palms environment laws , labour laws , tax laws , etc everything can be flouted , cases in courts can be dragged on for years . share holder disclosures , corporate transparency is minimum.

4. However when a concerned citizen complains about the crimes of guilty corporates , organizations or corrupt public servants , immediate action is not taken. The file is kept pending for months , years together , allowing the criminals to manipulate all the evidences , records , ground situations. Finally even if action is taken guilty will be let out due to favorable evidences , there are chances that the concerned citizen himself is falsely implicated & put behind bars . in all such cases all the involved parties must be subjected to lie detector tests .

2. Question(s) of Law:

Is it right for banks , tax authorities , government to let out fraudsters , guilty bank executives , guilty tax officials without criminal prosecution & recovery ?

3. Grounds:
Requests for equitable justice , Prosecution of master minds of financial frauds / tax evasions.

4. Averment:

Covering up Financial Frauds. Please read details at :

https://sites.google.com/site/sosevoiceforjustice/rbiтАФrobberer-s-bureau-of-india ,

https://evoiceofhumanrightswatch.wordpress.com/2015/07/19/rbi-robberers-bureau-of-india/ ,

Hereby , I do request the honorable supreme court of India to consider this as a PIL for : тАЬwrit of MandamusтАЭ and to issue instructions to the concerned public servants in the following cases to perform their duties & to answer the questions.

The Petitioner has sent many letters / appeals / petitions to supreme court of india & other courts through e-mail , DARPG website & through regular mail requesting them to consider those as PILs. But none ofthem were admitted , even acknowledgement for receipts were not given. See How duty conscious ,our judges are & see how our judges are sensitive towards life , liberty of citizens , commonmen & see howcareless our judges are towards anti national crimes , crimes worth crores of rupees. That the present petitioner has not filed any other petition (which are admitted by courts) in any High Court or the Supreme Court of India on the subject matter of the present petition.

PRAYER:
In the above premises, it is prayed that this HonтАЩble Court may be pleased:
a . Hereby , I do request the honorable supreme court of India to consider this as a PIL for : тАЬwrit of MandamusтАЭ and to issue instructions to the concerned public servants , Tax Authorities , Law Enforcement Agencies , RBI authorities in the following cases to perform their duties & to answer the below RTI questions.
b . to pass such other orders and further orders as may be deemed necessary on the facts and in the circumstances of the case.

c. To legally prosecute responsible bank executives & fraudsters.

d. To make it mandatory for all bank executives , tax officials including board members to make their income , wealth details public every year. This must be disclosed under RTI A ct.

e. To form a statutory mechanism to share information in real time ( through computer networking) about creditors , debtors , borrowers , policy holders , insurers , wealth managers , etc between all financial institutions like SEBI , RBI , IRDA , Banks , State and Central Government Tax Authorities etc. Creditor , debtor information must be disclosed under RTI Act.

f. To appoint a person from lending bank to loan availing companies to monitor itтАЩs daily financial affairs.

g. To legally prosecute RBI Governor , Chief Justice of India & Union Finance Minister for aiding fund raisers of terrorists , underworld.

h. To order Government of India to accept our conditional offer of apprehending corporate terrorists.

i. To criminal legal prosecution against promoters of fraud companies , partners in their crimes supporting company executives and bank executives.

j. To order for recovery of money with interest & penalty , by confiscation of properties of such company promoters , their family properties , property of concerned bank executives , tax officials and most importantly PROPERTIES OF RBI GOVERNOR , UNION FINANCE MINISTER & CJI must be attached.

k. Black Money & Crime are inter twined , two faces of the same coin . Amnesty must not be given to black money launderers , it is nothing but legalizing the crimes of big criminals & crimes which are sources of black money. Thereby , government is giving legal sanction to those criminals to commit more crimes to accumulate black money and government itself is waiving off itтАЩs duty to legally prosecute those black money launderers for the crimes which are the sources of those ill gotten money. As per the constitution , government must do itтАЩs duty to uphold law , it cannтАЩt waive off itтАЩs own duties. If a government cannтАЩt do itтАЩs duty , it must get out of the seat.

l. Police , Government , Judges spend thousands of rupees public money to legally prosecute a small thief caught for stealing hundred rupees , where as now letting out big time looters who have stolen millions of rupees public money , who have earned money through swindling banks , share holders , earned money by illegal money lending , rowdyism , drug trafficking , human trafficking , etc. It is against principle of equitable justice , law. If the government is not able to catch , prosecute these black money launderers , it is unfit to be in the seat.

m. To immediately give a stay to the moves by government of india , giving amnesty to black money launderers from 01st June 2016. Also , annul such laws enacted by government of India.

FOR WHICH ACT OF KINDNESS, THE PETITIONER SHALL BE DUTY BOUND, EVER PRAY.

Kindly read full details at following web page :

https://sites.google.com/site/sosevoiceforjustice/rbiтАФrobberer-s-bureau-of-india ,

https://evoiceofhumanrightswatch.wordpress.com/2015/07/19/rbi-robberers-bureau-of-india/ ,

Dated : 14th May 2016 тАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАж.FILED BY: NAGARAJA.M.R.

Place : Mysuru , IndiaтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАж. PETITIONER-IN-PERSON

(PDF) hunger and malnutrition in India | Naresh Saxena …
Search domain academia.eduhttps://www.academia.edu/8106593/hunger_and_malnutrition_in_India
India is one of the three countries where the hunger index between 1996 and 2011 has gone up from 22.9 to 23.7, while 78 out of the 81 developing countries studied, including Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Kenya, Nigeria, Myanmar, Uganda,

(PDF) India Chronic Poverty Report. Towards Solutions and …
Search domain academia.eduhttps://www.academia.edu/23326123/India_Chronic_Poverty_Report_Towards_Solutions_and_New_Compacts_in_a_Dynamic_Context
India Chronic Poverty Report. Towards Solutions and New Compacts in a Dynamic Context. 2011. Shashanka Bhide. Download PDF. Download Full PDF Package. This paper. A short summary of this paper. 35 Full PDFs related to this paper. READ PAPER. India Chronic Poverty Report. Towards Solutions and New Compacts in a Dynamic Context

Unique IAS academy in coimbatore,tnpsc,coaching center …
Search domain uniqueiasacademy.comhttps://www.uniqueiasacademy.com/upsc-in.php?id=375
Issues related to Poverty and Hunger Introduction While addressing the Constituent Assembly in 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru had said, “This achievement (Independence) is but a step, an opening of opportunity, to the great triumphs and achievements that await usтАж the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and inequality of opportunity.

Full text of “Commentary On The Constitution Of India …
Search domain archive.orghttps://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.111611/2015.111611.Commentary-On-The-Constitution-Of-India-Edition-First_djvu.txt
An icon used to represent a menu that can be toggled by interacting with this icon.

The politics of scarcity: Conceptualising the current food …
Search domain researchgate.nethttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/257652468_The_politics_of_scarcity_Conceptualising_the_current_food_security_crisis_in_southern_Africa
The domestic production of fruits and vegetables is a source of livelihood for at least 10% of the population in the foothills, lowlands, and Senqu River Valley. … where hunger, malnutrition …

[Solved] Week Five: Innovation & Change Innovations …
Search domain coursehero.comhttps://www.coursehero.com/tutors-problems/Sociology/8986607-Directions-for-Supplemental-Material-Step-One-Find-one-1-piece-of/
India, Mexico, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and other African countries are selected as contexts to report on multiple aspects of social change. The snippet of the research discussed in this Volume which has themes at the interface of technology and social change is presented in this Chapter.

Export Performance and Competitiveness of Indian Mango
Search domain researchgate.nethttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/324246713_Export_Performance_and_Competitiveness_of_Indian_Mango
Punjab recorded an annual rate of growth of 1.14 percent. The area and yield increased at rates of 0.38 percent and. 0.76 percent, respectively, during the same period. The. two factors, that is

ndia’s Opinion
Search domain indiasopinion.inhttps://www.indiasopinion.in/?cat=-1
Such a finding would render the president’s Article II powers all but superfluous, Judge White wrote in his 25-page order. The judge noted that the text of Article I and more than two centuries of legislative practice and judicial precedent make clear, the Constitution vests Congress, not the President, with the power to set immigration policy.

Relevant Article,section in Constitution of India and other countries on hunger and alivation of poverty by producing vegetables and fruits

PIL тАУ BANK ROBBERIES by bank executives

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL WRIT PETITION NO. OF 2015

IN THE MATTER OF

NAGARAJA . M.R

editor SOS e Clarion of Dalit & SOS e Voice for Justice
# LIG 2 , No 761 ,, HUDCO First Stage , Laxmikantanagar ,
Hebbal , Mysore тАУ 570017 , Karnataka State
.
тАж.Petitioner

Versus

Honourable Governor , Reserve Bank of India (RBI) & Others

тАж.Respondents

PETITION UNDER ARTICLE 12 to ARTICLE 35 & ARTICLE 51A OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA FOR ISSUANCE OF A WRIT IN THE NATURE OF MANDAMUS UNDER ARTICLE 32 & ARTICLE 226 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA.

To ,
HonтАЩble The Chief Justice of India and His LordshipтАЩs Companion
Justices of the Supreme Court of India.

The Humble petition of the Petitioner above named.

MOST RESPECTFULLY SHOWETH :
1. Facts of the case:
тАЬPower will go to the hands of rascals, , rogues and freebooters. All Indian leaders will be of low calibre and men of straw. They will have sweet tongues and silly hearts. They will fight among themselves for
power and will be lost in political squabbles . A day would come when even air & water will be taxed.тАЭ Sir Winston made this statement in the House of Commons just before the independence of India & Pakistan. Sadly , the forewarning of Late Winston Churchill has been proved right by some of our criminal , corrupt public servants.

2. Eventhough , I have repeatedly appealed to RBI authorities since years seeking justice regarding illegalities , irregularities in recruitment , currency handling , currency theft , etc @ RBI , they didnтАЩt provide justice at all.

3. For a common man it is a herculean task to get Rs.5000 loan from a bank , but rich & connected get lakhs , crores of rupees loan quite easily from banks , how ?

4. When a common man , farmer defaults to pay loan of few thousands of rupees bank immediately dispatches loan recovery agents / Rowdies , seizes his property & auctions and recover their dues to last penny. Farmers are committing suicide unable to pay loans to escape from ignominy .

5. Huge companies get crores of rupees loan from banks eventhough basically the project report itself is at fault , not viable. Siphons off company resources by insider trading to their sister concerns although bank representatives are very much their on the board of companies.

6 . Such companies default on loan dues to bank , but no recovery agents / rowdies are sent by banks. Finally the company becomes bust.

7. Bank looses money , the company is declared as NON PERFORMING ASSET and government + bank waives off interest or else loan itself.

8. End looser the public whose money went down the drain , profiteers тАУ company promoters , executives and bank manager. No recovery from their personal , family properties why ?

9. Eventhough , I have repeatedly appealed to RBI authorities , Union Finance Ministry since years seeking information under RTI Act regarding illegalities , irregularities in RBI , Various banks , RBI Note Press ( BRBNMPL ) , etc , the RBI authorities have evaded answering our questions lest the TRUTH come out. Supreme court of India specifically Chief Justice of India were also approached to order RBI , Union Finance Ministry to disclose information to us in public interest. But SCI , CJI also failed to do their duties.

10. The money involved here is public money , it is nobodyтАЩs papaтАЩs money.

11. These swindled monies are finding itтАЩs way to under world , Mafia & Terror outfits. This proves RBI Governor , Union Finance Minister and Chief Justice of India are least bothered to safe guard PUBLIC MONEY. They are least bothered about our national security.

12. We have offered our conditional services to RBI , Union Finance Ministry & SCI to apprehend corporate criminals , to recover money while the concerned officials have failed to do their duties. Till date RBI , SCI , Government have failed to respond to our offer.

13. We SOS e Clarion of Dalit & SOS e Voice for Justice once again offer our conditional services to authorities , RBI , SCI to legally apprehend corporate criminals , tax evaders & corrupt bank executives and to recover monies from them. Are RBI , SCI & Union Finance Ministry Ready to catch tax thieves , corporate criminals , corporate terrorists ? Are they ready to utilize our services ?

14. By , shielding corporate criminals RBI , SCI , Union finance ministry are shielding corporate criminals to continue financial aid to terrorist outfits , underworld & mafia. Thereby , RBI Governor , Union Finance Minister & CJI , Supreme Court of India have also become parties to those crimes , they themselves have become criminals.

15. These Huge financial frauds , swindling for years cannтАЩt happen repeatedly for years without tacit understanding , cooperation , collusion , connivance of RBI GOVERNOR and UNION FINANCE MINISTER. These crimes are spared from fair , timely legal trials with tacit support of Chief Justice of India.

16. These swindled money is destabilizing our economy , funding terrorist outfits , mafia & underworld. These are posing constant threat to our national security , integrity.

17. By financially supporting funding of criminals , terrorists RBI GOVERNOR , UNION FINANCE MINSTER & CHIEF JUSTICE OF INDIA themselves have become anti nationals , criminals , terrorists.

2. Question(s) of Law:

Is it right for banks , government to let out fraudsters , bank executives without criminal prosecution & recovery ?

3. Grounds:
Requests for equitable justice , Prosecution of master minds of financial frauds.

4. Averment:

Covering up Financial Frauds. Please read details at :

https://sites.google.com/site/sosevoiceforjustice/rbiтАФrobberer-s-bureau-of-india ,

https://evoiceofhumanrightswatch.wordpress.com/2015/07/19/rbi-robberers-bureau-of-india/ ,

Hereby , I do request the honorable supreme court of India to consider this as a PIL for : тАЬwrit of MandamusтАЭ and to issue instructions to the concerned public servants in the following cases to perform their duties & to answer the questions.

The Petitioner has sent many letters / appeals / petitions to supreme court of india & other courts through e-mail , DARPG website & through regular mail requesting them to consider those as PILs. But none ofthem were admitted , even acknowledgement for receipts were not given. See How duty conscious ,our judges are & see how our judges are sensitive towards life , liberty of citizens , commonmen & see howcareless our judges are towards anti national crimes , crimes worth crores of rupees. That the present petitioner has not filed any other petition (which are admitted by courts) in any High Court or the Supreme Court of India on the subject matter of the present petition.

PRAYER:
In the above premises, it is prayed that this HonтАЩble Court may be pleased:
a . Hereby , I do request the honorable supreme court of India to consider this as a PIL for : тАЬwrit of MandamusтАЭ and to issue instructions to the concerned public servants , RBI authorities in the following cases to perform their duties & to answer the below RTI questions.
b . to pass such other orders and further orders as may be deemed necessary on the facts and in the circumstances of the case.

c. To legally prosecute authorities of M/s RBI & M/s BRBNMPL , who denied job opportunities to me under the behest of criminals responsible for late PM Rajiv Gandhi assassination case.

d. To legally prosecute responsible bank executives & fraudsters.

e. To make it mandatory for all bank executives including board members to make their income , wealth details public every year. This must be disclosed under RTI A ct.

f. To form a statutory mechanism to share information about creditors , debtors , borrowers , policy holders , insurers , wealth managers , etc between all financial institutions like SEBI , RBI , IRDA , Banks , etc. Creditor , debtor information must be disclosed under RTI Act.

g. To book criminal cases of Rowdyism , goondaism against rowdy loan recovery agents & respective bank managers.

h. To reopen cases of Currency exchange scandal @ RBI Bangalore incinerator and currency theft cases @ RBI currency note press , Mysuru. To also legally prosecute bank executives & CBI investigating officials who shielded original criminals in these cases.

i. To order full payment of unjustly withheld salary , gratuity , pension dues , etc to victimized RBI staff Mr. Ganapathi Hariram immediately.

j. To appoint a person from lending bank to loan availing companies to monitor itтАЩs daily financial affairs.

k. To legally prosecute RBI Governor , Chief Justice of India & Union Finance Minister for aiding fund raisers of terrorists , underworld.

l. To order Government of India to accept our conditional offer of apprehending corporate terrorists.

m. To criminal legal prosecution against promoters of fraud companies , partners in their crimes supporting company executives and bank executives.

n. To order for recovery of money with interest & penalty , by confiscation of properties of such company promoters , their family properties , property of concerned bank executives and most importantly PROPERTIES OF RBI GOVERNOR , UNION FINANCE MINISTER & CJI must be attached.

FOR WHICH ACT OF KINDNESS, THE PETITIONER SHALL BE DUTY BOUND, EVER PRAY.

Kindly read full details at following web page :

https://sites.google.com/site/sosevoiceforjustice/rbiтАФrobberer-s-bureau-of-india ,

https://evoiceofhumanrightswatch.wordpress.com/2015/07/19/rbi-robberers-bureau-of-india/ ,

Dated : 12th March 2016 тАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАж.FILED BY: NAGARAJA.M.R.

Place : Mysuru , IndiaтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАж. PETITIONER-IN-PERSON

PIL тАУ Stop Robberies @ RBI by bank staff

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL WRIT PETITION NO. OF 2015

IN THE MATTER OF

NAGARAJA . M.R

editor SOS e Clarion of Dalit & SOS e Voice for Justice
# LIG 2 , No 761 ,, HUDCO First Stage , Laxmikantanagar ,
Hebbal , Mysore тАУ 570017 , Karnataka State
.
тАж.Petitioner

Versus

Honourable Governor , Reserve Bank of India (RBI) & Others

тАж.Respondents

PETITION UNDER ARTICLE 12 to ARTICLE 35 & ARTICLE 51A OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA FOR ISSUANCE OF A WRIT IN THE NATURE OF MANDAMUS UNDER ARTICLE 32 & ARTICLE 226 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA.

To ,
HonтАЩble The Chief Justice of India and His LordshipтАЩs Companion
Justices of the Supreme Court of India. The Humble petition of the
Petitioner above named.

MOST RESPECTFULLY SHOWETH :
1. Facts of the case:
тАЬPower will go to the hands of rascals, , rogues and freebooters. All Indian leaders will be of low calibre and men of straw. They will have sweet tongues and silly hearts. They will fight among themselves for
power and will be lost in political squabbles . A day would come when even air & water will be taxed.тАЭ Sir Winston made this statement in the House of Commons just before the independence of India & Pakistan. Sadly , the forewarning of Late Winston Churchill has been proved right by some of our criminal , corrupt public servants.

2. Eventhough , I have repeatedly appealed to RBI authorities since years seeking justice regarding illegalities , irregularities in recruitment , currency handling , currency theft , etc @ RBI , they didnтАЩt provide justice at all.

3. For a common man it is a herculean task to get Rs.5000 loan from a bank , but rich & connected get lakhs , crores of rupees loan quite easily from banks , how ?

4. When a common man , farmer defaults to pay loan of few thousands of rupees bank immediately dispatches loan recovery agents / Rowdies , seizes his property & auctions and recover their dues to last penny. Farmers are committing suicide unable to pay loans to escape from ignominy .

5. Huge companies get crores of rupees loan from banks eventhough basically the project report itself is at fault , not viable. Siphons off company resources by insider trading to their sister concerns although bank representatives are very much their on the board of companies.

6 . Such companies default on loan dues to bank , but no recovery agents / rowdies are sent by banks. Finally the company becomes bust.

7. Bank looses money , the company is declared as NON PERFORMING ASSET and government + bank waives off interest or else loan itself.

8. End looser the public whose money went down the drain , profiteers тАУ company promoters , executives and bank manager. No recovery from their personal , family properties why ?

2. Question(s) of Law:

Is it right for banks , government to let out fraudsters without criminal prosecution ?

3. Grounds:
Requests for equitable justice , Prosecution of master minds of financial frauds.

4. Averment:

Covering up Financial Frauds. Please read details at :

https://sites.google.com/site/sosevoiceforjustice/rbiтАФrobberer-s-bureau-of-india ,

https://evoiceofhumanrightswatch.wordpress.com/2015/07/19/rbi-robberers-bureau-of-india/ ,

Hereby , I do request the honorable supreme court of India to consider this as a PIL for : тАЬwrit of MandamusтАЭ and to issue instructions to the concerned public servants in the following cases to perform their duties & to answer the questions.

The Petitioner has sent many letters / appeals / petitions to supreme court of india & other courts through e-mail , DARPG website & through regular mail requesting them to consider those as PILs. But none ofthem were admitted , even acknowledgement for receipts were not given. See How duty conscious ,our judges are & see how our judges are sensitive towards life , liberty of citizens , commonmen & see howcareless our judges are towards anti national crimes , crimes worth crores of rupees. That the present petitioner has not filed any other petition (which are admitted by courts) in any High Court or the Supreme Court of India on the subject matter of the present petition.

PRAYER:
In the above premises, it is prayed that this HonтАЩble Court may be pleased:
a . Hereby , I do request the honorable supreme court of India to consider this as a PIL for : тАЬwrit of MandamusтАЭ and to issue instructions to the concerned public servants , RBI authorities in the following cases to perform their duties & to answer the questions.
b . to pass such other orders and further orders as may be deemed necessary on the facts and in the circumstances of the case.

c. To legally prosecute authorities of M/s RBI & M/s BRBNMPL , who denied job opportunities to me under the behest of criminals responsible for late PM Rajiv Gandhi assassination case.

FOR WHICH ACT OF KINDNESS, THE PETITIONER SHALL BE DUTY BOUND, EVER PRAY.

Kindly read full details at following web page :

https://sites.google.com/site/sosevoiceforjustice/rbiтАФrobberer-s-bureau-of-india ,

https://evoiceofhumanrightswatch.wordpress.com/2015/07/19/rbi-robberers-bureau-of-india/ ,

Dated : 23rd July 2015 тАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАж.FILED BY: NAGARAJA.M.R.

Place : Mysuru , IndiaтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАж.PETITIONER-IN-PERSON

4-month window to declare black money opens on June 1: Jaitley

The four-month window for declaring domestic blackmoney will open on June 1 and those opting to come clean by paying 45 per cent tax and penalty will not be subject to scrutiny and enquiry by tax department.

The Income Declaration Scheme 2016 will remain in force till September 30 for filing of declarations and payments towards taxes, surcharge and penalty must be made latest by November 30, the Finance Ministry said in a release.

тАЬNo scrutiny and enquiry under the Income-tax Act or the Wealth tax Act (no abolished) shall be undertaken in respect of such declarations.

тАЬImmunity from prosecution under the Income-tax Act and Wealth Tax Act is also provided along with immunity from the Benami Transactions (Prohibition) Act, 1988 subject to transfer of asset to actual owner within the period specified in the Rules,тАЭ it said.

The scheme was announced by Finance Minister Arun Jaitley in the Budget with an aim to fish out black money from the domestic economy. Earlier, the government had come out with similar scheme for Indian holding undisclosed income abroad.

The scheme will apply to undisclosed income whether in the form of investment in assets or otherwise, pertaining to Financial Year 2015-16 or earlier, the Ministry said.

тАЬUnder the Scheme, income as declared by the eligible persons, would be taxed at the rate of 30 per cent plus a тАШKrishi Kalyan CessтАЩ of 25 per cent on the taxes payable and a penalty at the rate of 25 per cent of the taxes payable, thereby totalling to 45 per cent of the income declared under the scheme,тАЭ the Ministry said.

INDIA`S BLACK MONEY IN SWISS BANK

This is not so surprising .India is the world`s most corrupt country.Corruption is not new in India.Recently due to international pressure, Swiss government agreed to disclose the names of the account holders only if the respective government formally asked for it.

Black money in Swiss banks тАФ Swiss Banking Association report, 2006 details bank deposits in the territory of Switzerland by nationals of following countries:
Top five
IndiaтАФ- $1,456 billion
Russia тАФ$ 470 billion
UK тАФтАФ-$390 billion
Ukraine тАУ $100 billion
China тАФтАУ$ 96 billion

India has more money in Swiss bank than all the other countries combined.Second best Russia has 4 times lesser deposit. US is not even there in the counting in top five.

609 people in India having legal property more than Rs- 100 crores (Rs- 10 Million). Indian President one day living cost is Rs-8 crore, living in a place where 350 flats.Oneday Indian Parliament running cost is around 9 crore Rupees.Britishers looted 350 Lakh Crore in 250 years whereas Indian himself looted 330 crore. 70 Lakh crore only deposited in swiss bank. 84000 corrupt people in India.India has around 450 Billion dollar of coal deposit & 170 billion of iron ore deposit,looted by state politicians .According to Indian Government around 1 Lakh place in India where people doing illegal mining.

Dishonest persons, scandalous politicians and corrupt IAS, IPS officers have deposited in foreign banks in their illegal personal accounts a sum of about $ 1500 billion, which have been misappropriated by them. From 2003 to 2010 out of 5,635 IPS officers fifty(50) IPS officers were resigned and joined private company.

This amount is about 13 times larger than the countryтАЩs foreign debt. With this amount 45 crore poor people can get Rs 1,00,000 each. This huge amount has been appropriated from the people of India by exploiting and betraying them.

Some 80,000 people travel to Switzerland every year, of whom 25,000 travel very frequently.тАЬObviously, these people wonтАЩt be tourists.

Why our Indian Government is not asking to swiss Bank? Well the answer is simple , our Government is working under the influence of those politicians & industrialists who have huge deposit in Swiss bank.They cann`t expose their own people.

USA have settled their Swiss bank Account & their top Billionares in their countries paid to their country 50% of their Money which includes Gates & Bloomberg.Italy got 6.4 Billion dollar from swiss Bank,Germany got 5.7 Billion dollar from swiss Bank & France got 1.7 Billion dollar from swiss Bank.

Schweitzer Illustrierte, a Swiss news magazine,published on 19th November 1991, has alleged in an old issue that the Soviet intelligence agency KGB had deposited US $2.2 billion in a Swiss bank account in 1985 in the тАЬminorтАЭ account of Rahul Gandhi managed by his mother Sonia Gandhi . Janata Party President Dr Subramanian Swamy, who had secured an order from the Delhi High Court to the CBI to investigate alleged receipt of slush money by late former Prime Minister Rajiv GandhiтАЩs family, has cited a November 1991 issue of the Swiss magazine in support of his charge.He has further claimed that the payments were authorized by CPSU by a resolution CPSU/CC/No 11228/3 dated 20/12/1985 and the same was also endorsed by the USSR Council of Ministers in Directive No 2633/Rs dated 20/12/1985. He also claimed that these payments had been coming since 1971 as the payments received by Sonia GandhiтАЩs family тАЬhave been audited in CPSU/CC resolution No 11187/22 OP dated 10/12/1984. Reference:тАУhttp://swissprivacy.tripod.com/id8.html

Why Government is not taking action on corrupt peoples ? Why CBI is not independently working? well answer is simple ,Government is taking lots of money in the name of party fund and also taking help from those politicians who are involved in
criminal charges.Whole police in India is working under politicians. According to RBI(Reserve Bank Of India) Rupees 17,18,826 crore notes print in India between year 2000-2010. Rupees 10 Lakh Crore money incirculation in India. Generally 2-3 % of GDP money circulation in other countries. But Indian Government has allowed four Swiss bank & Eight Bank of Italy in India.

Sources says that NGO is also engaged in converting black money into white Money.

swiss bank(ubs) revealed 6000 USA people names . In may 2008 Germany bank revealed 28 people names but government is still hiding their names. Even the Supreme court of India asked for names three times. But Government only make deal with 23 countries of Double Taxation.
USA got his money, France , Italy , countries like Singapore fought and get their money.India has more than 3.5 crore taxpayers. Black Money can be used by terrorists. Probably they are trying to move money to other countries or will invest in real-estate like in dubai or arab countries.After huge pressure from media & civil society Government has joined FATA (Financial Action Task Force) group only to delay issue.

http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/126998/LATEST%20HEADLINES/indian-link-to-swiss-money-trail-revealed.html
In the data shared by Ex-Swiss banker Rudolf Elmer, there are at least three companies that go by the name of Annapurna. These accounts have been opened in the New York branch of the Swiss Bank Julius Baer.These accounts are Annapurna Convertible Ltd, account number 420331. Annapurna Leverage Ltd, account number 427039 .Annapurna Convertible USD, account number 431916.Money running into crores of rupees has been stashed away in these accounts.57million dollars or Rs 259 crore have been stashed away in Annapurna Convertible ltd. 18.6 million dollars or Rs 84 crore are lying in Annapurna Leverage Limited.And 10.3 million dollars or Rs 45 crore are hidden away in the account of Annapurna Convertible.Interestingly, the documents list the same company and same person as managing all the Annapurna accounts.Annapurna Convertible, Annapurna Leverage and Annapurna Convertible USD are all managed by Pius Fisch ofFisch Asset Management.The other name to come out was that of Asad Ali Khan and his wife Zahida, who was a co-account holder. Headlines Today scoured through the records sent to us by Rudolf Elmer and found out how Asad Ali Khan had siphoned off a huge amount of money to the Julius Baer Bank in Cayman Islands.A company in the name of Unicorp Services was incorporated in Cayman Islands.Its registered address is Post Box 1100, Kirk House, Grand Cayman Island, BWI.According to ElmerтАЩs documents, the registration number of the company is 00233755.In the year 1999, Asad Ali Khan and Zahida were present for the dissolution of this company as directors of Unicorp Services in Cayman Islands.ElmerтАЩs data also shows that the account was being managed by J.M.I. Gillani.The official address is: Banque Julius Baer, 2 Boulevard du Theatre, Case Postale, CH 1211, Geneva 11, Switzerland.

Where Black money is being used? Election, Air travel , Tour, Restaurants, Land, Jewelery.

Who is involved in Black Money? Senior bureaucrats (IAS,IPS officers), Ministers of Export-Import,Comerce, Chief Ministers, Top Industrialists , Horse Trader, Liquor Trader.

4000 kg gold sold in year 2010 in India.
144 nations signed UNCAC (United Nation Convention Against Corruption) but India is not signing because Indian Government is engaged in corruption. UNCAC Opened for signature from 9 December 2003 by the UN General Assembly & last date was 14 December 2005.

Highly placed sources in New Delhi and Mumbai say much of the money held in Swiss banks, and other tax havens like the Bahamas, have been routed into the Indian stock exchanges throughParticipatory Note (PN) bought in Mauritius through front companies. Since these instruments are not registered to trade in Indian domestic capital markets, the investorsтАЩ names remain undisclosed. тАЬThe route to take out the money is hawala and to bring it back is Participatory Note ,тАЭ says Hemen Kapadia, one of MumbaiтАЩs top stock market analysts. Roughly 50-60 percent of FII investments, aggregating $85 billion till late 2009, were made through the Participatory Note route. And according to Kapadia, this route saw 75 percent traffic in the last few months. A worried market regulator, the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) is now learnt to have asked several FIIs to furnish details of the Participatory Note issued to their clients, but it has been consistently stonewalled. тАЬThey will always win by citing client confidentiality agreements, and I doubt whether SEBI has the necessary legal teeth to probe further,тАЭ Kapadia points out.

India`s economic debtтАФhttp://www.indiabudget.nic.in/es2009-10/chapt2010/tab84.pdf

FII investment in Indian stocks this year touched a record $18.13 billion ( Rs.82,360 crore), according to the SEBI website. In dollar terms the previous high was in 2007 ($17.65 billion) and in rupee terms in 2009. Stock market analysts say FII investment in rupee terms is lower because of appreciation in the Indian currency against the dollar. The Sensex last year gained over 80 percent тАФ a figure it is likely to surpass this year.

Not taking into account the recently concluded Coal India IPO, the FII bids amounted to Rs. 1.20 lakh crore. Some foreign entities that have placed large bids for Coal India through PNs include Citibank ($1 billion), Merrill Lynch ($2 billion) and Deutsche Bank ($3 billion). The Qualified Institutional Buyer (QIB) quota in the Coal India IPO that was oversubscribed 24 times was primarily due to intense FII interest.

In fact, in 2007, when the then National Security Adviser MK Narayanan had spoken of terror funds routinely penetrating and manipulating the markets, he was hinting at PNs. Earlier, the RBI too had come out with a report expressing concern over the illegal traffic. At that time 89 percent of the funds invested by FIIs had come through the PN route, RBI data showed.According to recent estimates, roughly $200 billion тАФ four times the external debt of Pakistan тАФ is stashed away in Swiss banks and is now being withdrawn.

тАЬA major area of vulnerability for us is the high consolidated public-debt to GDP ratio of over 70 percent тАж (and) consolidated fiscal deficit,тАЭ says the Governor of Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Mr. Yaga Venugopal Reddy.

According to CIA world fact book, the Current account balance of India is MINUS -37,510,000,000 (minus) while China is the wealthiest country in the world with $ 426,100,000,000 (Plus) . India listed as 182 and China as no.1 . Money inflow in India is currently Rs 7,000 crore.

Total number of registered corruption cases was 64,00,000 in 1989 , now in year 2010 is 1,64,00,000 .
Hasan Ali 6 Billion Dollar swiss Bank accountтАФ-
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hasan-Alis-6bn-in-Swiss-accounts-missing/articleshow/7365076.cms

Surely it`s time to Ban 1000 rupee noteтАФ-
http://www.governancenow.com/news/regular-story/check-corruption-ban-rs-1000-note

Sources say that NGO is the main source of Black Money in India.
http://www.hindustantimes.com/833-NGOs-blacklisted-for-misappropriation-of-funds/H1-Article1-488589.aspx

The GFI report says, тАЬFrom 1948 through 2008, India lost a total of $213 billion in illicit financial flows (or illegal capital flight). These illicit financial flows were generally the product of corruption, bribery and kickbacks, and criminal activities.тАЭ The total of $213 billion is a misleading figure because тАЬthe present value of IndiaтАЩs illicit financial flows is at least $462 billion,тАЭ the GFIreport explains, adding, тАЬThis is based on the short-term US Treasury bill rate as a proxy for the rate of return on assets.тАЭ The GFI (Global Financial Integrity) report points out that the тАЬtotal capital flight represents approximately 16.6 percent of IndiaтАЩs GDP as of year-end 2008тАЭ; that тАЬillicit financial flows out of India grew at 11.5 per cent per yearтАЭ; and, that тАЬIndia lost $16 billion per year between 2002-2006тАЭ.The present value of illicit assets held abroad ($462 billion) тАЬaccounts for approximately 72 per cent of IndiaтАЩs underground economy тАФ which has been estimated to account for 50 per cent of IndiaтАЩs GDP ($640 billion at the end of 2008)тАЭ. Just above a quarter of illicit assets are helddomestically.The fact that deposits in tax havens have increased from 36.4 per cent of illicit financial flows in 1995 to 54.2 per cent in 2009 tells its own story.

Well if Swiss Bank cann`t give information to India then why Indian Government is not stopping money that they are coming from outside India. But how can a corrupt system do?

We need to start a movement to pressurize the government to do so !! this is perhaps the only way, and a golden opportunity, to expose the high and mighty and weed out corruption !!

Is India poor, who says? Ask Swiss banks With personal account deposit bank of $1500 billion in foreign reserve which have been misappropriated, an amount 13 times larger than the countryтАЩs foreign debt, one needs to rethink if India is a poor country?.

$181 billion Indian black money in tax havens?

Between six and seven trillion dollars worth of black wealth lies hidden in tax havens across the world, according to a fresh estimate by a trio of senior economists from the Bank of Italy. IndiansтАЩ share in this is estimated at $152-181 billion, by one calculation. This is only wealth invested in shares and debt securities or held in bank deposits. It is impossible to get a handle on other wealth invested in physical assets like real estate, gold or art.

Released this week, these estimates follow the train of several such estimates in recent years with Gabriel Zucman, of London School of Economics, estimating it at $7.6 trillion, Boston Consulting Group at $8.9 trillion and Tax Justice Network at $21 trillion.

All of this wealth is held in tax havens, which are jurisdictions with weak regulations and strong secrecy laws, using shell companies to conceal original identities. The Italian economists analysed data from IMF and the Bank of International Settlements (BIS) to arrive at the figure.

When asked by TOI to estimate the Indian share in this gigantic treasure trove, the researchers were cautious.

There can be two ways of doing this, they told TOI via email. One is to assume that the Indian share in this global hidden wealth was simply the same as IndiaтАЩs share in global GDP, that is, about 2.5% in 2013, the year for which this data pertains. By this measure, the Indian share of hidden wealth is $152-181 billion. ThatтАЩs about Rs 8.9 to 10.5 lakh crore.
Another way of finding out the Indian share of undeclared assets is to look at the Indian share in actual declared portfolio assetsтАФabout 0.07% of the totalтАФand assume that the same is valid for hidden assets. By this way, IndiaтАЩs share in black assets works out to $4-5 billion or about Rs 25,000-30,000 crore.

These figures for India are just indicative and the three economists тАФ Pellegrini, Sanelli and Tosti тАФ were insistent that they тАЬhave to be considered with great care and in no way can represent firm dataтАЭ. But, having said that, there is no other way of getting even a glimpse of the secret stockpile of wealth stashed away abroad by Indians. So, as a ballpark figure, it does give a hint of what lies buried.
Why is there a big discrepancy between the two methods of calculating IndiaтАЩs hidden wealth in tax havens? As the Italian researchers explained, Indians seem to have a much lower propensity for investing in foreign financial assets тАФ thatтАЩs why their share in global offshore financial assets, as calculated from IMF data, is a puny 0.07%. But will this reluctance extend to secret investments too? Nobody knows.

In all probability, Indian share in foreign black money is somewhere between the two estimates computed above. This is supported by estimates of offshore wealth growth by various agencies. In the Global Wealth 2015 Report, the Boston Consulting Group says that shares of offshore wealth from Middle East and Africa region, Latin America and Asia Pacific were higher than Western Europe and North America, although it also points out that Asia-Pacific contribution is not so high.

Panama Papers: Global tax evaders list belittles PM Narendra ModiтАЩs 90-day black money hunt

An investigation by an international media consortium, including the Indian Express, has unearthed several names of wealthy individuals across the world, who have hidden their money in holding companies set up in tax havens.

The Indians named in the list include actors Amitabh Bachhan, Aishwarya Rai Bachhan, DLF promoter KP Singh, Indiabulls owner Sameer Gehlaut, Gautam AdaniтАЩs elder brother Vinod Adani and politicians and former chief of the Delhi unit of Loksatta Party, Anurag Kejriwal. These individuals, and in some cases their family members, have formed offshore entities in tax havens by paying to a Panama-based law firm, Mossack Fonseca. This is the case in a nutshell.

Now, the obvious question is this. Is it illegal to invest in offshore companies if the earnings are legitimate? No. It is not. But, the problem arises if the money is earned in a jurisdiction, where they are liable to pay taxes, and the money is transferred across the border without doing so. In this case, this becomes тАШunaccounted wealthтАЩ or what is informally known as тАШblack moneyтАЩ.

In other words, if the individuals mentioned in the Panama list are able to prove that the money invested in these offshore entities is legitimate and already taxed, there are no issues. Else, they can be in serious trouble.

The Narendra Modi-government is under tremendous pressure to win back black money from abroad to fulfill its poll promises in the run up to the 2014 Lok Sabha elections. A 90-days black money window it announced last year yielded undisclosed foreign assets of only about Rs 3,770 crore from 638 declarations, a mere fraction of the total stock of blackmoney believed to be stashed abroad. In other words, the scheme was largely a flop show. Under the window, those with unaccounted foreign black money had to pay a tax of 30 percent and a penalty of another 30 percent to come clean.

It is important to note that the Panama list also shows the apparent failure of the the 90-days black money window offered last year to draw foreign blackmoney holders. The fate of the 90-day black money scheme was not too hard to anticipate since no one with ill-gotten wealth or unaccounted wealth would want to sacrifice 60 percent of their money to comply with the government regulations. They would find a way out by the time the arms of the law reach their bank lockers in tax havens.

When the window closed, finance minister, Arun Jaitley had warned in tough words that it will not leave any stone unturned to take action against the guilty. тАЬThose who chose to declare between this period would not be prosecuted under the new black money lawтАж These declarants can now sleep well.тАЭ Jaitley said, adding, тАЬthose with illegal assets abroad, who have failed to make declaration, would now stand the risk of information relating to them eventually reaching the Indian taxation authorities.тАЭ

It is not known whether any individuals whose names are included in the Panama list are among the declarants of the 90-days black money window that expired on 30 September, 2015. If they arenтАЩt and if investigations find that they are indeed tax-evaders, its time for Jaitley to do what he said he would do. This isnтАЩt the first time the list of black money holders surfaces in the media. In a similar investigation, a list of 1100 Indians with Swiss bank deposits was unearthed setting stage for larger debate on the black money issue.

The Modi-government has not made any significant progress on the black money hunt as it promised in the beginning, in terms of recovering money. But, it has indeed initiated efforts to do so. Not just foreign black money, the government is facing equal challenges to deal with the domestic black money holders as well.

This is also a time when Jaitley, in the Union Budget 2016, announced that a four month (June 1 to September 30, 2016) amnesty-like scheme will be given to domestic black money holders in India to disclose their illegal, unaccounted wealth by paying a total of 45 percent tax. Jaitley hasnтАЩt called it an amnesty, but in principle, it is nothing but an amnesty offered to the tax-evaders. In 1997 when P Chidambaram was Finance Minister, a similar exercise had garnered Rs 10,000 crore revenue to the exchequer.

Besides that, after the Narendra Modi-government came to power, it announced a 90-days amnesty-like window for foreign blackmoney holders charging them 60 percent tax. A total of Rs 4,147 crore of undeclared wealth was declared and the government garnered Rs 2,500 crore from the whole exercise, again a paltry sum considering the kind of blackmoney stashed abroad.

In India, political promise of action against black money is not a convincing one since many of the political parties themselves thrive on funding from the same black money holders. The lack of transparency and the give-and-take relationship between politicians and corporations/wealthy individuals makes it even more difficult to cleanse the system and undertake action against the offenders.

The important question that the Panama list brings to the table is this: Can the Modi-government initiate meaningful action against the offenders by investigating their foreign holdings and, thus, show its seriousness on the black money hunt?

Indian black money deposits moved out of Switzerland

The Swiss National Bank, the countryтАЩs central banking authority, has estimated the funds currently held by Indians in Swiss banks at a mere $1.98 billion.

Fear of disclosure due to greater scrutiny of this illicit wealth has played the main role in the flight of capital. Rashme Sehgal reports from Geneva for Rediff.com

Narendra Modi had promised that on becoming prime minister he would ensure that Indian black money stashed in Swiss bank vaults would make its way back to India and every Indian would receive a bonanza of Rs 15 lakh (Rs 1.5 million).

Fifteen months have passed into his prime ministership and there are no signs of any undeclared assets having reached Indian shores. Bharatiya Janata Party President Amit Shah has tried to pass off ModiтАЩs promise as being little more than an тАШelection jhumla.тАЩ

Banking experts in Switzerland point out that the Rs 15 lakh figure for 1.2 billion Indians is untenable since most of the black money Indians had deposited in Swiss banks was cleared out during the last decade.

As per the latest data, the amount held by Indians through fiduciaries in Swiss banks has reached a record low level, while it used to be in the billions of dollars till about seven years ago.

тАЬThe figures of Rs 15 lakh would have worked out to several times IndiaтАЩs present GDP,тАЭ a senior Geneva-based tax consultant points out. тАЬSwitzerland never saw such massive deposits from any country.тАЭ

тАЬMore than half the undeclared money from India has been moved to Dubai and Singapore where it could have been invested in real estate, gold or re-entered India through the hawalaroute,тАЭ says lawyer Nathalie Bersier, a consultant for Swiss investments in India and vice versa.

тАЬI do not know how Modi made such a remark. The Manmohan Singh government also talked about huge amounts of undeclared Indian money,тАЭ Bersier adds, тАЬbut the truth is that most of the money has moved out in the last decade.тАЭ.

The Swiss National Bank, the countryтАЩs central banking authority, according to data released last year, has estimated the funds currently held by Indians in Swiss banks at a mere $1.98 billion.

Fear of disclosure due to greater scrutiny of this illicit wealth has played the main role in the flight of capital.

Contesting the large black money amounts being mentioned in Indian newspapers, Bersier says, тАЬIn Switzerland, the perception is that the Indian assets vary between $900 million and $4 billion. I believe the amount would be somewhere in between.тАЭ

While Indian deposits may have shown a steady decline, the money held in Swiss banks by foreign depositors rose during 2014 to $1.6 trillion or Rs 103 lakh crore from about Rs 90 lakh crore at the end of 2013.

тАЬFrom 2009, the Indian government has been highlighting this issue of black money without realising that the easiest thing to do is to close a bank account and transfer the money out,тАЭ says Bersier.

тАЬSuch a flight of capital has already occurred. Many of these deposits are known to have belonged to politicians which is why no government is forthcoming with the names of the depositors,тАЭ she adds.

Her belief is buttressed by the release of data from the Zurich-based Swiss National Bank confirming this trend. As per its latest data, the total Indian deposits held in Swiss banks at the end of 2014 included 1,776 million Swiss francs or Rs 12,350 crore (Rs 123.50 billion) held directly by Indian individuals and entities (down from 1,952 million Swiss francs a year ago), and another 38 million Swiss franc (down from 77.3 million Swiss francs at the end of 2013) through тАШfiduciariesтАЩ or wealth managers.

State secretary for International Financial Matters Jacques de Watteville refused to hazard a guess about just how much money has been moved out of Swiss banks to be invested in Dubai or Singapore. тАЬThere are no official on the assets transferred out of Switzerland,тАЭ says Watteville.

Asked about the Indian names published in the Swiss Federal Gazette, Watteville says, тАЬThe publication of names of Indian account holders in the Swiss Federal Gazette is an internal Swiss legal procedure. Names are only published in the Federal Gazette as a last resort when there is no contact address in Switzerland for foreign residents who are affected by an administrative assistance request. The mere fact to have a name published does not prejudge the legal position of the person concerned.тАЭ

Does India need to establish a scheme to regularise offshore assets? тАЬOur understanding is that the Indian government recently opened a тАШcompliance windowтАЩ for taxpayers to regularise their situation,тАЭ says Watteville, referring to the government scheme whereby tax evaders can pay a penalty of 20 percent and get their black money regularised.

тАЬBanking circles are aware that undeclared assets by Indians has been moved out,тАЭ says Nicolas Stepczynski, a Geneva-based banker and tax consultant with Berger Van Berchem et Cie. тАЬRich Indian families are already under great scrutiny by their government and therefore known to be very careful with their finances.тАЭ

Will the famed secrecy wall of SwitzerlandтАЩs banking system finally show cracks? The Swiss Federal Council, SwitzerlandтАЩs highest executive authority, recently declared that it is holding consultations with the Tax Administrative Assistance Act to ease practises with regard to stolen data.

For the present, Switzerland has refused to acknowledge leaked data as was the case of 600 Indian depositors at HSBC whose names were leaked by whistleblower Herve Falciani in 2006.

Falciani gave the list to the French government тАФ who provided the information to the Indian government тАФ rather than to the Swiss government because he felt it would not have investigated the matter further.

Bersier does not see too much emerging from the Federal Council consultations. тАЬThey are at a very early stage. Discussions have been held between the Swiss and Indian governments on the need to detect, recover and repatriate illegal deposits, but all the information available with the Indian government is based on stolen documents.тАЭ

тАЬThe key issue is what pressure the Indian government can exert on the Swiss government,тАЭ says Bersier. тАЬThe US threatened to close all Swiss banks operating in the US which led to the Swiss immediately signing a treaty with the US and UK. There are no Swiss banks operating in India.тАЭ

On the subject of the Automatic Exchange of Information between the Swiss and Indian governments expected to be operationalised by 2018, Bersier is equally cynical.

Erecting the AEOI platform is all very well, she feels, but it is too little too late. тАЬBy the time it becomes operational,тАЭ Bersier says, тАЬall the illegal deposits will have been moved out. There are any number of countries where this money can be moved to.тАЭ

India has set up a Special Investigation Team headed by Justice B M Shah to look into the issue of black money. Justice Shah has welcomed the Swiss Federal CouncilтАЩs approval of the bill to amend its laws to allow its government to share information with countries on the basis on what is perceived to be stolen data.

Detection and recovery of black money in foreign tax havens is a key concern of the Modi government.

India cites UN convention to help unearth black money

As Indian agencies look to bring back black money and тАШproceeds of crimeтАЩ stashed by individuals and companies in tax havens, the Narendra Modi government has drawn the attention of world leaders, including British Prime Minister David Cameron, to the UN Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) which says that countries should extend cooperation in giving information on stolen or unaccounted assets.

India also pointed to the leaders and their representatives that nations should not hide behind bank secrecy laws when it comes to sharing information on тАЬunaccounted moneyтАЭ lying in their banks and other financial institutions.

Representing India at the global Anti-Corruption Summit in London on May 11-12, central vigilance commissioner KV Chowdary , said, тАЬMr Prime Minister (David Cameron), India would like to stress that as stated in Article 51, the return of assets is a fundamental principle of UNCAC, and states/ parties must afford one another widest measures of international cooperation in facilitating quick return of stolen assets, including unaccounted assets and particularly assets in safe havens, to the countries of origin.тАЭ

Chowdary was accompanied by Enforcement Directorate chief Karnal Singh for the summit.

He said India will support the reporting on тАЬtax information for large multinational enterprisesтАЭ and that тАЬIndia will take steps required for preventing corruption in government, its institutions and in businessesтАЭ. тАЬWe are also committed on the issue of return of unaccounted wealth from safe havens and for persistent and consistent efforts on asset recovery,тАЭ he said.

IndiaтАЩs statement in the summit said, тАЬAs advised by G20 and endorsed by the Doha declaration adopted at the 13th UN Congress on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, India advocates the extending of all assistance to the requesting States in identification, tracing, freezing, seizure, recovery and repatriation of assets.тАЭ тАЬWe firmly advocate that all State Parties should ensure cooperation in dissemination of information without any impediment of bank secrecy laws, to the requesting country,тАЭ said the statement.

Global Tax Havens or Havens For Dirty Money

By Abdus Sattar Ghazali

Gabriel Zucman, the author of the 2015 book тАЬThe Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens,тАЭ estimates that $7.6 trillion is stashed in tax havens. This amounts to 8 percent of the worldтАЩs personal financial wealth. The author believes that if all of this illegally hidden money were properly recorded and taxed, global tax revenues would grow by more than $200 billion a year.

Interestingly, on April 3, 2016, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, leaked massive documents known as тАЬPanama PapersтАЭ which reveal the shadowy world of hidden offshore finances of presidents and prime ministers. The biggest leak of financial data in history exposes the offshore holdings of 12 current and former world leaders and provides details of the hidden financial dealings of 128 more politicians and public officials around the world.

The German newspaper, S├╝ddeutsche Zeitung (SZ), which worked on the leaked documents with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, said the data provides rare insights into a world that can only exist in the shadows. It proves how a global industry led by major banks, legal firms, and asset management companies secretly manages the estates of the worldтАЩs rich and famous: from politicians, FIFA officials, fraudsters and drug smugglers, to celebrities and professional athletes.

According to The Guardian, the Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the worldтАЩs fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. The massive leak of confidential documents from a Panamanian law firm has shown how some of the worldтАЩs richest people hide assets to avoid paying taxes.

Among national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, PakistanтАЩs prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of EgyptтАЩs former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Dav├н├░ Gunnlaugsson.

Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif has formed a high-level judicial commission to probe any financial wrongdoing, a day after three of his children were named in the тАШPanama PapersтАЩ for owning offshore companies prompting demands for an enquiry by the opposition. Documents on the ICIJ website said SharifтАЩs children тАУ Mariam, Hasan and Hussain тАУ тАЬwere owners or had the right to authorize transactions for several companiesтАЭ. Punjab Chief Minister Shahbaz SharifтАЩs relatives Samina Durrani and Ilyas Mehraj have also figured in the documents examined.

IcelandтАЩs prime minister, Sigmundur Dav├н├░ Gunnlaugsson, became the first major casualty of the Panama Papers, stepping aside from his office amid mounting public outrage that his family had sheltered money offshore.

A $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir PutinтАЩs best friend Sergei Roldugin who is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. A spokesman for Russian President Vladimir Putin told The Guardian that the media investigation into offshore accounts is motivated by тАЬPutinphobia,тАЭ and that he has not been implicated in any wrongdoing.

PutinтАЩs spokesman Dmitry Peskov said тАЬitтАЩs obvious that the main target of such attacks is our president,тАЭ and claimed that the publication was aimed at influencing RussiaтАЩs stability and parliamentary elections scheduled for September. He suggested the Washington-based International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, which co-ordinated the international investigation, has ties to the U.S. government.

Family members of at least eight current or former members of ChinaтАЩs Politburo Standing Committee, the countryтАЩs main ruling body, have offshore companies arranged though Mossack Fonseca. They include President XiтАЩs brother-in-law, who set up two British Virgin Islands companies in 2009. ChinaтАЩs foreign ministry dismissed reports of the leaks from the Mossack Fonseca database as тАШgroundless accusationsтАЩ. A Communist party censorship directive instructed news organizations to purge all reports, blogs, bulletin boards and comments relating to Panama Papers revelations.

Twenty-three individuals who have had sanctions imposed on them for supporting the regimes in North Korea, Zimbabwe, Russia, Iran and Syria have been clients of Mossack Fonseca. Their companies were harbored by the Seychelles, the British Virgin Islands, Panama and other jurisdictions.

Tax Havens

Jill Lawless of the Associated Press says thereтАЩs one part of the British Empire on which the sun still does not set: its tax havens. BritainтАЩs former world dominance has left it with a string of tiny territories scattered around the globe, and many of them have become hubs for hiding money. Despite growing political pressure, shutting down these and other tax havens may be easier said than done, Jill said.

As BritainтАЩs colonies gained independence after World War II, London encouraged several small Caribbean islands to become tax havens as a means to self-sufficiency. As a result, many of the worldтАЩs tax havens have British links, including overseas territories such as the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda and the Cayman Islands. The Channel Islands of Jersey and Guernsey off the French coast, which are possessions of the British Crown, have been havens for the wealthy and their money for almost a century.

More than half the 200,000 companies set up for clients by Panamanian firm Mossack Fonseca in the leaked files are registered in the British Virgin Islands, a British overseas territory in the Caribbean.

According to the BBC two broad qualifications for being a tax haven are to have a low or zero rate of income tax and guarantee the rich a cloak of secrecy they would not receive in their own country. They have also been used to cover up criminal activity.

Since 2009, many attempts have been made to crack down on abuses. More than 700 tax transparency deals have been signed globally. Places including Switzerland, the Channel Islands and Luxembourg have tightened the rules, but Panama and the British Virgin Islands are among those criticized for not doing enough. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Group of 20 nations have persuaded more than 90 countries to share financial data in a bid to crack down on secret dealings.

Mossack Fonseca

The Panama Papers make it clear that major banks are big drivers behind the creation of hard-to-trace companies in the British Virgin Islands, Panama and other offshore havens. They list nearly 15,600 paper companies that banks set up for clients who want keep their finances under wraps, including thousands created by international giants UBS and HSBC.

Mossack Fonseca is one of the worldтАЩs top creators of shell companies, corporate structures that can be used to hide ownership of assets. The law firmтАЩs leaked internal files contain information on 214,488 offshore entities connected to people in more than 200 countries and territories.

The offshore system relies on a sprawling global industry of bankers, lawyers, accountants and these go-betweens who work together to protect their clientsтАЩ secrets. These secrecy experts use anonymous companies, trusts and other paper entities to create complex structures that can be used to disguise the origins of dirty money.

The Mossack Fonseca law firm has worked closely with big banks and big law firms in places like The Netherlands, Mexico, the United States and Switzerland, helping clients move money or slash their tax bills, the secret records show.

Big U.S. firms hold $2.1 trillion overseas to avoid taxes

Not surprisingly, in October 2015, an economic study revealed that the 500 largest American companies hold more than $2.1 trillion in accumulated profits offshore to avoid U.S. taxes and would collectively owe an estimated $620 billion in U.S. taxes if they repatriated the funds.

The study, by Citizens for Tax Justice and the U.S. Public Interest Research Group Education Fund, found that nearly three-quarters of the firms on the Fortune 500 list of biggest American companies by gross revenue operate tax haven subsidiaries in countries like Bermuda, Ireland, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.

Apple was holding $181.1 billion offshore, more than any other U.S. company, and would owe an estimated $59.2 billion in U.S. taxes if it tried to bring the money back to the United States from its three overseas tax havens, the study said.

General Electric has booked $119 billion offshore in 18 tax havens, software firm Microsoft is holding $108.3 billion in five tax haven subsidiaries and drug company Pfizer is holding $74 billion in 151 subsidiaries, the study said.

тАЬAt least 358 companies, nearly 72 percent of the Fortune 500, operate subsidiaries in tax haven jurisdictions as of the end of 2014,тАЭ the study said. тАЬAll told these 358 companies maintain at least 7,622 tax haven subsidiaries.тАЭ

Fortune 500 companies hold more than $2.1 trillion in accumulated profits offshore to avoid taxes, with just 30 of the firms accounting for $1.4 trillion of that amount, or 65 percent, the study found.

In September 2015, a U.S. federal judge authorized the Internal Revenue Service to seek the names of Americans using accounts at two Belize banks.

US Corporate Tax Cheats Hiding $1.4 Trillion In Profits In Offshore Accounts

By Patrick Martin

A report issued Thursday by the British charity Oxfam found that the 50 largest US corporations are hiding $1.4 trillion in profits in overseas accounts to avoid US income taxes, much of it in tax havens like Bermuda and the Cayman Islands.

The biggest tax dodger is technology giant Apple, with $181 billion held offshore. General Electric had the second-largest stash, at $119 billion, enough to repay four times over the $28 billion GE received in federal guarantees during the 2008 Wall Street crash. Microsoft had $108 billion in overseas accounts, with companies like Exxon Mobil, Pfizer, IBM, Cisco Systems, Google, Merck, and Johnson & Johnson rounding out the top ten.

Overseas tax havens have been the focus of recent revelations about tax scams by wealthy individuals, based on the leak of the тАЬPanama Papers,тАЭ documents from a single Panama-based law firm, Mossack Fonseca, involving 214,000 offshore shell companies. The firmтАЩs clients included 29 billionaires and 140 top politicians worldwide, among them a dozen heads of government.

But the sums involved in corporate tax scams dwarf those hidden away by individuals. According to the Oxfam report, the offshore manipulations by the 50 largest US corporations cost the US taxpayer $111 billion each year, while robbing another $100 billion annually from countries overseas, many of them desperately poor.

The $111 billion a year in US taxes evaded would be sufficient to eliminate 90 percent of child poverty in America, effectively wiping out that social scourge. It is more than the annual cost of the food stamp program, or unemployment benefits, or the total budget of the Department of Education.

Oxfam timed the release of its report for the April 15 income tax deadline in the United States (actually Monday, April 18 this year), when tens of millions of working people must file their income tax returns or face federal penalties. Working people could face additional tax penalties of up to 2 percent of household income, to a maximum of $975, under the Obamacare тАЬindividual mandate,тАЭ if they have not purchased private health insurance.

There is a stark contrast between the IRS hounding of working people for relatively small amounts of moneyтАФbut difficult or impossible to pay for those on low incomesтАФand the green light given to corporate tax cheats who evade taxation on trillions in income.

тАЬAs Americans rush to finalize tax returns, multinational corporations that benefit from trillions in taxpayer-funded support are dodging billions in taxes,тАЭ said Raymond C. Offenheiser, President of Oxfam America. тАЬThe vast sums large companies stash in tax havens should be fighting poverty and rebuilding AmericaтАЩs infrastructure, not hidden offshore in Panama, Bahamas, or the Cayman Islands.тАЭ

The Oxfam report, titled тАЬBroken at the Top,тАЭ expresses concern that тАЬtax dodging by multinational corporationsтАжcontributes to dangerous inequality that is undermining our social fabric and hindering economic growth.тАЭ

It continues: тАЬThis inequality is fueled by an economic and political system that benefits the rich and powerful at the expense of the rest, causing the gains of economic growth over the last several decades to go disproportionately to the already wealthy. Among the most damning examples of this rigged system is the way large, profitable companies use offshore tax havens, and other aggressive and secretive methods, to dramatically lower their corporate tax rates in the United States and developing countries alike.тАЭ

Oxfam collected figures available from the 10-K reports and other financial documents issued by the 50 largest US companies, covering the period since the Wall Street crash, 2008 through 2014, and presented them in an interactive table. The figures included total profits, federal taxes paid, total US taxes paid (including state and local), lobbying expenses, tax breaks, money held in offshore accounts, and benefits received from the federal government, including loans, loan guarantees and bailouts.

Among the most important findings:

* The top 50 companies made nearly $4 trillion in profits globally, but paid only $412 billion in federal income tax, for an effective tax rate of barely 10 percent, compared to the statutory rate of 35 percent.

* The 50 companies spent $2.6 billion to influence the federal government, while reaping nearly $11.2 trillion in federal support, for an effective return of 400,000 percent on their lobbying expenses.

* The overseas cash stashed by the 50 companies, nearly $1.4 trillion, is larger than the Gross Domestic Product of Russia, Mexico, Spain or South Korea.

* US multinationals reported 43 percent of their foreign earnings from five tax havens, countries that accounted for only 4 percent of their foreign workforce and 7 percent of foreign investment. All told, US companies shifted between $500 billion and $700 billion in profits from countries where economic activity actually took place to countries where tax rates were low.

* In the year 2012 alone, US firms reported $80 billion in profits in Bermuda, more than their combined reported profits in the four largest economies (after the US itself): China, Japan, Germany and France. This figure was nearly 20 times the total GDP of the tiny island country.

The Oxfam report also pointed to an estimated $100 billion in taxes evaded in foreign countries, many of them rich in natural resources extracted by such global giants as Exxon, Chevron and Dow Chemical. According to the report, тАЬTaxes paid, or unpaid, by multinational companies in poor countries can be the difference between life and death, poverty or opportunity. $100 billion is four times what the 47 least developed countries in the world spend on education for their 932 million citizens. $100 billion is equivalent to what it would cost to provide basic life-saving health services or safe water and sanitation to more than 2.2 billion people.тАЭ

The report cited former UN Secretary-General Kofi AnnanтАЩs assessment that тАЬAfrica loses more money each year to tax dodging than it receives in international development assistance.тАЭ

Oxfam offered no solution to the growth of inequality and the systematic looting by big corporations that its report documents, except to urge governments around the world to close tax loopholes. The group also pleads with the corporate bosses themselves not to be quite so greedy. Neither capitalist governments nor the CEOs will pay the slightest attention. But the working class should take note of these figures, which provide ample evidence of the bankrupt and reactionary nature of capitalism, and the urgent necessity of building a mass movement, on a global scale, to put an end to the profit system.

Global Tax Havens or Havens For Dirty Money

By Abdus Sattar Ghazali

Gabriel Zucman, the author of the 2015 book тАЬThe Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens,тАЭ estimates that $7.6 trillion is stashed in tax havens. This amounts to 8 percent of the worldтАЩs personal financial wealth. The author believes that if all of this illegally hidden money were properly recorded and taxed, global tax revenues would grow by more than $200 billion a year.

Interestingly, on April 3, 2016, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, leaked massive documents known as тАЬPanama PapersтАЭ which reveal the shadowy world of hidden offshore finances of presidents and prime ministers. The biggest leak of financial data in history exposes the offshore holdings of 12 current and former world leaders and provides details of the hidden financial dealings of 128 more politicians and public officials around the world.

The German newspaper, S├╝ddeutsche Zeitung (SZ), which worked on the leaked documents with the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, said the data provides rare insights into a world that can only exist in the shadows. It proves how a global industry led by major banks, legal firms, and asset management companies secretly manages the estates of the worldтАЩs rich and famous: from politicians, FIFA officials, fraudsters and drug smugglers, to celebrities and professional athletes.

According to The Guardian, the Panama Papers are an unprecedented leak of 11.5m files from the database of the worldтАЩs fourth biggest offshore law firm, Mossack Fonseca. The documents show the myriad ways in which the rich can exploit secretive offshore tax regimes. The massive leak of confidential documents from a Panamanian law firm has shown how some of the worldтАЩs richest people hide assets to avoid paying taxes.

Among national leaders with offshore wealth are Nawaz Sharif, PakistanтАЩs prime minister; Ayad Allawi, ex-interim prime minister and former vice-president of Iraq; Petro Poroshenko, president of Ukraine; Alaa Mubarak, son of EgyptтАЩs former president; and the prime minister of Iceland, Sigmundur Dav├н├░ Gunnlaugsson.

Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif has formed a high-level judicial commission to probe any financial wrongdoing, a day after three of his children were named in the тАШPanama PapersтАЩ for owning offshore companies prompting demands for an enquiry by the opposition. Documents on the ICIJ website said SharifтАЩs children тАУ Mariam, Hasan and Hussain тАУ тАЬwere owners or had the right to authorize transactions for several companiesтАЭ. Punjab Chief Minister Shahbaz SharifтАЩs relatives Samina Durrani and Ilyas Mehraj have also figured in the documents examined.

IcelandтАЩs prime minister, Sigmundur Dav├н├░ Gunnlaugsson, became the first major casualty of the Panama Papers, stepping aside from his office amid mounting public outrage that his family had sheltered money offshore.

A $2bn trail leads all the way to Vladimir PutinтАЩs best friend Sergei Roldugin who is at the centre of a scheme in which money from Russian state banks is hidden offshore. A spokesman for Russian President Vladimir Putin told The Guardian that the media investigation into offshore accounts is motivated by тАЬPutinphobia,тАЭ and that he has not been implicated in any wrongdoing.

PutinтАЩs spokesman Dmitry Peskov said тАЬitтАЩs obvious that the main target of such attacks is our president,тАЭ and claimed that the publication was aimed at influencing RussiaтАЩs stability and parliamentary elections scheduled for September. He suggested the Washington-based International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, which co-ordinated the international investigation, has ties to the U.S. government.

Family members of at least eight current or former members of ChinaтАЩs Politburo Standing Committee, the countryтАЩs main ruling body, have offshore companies arranged though Mossack Fonseca. They include President XiтАЩs brother-in-law, who set up two British Virgin Islands companies in 2009. ChinaтАЩs foreign ministry dismissed reports of the leaks from the Mossack Fonseca database as тАШgroundless accusationsтАЩ. A Communist party censorship directive instructed news organizations to purge all reports, blogs, bulletin boards and comments relating to Panama Papers revelations.

Twenty-three individuals who have had sanctions imposed on them for supporting the regimes in North Korea, Zimbabwe, Russia, Iran and Syria have been clients of Mossack Fonseca. Their companies were harbored by the Seychelles, the British Virgin Islands, Panama and other jurisdictions.

Tax Havens

Jill Lawless of the Associated Press says thereтАЩs one part of the British Empire on which the sun still does not set: its tax havens. BritainтАЩs former world dominance has left it with a string of tiny territories scattered around the globe, and many of them have become hubs for hiding money. Despite growing political pressure, shutting down these and other tax havens may be easier said than done, Jill said.

As BritainтАЩs colonies gained independence after World War II, London encouraged several small Caribbean islands to become tax havens as a means to self-sufficiency. As a result, many of the worldтАЩs tax havens have British links, including overseas territories such as the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda and the Cayman Islands. The Channel Islands of Jersey and Guernsey off the French coast, which are possessions of the British Crown, have been havens for the wealthy and their money for almost a century.

More than half the 200,000 companies set up for clients by Panamanian firm Mossack Fonseca in the leaked files are registered in the British Virgin Islands, a British overseas territory in the Caribbean.

According to the BBC two broad qualifications for being a tax haven are to have a low or zero rate of income tax and guarantee the rich a cloak of secrecy they would not receive in their own country. They have also been used to cover up criminal activity.

Since 2009, many attempts have been made to crack down on abuses. More than 700 tax transparency deals have been signed globally. Places including Switzerland, the Channel Islands and Luxembourg have tightened the rules, but Panama and the British Virgin Islands are among those criticized for not doing enough. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Group of 20 nations have persuaded more than 90 countries to share financial data in a bid to crack down on secret dealings.

Mossack Fonseca

The Panama Papers make it clear that major banks are big drivers behind the creation of hard-to-trace companies in the British Virgin Islands, Panama and other offshore havens. They list nearly 15,600 paper companies that banks set up for clients who want keep their finances under wraps, including thousands created by international giants UBS and HSBC.

Mossack Fonseca is one of the worldтАЩs top creators of shell companies, corporate structures that can be used to hide ownership of assets. The law firmтАЩs leaked internal files contain information on 214,488 offshore entities connected to people in more than 200 countries and territories.

The offshore system relies on a sprawling global industry of bankers, lawyers, accountants and these go-betweens who work together to protect their clientsтАЩ secrets. These secrecy experts use anonymous companies, trusts and other paper entities to create complex structures that can be used to disguise the origins of dirty money.

The Mossack Fonseca law firm has worked closely with big banks and big law firms in places like The Netherlands, Mexico, the United States and Switzerland, helping clients move money or slash their tax bills, the secret records show.

Big U.S. firms hold $2.1 trillion overseas to avoid taxes

Not surprisingly, in October 2015, an economic study revealed that the 500 largest American companies hold more than $2.1 trillion in accumulated profits offshore to avoid U.S. taxes and would collectively owe an estimated $620 billion in U.S. taxes if they repatriated the funds.

The study, by Citizens for Tax Justice and the U.S. Public Interest Research Group Education Fund, found that nearly three-quarters of the firms on the Fortune 500 list of biggest American companies by gross revenue operate tax haven subsidiaries in countries like Bermuda, Ireland, Luxembourg and the Netherlands.

Apple was holding $181.1 billion offshore, more than any other U.S. company, and would owe an estimated $59.2 billion in U.S. taxes if it tried to bring the money back to the United States from its three overseas tax havens, the study said.

General Electric has booked $119 billion offshore in 18 tax havens, software firm Microsoft is holding $108.3 billion in five tax haven subsidiaries and drug company Pfizer is holding $74 billion in 151 subsidiaries, the study said.

тАЬAt least 358 companies, nearly 72 percent of the Fortune 500, operate subsidiaries in tax haven jurisdictions as of the end of 2014,тАЭ the study said. тАЬAll told these 358 companies maintain at least 7,622 tax haven subsidiaries.тАЭ

Fortune 500 companies hold more than $2.1 trillion in accumulated profits offshore to avoid taxes, with just 30 of the firms accounting for $1.4 trillion of that amount, or 65 percent, the study found.

In September 2015, a U.S. federal judge authorized the Internal Revenue Service to seek the names of Americans using accounts at two Belize banks.

PIL тАУ Legal Prosecution of Government officials , Public Servants involved in Reliance Scams

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL WRIT PETITION NO. OF 2015

IN THE MATTER OF

NAGARAJA . M.R ,

editor , SOS e Clarion of Dalit & SOS e Voice for Justice ,

# LIG 2 , No 761 , HUDCO First Stage , Laxmikantanagar ,

Hebbal , Mysore тАУ 570017 , Karnataka State

тАж..Petitioner

Versus

Honourable Cabinet Secretary , PMO , Government of India & Others

тАж.Respondents

PETITION UNDER ARTICLE 12 to ARTICLE 35 & ARTICLE 51A OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA FOR ISSUANCE OF A WRIT IN THE NATURE OF

MANDAMUS UNDER ARTICLE 32 & ARTICLE 226 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA.

To ,

HonтАЩble The Chief Justice of India and His LordshipтАЩs Companion

Justices of the Supreme Court of India. The Humble petition of the Petitioner above named.

MOST RESPECTFULLY SHOWETH :

1. Facts of the case:

Our whole hearted respects to honest few in judiciary , parliament & public service. Our salutes to them , due to honest efforts of those few noble persons only at least democracy is surviving in India.

A . тАЬPower will go to the hands of rascals, , rogues and freebooters. All Indian leaders will be of low calibre and men of straw. They will have sweet tongues and silly hearts. They will fight among themselves for power and will be lost in political squabbles . A day would come when even air & water will be taxed.тАЭ Sir Winston made this statement in the House of Commons just before the independence of India & Pakistan. Sadly , the forewarning of Late Winston Churchill has been proved right by some of our criminal , corrupt peopleтАЩs representatives , police , public servants & Judges. Some of the below mentioned judges fall among the category of churchillтАЩs men тАУ Rogues , Rascals & Freebooters.

B . Loot of natural resources , telecom spectrum & public property in India and illegal aid to those criminals by government officials.

2. Question(s) of Law:

Are government officials , telecom , petroleum , finance department officials , police & revenue officials who aided loot , above Law & can go scot free ?

3. Grounds:

Requests for equitable justice , legal prosecution & punishment of guilty government officials and public servants .

4. Averment:

Give what action has been taken by government of india or state governments or other statutory bodies against reliance industries for itтАЩs irregularities in telecom , oil sector , etc.

That the present petitioner has not filed any other petition (which are admitted by courts) in any High Court or the Supreme Court of India on the subject matter of the present petition.

PRAYER:

In the above premises, it is prayed that this HonтАЩble Court may be pleased:

(i) Hereby , I do request the honorable supreme court of India to consider this as a PIL for : тАЬwrit of MandamusтАЭ and to issue instructions to the concerned public servants in the following cases to perform their duties & to answer the questions.

(ii) Hereby , I do request the honourble supreme court of india to legally prosecute guilty officials mentioned in the above said report.

(iii) Hereby , I do request the honourble supreme court of india to uphold the constitution of india , to protect natural resources and to protect the constitutional rights of all Indian citizens including mine.
(iv) Hereby , I do request the honourble supreme court of india to immediately keep all government officials mentioned in the above said report under suspension from service & to take necessary steps to protect all type of evidences.

(v) to pass such other orders and further orders as may be deemed necessary on the facts and in the circumstances of the case.

FOR WHICH ACT OF KINDNESS, THE PETITIONER SHALL BE DUTY BOUND, EVER PRAY.

Date : 28th November 2015тАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжFiled By : Nagaraja.M.R.

Place : Mysuru IndiaтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАж..Petitioner in person

PIL тАУ Legal Prosecution of officials involved in Bellary Mining Scam

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL WRIT PETITION NO. OF 2015

IN THE MATTER OF

NAGARAJA . M.R ,

editor , SOS e Clarion of Dalit & SOS e Voice for Justice ,

# LIG 2 , No 761 , HUDCO First Stage , Laxmikantanagar ,

Hebbal , Mysore тАУ 570017 , Karnataka State

тАж..Petitioner

Versus

Honourable Chief Secretary , Government of Karnataka & Others

тАж.Respondents

PETITION UNDER ARTICLE 12 to ARTICLE 35 & ARTICLE 51A OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA FOR ISSUANCE OF A WRIT IN THE NATURE OF

MANDAMUS UNDER ARTICLE 32 & ARTICLE 226 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA.

To ,

HonтАЩble The Chief Justice of India and His LordshipтАЩs Companion

Justices of the Supreme Court of India. The Humble petition of the Petitioner above named.

MOST RESPECTFULLY SHOWETH :

1. Facts of the case:

Our whole hearted respects to honest few in judiciary , parliament & public service. Our salutes to them , due to honest efforts of those few noble persons only at least democracy is surviving in India.

A . тАЬPower will go to the hands of rascals, , rogues and freebooters. All Indian leaders will be of low calibre and men of straw. They will have sweet tongues and silly hearts. They will fight among themselves for power and will be lost in political squabbles . A day would come when even air & water will be taxed.тАЭ Sir Winston made this statement in the House of Commons just before the independence of India & Pakistan. Sadly , the forewarning of Late Winston Churchill has been proved right by some of our criminal , corrupt peopleтАЩs representatives , police , public servants & Judges. Some of the below mentioned judges fall among the category of churchillтАЩs men тАУ Rogues , Rascals & Freebooters.

B . Loot of natural resources in Karnataka state and illegal aid to those criminals by government officials. Read Karnataka Lokayukta Mining scam report .

2. Question(s) of Law:

Are forest officials , police & revenue officials who aided bellary mining loot , above Law & can go scot free ?

3. Grounds:

Requests for equitable justice , legal prosecution & punishment of guilty police , revenue , forest officials.

4. Averment:

GIVE WHAT ACTION HAS BEEN TAKEN AGAINST THE GUILTY GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS MENTIONED IN THE KARNATAKA LOKAYUKTA REPORT submitted by Justice Santosh Hegde & Shri.U.V.Singh ABOUT BELLARY MINING SCAM. IF NOT WHY ? REASONS THEROF.

How many guilty government officials mentioned in the above report got promotions , continuing in service making it easy for them to tamper evidences ?

What action against public servants , officials who are hushing up the case & protecting the guilty ?

The Petitioner has sent many letters / appeals / petitions to supreme court of india & other courts through e-mail , DARPG website & through regular mail requesting them to consider those as PILs. But none of them were admitted , even acknowledgement for receipts were not given. See How duty conscious ,our judges are & see how our judges are sensitive towards life , liberty of citizens , commonmen & see how careless our judges are towards anti national crimes , crimes worth crores of rupees.

That the present petitioner has not filed any other petition (which are admitted by courts) in any High Court or the Supreme Court of India on the subject matter of the present petition.

PRAYER:

In the above premises, it is prayed that this HonтАЩble Court may be pleased:

(i) Hereby , I do request the honorable supreme court of India to consider this as a PIL for : тАЬwrit of MandamusтАЭ and to issue instructions to the concerned public servants in the following cases to perform their duties & to answer the questions.

(ii) Hereby , I do request the honourble supreme court of india to legally prosecute guilty officials mentioned in the above said report.

(iii) Hereby , I do request the honourble supreme court of india to uphold the constitution of india , to protect natural resources and to protect the constitutional rights of all Indian citizens including mine.
(iv) Hereby , I do request the honourble supreme court of india to immediately keep all government officials mentioned in the above said report under suspension from service & to take necessary steps to protect all type of evidences.

(v) to pass such other orders and further orders as may be deemed necessary on the facts and in the circumstances of the case.

FOR WHICH ACT OF KINDNESS, THE PETITIONER SHALL BE DUTY BOUND, EVER PRAY.

Date : 04th November 2015тАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжFiled By : Nagaraja.M.R.

Place : Mysuru IndiaтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжPetitioner in person

Editorial : Scams , Illegalities in Trusts , CSR Funds

Trusts , Associations are ideally formed , funded by noble persons to work for achieving certain noble social objectives like education to deprived , health care to poor , etc. Ideally these trusts enjoy the faith , confidence of public and collect donations from them to achieve their stated objectives.

Of late , many NGOs , Trusts are formed by rich cunning people , corporate bodies solely to divert the black money. They lack accountability to the public , donors. Religious , charitable trusts which are formed to propagate religious preaching indulge in business of establishing hi fi medical , engineering colleges earning donations to the tune of millions of rupees every year. Most of the financial transactions of these trusts takes place by cash payments without proper documentation to by pass legal scrutiny.

Many office bearers / founders of these trusts treat their trusts as their personal fiefdoms and spend the resources of trust for their personal hi fi lifestyles. Administrative expenses of these trusts are much more than the expenses made towards the objectives of these trusts. There are also possibilities of siphoning off money to illegal activities.

The tax exemptions given to these trusts by government are in essence a donation made by public exchequer to the very same trust to the tune of tax amount if enforced. Government also gives land at concessional rates to these trusts , that subsidy amount is also a donation by public exchequer to the trust. So , naturally functioning of all religious , charitable , educational , political trusts must be brought under the ambit of RTI. A cap on administrative expenses of trusts must be enforced. Office bearers of trusts who violate the stated objectives of trusts must be charged for public cheating & money must be recovered from them. Such trusts should be superseded and brought under the control of government.

Jai Hind. Vande Mataram.

YourтАЩs

Nagaraja.M.R.

PIL тАУ Scams in Public Trusts

An Appeal to Honourable Supreme Court of India

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL WRIT PETITION NO. OF 2016

IN THE MATTER OF

NAGARAJA . M.R

editor , SOS e Clarion of Dalit & SOS e Voice for Justice
# LIG 2 , No 761 ,, HUDCO First Stage , Laxmikantanagar ,
Hebbal , Mysore тАУ 570017 , Karnataka State
.
тАж.Petitioner

Versus

Honourable Chief Secretary , Government of Karnataka & Others

тАж.Respondents

PETITION UNDER ARTICLE 12 to ARTICLE 35 & ARTICLE 51A OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA FOR ISSUANCE OF A WRIT IN THE NATURE OF MANDAMUS UNDER ARTICLE 32 & ARTICLE 226 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA.

To ,
HonтАЩble The Chief Justice of India and His LordshipтАЩs Companion Justices of the Supreme Court of India.

The Humble petition of the Petitioner above named.

MOST RESPECTFULLY SHOWETH :
1. Facts of the case:

Trusts , Associations are ideally formed , funded by noble persons to work for achieving certain noble social objectives like education to deprived , health care to poor , etc. Ideally these trusts enjoy the faith , confidence of public and collect donations from them to achieve their stated objectives.

Of late , many NGOs , Trusts are formed by rich cunning people , corporate bodies solely to divert the black money. They lack accountability to the public , donors. Religious , charitable trusts which are formed to propagate religious preaching indulge in business of establishing hi fi medical , engineering colleges earning donations to the tune of millions of rupees every year. Most of the financial transactions of these trusts takes place by cash payments without proper documentation to by pass legal scrutiny.

Many office bearers / founders of these trusts treat their trusts as their personal fiefdoms and spend the resources of trust for their personal hi fi lifestyles. Administrative expenses of these trusts are much more than the expenses made towards the objectives of these trusts. There are also possibilities of siphoning off money to illegal activities.

The tax exemptions given to these trusts by government are in essence a donation made by public exchequer to the very same trust to the tune of tax amount if enforced. Government also gives land at concessional rates to these trusts , that subsidy amount is also a donation by public exchequer to the trust. So , naturally functioning of all religious , charitable , educational , political trusts must be brought under the ambit of RTI. A cap on administrative expenses of trusts must be enforced. Office bearers of trusts who violate the stated objectives of trusts must be charged for public cheating & money must be recovered from them. Such trusts should be superseded and brought under the control of government.
2. Question(s) of Law:

Why political trusts , religious trusts lack public accountability ? are they above law ?
3. Grounds:
Requests for equitable justice.

4. Averment:

Hereby , I do request the honorable supreme court of India to consider this as a PIL for : тАЬwrit of MandamusтАЭ and to issue instructions to the concerned public servants in the following cases to perform their duties.

That the present petitioner has not filed any other petition (which are admitted by courts) in any High Court or the Supreme Court of India on the subject matter of the present petition.

PRAYER:
In the above premises, it is prayed that this HonтАЩble Court may be pleased:
a . Hereby , I do request the honorable supreme court of India to consider this as a PIL for : тАЬwrit of MandamusтАЭ and to issue instructions to the chief secretaries of all stae governments , the concerned public servants in the present case , to perform their duties.

b . to pass such other orders and further orders as may be deemed necessary on the facts and in the circumstances of the case.

c. to order all type of trusts to conduct their financial transactions through banks only.

d. to order all type of trusts to make their functioning public and to disclose their activities under RTI.

e. to order trusts not to indulge in activities other than the stated objectives of trust and not to spend trust money for the puroses other than mentioned in the objectives.

f. to put a cap on the administarative expenses , office bearers expenses of trusts.

g. to initiate criminal charges against the office bearers of trusts who have misused , diverted trust resources and recover such money from them with penal interest.

h. to supersede all the trusts which violate law and to bring thm under the control of government.

FOR WHICH ACT OF KINDNESS, THE PETITIONER SHALL BE DUTY BOUND, EVER PRAY.

Dated : 13th July 2016 тАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАж.FILED BY: NAGARAJA.M.R.

Place : Mysuru , IndiaтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАж. PETITIONER-IN-PERSON

Donations Scam In Educational Trusts

тАУ I-T Department Exposes scam worth crores

According to I-T officials, the operations were conducted mainly in Karnataka and Maharashtra (including Pune and Mumbai) that have clusters of universities and professional colleges.

Educational trusts that run professional colleges, primarily medical and engineering colleges, by collecting donations as high as Rs 1 crore have come under the Income-Tax (I-T) departmentтАЩs scanner. The I-T department has raised Rs 100 crore in tax demand from some trusts in Mumbai, Pune, Hyderabad and Bengaluru for irregularities and misusing tax benefits meant for charitable trusts. According to I-T sleuths, several institutions were surveyed in the last two months, and, in a few cases, searches were conducted as well. The findings of the survey have been sent to the Special Investigation Team (SIT) on black money. тАЬThe total amount of the scam is not yet quantified,тАЭ said an official directly involved with the operation. A large chunk of unaccounted money, accepted as donations, is used for personal benefits, and, of course, do not get declared. This results in the generation of black money,тАЭ said the official.

According to I-T officials, the operations were conducted mainly in Karnataka and Maharashtra (including Pune and Mumbai) that have clusters of universities and professional colleges. The action follows the governmentтАЩs move to curb black money generation within the country. The finance ministry is of the view that the bulk of black money is still within India. A senior I-T official said, тАЬInvestigations have revealed that several trust-run educational institutions accept donations for admissions and deposit them in multiple bank accounts. In some cases, demand draft/bank challans were purchased in favour of the trust president, and they used multiple challans to keep the amounts low.тАЭ

тАЬNobody can object to charity or donations, but, at the same time, when large sums get donated, it rings an alarm bell unless the payments are made by account payee cheques with the donorтАЩs name and Permanent Account Number,тАЭ a former DGIT told dna. тАЬSome of these institutions are owned by big corporates and industrialists. In certain instances, it was found that trusts were created to divert funds,тАЭ said another official.

Discreet investigations have revealed that there were 3-4 intermediaries, and, quite often, office-bearers of these colleges accepted donations in cash. Admissions to under-graduate and post-graduate programmes were the main focal points for such acceptance of cash donations and done with the knowledge of the president of the trusts.

тАЬThere are at 3-4 intermediaries in the entire process тАУ right from office-bearers to trustee owners. The main concern is that, in all cases, co-operative banks are being used to channelise donations. Henceforth, involvement of banks will also be investigated,тАЭ said an investigating officer. It has also been observed that many institutions do not specify the sources of income in their income statement and balance sheets.

In many cases, permissions were not taken from the appropriate authority for leasing out property for educational programmes. No plot or land can be leased out for any other purpose than education and without special permission from the leasing authority.

тАЬIn a few instances, the trustees have shown demand drafts received as donation from parents but we found that these drafts were from the same bank branch, indicating that they were breaking up cash into smaller drafts and depositing part of the donations back to the accounts maintained by the trust,тАЭ said I-T officials.

According to I-T sleuths, trustees created тАШproxy studentsтАЩ who would take admissions under the government quota, only to be auctioned by the college to the highest bidder. This practice is rampant in private medical institutions. The income of a charitable trust is exempt from I-T, according to the provisions of Section 11, 12 and 13 of the I-T Act. However, to avail of this exemption, the activities of such trust/society should fall within the definition of тАШcharitable purposeтАЩ.

It is often a topic of dispute among tax authorities whether high-end educational institutions, providing modern and state-of-the-art educational aid, should be allowed to undertake activities that are charitable or commercial in nature

Government seeks to tighten regulations for charitable trusts

The proposal will have implications for the way trusts claim tax exemptions and receive anonymous donations

Budget proposals to tighten the regulation of charitable trusts and institutions will have major implications for the way trusts currently claim tax exemptions and receive anonymous donations, experts said.

Aiming to prevent the abuse of tax exemptions, finance minister Arun JaitleyтАЩs budget last week introduced provisions that seek to end the practice of trusts claiming double tax benefits, or tax exemption even when the income is not being used for charitable purposes. The budget also sought to make it easier for the tax department to cancel the registration of such trusts. And in an attempt to check money laundering, the government changed the tax treatment to discourage anonymous donations received by charitable institutions and trusts.

In December, the income tax department was hauled up by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India over the alleged misuse of tax exemptions by trusts, pointing to lapses in the registration process, allowance of exemptions during assessment, non-monitoring of surplus income accumulations and foreign contributions received by trusts. The national auditor had also named a number of trusts who it said were misusing tax exemption provisions.

Rahul Garg, leader, direct taxes at consulting firm PwC, said the budget proposals are aimed at enhancing the compliance and reporting requirements by these trusts and plug some of the loopholes in the current laws.

тАЬThere was a perception that the charitable institutions are able to indulge in tax evasion due to the varied interpretation of the existing laws. The amendments clearly spell out what the law is. It will also help in reducing litigation,тАЭ he said.

He added that the changes will also address fears of money laundering raised by the home ministry because of the way foreign funds were coming into some charitable institutions. According to the memorandum explaining provisions under the Finance Bill 2014, a registered trust or institution which avails the benefit of exemptions under a specific exemption provision in Section 11 of the Income Tax Act meant for charitable purposes, cannot simultaneously take benefit of the exemption provided under any other provision of the Act.

Also, provisions have been introduced to ensure that a trust which uses tax-exempt income for acquisition of assets, cannot claim double benefit by using a notional depreciation of such assets.

To be sure, Parliament has to pass the Finance Bill 2014 for it to become an Act.

Law firm Khaitan and Co. in a post-budget note, said the changes in regulations around charitable trusts and institutions are aimed at rationalizing the taxation regime and eliminating certain loopholes and ambiguities. The note pointed out that the powers of the commissioner of income tax to cancel the tax exemption certificate of an institution have also been widened.

A commissioner can cancel the registration certificate if the trust does not use funds to benefit the general public; or uses them for a particular religious community or caste; or if the income of the trust is used for the benefit of any trustees.

The government has also moved to amend provisions to discourage anonymous donations to universities, hospitals and other charitable organisations. At present, though only that portion of anonymous donation that exceeds 5% of the total donations is taxed at 30%, the trust or society gets the benefit of reducing its total income by the entire amount that has been anonymously donated.

However, as per the amendment, only that portion of the anonymous donation that is taxed is eligible for reduction from the total income.

Dirty Money in Trusts

Money тАЬlaunderingтАЭ

Only a fool holds dirty money in his own name. The worldтАЩs financial system offers safer and friendlier ways to hide the proceeds of crime. Shell companiesтАУthose with no real operationsтАУare one, phoney trusts and foundations are another (see тАЬTrusts: The weak linkтАЭ).

Belatedly, life is getting a bit more difficult for tax evaders, money launderers and those who abet them. One big moveтАУnow backed by the British governmentтАУis to oblige limitedliability companies to give details of their real owners. This newspaper has argued in favour of such a duty: limited-liability status is a kind of public subsidy (if the firm goes bust, the shareholders are not responsible for its debts). It was never meant to be a means of concealing ownership. Yet in many places it is just that: only six of 69 jurisdictions surveyed last year by Eurodad, an anti-corruption network, required all types of firm to record beneficial-ownership information.

Spurred by complaints from the police, pressure from campaigners and public distaste for tax-dodgers, the British government wants not only to set up a proper registry of beneficial ownership, but also to make its contents public. If the detailed regime matches the promise, this will be an important breakthrough. But Britain should also coax its offshore dependencies into greater openness. Some are conscientious, others less so. Even official investigators can find it hard to get the information they need. America can do more to help, too: states such as Nevada apply scandalously little scrutiny to the identity of those forming companies. European governments are keen to collect more tax, but many have been less eager to make corporate ownership transparent.

Cleaning up corporate ownership will increase public confidence in the financial system. But it is only the start. The misuse of trusts and other non-corporate entities is also a big problem. These have proper purposes, such as managing charitable donations, ring-fencing employee pension plans, safeguarding assets for children or organising wills and bequests. But they too enjoy a legal advantage: they are a way of parking assets. That seems fine as long as the trusts pay tax on profits (just as companies do) and their beneficiaries pay tax on any disbursement or benefit (just as shareholders do).

Instead, trust law has become a murky world. In many places there is no rule that trusts must disclose their existence, let alone pay tax on their earnings. тАЬOrphan assetsтАЭ, no longer legally owned by the person who put the money into the trust but not yet belonging to the trustтАЩs potential beneficiaries, offer plenty of room for abuse. Some trusts, revealingly, even have flee clauses, where the trustees are obliged to try to change the domicile of the trust if the tax police start asking questions. A structure that was set up to protect the wives of medieval crusaders has ended up being used by the sort of businesspeople who greet the Russian leader as тАЬVladimirтАЭ.

Swiss knives

Far better to concentrate on two simple rules. First, all trusts and foundations should be registered, just as companies are, and their beneficiaries, both actual and potential, should be disclosed. Second, the trustees and the beneficiaries should be legally responsible for reporting any disbursements or benefits, and for making sure the tax is paid on them. Both the European Union and America are tiptoeing in this direction, but Luxembourg, Switzerland and some micro-states are resisting. It would be much better if they worked together. Trusts are a useful vehicleтАУbut not for dodgy goods.

How Indian companies are misusing public trusts to launder their CSR spending

The statutory corporate social responsibility (CSR) norms introduced two years ago were expected to revolutionise funding of social causes, but some sections of India Inc may now be abusing these for laundering of black money, according to sources privy to such transactions.

Some companies are using onhire charitable trusts to fabricate CSR spending, at least two sources who have helped craft and execute such transactions said. They spoke to ET on the condition of anonymity.

India is the first and only country to have statutorily mandated corporate social responsibility for certain class of companies but the law allows a lot of leeway. CSR spends disclosed by companies need not be vetted by statutory auditors unlike other spending. Moreover, financials of charitable trusts also come under little statutory scrutiny. This combination of factors has left the new CSR norms wide open for abuse.

тАЬSuch abuse in unlikely in trusts floated by companies themselves. But it is possible where they use external trusts,тАЭ says Rusen Kumar, founder director of IndiaCSR, a portal that collates information and developments on CSR from across the country.

According to one person, the modus operandi is simple. If a company is obligated to spend, say, Rs 10 crore on CSR, it writes out a cheque in favour of a trust that works in education, healthcare, environment protection or any of the activities specified by the government. The trust, after deducting its commission, discreetly returns the money in cash to the officials or promoters, instantly turning Rs 10 crore of white money into black. The middleman gets a cut as well.

тАЬOften the promoter pockets the money,тАЭ says a chartered accountant who has also helped clients with such deals. Often set up by politicians or rich individuals, these trusts also serve as laundering mechanism for unaccounted money. For example, a politician would set up a trust to build an educational institution. CSR funds would flow into the trust through legitimate banking channels. These funds are returned to the promoters in cash and the actual expenditure on the institution is met with the politicianтАЩs illicit hoard. The expenditure is then inflated helping launder the black money.

At the end of the year, the trust gives a report to the company which it duly incorporates in its CSR reporting form called AOC-4. тАЬThough the financials are part of the directorsтАЩ report which is audited by external auditors, the AOC-4 itself is not subject to external audit. It is a lacuna,тАЭ says Bhaskar Chatterjee, director general and CEO, Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs (IICA).

ET met a middleman who had just concluded two dealsтАФone for a well-known listed company and another for a smaller firm. He said he had already done cash-back deals worth about Rs 40 crore this year.

.

How Indian companies are misusing public trusts to launder their CSR spending
.

This is the first year that the CSR norms have come into play. Rules under Section 135 of the Companies Act, 2013, mandate that any company with a net worth of over Rs 500 crore or annual revenue of Rs 1,000 crore or net profit of Rs 5 crore has to spend 2 per cent of the average profit of the previous three years on CSR activities.

Public trusts are a favoured route to launder money because they are not adequately governed or monitored. Though some states such as Maharashtra have their own law such as the Bombay Public Trusts Act, 1950, trusts are not governed by a nationwide law. If a state law doesnтАЩt exist such as in Delhi, these trusts are governed by the Indian Trusts Act of 1882 that applies to private trusts. There is no centralized repositoryтАФ like the registrar of companies for corporatesтАФof information on public trusts.

They file annual accounts with the charity commissioner in states where it exists. Elsewhere, like Delhi, the only annual filing is income tax returns. An income tax official told ET that unless there is specific information, these are rarely scrutinized. In short, operations of public trusts remain opaque IICAтАЩs Chatterjee, who was instrumental in drafting the CSR law, says that there is no real system to track these trusts. тАЬThe law should be tightened to ensure that money reaches the people it is intended to. If there is any leakage it should be plugged.тАЭ

Finance minister Arun Jaitley recently wrote in a Facebook post that bulk of the black money is within the country. He is probably right, but it would take tremendous political will and legislative imagination to choke the black money pipelines.

Who funds IndiaтАЩs political parties? Report says most donors anonymous

It is the best known secret of Indian politics. And it comes as no surprise that IndiaтАЩs national, state and regional parties earned Rs.4,662 crore in the last seven years, mostly in form of donations and contributions, but there is a huge cover of secrecy and lack of transparency in who gave the money to them, a report released by two NGOs has claimed.

The report shows that the Congress has earned the most, Rs. 2,008 crore, between 2004 and 2011 and its annual income has gone up steadily. At number two is the BJP, which in the same period made Rs. 994 crore. Its finances too improved steadily in the same period.

The report analyses income tax returns of political parties and donation documents made available to the Election Commission. The NGOs, Association for Democratic Reforms (ADR) and National Election Watch (NEW), campaign for transparency in the finances and funding of political parties.

The NGOs say that there is no standardised format for political parties to declare their incomes. A major source of income for all parties is the sale of тАЬcouponsтАЭ instead of receipts. Voluntary contributions and donations are also on top of the list of sources of income. None of these, the NGOsтАЩ report says, are transparent ways to making and declaring money.

To bring some transparency into political funding, the Representation of People Act of 1951 says that political parties must declare details of contributions of more than Rs. 20,000. This report though points out major loopholes, like parties declaring every single contribution ofRs. 20,000 made by any person at one time. But if several donations totalling to more than Rs.20,000 are made by one person or company in one year, then parties interpret it differently. That leaves them the option of breaking up donations into amounts less than Rs. 20,000.

The BSP (which is third on the list in terms of income) for instance, has shown an income ofRs. 172 crore in between 2009 and 2011 but not declared a single contribution of more than Rs.20,000. The CPM, which made almost Rs. 150 crore in that period, has shown only 1.39 per cent of contributions of more than Rs. 20,000. For the same period, Congress has shown 11.89 per cent and BJP 22.76 per cent.

The parties with highest тАЬdonationsтАЭ are the Telengana Rashtra Samiti at 99.98 per cent and Lok Janshakti Party at 89.88 per cent.

The other major source of income for the major parties is also donations from corporate houses. The report has a list of which corporate house made how much donation and to which party. Most of them contribute to both the major national parties, the Congress and the BJP. For instance, the General Electoral Trust made a donation of Rs. 36.41 crore to Congress and Rs. Rs. 26.07 crore to BJP between 2004 and 2011. Torrent Power similarly gaveRs. 14.15 crore to Congress and Rs. 13 crore to BJP. And a lot of the companies are new ones involved in infrastructure like power, steel and construction, beating the traditional firms of Tatas and Birlas.

Why are political parties not under RTI ambit: Supreme Court asks Centre, EC

The Supreme Court on Tuesday sought responses from the Centre, the Election Commission and six political parties, including Congress and BJP, on a plea to declare all national and regional political parties тАЬpublic authoritiesтАЭ to bring them under the ambit of the Right to Information (RTI) Act.

тАЬIssue notice,тАЭ a bench comprising Chief Justice HL Dattu and justices Arun Kumar Mishra and Amitava Roy said.

The Association for Democratic Reforms, an NGO, has also sought a direction that the political parties be asked to declare all donations, including those below Rs 20,000 also.

Lawyer Prashant Bhushan, appearing for the NGO, contended that political parties were public authorities and hence amenable to the RTI Act.

The Central Information Commission, in its detailed order, had held that political parties were public authorities and hence should disclose the information under RTI Act.

тАЬPolitical parties do not have to pay the income tax on the donations and, moreover, the donations below Rs 20,000 are not to be disclosed under the law by them,тАЭ the lawyer said, adding that these parties also controlled the legislature and the law-making process.

Earlier, the NGO had approached SC seeking transparency and accountability in functioning of recognised national and regional political parties.

It had claimed that the political parties received huge sums of money in form of donations and contributions from corporates, trusts and individuals but do not disclose complete information about the source of such donations.

In its plea, the NGO had urged the apex court to direct all national and regional parties to mandatorily disclose details about their income as well as expenditure.

It had also sought declaration of entire details of donations and funding received by the political parties, irrespective of the amount donated and details of donors making donations to them and to electoral trusts.

The petition had claimed that political parties enjoyed a stronghold over their elected MPs and MLAs under Schedule 10 of the Constitution that makes it compulsory for members of either Houses of Parliament or state legislatures to abide by the directions of their parties, failing which they stand to be disqualified.

RTI applicable to Trusts, institutions indirectly funded by govt

In a recent judgement, the State Information Commissioner Vijay Kuvalekar has said that Trusts or institutions that are not directly substantially funded by the government, but still indirectly receive funds to run schools, courses, colleges, come under the Right to Information (RTI), Act.

Kuvalekar, in his judgement said that indirectly, since the parent institute is getting the funds for institutes run by them, the RTI is applicable.
The judgement came in the wake of former member of Shikshan Prasarak Mandali (SPM), B B Jambhulkar who raised an RTI query with the SPM to get details on admission having cited corruption.
Jambhulkar said, тАЬThe SPM, however, denied to reveal the information as the SPM Trust was not funded by the government. Besides, I asked the Trust to give me details of the appointment of over 400 members of the Trust.тАЭ
The information commissioner, however, said that, тАЬIt is clear that the Trust is receiving funds to run other institutes as seen in the books of accounts. In such a case, it is liable to reveal any information as sought by the RTI applicant.тАЭ

Incidentally, the Income Tax department recently cancelled the registration of SPM as a charitable trustтАЩ. Jambhular had asked the query regarding a list of names of the students who have sought admission at Ramnarian Ruia college and R A Poddar college of Commerce and Economics, Mumbai.

PILs Covered up by Supreme Court

Image result for reliance company images

Image result for reliance company images

тАЬThere is a higher court than the court of justice and that is the court of conscience It supercedes all other courts. тАЭ
тАУ Mahatma Gandhi

Salary of Chief Justice of India Rupees 100000 per month & salary of supreme court judge Rupees 90000 per month plus 5 star heritage bungalow , 5 star air / train travel , 5 star health care facility , etc all at tax payers expense

Hunger Deaths Malnutrition Deaths Poverty Earning Less than Rupees 32 per day

Honest Hard Working Child Laborers Earning Less Than Rupees 32 per day

Corrupt Dishonest Criminal Public Servants Earning More than Rupees 5000 per day Murderers of Justice

Ill-gotten Wealth of Corrupt Public Servants

Murderers of Justice Shame to You

Follow me at
http://www.facebook.com/people/Nagaraj-Mysore-Raghupathi/513253184 ,
http://www.amnesty.org/en/user/naghrw ,
http://twitter.com/naghrw ,

A тАУ Z of Manipulation of Indian Legal System

http://www.scribd.com/doc/187575206/A-Z-of-Manipulation-of-India-Legal-System ,

http://www.scribd.com/doc/173854541/Chief-Justice-of-India-A-Criminal ,

SHAME TO CORRUPT RAPIST JUDGES OF INDIA

EDITORIAL : WAKE UP Corrupt Judges & Police of India тАУ BapujiтАЩs dandi march- the origin of civil dis-obedience movement

Greetings on the birthday of our bapuji , Mahatma Gandhi on 02nd October. Just hanging photograph of Gandhi in office room , court hall or police station wonтАЩt serve any purpose. Before gandhiтАЩs photo only many corrupt practices , injustices are enacted by public servants. Many of our public servants , Judges & Police are even unfit to sit before Mahatma GandhiтАЩs photograph , let alone invoke mahatmaтАЩs name during speech or court ruling. Let those very Judges & Police first learn to follow ideals of Mahatma Gandhi in their official capacity as well as personal capacity. The public servants enjoy luxuries , 5 star non veg meals , alcoholic drinks all at tax payers expense. These judges give judgements running into hundreds of pages with moral guidance , great quotes to commoners , police use filthy language , 3rd degree torture methods against innocents , commoners , when there are rich crooks , criminals justice kowtows before their feet. No brilliance , quotes of judges , no bravery , valour of police , why ?

Inspite of our repeated appeals for justice , judges are mum.

1. Are judges not interested in apprehending criminals & recovering crores of public money ?

2. Are judges not interested in apprehending master minds behind Late prime minister Rajiv Gandhi assassination ?

3. Are judges not interested in prosecuting greedy , corrupt industrialists ?

4. Are judges not interested in apprehending greedy , corrupt industrialist of RPG enterprises ?

5. Are judges not interested to apprehend criminals within RBI & BRBNMPL ?

6. Are judges not interested to do their duties to protect fundamental , human rights of commoners ?

7. Are judges not interested to do their duties , to legally prosecute their corrupt colleagues ?

8. If not , why those judges & police are not quitting their jobs , pave the way for a honest person ?
It is on this day in 12/03/1930, mahatma gandhi led people to dandi in gujarath state,india , to peacefully protest against the atrocious, illegal tax levied by the occupiers-britishers on natural salt. This non-violent, civil dis-obedience movement soon became a mass movement throught india & shook the very foundations of the colonial british government . it is an important milestone in our freedom struggle.
Today, in india even after 1947тАЩs independence commonerтАЩs are yet to relish the fruits of independance. Criminals have occupied the seats of power , in their greed for power & money are violating the fundamental/human rights of commoners. The saving grace is that still a few honest people are here & there in seats of power. We the commoners must come together & support those honest people in their endeavours. towards , this objective on this holy day SOS e Voice for Justice on web was born.
Let us build ram rajya of mahatmaтАЩs dream through non violent means within the existing democratic framework .that ram rajya is aptly described by poet shri. Ravindranath tagore as,
Where the mind is without fear & the head is held high
Where knowledge is free
Where the world has not been broken up into fragments
By narrow domestic walls
Where words come out from the depth of truth
Where tireless striving stretches itтАЩs arms towards
perfection
Where the clear stream of reason has not lost itтАЩs way
Into the dreary desert sand of dead habit
Where the mind is led forward by thee
Into ever widening thought and action
Into that heaven of freedom , my father
Let my country awake.
Jai hind. Vande mataram.

YourтАЩs sincerely,

Nagaraja.M.R.

RELIANCE INDUSTRIES LIMITED тАУ WHERE IS ACCOUNTABILITY?

Dear mukesh & anil ambani,

The reliance industries has always got a favourable treatment from the state & central governments.there are allegations that ,

1.years ago, the central government gave import concessions for import of certain raw materials of textile sector ,which hugely benefitted the P.F.Y & TEXTILE projects of yourтАЩs ie reliance industries.

2.the O.N.G.C which has painstakingly surveyed the oil & gas reserves & prepared a list of lists,gave that list & you got godavari basin oil & gas project from the government .O.N.G.C could have developed it & earned millions.

3.few months back you were charged both by the government & cellular operators (GSM) that you are giving S.T.D & ROAMING FACILITIES to your reliance phone subscribers.yourтАЩs was only a W.L.L. they even claimed that you are misusing a legal loophole & causing crores of losses to the government & other GSM operators. however while the issue was before the T.R.A.I, the trai legalized your actions by announcing unified licence for telecom operators.

4.now you are charged by the government of re-routing ISD CALLS as local calls,thereby causing crores of losses to the government & BSNL.this time also you may get the reprieve from the government. the government ,if a commonman does not pay his electric bills in time slaps interest & cuts down the electric supply immediately. however the same government ,even if your company has been alleged of causing crores of rupees losses to the government & other players, always enacts favourable laws for you like a SANTA CLAUS.

WILL YOU PLEASE CLARIFY mr.mukesh ambani & mr.anil ambani?
the TRAI announced unified licence regime in haste that too with retrospective effects.so all the charges against reliance were dropped. in the same vein as unified licence got retrospective effect , why not the government re-imburse the differece amount out of hefty fees collected from other cellular operators ? take the reliance fees as bench mark.anyway , finally commonman is the looser.

PIL тАУ Legal Prosecution of Government officials , Public Servants involved in Reliance Scams

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL WRIT PETITION NO. OF 2015

IN THE MATTER OF

NAGARAJA . M.R ,

editor , SOS e Clarion of Dalit & SOS e Voice for Justice ,

# LIG 2 , No 761 , HUDCO First Stage , Laxmikantanagar ,

Hebbal , Mysore тАУ 570017 , Karnataka State

тАж..Petitioner

Versus

Honourable Cabinet Secretary , PMO , Government of India & Others

тАж.Respondents

PETITION UNDER ARTICLE 12 to ARTICLE 35 & ARTICLE 51A OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA FOR ISSUANCE OF A WRIT IN THE NATURE OF

MANDAMUS UNDER ARTICLE 32 & ARTICLE 226 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA.

To ,

HonтАЩble The Chief Justice of India and His LordshipтАЩs Companion

Justices of the Supreme Court of India. The Humble petition of the Petitioner above named.

MOST RESPECTFULLY SHOWETH :

1. Facts of the case:

Our whole hearted respects to honest few in judiciary , parliament & public service. Our salutes to them , due to honest efforts of those few noble persons only at least democracy is surviving in India.

A . тАЬPower will go to the hands of rascals, , rogues and freebooters. All Indian leaders will be of low calibre and men of straw. They will have sweet tongues and silly hearts. They will fight among themselves for power and will be lost in political squabbles . A day would come when even air & water will be taxed.тАЭ Sir Winston made this statement in the House of Commons just before the independence of India & Pakistan. Sadly , the forewarning of Late Winston Churchill has been proved right by some of our criminal , corrupt peopleтАЩs representatives , police , public servants & Judges. Some of the below mentioned judges fall among the category of churchillтАЩs men тАУ Rogues , Rascals & Freebooters.

B . Loot of natural resources , telecom spectrum & public property in India and illegal aid to those criminals by government officials.

2. Question(s) of Law:

Are government officials , telecom , petroleum , finance department officials , police & revenue officials who aided loot , above Law & can go scot free ?

3. Grounds:

Requests for equitable justice , legal prosecution & punishment of guilty government officials and public servants .

4. Averment:

Give what action has been taken by government of india or state governments or other statutory bodies against reliance industries for itтАЩs irregularities in telecom , oil sector , etc.

That the present petitioner has not filed any other petition (which are admitted by courts) in any High Court or the Supreme Court of India on the subject matter of the present petition.

PRAYER:

In the above premises, it is prayed that this HonтАЩble Court may be pleased:

(i) Hereby , I do request the honorable supreme court of India to consider this as a PIL for : тАЬwrit of MandamusтАЭ and to issue instructions to the concerned public servants in the following cases to perform their duties & to answer the questions.

(ii) Hereby , I do request the honourble supreme court of india to legally prosecute guilty officials mentioned in the above said report.

(iii) Hereby , I do request the honourble supreme court of india to uphold the constitution of india , to protect natural resources and to protect the constitutional rights of all Indian citizens including mine.
(iv) Hereby , I do request the honourble supreme court of india to immediately keep all government officials mentioned in the above said report under suspension from service & to take necessary steps to protect all type of evidences.

(v) to pass such other orders and further orders as may be deemed necessary on the facts and in the circumstances of the case.

FOR WHICH ACT OF KINDNESS, THE PETITIONER SHALL BE DUTY BOUND, EVER PRAY.

Date : 28th November 2015тАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжFiled By : Nagaraja.M.R.

Place : Mysuru IndiaтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАж..Petitioner in person

10 things you should know about the Reliance KG-D6 gas deal

Reacting to Arvind KejriwalтАЩs presser where he said that an FIR will be filed against Mukesh Ambani, current oil minister Veerappa Moily and former oil minister Murli Deora over the gas pricing formula, Moily said that we should sympathize with his ignorance since kejriwal doesnтАЩt know how the government functions. He reiterated that the norms were being followed and there is a system for fixing prices.

ALSO READ: Kejriwal orders FIR against Mukesh, Moily

So who is actually ignorant in this case? Were the norms actually followed or has Kejriwal raised some valid points.
ALSO READ:T N Ninan: One more!

Here is a refresher and ready reckoner on the entire KG D6 gas basin controversy.

1) What is KG D6 basin?

Krishna Godavari (KG) Basin is spread across 50,000 sq km in the Krishna River and Godavari river basins near the coast of Andhra Pradesh. The site Dhirubhai-6 (D6) is where Reliance Industries discovered the biggest gas reserves in India. In government records, the 7,645 sq km block is known as KG-DWN-98/1. The KG basin is considered to be the largest natural gas basin in India.

2) How did Reliance Industries get into KG basin?

Government of India opened up hydrocarbon exploration and production (E&P) in the country to private and foreign players in 1991. Small and medium sized blocks were opened up in this round which was followed up by giving out bigger blocks in 1999 as per the New Exploration and Licensing Policy (NELP). Through NELP, Reliance bagged the rights to explore the D6 block.

3) Did government have a role after the block was handed over?

Since all mining resources belong to the people of India, government monitors the exploration and production of these. In the case of oil and gas sector, government enters into contractual relationship with the private player through a Production Sharing Contract (PSC). The PSC lays out roles and responsibilities of all parties, specifies the detailed procedures to be followed at different stages of exploration, development and production. It also specifies the cost recovery and profit sharing in the contract. Directorate General of Hydrocarbon (DGH) monitors the PSC. A PSC was signed between the government of India (GOI) and undivided Reliance Industries and its minority partner Niko Resources (10 per cent stake) for exploration and production of oil and gas.

4) What happened to KG D6 when the Reliance group split?

Even before production could start from the KG D6 wells, Reliance group was split vertically between the two brothers, with the gas business of Reliance Industries remaining with Mukesh Ambani, the elder brother. The brothers fought over this huge reserve of gas even though it was not theirs in the first place. The very first line of a production sharing contract clearly says that тАЬBy virtue of article 297 of the Constitution of India, Petroleum is a natural state in the territorial waters and the continental shelf of India is vested with the Union of IndiaтАЭ.

The brothers while splitting their fatherтАЩs empire split the gas reserves too. A family pact between the two brothers, which was never made public till the issue blew out of proportion, was at the core of the dispute. Anil Ambani owned RNRL (Reliance Natural Resources Ltd) citing the agreement by the brothers in 2005, claimed it had rights to gas from Reliance KG basin for 17 years at $2.34 per mmBtu (million British thermal unit).The Supreme Court finally settled the matter by saying that тАШthe government owns the gas till it reaches its ultimate consumer and parties must restrict their negotiation within the conditions of the government policyтАЩ.

Here the role of the government needs to be highlighted. None of the ministries involved in the process, including the oil ministry which Moily now represents, raised the point that the gas reserves belonged to the country and was not a property of the Ambani family. Even the Prime Minister, ManMohan Singh meekly requested the brothers to settle their differences in the interests of the country.

But how did the Ambani brothers arrive at this magic figure of $2.34 per mmBtu when there was no benchmark. In fact ONGC was supplying gas to the government at half the rate.

5) How did Anil Ambani arrive at the price of $2.34 per mmBtu for KG basin gas?

In June 2004, National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) invited bids for supply of gas for its 2600 MW power plant in Kawas and Gandhar. Reliance Industries, hopeful of starting production of gas by the time NTPCтАЩs power plant is ready bid for the project and was awarded it as the lowest тАШtechno-commercialтАЩ bidder. A Letter of Intent (LOI) was issued to Reliance Industries to supply 132 trillion units of gas per annum to NTPC for 17 years at a price of $2.34 per mmBtu. Anil Ambani used this as a basis for asking gas for his power plant.

6) Why is the NTPC-Reliance dispute all about?

Reliance Industries refused to sign the contract for supply of gas. Jairam Ramesh, the Minister of Power in a written reply to a question in Lok Sabha in 2009 said that тАЬAfter issuance of LOI, RIL did not come forward to sign the Gas Sale and Purchase Agreement and sought major changes in the draft GSPA.In spite of all the efforts (by NTPC) RIL did not sign the GSPA agreed during the bidding process.тАЭ

NTPC dragged Reliance to Bombay High Court on December 20, 2005 but unfortunately the case that has dragged on. The case after nine years is still sub judice. Here again the governmentтАЩs disinterest in protecting the interests of its own PSU has been a matter of much debate.

While NTPC was fighting the case with Reliance in the Bombay High Court, the government referred the matter to an Empowered Group of Ministers (EGoM) in 2007 headed by none other than the current President Pranab Mukherjee, who was then the finance minister. EGoM approved a rate hike of $4.2 per mmBtu of gas. This decision was taken without a single unit of gas coming out of the KG basin.

Reliance grabbed at this opportunity and said that it could not supply gas at a price lower than the mandated price set by the government.

7) How did Pranab Mukherjee arrive at the price of $4.2 mmBtu for gas?

The price was arrived by Reliance through its тАШprice discovery mechanismтАЩ. As per a Reliance crafter formula, user companies were asked to quote a price which gave them a choice of arriving at a value between $4.54 and $4.75 per mmBtu. Reliance initially forwarded a figure of $4.59 which was later brought down to $4.3, but Pranab Mukherjee claimed victory by announcing a figure of $4.2 per mmBtu.

The brazenness of the entire exercise by the government can be seen from the fact that the objections raised by the Principal Advisor, Power and Energy to the government of India, Surya P Sethi along with the then cabinet secretary were ignored by the government. Surya questions the recommendation saying that nowhere is the cost of production more than $1.43.

8) Is it exploration or exploitation?

A CAG report released in 2011 (initiated in 2007 but delayed due to non-co-operation) on Performance Audit of Hydrocarbon PSCs castigated the oil ministry along with Reliance to retain its entire KG-D6 block in contravention of the PSC. As per the PSC, Reliance should have relinquished 25 per cent of the total area outside the discoveries in 2004 and 2005, but the entire area was declared as a discovery area (after initial objections) and the company was allowed to retain it. Without drilling adequate wells, Reliance kept on claiming that there was potential for petroleum. In CAGтАЩs words this was done to confuse potential/prospectivity with actual discovery of hydrocarbons. The move allowed Reliance to keep the entire area to itself without following the norms laid under the PSC.

In a recent report CAG has said that Reliance moved directly from discovery to commercial production, skipping the intermediate appraisal programme step required as under PSC. CAG asks, without an appraisal programme how did the government and DGH ascertain the amount of gas in the well? And if they did not know how much gas was there in the well, what is the logic and basis of blaming Reliance of hoarding gas. Further, as pointed out by CAG, how did DGH assure itself of reliability of the development plan, production rate and production costs without the appraisal report?

9) Why more investments are bad?

CAG pointed out that as per the PSC, more investments, especially in initial stages would mean more profit for the operator and less for the government. This structure gives inadequate incentive for operators to reduce capital expenditure and provides them with substantial incentives to тАШfront-endтАЩ capital expenditure. Share of government profit varies from 85 per cent in a low investment scenario to 5 per cent in a high investment scenario. This explains the case of exaggerated investment made against Reliance Industries.

Incidentally, as pointed out by V Ranganathan of IIM Bangalore in his article in Economic Times, the case of exaggerated investment was first pointed out by Anil Ambani, where he pointed out that investment as per RelianceтАЩs plan is increasing four times but production is expected to only double. Reliance revised its production estimates from 40 mmscmd (million metric standard cubic metres per day) to 80 mmscmd while increasing its investment from $2.4 billion to $8.8 billion.

10) How was the new pricing formula arrived at?

Former RBI governor C Rangarajan came out with a formula which has been followed nowhere in the world, which has resulted in Reliance (and other players too) getting a price on import parity basis. Surya Sethi, former Principal Adviser, Power and Energy, Government of India does not mince words when he asks the Prime Minister in an open letter [Read here] not to burden the nation with Rangarajan CommitteeтАЩs madness that only benefit a select few.

Conclusion

SethiтАЩs open letter to the Prime Minister sums up the entire issue when he points out that the CAGтАЩs findings reveal how crony capitalism benefited RIL. The pre-qualification norms were diluted to ensure RIL qualified, the claimed size of gas discoveries, the field development plans and the investment outlays proposed escaped rigorous due diligence says Sethi. Above all, the companyтАЩs commitments under the PSC on gas output were not enforced.

The entire episode stinks of anything but natural gas. While Moily may claim that system was followed, there is enough evidence out there that says otherwise.

THE MEGA 4G SCAM BY GOVERNMENT AND RELIANCE

After the 2G spectrum allocation scam of the UPA Government, another major telecom scandal in the allocation of 4G spectrum (BWA) has come to light by the recent CAG report. In fact, AAP leader and senior lawyer Prashant Bhushan has filed a PIL in the Supreme Court seeking cancellation of Reliance IndustriesтАЩ telecom license and a through criminal investigation. Supreme Court had issued notice to Government and Reliance on that petition on 9th May 2014.

The factum of the scam is this. The UPA Government in March 2013 allowed a back-door entry of Reliance Jio Infocomm into voice telephony in violation of the judgment of the Supreme Court in the 2G case. This was done at the price discovered in 2001 of Rs 1,658 crores for a pan-India licence, which is the same price that was struck down by the Supreme Court in the 2G judgment because of having caused a huge loss to the public exchequer.

During May-June 2010 the auctions for 3G and 4G were concluded. The 3G auction fetched Rs 16,750.58 crore for 5+5 MHz spectrum in 2100 MHz (or 2.1 GHz) band. Thus, per MHz price worked out to be Rs 1,675 crore. Immediately, after the 3G auction, the 4G auction began which fetched Rs 12,847.77 crore for 20 MHz pan-India license in the 2300 MHz (or 2.3 GHz) band. This works out to be Rs 642.39 crore per MHz. This was so because all documents stated that 4G spectrum was for data services only, whereas 3G spectrum can be used for both data and voice telephony.

Infotel Broadband Services Pvt Ltd (IBSPL) emerged as the only company to have acquired pan-India 4G spectrum. IBSPL had an internet license since November 2007 and had just one subscriber with revenue of Rs 16.28 lakhs during 2009-10, and its authorized share capital was Rs 3 crore and the paid up capital was Rs 2.51 crore. Infotel Digicomm Pvt Ltd (IDPL) held 99.99% share of the IBSPL at the time of submission of application in March 2010.

Within hours of completion of 4G auction on 11.06.2010, IBSPL increased the authorised share capital from Rs 3 crore to Rs 6,000 crore. On 17.06.2010, the company authorized its Board of Directors to allot 475 crore equity share of Rs 10 each to Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL) and 25 crore equity share of Rs 10 to Infotech Digicomm Pvt Ltd (IDPL) aggregating to the equity capital of Rs 5,000 crore. On the same day, the company also decided to change from a private company to Public Limited Company (Infotel Broadband Services Ltd). Thus, the company within a week of winning the 4G spectrum disposed off 95% shares to RIL while 5% was retained by IDPL. Much later in March 2013, the company was renamed as Reliance Jio Infocomm Pvt Ltd.

CAG has found that the Government did not protect its interest at the time of framing eligibility criteria for the 4G auction. It allowed participation of internet (ISP) licensees without ensuring adequate safeguards in terms of net-worth of the companies participating in the auction. It found that while a UAS licensee or even a new company without a license was allowed to participate in the 4G auction, but they had to pass through the test of net-worth in order to become eligible, but no such criteria was specified for the existing internet (ISP) licensees participating in 4G auction. CAG observed that this criterion was important even for ISP-A licensees as they had to participate in the bidding where the reserve price was fixed at Rs 1,750 crore per pan-India license for 20 MHz spectrum in 2.3 GHz band. The only company which won the pan-India 4G license, was an ISP-A licensee, Infotel Broadband Services Pvt Ltd (IBSPL), a HFCL promoted group company. CAG has stated that IBSPL was given the ISP-A license in November 2007, and it had just one leased-line subscribers as on December 2009 and total revenue of just Rs 16.28 lakh for FY 2009-10. The paid-up capital was just Rs 2.51 crore and 99.99 per cent of it was held by Infotel Digicom Pvt Ltd at the time of submission of application for the 4G auction in March 2010. Thus, this company could not be termed as a serious player. And there were no checks in-built in the auction process to eliminate such non-serious players, CAG has observed.

After the company was taken over Reliance Industries, the Government allowed it to provide voice telephony (which was earlier prohibited) without conducting a fresh auction. This was done at the rate of Rs 1,658 crore which was fixed in 2001, and had been struck down by the Supreme Court in the 2G case for causing huge loss to public exchequer. The CAG has now concluded that besides vitiating the auction process, an undue advantage of Rs 22,842 crore was given to RIL at the cost of exchequer. The relevant part of the CAGтАЩs report is reproduced below: тАУ

It was found that the basis of the decision i.e. payment of entry fee of Rs 1,658 crore by ISP licensee for a permission to Pan India provision of mobile voice services using BWA spectrum considered by the DoT Committee, Telecom Commission and the MOC&IT, was primarily intended to fill the gap between the eligibility criterion stipulated for participation in the 3G / BWA auction in 2010 as UAS / CMTS licensees had paid entry fee of Rs 1,658 crore while ISP licensees had paid only Rs 30 lakh.

The DoT Committee, Telecom Commission and the MOC&IT however ignored the fact that the quantum of entry fee i.e. Rs 1,658 crore was basically discovered in 2001 through the bidding for the 4th Cellular licenses. Market conditions since then have changed drastically, and this price needed to be modified to reflect the present value. Neither the DoT Committee / TC under the Chairmanship of the Secretary DoT nor the MOC&IT felt the need for revision of the price discovered in 2001 as the entry fee for UASL in 2013, even when the HonтАЩble Supreme Court of India had cancelled 122 licenses granted in 2008 on the basis of the same entry fee stating that it was impossible for them to approve the action of the DoT.

Therefore, by permitting ISPs to provide mobile voice service using BWA spectrum won in 2010 auction post-auction, the government has brought ISP licensees with BWA spectrum at par with UAS / CMTS 3G spectrum winners so far as provision of services are concerned тАУ Voice, Data, etc., and post auction interpretation of such vital nature would appear to be arbitrary, inconsistent and not appropriate. Hence, IBSPL, now Reliance JioInfocomm, appeared to have been accorded undue advantage of Rs 22,842 crore i.e. the difference of the proportionate prices for 20 MHz block size in 2.1 GHz spectrum band (3G spectrum) and 2.3 GHz spectrum band (BWA spectrum) plus the Net Present Value of the entry fee for UASL at the end of FY 2009-10 (Rs 20,653 crore plus Rs 3,847 crore тАУ Rs 1,658 crore). Besides, the sanctity of the entire auction process has been rendered vitiated due to post auction interpretations and interventions after three years. It was therefore no surprise that Reliance JioInfocomm was among the first group of companies which applied for UL immediately after introduction of the scheme and obtained the Letter of Intent (LoI). Had the spectrum blocks been specified and declared as liberalised spectrum blocks i.e. open for all technology / services in the NIA in February 2010, there was no doubt that bidders would have taken informed decision for putting up their bid and the market discovered price would have been significantly different for 3G and BWA spectrum.

Therefore, the Aam Aadmi Party demands the NDA government to immediately cancel the telecom license and allotment of 4G spectrum given to Reliance Industries and also a registration of an FIR by the CBI for a through criminal investigation into this scam involving Reliance Industries and the UPA Government.

Petroleum Ministry document leak: ItтАЩs a Rs 10,000 cr scam, claims accused Santanu Saikia; R-ADAG office raided

The dramatic claim comes after police arrested five senior executives from top energy firms and two consultants, including Sanatnu Saikia in the Petroleum Ministry тАШleakтАЩ case.

A key accused in the corporate espionage case today claimed that it was a Rs 10,000 crore scam that he was trying to uncover as police said documents seized from corporate executives related to тАЬnational securityтАЭ that can attract Official Secrets Act provisions.

Meanwhile, a local court remanded the five arrested corporate executives in police custody till February 24 for further questioning. Delhi Police also conducted raids here and in nearby Noida looking for stolen documents from offices of petroleum companies.

Santanu Saikia, a former journalist, now running an energy consultant running a website, claimed to reporters outside an Crime Branch office that it was a Rs 10,000 crore scam, which he was trying to uncover. тАЬPlease quote me,тАЭ he said as policemen took him in for interrogation.

Reacting to his claim, Petroleum Minister Dharmendra Pradhan said Saikia was saying such things for covering up his own defence.

тАЬLet him spill out all the information he has. The primary accusation is that somebody stole the papers from the ministry. Police is investigating. Anybody has the right to tell everything to the police,тАЭ he said.

Pradhan said police is doing an independent job and everything will be clear after investigation. Law will take its course, whoever they may be, he said when asked about the arrest of executives of private companies.

Producing the five corporate executives arrested yesterday before Chief Metropolitan Magistrate Sanjay Khanagwal, the police said, тАЬNational interest was taken for a ride in the case.

тАЬDocuments related to national security have also been recovered. This may attract charges under the Official Secrets Act.тАЭ

The fiveтАУShailesh Saxena from RIL, Vinay Kumar from Essar, KK Naik from Cairns, Subhash Chandra from Jubilant Energy and Rishi Anand from Reliance ADAGтАУwho were produced in the court in police custody till February 24 for further questioning.

The police told the court that they have to consult the concerned ministries regarding the documents which have been recovered from the possession of the accused and their custodial interrogation was required to confront them with the same.

These five accused were procuring these sensitive documents at the behest of their senior officials, some of whom might be interrogated in the ongoing investigation, police said.

The advocates appearing for these five accused vehemently opposed the policeтАЩs plea seeking five days police custody, contending that their clients have been illegally detained since February 18 and 19.

The defence counsel also contended that there was nothing to be recovered from their clients and the police have not told the court regarding the specific allegations against these accused.

With the arrest of these five accused, the total number of arrests in the case rose to 12. Seven others were produced in the court yesterday out of whom four were sent to police custody till February 23 and three were remanded to judicial custody for two weeks.

Police sources said that Subhash Chandra, a senior executive with Jubilant Energy, who was arrested along with four other top officials of energy companies yesterday, was taken to JainтАЩs office in the morning.

After searching JainтАЩs office, the police team took him to the Noida office of Jubilant Energy. His office and some other rooms were searched by the police to recover stolen documents.

Office of another petroleum company whose executive was also one of them arrested was also raided by the police. Laptop and computers of the arrested officials have been seized by investigators which would be sent for forensic analysis.

Asked about the issue, Delhi Police Commissioner B S Bassi said, тАЬWe have searched places which were necessary for the course of investigation. We may further raid places as our aim is to reach the bottom of the whole thing.тАЭ

The police chief also said that investigation is on in the case and it will end only when a charge sheet will be filed.

тАЬWe need to know since how long this has been going on and who all benefited from it,тАЭ said a senior official.

According to police, all these company executives allegedly received stolen documents which have been recovered by police teams during raids from their establishments.

Saxena is Manager, corporate affairs, Reliance Industries Limited(RIL); Chandra is senior executive, Jubilant Energy; Anand is DGM, Reliance ADAG; Vinay is DGM, Essar and Naik is GM, Cairns India.

They have been booked under IPC sections 120 B (criminal conspiracy) and 411 (dishonestly receiving stolen property).

The case FIR, produced in a local court yesterday said an input on the National Gas Grid for the Finance MinisterтАЩs Budget speech of 2015-16 is among the various тАЬsecretтАЭ documents recovered from the accused.

The office of Reliance ADAG group at a premier five-star hotel here was also raided today by police in this connection.

тАЬWe are basically looking for the stolen documents from the establishments linked to the 12 people we have arrested so far. Searches are being conducted at various places in Delhi and NCR,тАЭ said a senior police official associated with the probe.

The raids have been confined to this region and not being carried out тАЬacross the countryтАЭ as was speculated, he added.

Sources, meanwhile, said that police had also stumbled upon another module operated separately from the those arrested so far and their тАШarea of operationтАЩ was another plum ministry.

They added that a junior level officer and some more corporate executives are under scanner in this connection and arrests are expected by Monday.

KG basin controversy: SC seeks response from Reliance

The Supreme Court on Friday granted six weeks time to Mukesh AmbaniтАЩs Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL) to respond to the final CAG report, which found alleged irregularities including in payments made to the contractors on drilling of D6 wells at the Krishna-Godavari basin.

The apex court posted the next hearing for March 20 during which it would examine the RILтАЩs response to the CAG report that had sought disallowance of $357.16 million (about Rs 2,179 crore) expenditure RIL incurred on drilling of wells and payments to contractors in KG-D6.

Solicitor General Ranjit Kumar said the Centre can make comments on the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) recommendations and findings only after getting the report of the ParliamentтАЩs Public Account Committee which is examining it.

The order was passed during a brief hearing of petitions filed in 2013 by senior CPI leader Gurudas Dasgupta and NGO Common Cause, challenging the then UPA government decision to double the price of natural gas from $4.2 to $8.4 per mmbtu and seeking cancellation of RILтАЩs contract for exploration of oil and gas from the KG basin.

The third PIL on the issue has been filed by advocate M L Sharma. A bench headed by Justice T S Thakur also allowed Dasgupta and other petitioners to file their response to the NDA governmentтАЩs fresh guidelines which would тАЬsupersedeтАЭ the earlier UPA dispensationтАЩs policy on price fixation for natural gas, including that from KG basin, which has been the bone of contention between the Centre and RIL.

The Solictor General on November 14, 2014 had said before the bench, which also comprised justices J Chelameswar and Kurian Joseph, that the тАШnew domestic natural gas policyтАЩ was approved by the government on October 18 raising natural gas price to $5.61 per mmbtu from November 1 and had said that тАЬrecommendation of the Rangarajan Committee would not be given effectтАЭ.

The Rangarajan formula on gas pricing was approved by the previous UPA government. Rangarajan was Chairman, Economic Advisory Council to the then Prime Minister.

In its second audit of RILтАЩs eastern offshore KG-D6 block, the CAG on November 28, 2014 recommended disallowing the company from recovering $279.8 million in cost of three wells as well as a part of expenditure the firm had incurred in area which was improperly declared discovery area.

The CAG, in its report tabled in the Parliament, found irregular payment of $427.48 million to contractors, of which it sought disallowance of at least $77.36 million cost. Earlier RILтАЩs senior advocate Harish Salve had said тАЬhe is not happy with the new guidelines (on gas pricing)тАЭ.

While the Centre has maintained that the issue raised by Dasgupta has been addressed with the new guidelines, advocate Prashant Bhushan, appearing for the NGO, had said several other issues needed to be argued.

He had said that the draft CAG report itself suggested that RIL тАЬhugely over-estimatedтАЭ the reserves of the KG gas block and other irregularities are cited.

Among the other issues, the NGO has alleged that fraud was committed by RIL requiring government to take back the field and there was a need for court-monitored probe on the issue.

Dasgupta and the NGO had said government should be asked not to make тАЬany further increaseтАЭ in the price of gas produced by RIL from KG basin.

RIL has refuted the allegation of extraneous consideration for the increase in the gas price from $4.2 to $8.4 per mmbtu for the gas taken from the existing fields like KG D-6 basin. RIL had submitted that the gas output from KG basin has fallen to 8 mscmd against expected 80 mscmd due to тАЬtechnical reasonтАЭ.

M Veerappa Moily, the then Union Minister of Petroleum and Natural Gas, was also named as one of the respondents in the petitions. The PILs have also sought imposition of penalty on private parties for failure in adhering to commitments.

The petitioners have sought a direction for a thorough audit by CAG of the working of the production-sharing contract (PSC) governing KG block, gold plating by RIL, underproduction by RIL and all related issues.

The former CPI MP had alleged collusion between the government and the company, saying RIL тАЬis holding countryтАЩs energy security to ransomтАЭ. He also said that natural resources belong to the citizens and the government.

The Common Cause has supported DasguptaтАЩs arguments and referred to controversial intercepted telephonic conversations between former corporate lobbyist Niira Radia with others to support the allegation of collusion.

The NGO has urged that Centre should wait for the outcome of the two petitions pending before the apex court.

Kejriwal trains his guns on Reliance Industries Limited ( RIL ), wants gas pact cancelled

Kejriwal attributes JaipalтАЩs ouster to his refusal to carry out Mukesh AmbaniтАЩs diktat
India Against Corruption on Wednesday launched a scathing attack on the NDA government as well as the Manmohan Singh government for protecting the interests of corporates, especially Reliance Industries Limited (RIL). It demanded that the governmentтАЩs contract with RIL be scrapped as the Mukesh AmbaniтАЩs company allegedly cut down on production from its KG D6 gas- field to gain huge profits after the proposed gas price revision.
Linking the shifting of Jaipal Reddy from the Petroleum and Natural Gas Ministry to his refusal to follow RILтАЩs diktat to revise the price before the scheduled deadline of April 2014, IAC leader Arvind Kejriwal said Mr. Reddy was shunted out as he refused to bow to RIL, arguing that a price revision would fetch the company an additional profit of Rs. 43,000 crore.
тАЬMr. Reddy had prepared a note for the Empowered Group of Ministers (EGoM), in which he mentioned that acceptance of RILтАЩs demand would mean an additional profit of Rs. 43, 000 crore [to the company]. Most of this gas is used in power and fertilizer production. Increasing the gas price would mean an additional financial burden of Rs. 53,000 crore on the Central and State governments. This would in turn mean higher power and fertilizer pricesтАж or a higher subsidy burden on the taxpayer,тАЭ Mr. Kejriwal said in his third expose, after targeting Congress president Sonia GandhiтАЩs son-in-law Robert Vadra and BJP president Nitin Gadkari.
Mr. Kejriwal, who addressed journalists, along with Supreme Court lawyer Prashant Bhushan, said that in 2006, it was Mani Shankar Aiyar who got the axe and Murli Deora was brought in to allow RIL to increase capex from $2.39 billion to $8.8 billion and to increase the gas price from $2.43 per Million Metric British Thermal Units (mmBtu) to $4.2 mmBtu. тАЬWe demand that the contract with RIL for the KG D6 be scrapped immediately and the state-run companies like ONGC be given the block for future production. The government should immediately put in place adequate systems to get full production from the KG D6 at the cheapest prices for the country and its people.тАЭ
Mr. Kejriwal said that under RILтАЩs contract, the company was supposed to sell gas at $4.2 per mmBtu until March 2014. But midway, the company wanted the price increased to $14.2 per mmBtu.
Mr. Kejriwal and Mr. Bhushan alleged that to pressure the government to revise the gas price, RIL had substantially reduced production for over the past one year. The total consumption in the country stood at 156 Million Metric Standard Cubic Metre Per Day (mmscmd). RIL was supposed to produce 80 mmscmd from 2009. However, it was turning out just 27 mmscmd. тАЬProduction was being artificially kept low to blackmail the government. They are not just hoarding gas but also forcing various consumers to buy gas from abroad. Gas from abroad costs $13 per mmBtu, and if RILтАЩs demand for increasing the gas price is accepted, it will lead to the shutdown of several gas-based power plants and an increase in power and fertilizer prices. It will result in Rs. 43,000 crore of additional benefits to RIL.тАЭ
Mr. Kejriwal said the drastic reduction in gas production forced many gas-based power plants to shut down or run with a reduced capacity. тАЬToday, power from a gas-based power plant costs Rs. 3 a Kwh (Kilowatt hour). If the gas price is increased from $4.2 to $14.2 as demanded by RIL, power rates will go up to Rs. 7 a Kwh. тАЬWe urge the people of this country not to allow the government to pass the huge benefit to RIL and [to] flood the Petroleum Ministry and its new Minister, Veerappa Moily, with RTIs [Right to Information questions] тАж so that he does not dare to undertake any revision. We should not allow this government, which changes Ministers at the instance of Mr. Ambani, to work at the direction of RIL.тАЭ
Mr. Kejriwal played the clippings of tapes, involving conversations between corporate lobbyist Niira Radia and Atal Bihari VajpayeeтАЩs son-in-law Rajnan Bhattacharya. тАЬFirst, the NDA regime favoured RIL in the structuring of the deal in 2000, and various modifications were made thereafter.тАЭ Citing the CAGтАЩs report on the KG D6, he alleged that the motivated structuring of the contract could cost the exchequer up to Rs. 1 lakh crore.
He said RIL had signed a contract with state-run NTPC in 2004 to supply gas for its power plants at $2.34 per mmBtu. However, the company backed out of the deal, and the matter was in court. тАЬUPA I or UPA II did not deem it fit to vigorously take up the case of NTPC against RIL, but worked in a proactive manner to get the price revised for RIL gas. The EGoM, headed by the then Finance Minister, Pranab Mukherjee, revised the gas price to $4.2 per mmBTU, and by doing so, it gave RIL an undue benefit of Rs. 8,000 crore.

KejriwalтАЩs latest: Reliance blackmailing govt, Mukesh Ambani running India

NEW DELHI: S Jaipal Reddy was axed as petroleum minister for refusing a Mukesh Ambani-led Reliance IndustriesтАЩ proposal to hike charges of gas it supplied to state-run power plants, India Against CorruptionтАЩs Arvind Kejriwal charged on Wednesday, demanding that the Krishna Godavari basin allotted to the company be taken back.
тАЬMukesh Ambani is running the country it seems,тАЭ Kejriwal told the media here. тАЬJaipal Reddy was removed as he refused to hike the charges levied by Reliance Industries to supply gas to the NTPC (National Thermal Power Corp).тАЭ
Reliance called the charges тАЬirresponsibleтАЭ.
According to Kejriwal, the KG basin was awarded to Reliance in 2000 by the NDA government when the company agreed to supply gas to the NTPC for the next 17 years at $2.34 per unit.
But, said Kejriwal, the company revised the rate to $4.25 per unit in 2007 which then finance minister Pranab Mukherjee agreed to as the head of an empowered group of ministers.
тАЬThe entire contract was meant to benefit Reliance because тАж the cost would be determined by the company, and if the cost increases, so will the profit,тАЭ he said, adding this was unheard of in business.
The company, he said, revised the rate to $4.2 per unit in 2007, which then finance minister Pranab Mukherjee agreed to as head of an empowered group of ministers, benefiting Reliance to the tune of Rs.10,000 crore.
Kejriwal alleged that in 2006 then petroleum minister Mani Shankar Iyer was removed and Murli Deora brought in to increase Reliance IndustriesтАЩ capital expenditure from $2.39 billion to $8.8 billion, and to hike gas price from $2.34 per unit to $4.2 per unit.
Later, the company wanted the rate further hiked to $14.2. Jaipal Reddy, who reportedly did not agree to the proposal, was shunted out in SundayтАЩs cabinet rejig, said the activist-politician.
Kejriwal released to the media a тАЬsecretтАЭ document of the petroleum ministry that said that accepting the Reliance demand would generate for it an additional profit of Rs 43,000 crore ($8.5 billion).
тАЬIn order to pressurize the government, RIL substantially reduced its production of natural gas,тАЭ a statement from India Against Corruption said.
тАЬProduction has been artificially kept low to blackmail the government. They are not just hoarding the gas but also forcing various consumers to buy gas from abroad.тАЭ
When Reliance sought Prime Minister Manmohan SinghтАЩs intervention, he asked the attorney general to find out if the gas prices should be hiked or not.
тАЬWhy did the PM not show similar concern when NTPC was forced to accept higher gas price from RIL? Why is the PM not pulling up Reliance for not producing gas as per their commitment? Why did the PM not seek legal opinion when the countryтАЩs interests were at stake?тАЭ
Kejriwal, who was flanked by fellow activists Prashant Bhushan and Manish Sisodia, demanded that Reliance IndustriesтАЩ тАЬblackmailingтАЭ should be immediately stopped.
тАЬTheir KG Basin contract should be cancelled. The government should immediately put in place adequate systems to get full production from KG Basin at the cheapest price for the country.тАЭ
The Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) asked the prime minister to respond to IAC and explain why Jaipal Reddy was dropped from the petroleum ministry.
тАЬIs it any malfunction in the ministry that has persuaded Manmohan Singh to effect this change? Or is that Jaipal Reddy was not found a тАШconvenientтАЩ minister? Or is this another example of corporate interests taking precedence over national good?тАЭ BJP leader Jaswant Singh asked.
After taking on Congress president Sonia GandhiтАЩs son-in-law Robert Vadra and BJP president Nitin Gadkari, anti-corruption activist-turned-politician Arvind Kejriwal on Wednesday charged Mukesh Ambani, IndiaтАЩs richest man and chairman of Reliance Industries Limited (RIL), with getting undue
related stories
тАв Cong slams IAC over RIL allegations, questions source of funding
тАв RIL denies IAC allegations, says chargess made at тАШbehest of vested interestsтАЩ
тАв BJP to govt: Was Jaipal shifted to benefit RIL?
favours from the government over a contract to develop natural gas fields.
The allegations pertain to RILтАЩs D-6 block in the Krishna Godavari (KG) basin, IndiaтАЩs largest gas producing field off the eastern coast in Andhra Pradesh, which is being jointly developed by RIL and its partners, BritainтАЩs BP and Canadian firm Niko Resources.
Kejriwal and his colleague, lawyer Prashant Bhushan, termed the deal a тАЬclassic case of crony capitalismтАЭ and said both the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) and Congress-led UPA (United Progressive Alliance) governments were responsible for RIL getting this contract.
The contract, signed in 2000 by the then NDA government, according to Kejriwal, would rob the national exchequer of revenues to the tune of Rs. 45,000 crore if RILтАЩs demands for a higher price for its gas were met.
The government has not decided yet on a demand by RIL to raise the price of gas from the field to $14.25 per unit from $4.25, the subject of a long-running controversy.
In a brief statement, RIL dismissed the charges as being тАЬdevoid of any truth or substanceтАЭ.
тАЬIrresponsible allegations made by IAC at the behest of vested interests without basic understanding of the complexities of a project of this nature do not merit a response,тАЭ it added.
Petroleum minister Veerappa Moily refused to comment.
тАЬI have better things to do,тАЭ he said.
тАЬI donтАЩt want to respond.тАЭ
The press conference also witnessed high drama when a Congress worker wanted to question Kejriwal, but was heckled by camerapersons and IAC volunteers, and forced to leave the venue.
Kejriwal based his attack on the government and RIL on the so-called тАШRadia tapesтАЩ, a collection of phone taps from between 2007 and 2009 in one of which someone thought to be former prime minister Atal Behari VajpayeeтАЩs son-in-law Ranjan Bhattacharya is heard telling RIL and Tata GroupтАЩs corporate lobbyist Niira Radia that Ambani had told him that тАЬCongress to apni dukaan haiтАЭ.
The unearthing of the Radia tapes had triggered accusations of corporate influence in the distribution of ministersтАЩ portfolios in the UPAтАЩs second term.
On Wednesday, Kejriwal gave this accusation fresh legs by linking Jaipal ReddyтАЩs removal from the petroleum ministry on Sunday to his run-ins with RIL over the pricing of gas.
He also gave a populist spin to his allegations by linking the governmentтАЩs restriction on the supply of cheap LPG cylinders to the public to the high profits being allowed to RIL.
тАЬWe want to know why the PMтАЩs heart beats only for RIL. Why did he not seek the attorney generalтАЩs opinion when NTPC was not getting gas at cheap rates?тАЭ Kejriwal said.
State-run National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC) had sought cheaper gas to fire its power plants.
* In 2006, Mani Shankar Iyer was removed and Murli Deora brought in to increase RIL capex from $ 2.39 billion to $ 8.8 billion and to increase gas price from $2.34 per mmBTU to $ 4.2 per mmBTU
* In 2012, Jaipal Reddy has been removed and Moily brought in to increase gas prices from $ 4.2 per mmBTU to $ 14.2 mmBTU and to condone RILтАЩs blackmailing of reducing gas production
* Both BJP and Congress involved. BJP signed a sweet deal with RIL in 2000. Congress faithfully implemented it
* If RIL demand of increasing the gas price to $ 14.2 is accepted, it would lead to shut down of several gas based power plants and increase in power and fertilizer prices
* By this deal, RIL would benefit by an additional Rs. 43,000 crore
* In Nira Radiia tapes, Ranjan Bhattacharya (VajpayeeтАЩs son in law) is heard telling Nira that Mukesh Ambani told him тАУтАЬCongress to ab apni dukaan haiтАЭ
* Huge benefits given to RIL in last one decade despite flagrant violations of various agreements by RIL. Benefits to RIL causing serious price rise in the country.
* тАЬIn order to pressurize the government, RIL substantially reduced its production of natural gas. Total consumption of natural gas in the country is 156 mmscmd. According to agreement, RIL was supposed to produce 80mmscmd (more than 50% of the total demand) from 2009.тАЭ
* тАЬRIL got this contract during NDA regime in the year 2000. The contract was meant to favor RIL right from the beginning. In any business, increase in costs means decrease in profits.тАЭ
The IAC press release alleged that performance of RIL so far has been much worse than perhaps the worst performing government department.
1. 4 times cost escalation within 2 years from $ 2.39 billion in 2004 to $ 8.8 billion in 2006.
2. Increase in gas price from $ 2.34 per mmBTU in 2004 to $ 4.2 per mmBTU in 2007 to the present demand of $ 14.2 per mmBTU.
3. Capacity created for producing 80 mmscmd after incurring such a huge cost ends up producing just 27 mmscmd after 12 years.
4. 31 oil wells should have been in production till now. Out of them, just 13 are functional.
Kejriwal and lawyer Prashant Bhushan, a leading member of IAC, alleged the allocation of KG Basin to Reliance is on similar lines as coal block allocation scam. They alleged both Congress and BJP were in тАШAmbaniтАЩs pocketтАЩ.

REAL STORY OF Late DHIRUBHAI AMBANI of Reliance Industries
http://www.scribd.com/doc/3924530/Polyester-PrinceThe-Real-Story-of-Dhirubhai-AmbaniBanned-in-India

Another Major Scam : Govt. Favours Reliance In KG Basin

The CAG draft report that nails the connivance between Government agencies and Reliance Industries Ltd. leading to huge losses to the Government exchequer is yet another example of the power of corporates in the UPA Government to subvert rules and regulations in their favour.
The CAG has noted that the former Director-General of Hydrocarbons (DGH) permitted Reliance to inflate its тАЬdevelopment costsтАЭ on the gas extraction in the D6 block of KG basin from 2.47 billion dollars to a whopping 8.84 billion dollars. This money taken by RIL affected the revenues of the Government. Government should prosecute the former DGH without any delay.
The GovernmentтАЩs connivance with RIL has a direct impact on the aam aadmi because increased claims of development cost get reflected in the price of gas given to consumers and also affect the prices of fertilizer and power. Letters have been written to the Prime Minister to institute an independent enquiry into the complaint of artificial jacking up of the capital expenditure by RIL for D6 KG Basin and its hasty approval by the concerned authority to find out the actual cost before gas price is fixed.
In a repeat of the 2-G scam, the Prime MinisterтАЩs silence on the issue, has again exposed the UPA GovernmentтАЩs acquiescence to corporate manipulation.
Related posts:
1. The Great Billion Dollar Drug Scam
2. Supreme Snub : Court SIT A Major Embarrassment For Govt
3. Now A Petroleum Scam?
4. The -Reliance KG Gas Scam Prabir Purkayastha, Newsclick
5. Way to Rural Self Reliance: National Rural Livelihoods Mission (NRLM)
6. Demand For JPC On Spectrum Scam :Go Beyond Rhetoric
7. THE ADARSH SOCIETY SCAM A Shocking Exposure of Congress govt Venality тАУ Ashok Dhawale
8. SUPREME COURT VERDICT ON KG BASIN GAS -Dipankar Mukherjee
9. AMBANIS ROW : GOVT HAS LAST WORD ON KG BASIN GAS PRICE : SC
10. POOL PRICING FOR KG BASIN GAS TO HARM ANDHRA PRADESH INTERESTS
11. PRODUCTION OF GAS IN KG BASIN
12. FINDINGS OF ICAI IN SATYAM SCAM CASE

Reliance Communications clears debt of Rs. 2,700 crore

Editorial тАУ Telecom Scams RPG , Reliance тАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАж

In spite of repeated appeals government has allowed telecom companies to swindle public exchequer. Even the supreme court of india is mum , not taking appropriate actions , why ?

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA ORIGINAL JURISDICTION

CRIMINAL WRIT PETITION NOтАж.. OF 2015

IN THE MATTER OF
NAGARAJA . M.R

editor SOS e Clarion of Dalit & SOS e Voice for Justice
# LIG 2 , No 761 ,, HUDCO First Stage , Laxmikantanagar ,
Hebbal , Mysore тАУ 570017 , Karnataka State
.
тАж.Petitioner

Versus

Cabinet Secretary ( Telecommunications) Government of India & Others
тАж.Respondents

PETITION UNDER ARTICLE 12 to ARTICLE 35 & ARTICLE 51A OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA FOR ISSUANCE OF A WRIT IN THE NATURE OF MANDAMUS UNDER ARTICLE 32 & ARTICLE 226 OF THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA.
To ,
HonтАЩble The Chief Justice of India and His LordshipтАЩs Companion
Justices of the Supreme Court of India. The Humble petition of the
Petitioner above named.

MOST RESPECTFULLY SHOWETH :
1. Facts of the case:
тАЬPower will go to the hands of rascals, , rogues and freebooters. All Indian leaders will be of low calibre and men of straw. They will have sweet tongues and silly hearts. They will fight among themselves for
power and will be lost in political squabbles . A day would come when even air & water will be taxed.тАЭ Sir Winston made this statement in the House of Commons just before the independence of India & Pakistan. Sadly , the forewarning of Late Winston Churchill has been proved right by some of our criminal , corrupt public servants.

2. Eventhough , certain PIJF companies were previously found to be involved in illegal practices , CPIO of DOT / BSNL is hiding information . Thereby , he is trying to shield criminals.

3. By this action CPIO of DOT / BSNL is aiding criminals.

2. Question(s) of Law:
DOT / BSNL has paid crores of rupees to PIJF Telecable manufacturers towards purchase of cables. The money is from public exchequer , peopleтАЩs money . That public money is swindled by cable manufacturers with tacit support of DOT / BSNL officials. Why no prosecution of DOT / BSNL officials & cable manufacturers ? are they above law ?
3. Grounds:
Requests for equitable justice , Accountability for public money worth crores of rupees.
4. Averment:

Private companies in their greed for money are violating norms in league with public officials. They have caused loss to the public exchequer.
Hereby , I do request the honorable supreme court of India to consider this as a PIL for : тАЬwrit of MandamusтАЭ and to issue instructions to the concerned public servants in the following cases to perform their duties & to answer the questions.
The Petitioner has sent many letters / appeals / petitions to supreme court of india & other courts through e-mail , DARPG website & through regular mail requesting them to consider those as PILs. But none of them were admitted , even acknowledgement for receipts were not given. See How duty conscious ,our judges are & see how our judges are sensitive towards life , liberty of citizens , commonmen & see how careless our judges are towards anti national crimes , crimes worth crores of rupees. That the present petitioner has not filed any other petition (which are admitted by courts) in any High Court or the Supreme Court of India on the subject matter of the present petition.

PRAYER:
In the above premises, it is prayed that this HonтАЩble Court may be pleased:
(i) Hereby , I do request the honorable supreme court of India to consider this as a PIL for : тАЬwrit of MandamusтАЭ and to issue instructions to the concerned public servants in the following cases to perform their duties & to answer the questions.
(ii) to pass such other orders and further orders as may be deemed necessary on the facts and in the circumstances of the case.
FOR WHICH ACT OF KINDNESS, THE PETITIONER SHALL BE DUTY BOUND, EVER PRAY.

Kindly read full details at following web page :

CORPORATE CRIMES RPG CABLES LIMITED

http://crimesatrpg.blogspot.com/ ,

http://crimesatrpg.wordpress.com/ ,

http://groups.yahoo.com/group/naghrw/message/218

Dated : 13th June 2015 FILED BY: NAGARAJA.M.R.

Place : Mysuru , India PETITIONER-IN-PERSON

RTI Appeal Not Answered by DOT / BSNL officials

To ,

Shri. L.K. Govil ,

GM (Coordination) & RTI Appellate Authority ,

BSNL Corporate office ,

Room No .27 , IR Hall , Eastern Court Complex ,

Jan Path Road , New Delhi тАУ 110001.

APPEAL UNDER SEC 19 (3) OF RTI ACT 2005 OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA & GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA

FULL NAME OF THE APPLICANT : NAGARAJA.M.R.

ADDRESS OF THE APPLICANT : NAGARAJA.M.R.,

EDITOR , SOS E-VOICE JUSTICE & SOS E-CLARION OF DALIT ,

# LIG-2 / 761, OPP WATER WORKS OFFICE,

HUDCO FIRST STAGE, LAXMIKANTANAGAR,

HEBBAL, MYSORE , KARNATAKA PIN тАУ 570017.

тАЬPower will go to the hands of rascals, , rogues and freebooters. All Indian leaders will be of low calibre and men of straw. They will have sweet tongues and silly hearts. They will fight among themselves for power and will be lost in political squabbles . A day would come when even air & water will be taxed.тАЭ Sir Winston made this statement in the House of Commons just before the independence of India & Pakistan. Sadly , the forewarning of Late Winston Churchill has been proved right by some of our criminal , corrupt peopleтАЩs representatives , police , public servants & Judges. Some of the below mentioned DOT officials fall among the category of churchillтАЩs men тАУ Rogues , Rascals & Freebooters. To my previous RTI requests & appeals they tried covering тАУ up crores worth SCAM by transferring application from one to the other at the end by denying information to me, Does not the DOT possess information with respect to tenders given by it to suppliers. Is it not the duty of DOT QUALITY Circle to monitor the supplies from suppliers ? Then who has got it ? why donтАЩt you transfer the RTI application to that authority or ask for information from them ?

We salute honest few in public service , our whole hearted respects to them. HEREBY , I DO HUMBLY REQUEST YOU TO GIVE ME WRITTEN STATEMENTS / ANSWERS TO THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS тАУ WHICH IN ITSELF ( ie answers ) ARE THE INFORMATION SOUGHT BY ME. HERE WITH I AM SEEKING NOT THE OPINIONS ABOUT SOME HYPOTHETICAL ISSUES , BUT YOUR OFFICIAL STAND , LEGAL STAND ON ISSUES WHICH ARE OF FREQUENT OCCURRENCE WHICH ARE VIOLATING PEOPLEтАЩS FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS & HUMAN RIGHTS. WE DO HAVE HIGHEST RESPECTS FOR JUDICIARY & ALL PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS , THIS IS AN APPEAL FOR TRUTH , INFORMATION SO THAT TO APPREHEND CORRUPT FEW IN PUBLIC SERVICE, WHO ARE AIDING & ABETTING TERRORISM , UNDERWORLD & CRIMINALS.

M/s Karnataka Telecables Ltd , Mysore renamed as M/s RPG Telecom Ltd again renamed as M/s RPG Cables Ltd once again renamed as M/s KEC International , Mysore used to manufacture PIJF & OFC telecables and supplied it to department of telecommunications , government of india , Indian Railways and GAIL , PGCIL of Ministry of Petroleum . DOT used to pay hundreds of crores of rupees from public exchequer to buy these cables . There is also one more company by name M/s Concepta Cables Ltd , Mysore belonging to the same industrial group supplying PIJF & OFC telecables to DOT. As a public , as a citizen of india and as a tax payer I want to know whether those crores of rupees from public exchequer are well spent.

1. How many times the above said companies were blacklisted by DOT , Supreme Court of India and other quasi judicial bodies , casewise ?

2. What action taken by DOT & judicial bodies against the above companies , casewise ?

3. How many cable kms of cable supplied by above companies , were rejected by DOT from the field yearwise , since 1986 ?

4. Did the above companies replace all the cables rejected by DOT & make good all the losses , yearwise ?

5. If not , why ?

6. What action taken by DOT , casewise ?

7. How many cable kms of cables supplied by above companies were accepted on deviation by DOT yearwise ? on what basis ?

8. Has the DOT authorised usage of recycled materials in the manufacture of cables ?

9. If yes , on what basis ?

10. Did DOT authorize outsourcing of cable manufacturing process by above companies to third parties , casewise ?

11. How many cable kms of telecom cables supplied by above companies have failed during usage within the warranty period , yearwise ?

12. Did the above companies honour warranty contract in all such cases ?

13. If not why , casewise ?

14. What action by DOT , casewise ?

15. Who maintains records of DOT / BSNL tenders given out to Suppliers specifically with respect to tenders given to M/s Karnataka Telecables Ltd , M/s RPG Telecom Ltd , M/s RPG Cables Ltd , M/s Concepta Cables Ltd & M/s KEC International Ltd ?

16. How may rejections / adverse reports , deviations found in the supplies made by above companies by DOT / BSNL Quality Circle ?

17. What action taken against BSNL / DOT officials who are trying to cover-up the scam inspite of my repeated appeals & RTI requests ?

YEAR TO WHICH ABOVE PERTAINS : MAJORITY OF DOCUMENTS PERTAINS TO YEAR 1995-2015 .

PUBLIC INFORMATION OFFICER WHO FAILED TO GIVE INFORMATION :

CPIO , BSNL HQ , New Delhi.

FEES PAID : IPO 16G 733463 for rupees TWENTY only

DATE : 28.03.2015 тАжтАжтАжтАжтАж..тАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжNAGARAJA.M.R.

PLACE : MYSORE , INDIAтАж.. тАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАжтАж.( APPLICANT)

EX-MINISTER SUKHRAM CONVICTED IN 1996 TELECOM SCAM

Former Telecom Minister Sukhram in PV Narasimha RaoтАЩs cabinet has been convicted for awarding a lucrative contract to a private telecom firm for supplying cables to the government at inflated rates after receiving a bribe of Rs3 lakh 15 years back.

Special Judge RP Pandey, who convicted 84-year-old Sukhram also on charges of misusing his official position in awarding the contract and causing loss to the state exchequer, is likely to decide on quantum of sentence to him tomorrow.

The corruption case dates back to 1996, when the Telecom Ministry under SukhramтАЩs stewardship had awarded private firm Haryana Telecom Limited (HTL) a contract worth Rs 30 crore to supply 3.5 Lakh Conductor Kilometers (LCKM) of Polythene Insulated Jelly Filled (PIJF) cables to the telecom department.

Sukhram had been put on trial along with HTL chairman Devinder Singh Choudhary who had died during the trial.

тАЬSukhram also obtained (illegal) gratification other than legal remunerations from Choudhary as a motive or reward for showing the favour to the said firm (HTL),тАЭ the judge said.

The court convicted Sukhram, brushing aside his defence counsel argument that had he caused a huge pecuniary gain to HTL, he would not have taken a paltry sum of Rs3 Lakh. The court termed the argument as тАЬdevoid of merit.тАЭ

тАЬIt is not the prosecution case that Sukhram got only this much amount in this deal which runs into crores of rupees. The prosecution case is that the amount of Rs3 lakh which was recovered from him was the bribe money.

тАЬIt is a matter of common knowledge that it is virtually impossible to get any direct evidence where both i.e bribe giver and the person who takes the bribe, worked in joint concert,тАЭ ASJ Pandey said in his 188-page order.

Convicting Sukhram, the judge said though there was no direct evidence to prove the existence of conspiracy between Sukhram and Choudhary, тАЬit is a well-known fact that conspiracy is hatched in privacy and secrecy, for which direct evidence would be rarely available.тАЭ

тАЬThe facts and circumstances show that because of proximity of co-accused D S Choudhary (since expired) with Sukh Ram, M/s HTL was his most favoured vendor,тАЭ it said.

The court also refused to accept the argument of defence counsel that after the death of co-accused Choudhary, Sukhram cannot be convicted for conspiracy.

тАЬHis (Sukhram counselтАЩs) submission is without basis. It is suffice to say that death of an accused only abates the case against him which was pending but it does not mitigate the offence alleged to have been committed by him in concert with his co-accused,тАЭ the judge said.

The court noted that CBI had conducted search at the Himachal Pradesh residence of Sukhram from where it had recovered over Rs 1.16 crore.

The court said the note prepared by an official of the department on October 8, 1995 had mentioned the тАЬprecariousтАЭ position of HTL and another firm and it was proposed not to award it the contract to supply cables in excess of its ability.

But, despite that Sukhram had passed an order to give the contract to HTL for supplying additional cables, it added.

Reliance Jio Finalises Vendors, Partners for 4G Services Launch

тАШUndue favour shown to Reliance JioтАЩ

But the Mukesh Ambani-led company says that no rules were bent.

The Comptroller and Auditor General of India on Friday said Reliance Jio Infocomm got undue advantage of Rs. 3,367.29 crore after the Department of Telecom allowed it to provide voice calling services using BWA spectrum under the new licensing regime.

Infotel Broadband, which had won pan-India spectrum in the 2010 BWA spectrum auctions, was later acquired by the Mukesh Ambani-led Reliance Industries. While Infotel had outbid most of the telecom operators, being an internet service provider (ISP) its licensing conditions did not allow it to offer voice services on this spectrum.

In 2013, the Department of Telecom allowed migration of ISP licensees with BWA spectrum to unified licence that would enable them to provide voice services using BWA spectrum. In its report, the CAG said Reliance Jio was the first to тАЬtake benefit of this scheme.тАЭ

тАЬReliance Jio Infocomm Limited (formerly, M/s Infotel)тАж paid Unified License entry fee of Rs. 15 crore and additional migration fee of Rs. 1,658 crore in August 2013. This migration, allowed at prices discovered in 2001, resulted in undue advantage of Rs. 3,367.29 crore to M/s Reliance Jio Infocomm,тАЭ the CAG said in its report.

As per CAG calculations, the value of licence as on August 2013, would have been at least Rs. 5,025.29 crore.

тАЬThe decision to grant permission to an ISP licensee with BWA spectrum to operate in the voice telephony space also helped the ISP to circumvent the restrictions imposed by their licence at the time of auction, which were known to the ISP at the time of bidding for the BWA spectrum,тАЭ the auditor stated.

This was mainly because there was a lack of due diligence of in auction of spectrum.

Reliance Jio, however, denied the charges, saying, тАЬwe have acquired all our spectrum at market prices through open and transparent bidding processes, the conditions for which were same for all bidders. Further, the DoT rules for procuring the relevant licence for services using BWA spectrum too were the same for all successful bidders.тАЭ

Another spectrum scam hits govt, this time from ISRO

Pradeep Thakur | TNN | Feb 8, 2011, 12.10 AM IST

DELHI: Another spectrum scam has hit the UPA government which is already reeling from the fallout of allegations of corruption in the underpricing of 2G airwaves sold to telecom operators. On Monday, the government scrambled to cancel what appeared to be an improper deal where a private company would have got 70MHz of spectrum for just Rs 1,000 crore.

The scam involves the Bangalore-based Indian Space Research Organization and has a direct bearing on Prime Minister Manmohan Singh who holds charge of the department of space. Both BJP and Left parties were quick to demand an investigation, stressing SinghтАЩs cabinet responsibility.

The beneficiary, Devas Multimedia, is in a joint venture with ISRO-affiliate Antrix to offer satellite broadband services on various platforms, including mobile telephony.

The government last year earned Rs 67,719 crore just by auctioning 15MHz of similar airwaves for 3G mobile services. It got another Rs 38,000 crore by auctioning spectrum for broadband wireless access services which some operators propose to use to launch 4G services.

The Isro spectrum can be used for providing mobile broadband services using 4G technologies such as WiMax and Long-Term Evolution.

If sold at the same price the government got for 15 MHz of 3G spectrum, the sale of ISRO spectrum could have significantly lowered the fiscal deficit estimated at Rs 3.8 lakh crore this year.

With the deal under attack, ISRO indicated it could be revoked shortly. In a statement, the department of space said, тАЬThe agreement entered into by Antrix with Devas is already under review by the department of space and the government will take whatever steps are necessary to safeguard public interest. A decision on the matter is likely to be taken soon.тАЭ

The agreement between Devas Multimedia, promoted by M G Chandrasekhar, a former secretary at department of space and ISROтАЩs Antrix was signed in January 2005. The private entity since offloaded 17% of its stake to Deutsche Telekom for $75 million and took on other investors. This is the same as private players buying 2G spectrum cheap and selling it for large profits.

The 70 MHz spectrum gives Devas multimedia an edge over competitors, a feature that was once used by Doordarshan to deliver programmes in remote areas through satellite. This is of bigger value to the other spectrum holders in telecom, considering its high speed and mobile communication features.

Devas Multimedia said it had not received any communication regarding the contract, from ISRO or Antrix or any other government agency. тАЬWe do not own any spectrum, and the services we provide will be based on satellite transponders leased from ISRO/Antrix, wherein both тАФ the satellite and spectrum тАФ belong to the space research organization,тАЭ said a company statement. It claimed the GSAT 6 satellite programme had approval from the Union cabinet and Space Commission for its services, and Devas was developing an innovative satellite system.

CAG issued a statement confirming it was probing the matter, but denied it had finalized an estimate of the loss to government.

Government sources said the process to scrap the deal was underway, having been initiated two months ago. Sources said ISRO chief K Radhakrishnan had written to the PMO demanding cancellation of the agreement on the ground that it favoured Devas Multimedia.
The controversial deal was signed under his predecessor, G Madhavan Nair. But this may not cushion the government against criticism for allowing the deal to go through in the first place.
No urgency was, however, shown to revoke the deal even after the law ministry raised serious concerns about the proposal, terming it тАЬillegalтАЭ.
In a statement, CAG said, тАЬAudit of certain activities of department of space is underway. Preliminary inquiries have been raised, which is yet to be replied by the department.тАЭ
A newspaper report that said the national auditor had raised objections to free allocation of scarce airwaves had the Opposition sharpening its attack on the government on corruption. Both BJP and Left demanded a probe, stressing the PM was directly responsible for functioning of the space department.

тАЬSince the department of space is under the Prime Minister, he should immediately clarify his stand on the whole issue,тАЭ BJP spokesperson Nirmala Sitharaman said.

CAG urges DOT to cancel Pan India 4G spectrum held by Reliance Jio

Reliance Jio Finalises Vendors, Partners for 4G Services Launch

Comptroller & Auditor General of India in a draft report sent to the Department of Telecom for comments, said, тАЬthe DoT failed to recognise the tell-tale sign of rigging of the auction right from beginning of the auctionтАЭ in which a small ISP, Infotel Broadband Services Pvt Ltd (IBSPL) emerged winner of pan-India broadband spectrum by paying 5,000 times of its net worth.

RIL, which acquired IBSPL within hours of it winning the spectrum and later renamed it Reliance Jio, said, тАЬThere is no final CAG report that we are aware of. That said we out rightly reject any suggestion whereby spectrum was acquired in any manner other than through a transparent bidding process duly supervised by Government of India.тАЭ

CAG report on Reliance Jio:

CAG says IBSPL, ranked 150th in the list of ISPs, submitted an earnest money deposit of Rs 252.50 crore through the covert and overt assistance of third party / private bank, bid for Rs 12,847.77 crore (5000 times of its net worth) for pan-India spectrum and then sold the company on the day of completion of the auction. This indicated IBSPLтАЩs collusion and sharing of the confidential information with a third party in violation of auction conditions, said CAG.

RIL spokesperson said that as per NIA bidders were required to submit Bank Guarantee for desired amount as Earnest Money Deposit (EMD) along with its application. тАЬEMD was based on specific deposit requirement for each telecom circle. Accordingly Infotel Broadband Services Pvt Ltd (IBSPL) submitted a Bank Guarantee of Rs 253 crore in format as prescribed in NIA. Since no money was deposited as EMD, the question of source of deposit does not arise,тАЭ RIL spokesperson said reports Outlook India .

According to CAG, due to inclusion of inadequate eligibility criterion for participation in the auction, the promoters of the IBSPL enriched themselves and made unfair gain.

CAG rejected DoT response that the eligibility criterion for participation in the auction was finalized after due diligence and on sector regulator TRAIтАЩs recommendations saying it was departmentтАЩs responsibility to ensure that only serious ISPs participated in the auction.

DoT in its response admitted that there was no eligibility criterion with respect to minimum net worth or paid up capital for participation in the auction.
The inter-ministerial committee did not satisfy itself as to how the IBSPL, a company with a net worth of Rs 2.5 crore, would be able to pay the bid amount of Rs 12,847.77 crore within ten days.

Reliance JioтАЩs response to CAGтАЩs allegations:

Business line sent a questionnaire to Reliance Jio asking its views on the allegations made by CAG on its backdoor entry into voice services and rigging the BWA auctions in 2010. The response given by Rjio to CAGтАЩs allegations has been presented in a tabulated form below.

2G spectrum scam

The 2G spectrum scam was an indian telecommunications scam and political scandal in which politicians and government officials under the Indian National Congress (Congress) coalition government undercharged mobile telephone companies for frequency allocation licenses, which they then used to create 2Gspectrum subscriptions for cell phones. The difference between the money collected and that mandated to be collected was estimated by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India at тВ╣1.76 trillion (US$26 billion), based on 2010 3G and BWA spectrum-auction prices.[1] In a chargesheet filed on 2 April 2011 by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI, the investigating agency), the loss was pegged at тВ╣309845.5 million(US$4.6 billion).[2] In a 19 August 2011 reply to the CBI, the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) said that the government had gained over тВ╣30 billion (US$440 million) by selling 2G spectrum.[2]Minister of Communications & ITKapil Sibal said in a 2011 press conference that тАЬzero lossтАЭ was incurred by distributing 2G licenses on a first-come-first-served basis.[3]

On 2 February 2012, the Supreme Court of India ruled on a public interest litigation (PIL) related to the 2G spectrum scam. The court declared the allotment of spectrum тАЬunconstitutional and arbitraryтАЭ, cancelling the 122 licenses issued in 2008 under A. Raja (Minister of Communications & IT from 2007 to 2009), the primary official accused.[4] According to the court, Raja тАЬwanted to favour some companies at the cost of the public exchequerтАЭ and тАЬvirtually gifted away important national asset[s].тАЭ[5] The zero-loss theory was discredited[6] on 3 August 2012 when, after a Supreme Court directive, the government of India revised the base price for 5-MHz 2G spectrum auctions to тВ╣140 billion (US$2.1 billion), raising its value to about тВ╣28 billion(US$410 million) per MHz (near the Comptroller and Auditor General estimate of тВ╣33.5 billion (US$490 million) per MHz).[7][8]

Although the policy for awarding licences was first-come, first-served, Raja changed the rules so it applied to compliance with conditions instead of the application itself.[9] On 10 January 2008, companies were given only a few hours to supply Letters of Intent and payments; some executives were allegedly tipped off by Raja, and they (and the minister) were imprisoned.[9] In 2011 Time ranked the scam second on their тАЬTop 10 Abuses of PowerтАЭ list, behind the Watergate scandal.[10][11][12]

Background[edit]

India is divided into 22 telecommunications zones, with 281 zonal licenses.[13] In 2008, 122 new second-generation 2G Unified Access Service (UAS) licenses were granted to telecom companies on a first-come, first-served basis at the 2001 price. According to the CBI charge sheet, several laws were violated and bribes paid to favour certain firms in granting 2G spectrum licenses. According to a CAG audit, licenses were granted to ineligible corporations, those with no experience in the telecom sector (such as Unitech and Swan Telecom)[14] and those who had concealed relevant information.[15] Although former Prime MinisterManmohan Singh advised Raja to allot 2G spectrum transparently and revise the license fee in a November 2007 letter, Raja rejected many of SinghтАЩs recommendations.[16] In another letter that month, the Ministry of Finance expressed procedural concerns to the DOT;[16] these were ignored, and the cut-off date was moved forward from 1 October 2007 to 25 September.[16] On 25 September, the DOT announced on its website that applicants filing between 3:30 and 4:30 pm that day would be granted licenses.[16] Although the corporation was ineligible, Swan Telecom was granted a license[14] for тВ╣15.37 billion (US$230 million) and sold a 45-percent share to the UAE-based Etisalat for тВ╣42 billion (US$620 million).[14] Unitech Wireless (a subsidiary of the Unitech Group) obtained a license for тВ╣16.61 billion (US$240 million), selling a 60-percent share forтВ╣62 billion (US$910 million) to Norway-based Telenor.[14]

This is a list of companies who received 2G licenses during RajaтАЩs term as telecom minister;[17][18] the licenses were later cancelled by the Supreme Court:[19][20]

Company

Telecom regions

# of licenses

Remarks

Adonis Projects Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh (East) 6 Adonis Projects, Nahan Properties, Aska Projects, Volga Properties, Azare Properties & Hudson Properties were acquired by Unitech. Since Unitech Infrastructure and Unitech Builders & Estates were subsidiaries of Unitech Group, in 2008 Unitech had 22 2G licenses. Later that year, Telenor bought a majority share in the telecom company from the Unitech Group and now provides service as Uninor with 22 licences.
Nahan Properties Assam, Bihar, North East, Orissa, Uttar Pradesh (east), West Bengal 6
Aska Projects Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka 3
Volga Properties Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra 3
Azure Properties Kolkata 1
Hudson Properties Delhi 1
Unitech Builders & Estates Tamil Nadu (including Chennai) 1
Unitech Infrastructures Mumbai 1

Loop Telecom

Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Kerala, Kolkata, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha(Orissa), Tamil Nadu (including Chennai), Assam, Jammu & Kashmir, Madhya Pradesh 21
Datacom Solutions Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Kolkata, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu (including Chennai), Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Mumbai 21 Operates as Videocon Telecom
Shyam Telelink Madhya Pradesh, Kerala, Kolkata, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Delhi, Haryana, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, Tamil Nadu (including Chennai), Assam, Jammu & Kashmir, North East 17 Shyam Telelink & Shyani Telelink have a combined 21 licenses. In late 2008 Russia-basedSistema bought a majority share in the company, which now operates as MTS India.
Shyani Telelink Mumbai, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh 4
Swan Telecom Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu (including Chennai), Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Mumbai 13 Swan was a subsidiary of Reliance Telecom established to circumvent the one-company-one-license rule. In 2008, Swan merged with Allianz Infratech; late in the year Abu DhabiтАЩs Etisalat bought about 45 percent of the company, renaming it Etisalat DB Telecom.
Allianz Infratech Bihar, Madhya Pradesh 2
Idea Cellular Assam, Punjab, Karnataka, Jammu and Kashmir, North East, Kolkata, West Bengal, Odisha(Orissa), Tamil Nadu (including Chennai) 9 Since Idea Cellular bought Spice Communications in 2008 for тВ╣27 billion (US$400 million),[21]of the 122 spectrum licenses sold in 2008 Idea owns 13. Seven are in use by the company, and the remainder are overlapping licenses.[22]
Spice Communications Delhi, Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Maharashtra 4
S Tel Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Odisha(Orissa), North East, Bihar, Himachal Pradesh 6 In January 2009, Bahrain Telecommunications agreed to buy 49 percent of S Tel for $225 million. Chinnakannan Sivasankaran owns the remaining share.[23][24] In May 2009,Sahara Group bought an 11.7-percent share in S Tel.[25]
Tata Teleservices Jammu and Kashmir, Assam, North East 3 In late 2008 Tata sold a 26-percent share to the Japanese NTT DoCoMo for aboutтВ╣130.7 billion (US$1.9 billion), or an enterprise value of тВ╣502.69 billion (US$7.4 billion).[26]
Accused parties[edit]

The selling of the licenses drew attention to three groups: politicians and bureaucrats, who had the authority to sell licenses; corporations buying the licenses, and professionals who mediated between the politicians and corporations.

Politicians[edit]

The following charges were filed by the CBI and the Directorate General of Income Tax Investigation in the Special CBI Court.[27][28][29][30]

A. Raja[edit]

┬╖ Political career: Four-time DMK member of Parliament (present constituency Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu), former Union Minister of State for Rural Development (1999) and Health and Family Welfare (2003), former Union Cabinet Minister for Environment and Forests (2004) and Communication and Information Technology (2007 and 2009)[31][32][33][34]

┬╖ Allegation: A joint investigative report by the CBI and the Income Tax Department alleged that Raja may have received a тВ╣30 billion (US$440 million) bribe for moving the cut-off date for spectrum applications forward.[35][36] The changed deadline eliminated many applications, enabling Raja to favour a few applicants.[35][36] The agencies also alleged that he used accounts in his wifeтАЩs name in Mauritius and Seychelles banks for the kickbacks.[37] A CBI charge sheet alleged that Raja conspired with the accused and arbitrarily refined the first-come, first-served policy to ensure that Swan and Unitech received licences.[38] Instead of auctioning 2G spectrum, he sold it at the 2001 rate.[38]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal breach of trust by a public servant (section 409), criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471); booked under thePrevention of Corruption Act for accepting illegal gratification.[27][39][40]

┬╖ Status: Arrested by the CBI on 2 February 2011.[41] Applied for bail on 9 May 2012,[42][43] which was granted on 15 May.[44][45][46] As of August 2012, his trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

M. K. Kanimozhi[edit]

┬╖ Political career: Daughter of five-time Chief Minister of Tamil NaduM. Karunanidhi. DMK member of Parliament, representing Tamil Nadu in the Rajya Sabha.[48][49]

┬╖ Allegations: According to the CBI charge sheet, Kanimozhi owns 20 percent of family-owned Kalaignar TV; her stepmother, Dayalu Ammal, owns 60 percent of the channel.[50] The CBI alleges that Kanimozhi was the тАЬactive brainтАЭ behind the channel[50] and conspired with Raja to coerce DB Realty cofounder Shahid Balwa to funnel тВ╣2 billion (US$29 million) to Kalaignar TV.[51] Kanimozhi was in regular contact with Raja about the launch of Kalaignar TV.[51] Raja advanced the channelтАЩs cause, facilitating its registration with the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting and adding it to DTH operator TATA SkyтАШs lineup. Kanimozhi was charged with tax evasion by the Income Tax Department in Chennai.[51]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant and criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471), and booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act.[27][39]

┬╖ Status: Arrested by the CBI on 20 May 2011.[52][53] Granted bail on 28 November 2011, after 188 days in custody.[54][55] As of August 2012, her trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Bureaucrats[edit]

A number of bureaucrats were named in the CBI charge sheet filed in its Special Court.[27][28][29][30]

Siddharth Behura[edit]

┬╖ Position: Telecom Secretary when the licenses were granted.[27][56]

┬╖ Allegations: According to the CBI charge sheet, Behura conspired with Raja and several others. When the application deadline time was declared, from 3:30 to 4:30 pm Behura closed counters to block other telecom companies.[14]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal breach of trust by a public servant (Section 409), criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act for accepting illegal gratuities.[27][57]

┬╖ Status: Arrested by the CBI on 2 February 2011[41] and granted bail on 9 May 2012,[58][59] as of August 2012 his trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47] In a 10 July 2012 joint parliamentary committee deposition, Behura blamed Raja for most of the decisions related to 2G spectrum auctions.[60]

RK Chandolia[edit]

┬╖ Position: RajaтАЩs private secretary when the licenses were granted.[27][61]

┬╖ Allegations: According to the CBI charge sheet Chandolia, like Behura, conspired with Raja and several others; when the application deadline time was declared from 3:30 to 4:30 pm, Chandolia joined Behura in shutting counters to physically block other telecom companies.[14]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120 B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act[27]

┬╖ Status: Arrested by the CBI on 2 February 2011.[41] Although he was granted bail by the special CBI court on 1 December 2011, the following day the High Court took suo motu notice of newspaper reports of the bail and stayed it.[62] Chandolia appealed to the Supreme Court, and on 9 May 2012 the court upheld the bail grant.[63] As of August 2012, his trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Executives[edit]

A number of executives were accused in the CBI charge sheet.[27][28][29][30]

Sanjay Chandra[edit]

┬╖ Position: Former Unitech Wireless managing director[27]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act[27]

┬╖ Allegations: Former CBI prosecutor AK Singh was implicated in a taped conversation sharing legal strategy and privileged information with Chandra.[64][65]

┬╖ Status: Arrested by the CBI on 20 April 2011[66][67] and granted bail on 24 November,[68] as of August 2012 his trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Gautam Doshi[edit]

┬╖ Position: Managing director, Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group[27]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act[27]

┬╖ Status: Arrested by the CBI on 20 April 2011[66] and granted bail on 24 November,[68] as of August 2012 his trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Hari Nair[edit]

┬╖ Position: Senior vice-president, Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group[27]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act[27]

┬╖ Status: Arrested by the CBI on 20 April 2011[66] and granted bail on 24 November,[68] as of August 2012 his trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Surendra Pipara[edit]

┬╖ Position: Senior vice-president, Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group[27]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act[27]

┬╖ Status: Arrested by the CBI on 20 April 2011[66] and granted bail on 24 November,[68] as of August 2012 his trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Vinod Goenka[edit]

┬╖ Position: Managing director, DB Realty and Swan Telecom[27]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120 B), cheating (Section 420), forgery (Sections 468 and 471) and fabrication of evidence (Section 193); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act[27]

┬╖ Status: Arrested by the CBI on 20 April 2011[66] and granted bail on 24 November,[68] as of August 2012 his trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Shahid Balwa[edit]

┬╖ Position: Corporate promoter, DB Realty and Swan Telecom[27]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420), forgery (Sections 468 and 471) and fabrication of evidence (Section 193); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act[27]

┬╖ Status: Arrested by the CBI on 8 February 2011[69] and granted bail on 29 November,[70] as of August 2012 his trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Asif Balwa[edit]

┬╖ Position: Director, Kusegaon Fruits and Vegetables[27]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420), forgery (Sections 468 and 471) and fabrication of evidence (Section 193); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act[27]

┬╖ Status: Arrested by the CBI on 29 March 2011[71] and granted bail on 28 November,[72] as of August 2012 his trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Rajiv Agarwal[edit]

┬╖ Position: Director, Kusegaon Fruits and Vegetables[27]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420), forgery (Sections 468 and 471) and fabrication of evidence (Section 193); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act[27]

┬╖ Status: Arrested by the CBI on 29 March 2011[71] and granted bail on 28 November,[72] as of August 2012 his trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Sharath Kumar[edit]

┬╖ Position: Managing director, Kalaignar TV[27]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420), forgery (Sections 468 and 471) and fabrication of evidence (Section 193); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act[27]

┬╖ Status: Arrested by the CBI on 20 May 2011[73] and granted bail on 28 November 2011,[74] as of August 2012 his trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Ravi Ruia[edit]

┬╖ Position: Vice-chair, Essar Group[75][76]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy (Section 120 B) and cheating (Section 420)[75][76]

┬╖ Status: At large;[77] as of August 2012, his trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Anshuman Ruia[edit]

┬╖ Position: Director, Essar Group[75][76]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy (Section 120 B) and cheating (Section 420).[75][76]

┬╖ Status: At large;[77] as of August 2012, his trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Vikas Saraf[edit]

┬╖ Position: Director of strategy and planning, Essar Group[75][76]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy (Section 120 B) and cheating (Section 420 of the Indian Penal Code)[75][76]

┬╖ Status: At large;[77] as of August 2012, his trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

IP Khaitan[edit]

┬╖ Position: Corporate promoter, Loop Telecom[75][76]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy under (Section 120 B) and cheating (Section 420)[75][76]

┬╖ Status: At large;[77] as of August 2012, his trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Kiran Khaitan[edit]

┬╖ Position: Corporate promoter, Loop Telecom[75][76]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy (Section 120 B) and cheating (Section 420)[75][76]

┬╖ Status: At large;[77] as of August 2012, his trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Karim Morani[edit]

┬╖ Position: Corporate promoter and director, Cineyug Films[27]

┬╖ Allegations: According to the Income Tax Department charge sheet, Morani-owned Cineyug Films was a part of the route used by Shahid Balwa to funnel[78] тВ╣2 billion (US$29 million) illegally to Kalaignar TV.[78] DB Realty corporate promoters Shahid Balwa and Vinod Goenka transferred тВ╣2092.5 million (US$31 million) to Kusegaon Fruits and Vegetables, where BalwaтАЩs younger brother Asif was a director.[78][79] Kusegaon then transferred тВ╣2 billion (US$29 million) to Cineyug Films, and Morani transferred it to Kalaignar TV.[78]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420), forgery (Sections 468 and 471) and fabrication of evidence (Section 193); booked under the Prevention of Corruption Act[27]

┬╖ Status: Arrested by the CBI on 30 May 2011[80] and granted bail on 28 November,[74] as of August 2012 his trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Corporations[edit]

Several companies were named in the CBI charge sheet.[27][28][29][30]

Unitech Wireless[edit]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B), cheating (Section 420) and forgery (Sections 468 and 471) [27]

┬╖ Status: As of August 2012, trial underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Reliance Telecom[edit]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B) and cheating (Section 420)[27]

┬╖ Status: As of August 2012, trial was underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Swan Telecom[edit]

┬╖ Charges: Criminal conspiracy to cause criminal breach of trust by a public servant, criminal conspiracy (Section 120-B) and cheating (Section 420)[27]

┬╖ Status: As of August 2012, trial underway in Special CBI Court.[47]

Other companies named in the charge sheet were:[81][82][83]

┬╖ Loop Telecom

┬╖ Loop Mobile India

┬╖ Essar Tele Holding

┬╖ Essar Group (corporate parent of Essar Tele Holding)

Media role[edit]

Main article: Radia tapes controversy

OPEN and Outlook reported that journalists Barkha Dutt (editor of NDTV) and Vir Sanghvi (editorial director of the Hindustan Times) knew that corporate lobbyist Nira Radia influenced RajaтАЩs appointment as telecom minister,[84] publicising RadiaтАЩs phone conversations with Dutt and Sanghvi[85][86] when RadiaтАЩs phone was tapped by the Income Tax Department. According to critics, Dutt and Sanghvi knew about the link between the government and the media industry but delayed reporting the corruption.[84]

Licence cancellations[edit]

On 2 February 2012 the Supreme Court ruled on petitions filed by Subramanian Swamy and the Centre for Public Interest Litigation (CPIL) represented by Prashant Bhushan, challenging the 2008 allotment of 2G licenses,[207] cancelling all 122 spectrum licences granted during RajaтАЩs term as communications minister.[207] and described the allocation of 2G spectrum as тАЬunconstitutional and arbitraryтАЭ.[208] The bench of GS Singhvi and Asok Kumar Ganguly imposed a fine of тВ╣50 million (US$740,000) on Unitech Wireless, Swan Telecom and Tata Teleservices and a тВ╣5 million (US$74,000) fine on Loop Telecom, S Tel, Allianz Infratech and Sistema Shyam Tele Services.[4] According to the ruling the current licences would remain in place for four months, after which time the government would reissue the licences.[209]

In its ruling the court said that former telecom minister A. Raja тАЬwanted to favour some companies at the cost of the public exchequerтАЭ, listing seven steps he took to ensure this:[4][210]

1. After becoming telecom minister, Raja directed that all applications for spectrum licences would be held pending Telecom Regulatory Authority of India recommendations.[4][210]

2. The 28 August 2007 TRAI recommendations were not presented to the full Telecom Commission, which would have included the finance secretary. Although the TRAI recommendations for allocation of 2G spectrum had serious financial implications (and finance ministry input was required under the Government of India Transaction of Business Rules, 1961), Telecom Commission non-permanent members were not notified of the meeting.[4][210]

3. The DoT officers attending the 10 October 2007 Telecom Commission meeting were coerced into approving the TRAI recommendations, or they would have тАЬincurredтАЭ RajaтАЩs тАЬwrathтАЭ.[4][210]

4. Since the Cabinet had approved the Group of Ministers recommendations, the DoT had to discuss the issue of spectrum pricing with the finance ministry. However, Raja did not consult the finance minister or other officials because the finance secretary had objected to allocating 2G spectrum at 2001 rates.[4][210]

5. Raja dismissed the law ministerтАЩs suggestion that the issue should be presented to the Group of Ministers. After receiving the PMтАЩs 2 November 2007 letter suggesting transparency in spectrum allocation of the spectrum, Raja said it would be unfair, discriminatory, arbitrary and capricious to auction spectrum to new applicants because it would not give them a level playing field. Although a 24 September DoT press release said that 1 October would be the application deadline, he changed the deadline to 25 September. RajaтАЩs arbitrary action, тАЬthough appear[ing] to be innocuous was actually intended to benefit some of the real estate firms who did not have any experience in dealing with telecom services and who had made applications only on 24 September 2007, i.e. one day before the cut-off date fixed by the C&IT minister on his ownтАЭ.[4][210]

6. The 25 September cut-off date decided by Raja on 2 November was not made public until a 10 January 2008 press release in which he changed the first-come, first-served principle which had been in operation since 2003. тАЬThis enabled some of the applicants, who had access either to the minister or DoT officers, get bank drafts prepared towards performance guarantee of about Rs 16 billionтАЭ.[4][210]

7. тАЬThe manner in which the exercise for grant of LoIs to the applicants was conducted on 10 January 2008 leaves no room for doubt that everything was stage managed to favour those who were able to know in advance change in the implementation of the first-come-first-served policy.тАЭ As a result, some companies who had submitted applications in 2004 or 2006 were pushed down the list in favour of those who had applied in August and September 2007.[4][210]

Companies affected by cancellations[edit]

The table below lists the companies whose license were cancelled.[211][212]

Company

Parent company

# of licences cancelled

Uninor Joint venture of Unitech Group of India and Telenor of Norway Unitech Group 22
Sistema Shyam TeleServices Limited, now MTS India Joint venture of the Shyam Group of India and Sistema of Russia 21
Loop Mobile (formerly BPL Mobile) Khaitan Holding Group 21
Videocon Telecom Videocon 21
Etisalat-DB Joint venture of Swan Telecom of India and Etisalat of the UAE 15
Idea Cellular Aditya Birla Group (49.05%), Axiata (Malaysia, 15%) & Providence Equity Partners (U.S., 10.6%) 13
S Tel Joint venture of C Sivasankaran of India and Batelco of Bahrain. After the Supreme Court ruling, Batelco sold its 42.7% share to Sivasankaran-owned Sky City Foundation for 65.8 million Bahraini dinar ($174.5 million).[213][214][215] 6
Tata Teleservices Tata Group 3
Aftermath[edit]

See also: Uninor controversies

In addition to BatelcoтАЩs exit, on 21 February 2012 Telenor (the majority shareholder in Uninor) terminated its agreement with Unitech and sued it for тАЬindemnity and compensationтАЭ.[216][217][218] On 23 February 2012, Etisalat of Etasalat-DB Telecom sued DB Realty corporate promoters Shahid Balwa and Vinod Goenka for fraud and misrepresentation.[219][220][221]

Aircel-Maxis deal controversy[edit]

See also: C Sivasankaran, Dayanidhi Maran, T Ananda Krishnan, and Maxis Communications

On 6 June 2011 former Aircel chief C. Sivasankaran complained to the CBI about not receiving a telecom licence and being forced by telecom minister Dayanidhi Maran to sell Aircel to the Malaysia-based Maxis Communications group, owned by T. Ananda Krishnan. The licences were allegedly issued after the deal was made. Sivasankaran also alleged that brothers Dayanidhi and Kalanithi Maran received kickbacks in the form of investments by the Maxis group through the Astro network in Sun TV Network, owned by the Maran family.[145][146][147] In the wake of the allegations, Maran resigned on 7 July.[222]

On 10 October, the CBI registered a case and raided properties owned by the Marans. CBI sources said that although no evidence of coercion was found in the Aircel sale, they found substantial evidence that Maran had favoured the companyтАЩs takeover by Maxis and deliberately delayed SivasankarтАЩs files.[145][146][147] On 8 February 2012, the Enforcement Directorate registered a money-laundering case against the Maran brothers[182] for allegedly receiving illegal compensation of about тВ╣5.5 billion in the Aircel-Maxis deal.[183]

During the CBI probe Sivasankaran said that the Maran brothers had forced him to sell his 74% share in Aircel to Maxis by threatening his life, giving the CBI a list of over 10 witnesses. In September 2012, the CBI said it finished its Indian investigation and was awaiting the response to a letter rogatory sent to Malaysia and a questionnaire from T. Ananda Krishnan before filing a chargesheet.[223] On 29 August 2014, the CBI filed a chargesheet against Dayanidhi Maran, his brother Kalanithi Maran, Malaysian businessman T Ananda Krishnan, Malaysian national Augustus Ralph Marshall, six others and four firms тАФ Sun Direct TV Pvt Ltd, Maxis Communication Berhad, Astro All Asia Network PLC and South Asia Entertainment Holding Ltd as accused in the case.[224] On 29 October 2014, special CBI judge OP Saini said that he found enough evidence to proceed with the prosecution and hence summoned former telecom minister Dayanidhi Maran and others as accused.[225] Based on the CBI chargesheet, the Enforcement Directorate (ED) on 1 April 2015, attached Maran brothersтАЩ properties worth Rs 742 crore.[226]

Subramanian Swamy alleged that in 2006 a company controlled by Karti Chidambaram, the son of Minister of FinanceP. Chidambaram, received a five-percent share of Aircel to get part ofтВ╣40 billion paid by Maxis Communications for the 74-percent share of Aircel. According to Swamy, Chidambaram withheld Foreign Investment Promotion Board clearance of the deal until his son received the five-percent share in SivaтАЩs company.[227] The issue was raised a number of times in Parliament by the opposition, which demanded ChidambaramтАЩs resignation.[228]Although he and the government denied the allegations,[229]The Pioneer and India Today reported the existence of documents showing that Chidambaram delayed approval of the foreign direct investment proposal by about seven months.[227][230][231]

Response to scam[edit]

When Indian media began citing the CAG report identifying the loss at тВ╣1.76 trillion (short scale), the Indian opposition parties unanimously demanded the formation of a joint parliamentary committee to investigate the scam.[232][233] Although the government rejected their demand,[233] when the winter session of Parliament began on 9 November 2010 the opposition again pressed for a JPC; again, their demand was rejected.[233] The demand for a JPC gained further momentum when the CAG report was tabled in Parliament on 16 November 2010.[234] The opposition blocked the proceedings, again pressing for a JPC;[235] the government again rejected their demand, creating an impasse.[236]Speaker of the Lok SabhaMeira Kumarunsuccessfully attempted to resolve the impasse.[237] The winter session of Parliament concluded on 13 December 2010. Although 22 new bills were planned to be introduced, 23 pending bills passed and three bills withdrawn, Parliament functioned for only nine hours.[238] On 22 February 2011, after resisting opposition demands for over three months, the government announced that it would form a JPC.[239] The JPC criticised the CBI for its leniency to the PM, the Attorney General, Dayanidhi Maran and Chidambaram and its reluctance to investigate their roles on 24 July 2012.[240] After questioning former telecom minister Dayanidhi Maran, his brother Kalanithi and the head of Maxis Communications, the CBI alleged that the Maran brothers accrued an illegal тВ╣5.50 billion by the sale of Sun Direct TV shares at highly тАЬinflated pricesтАЭ.[241]

In early November 2010 Jayalalithaa accused state chief minister M Karunanidhi of protecting Raja from corruption charges, calling for RajaтАЩs resignation.[242] By mid-November, Raja resigned.[243] At that time, comptroller Vinod Rai issued show-cause notices to Unitech, S Tel, Loop Mobile, Datacom (Videocon) and Etisalat to respond to his assertion that the 85 licenses granted to these companies did not have the capital required at application or were otherwise illegal.[244] It was speculated that because these companies provide some consumer service, they would receive large fines but retain their licenses.[244]

In June 2011 Prime Minister Manmohan Singh criticised the CAG for commenting on policy issues, warning it тАЬto limit the office to the role defined in the constitution.тАЭ[245] After SinghтАЩs criticism the CAG conducted a тАЬrigorous internal appraisalтАЭ and stood by its findings, citing additional events as corroboration. The CAG reiterated that there was тАЬan undeniable loss to the exchequerтАЭ, the calculation of which was based on three estimates: the 3G auctions and the Swan and Unitech transactions. It cited the Supreme Court ruling of 2 February 2012 that the actions of Raja and officers at the Department of Telecom were тАЬwholly arbitrary, capricious and contrary to the public interest, apart from being violative of the doctrine of equality. The material produced for the quote showed that the Minister for C&IT wanted to favour some companies at the cost of the public exchequer.тАЭ It said its estimate of loss of 1.76-lakh crore was justified, since the May 2012 TRAI collation of reserve prices for 2G spectrum was about the same as that in the November 2010 CAG report. TRAI had recommended a reserve price for 2G spectrum of тВ╣180 billion for a pan-India 5 MHz licence, higher than the 3G value of тВ╣167.50 billion for 5 MHz used by the CAG for arriving at a loss figure of тВ╣1,760 billion. It concluded that it was only examining the тАЬimplementation of policyтАЭ, and policy-making was the governmentтАЩs prerogative.[246]

Note : Due to technical problems our few home pages & contact access is inaccessible. Please note the following details.

Edited, printed , published owned by NAGARAJA.M.R. @ # LIG-2 No 761,HUDCO FIRST STAGE ,

OPP WATER WORKS , LAXMIKANTANAGAR , HEBBAL ,MYSURU тАУ 570017 KARNATAKA INDIA

Home page :

https://evoiceofhumanrightswatch.wordpress.com / ,

http://naghrw.tripod.com/evoice/ ,

http://paper.li/f-1368369249 ,

A Member of Amnesty International

SHARE THIS:
Share

Related
No Amnesty to Black Money Launderers
15/05/2016
In “human rights”
Corporate Terrorists of India
22/07/2012
In “human rights”
Corporate Terrorists of India
03/12/2011
In “human rights”
Post navigationтЖТтЖР
Blog at WordPress.com.
Privacy & Cookies: This site uses cookies. By continuing to use this website, you agree to their use.
To find out more, including how to control cookies, see here: Cookie Policy

https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/census-more-than-19500-languages-spoken-in-india-as-mother-tongues-1.2244791

When a just born baby is kept isolated without anyone communicating with the
baby, after a few days it will speak and human natural (Prakrit)
language known as Classical Magahi Magadhi/Classical Chandaso
language/Magadhi Prakrit,Classical Hela Basa (Hela Language),Classical
P─Бс╕╖i which are the same. Buddha spoke in Magadhi. All the 7,139
languages and dialects are off shoot of Classical Magahi Magadhi. Hence
all of them are Classical in nature (Prakrit) of Human Beings, just like
all other living speices have their own natural languages for
communication. 117 languages are translated by https://translate.google.comin

Image
01) Classical Magahi Magadhi,
02) Classical Chandaso language,
03)Magadhi Prakrit,
04) Classical Hela Basa (Hela Language),
05) Classical P─Бс╕╖i,
06) ClassicalDevanagari,Classical Hindi-Devanagari- рд╢рд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░реАрдп рд╣рд┐рдВрджреА,
07) ClassicalCyrillic
08) Classical AfrikaansтАУ Klassieke Afrikaans
09) Classical Albanian-Shqiptare klasike,
10) Classical Amharic-сКасКХсМЛсНЛсЛК сКасИЫсИнсКЫ,
11) Classical Arabic-╪з┘Д┘Д╪║╪й ╪з┘Д╪╣╪▒╪и┘К╪й ╪з┘Д┘Б╪╡╪н┘Й
12) Classical Armenian-╒д╒б╒╜╒б╒п╒б╒╢ ╒░╒б╒╡╒е╓А╒е╒╢,
13) Classical Assamese-ржзрзНрз░рзБржкржжрзА ржЕрж╕ржорзАржпрж╝рж╛
14) Classical Azerbaijani- Klassik Az╔Щrbaycan,

15) Classical Basque- Euskal klasikoa,
16) Classical Belarusian-╨Ъ╨╗╨░╤Б╤Ц╤З╨╜╨░╤П ╨▒╨╡╨╗╨░╤А╤Г╤Б╨║╨░╤П,
17) Classical Bengali-ржХрзНрж▓рж╛рж╕рж┐ржХрзНржпрж╛рж▓ ржмрж╛ржВрж▓рж╛,
18) Classical Bosnian-Klasi─Нni bosanski,
19) Classical Bulgaria- ╨Ъ╨╗╨░╤Б╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕ ╨▒╤К╨╗╨│╨░╤А╤Б╨║,
20) Classical Catalan-Catal├а cl├аssic 21) Classical Cebuano-Klase sa Sugbo, 22) Classical Chichewa-Chikale cha Chichewa,
23) Classical Chinese (Simplified)-хПдхЕ╕ф╕нцЦЗя╝ИчоАф╜Уя╝Й,
24) Classical Chinese (Traditional)-хПдхЕ╕ф╕нцЦЗя╝Ич╣БщлФя╝Й,
25) Classical Corsican-Corsa Corsicana,
26) Classical Croatian-Klasi─Нna hrvatska,
27) Classical Czech-Klasick├б ─Нe┼бtina
28) Classical Danish-Klassisk dansk,Klassisk dansk,
29) Classical Dutch- Klassiek Nederlands,
30) Classical English,Roman,
31) Classical Esperanto-Klasika Esperanto,
32) Classical Estonian- klassikaline eesti keel,
33) Classical Filipino klassikaline filipiinlane,
34) Classical Finnish- Klassinen suomalainen,
35) Classical French- Fran├зais classique,
36) Classical Frisian- Klassike Frysk,
37) Classical Galician-Cl├бsico galego,
38) Classical Georgian-сГЩсГЪсГРсГбсГШсГЩсГгсГасГШ сГесГРсГасГЧсГгсГЪсГШ,
39) Classical German- Klassisches Deutsch,
40) Classical Greek-╬Ъ╬╗╬▒╧Г╧Г╬╣╬║╬м ╬Х╬╗╬╗╬╖╬╜╬╣╬║╬м,
41) Classical Gujarati-ркХрлНрк▓рк╛рк╕рк┐ркХрк▓ ркЧрлБркЬрк░рк╛ркдрлА,
42) Classical Haitian Creole-Klasik krey├▓l,
43) Classical Hausa-Hausa Hausa,
44) Classical Hawaiian-Hawaiian Hawaiian,
45) Classical Hebrew- ╫в╫С╫и╫Щ╫к ╫з╫Ь╫Р╫б╫Щ╫к
46) Classical Hmong- Lus Hmoob,
47) Classical Hungarian-Klasszikus magyar,
48) Classical Icelandic-Klass├нsk ├нslensku,
49) Classical Igbo,Klass├нskt Igbo,
50) Classical Indonesian-Bahasa Indonesia Klasik,
51) Classical Irish-Indin├йisis Clasaiceach,
52) Classical Italian-Italiano classico,
53) Classical Japanese-хПдхЕ╕чЪДуБкуВдуВ┐уГкуВвшкЮ,
54) Classical Javanese-Klasik Jawa,
55) Classical Kannada- р▓╢р▓╛р▓╕р│Нр▓др│Нр▓░р│Ар▓п р▓Хр▓ир│Нр▓ир▓б,
56) Classical Kazakh-╨Ъ╨╗╨░╤Б╤Б╨╕╨║╨░╨╗╤Л╥Ы ╥Ы╨░╨╖╨░╥Ы,
57) Classical Khmer- сЮБсЯТсЮШсЯВсЮЪсЮФсЮ╗сЮЪсЮ╢сЮО,
58) Classical Kinyarwanda
59) Classical Korean-ъ│аьаД эХЬъ╡ньЦ┤,
60) Classical Kurdish (Kurmanji)-Kurd├о (Kurmanc├о),
61) Classical Kyrgyz-╨Ъ╨╗╨░╤Б╤Б╨╕╨║╨░╨╗╤Л╨║ ╨Ъ╤Л╤А╨│╤Л╨╖,
62) Classical Lao-р║Др║ер║▓р║кр║кр║┤р║Бр║ер║▓р║з,
63) Classical Latin-LXII) Classical Latin,
64) Classical Latvian-Klasisk─Б latvie┼бu valoda,
65) Classical Lithuanian-Klasikin─Ч lietuvi┼│ kalba,
66) Classical Luxembourgish-Klassesch L├лtzebuergesch,
67) Classical Macedonian-╨Ъ╨╗╨░╤Б╨╕╤З╨╡╨╜ ╨╝╨░╨║╨╡╨┤╨╛╨╜╤Б╨║╨╕,
68) Classical Malagasy,╨║╨╗╨░╤Б╨╕╤З╨╡╨╜ ╨╝╨░╨╗╨│╨░╤И╨║╨╕,
69) Classical Malay-Melayu Klasik,
70) Classical Malayalam-р┤Хр╡Нр┤▓р┤╛р┤╕р┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡╜ р┤ор┤▓р┤пр┤╛р┤│р┤В,
71) Classical Maltese-Klassiku Malti,
72) Classical Maori-Maori Maori,
73) Classical Marathi-рдХреНрд▓рд╛рд╕рд┐рдХрд▓ рдорд╛рдУрд░реА,
74) Classical Mongolian-╨б╨╛╨╜╨│╨╛╨┤╨╛╨│ ╨Ь╨╛╨╜╨│╨╛╨╗,
75) Classical Myanmar (Burmese)-Classical сАЩсА╝сАФсА║сАЩсАм (сАЧсАЩсАм),
76) Classical Nepali-рд╢рд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░реАрдп рдореНрдпрд╛рдВрдорд╛рд░ (рдмрд░реНрдорд╛),
77) Classical Norwegian-Klassisk norsk,
78) Classical Odia (Oriya
79) Classical Pashto- ┘╝┘И┘Д┌л█М ┘╛┌Ъ╪к┘И
80) Classical Persian-┌й┘Д╪з╪│█М┌й ┘Б╪з╪▒╪│█М
81) Classical Polish-J─Щzyk klasyczny polski,
82) Classical Portuguese-Portugu├кs Cl├бssico,
83) Classical Punjabi-риХри▓ри╛ри╕рйАриХри▓ рикрй░риЬри╛римрйА,
84) Classical Romanian-Clasic rom├вnesc,
85) Classical Russian-╨Ъ╨╗╨░╤Б╤Б╨╕╤З╨╡╤Б╨║╨╕╨╣ ╤А╤Г╤Б╤Б╨║╨╕╨╣,
86) Classical Samoan-Samoan Samoa,
87) Classical Sanskrit рдЫреНрд▓рд╕реНрд╕рд┐рдЪрд▓реН рд╖рдиреНрд╕реНрдХреНрд░рд┐рддреН
88) Classical Scots Gaelic-G├аidhlig Albannach Clasaigeach,
89) Classical Serbian-╨Ъ╨╗╨░╤Б╨╕╤З╨╜╨╕ ╤Б╤А╨┐╤Б╨║╨╕,
90) Classical Sesotho-Seserbia ea boholo-holo,
91) Classical Shona-Shona Shona,
92) Classical Sindhi,
93) Classical Sinhala-р╖Гр╢╕р╖Кр╢╖р╖Пр╖Ар╖Кр╢║ р╖Гр╖Тр╢Вр╖Др╢╜,
94) Classical Slovak-Klasick├╜ slovensk├╜,
95) Classical Slovenian-Klasi─Нna slovenska,
96) Classical Somali-Soomaali qowmiyadeed,
97) Classical Spanish-Espa├▒ol cl├бsico,
98) Classical Sundanese-Sunda Klasik,
99) Classical Swahili,Kiswahili cha Classical,
100) Classical Swedish-Klassisk svensk,
101) Classical Tajik-╤В╨╛╥╖╨╕╨║╙г ╨║╨╗╨░╤Б╤Б╨╕╨║╙г,
102) Classical Tamil-рокро╛ро░роорпНрокро░ро┐роп роЗроЪрпИродрпНродрооро┐ро┤рпН роЪрпЖроорпНроорпКро┤ро┐,
103) Classical Tatar
104) Classical Telugu- р░Хр▒Нр░▓р░╛р░╕р░┐р░Хр░▓р▒Н р░др▒Жр░▓р▒Бр░Чр▒Б,
105) Classical Thai-р╕ар╕▓р╕йр╕▓р╣Др╕Чр╕вр╕Др╕ер╕▓р╕кр╕кр╕┤р╕Б,
106) Classical Turkish-Klasik T├╝rk,
107) Classical Turkmen
108) Classical Ukrainian-╨Ъ╨╗╨░╤Б╨╕╤З╨╜╨╕╨╣ ╤Г╨║╤А╨░╤Ч╨╜╤Б╤М╨║╨╕╨╣,
109) Classical Urdu- ┌й┘Д╪з╪│█М┌й█М ╪з╪▒╪п┘И
110) Classical Uyghur,
111) Classical Uzbek-Klassik oтАЩz,
112) Classical Vietnamese-Tiс║┐ng Viс╗З,
113) Classical Welsh-Cymraeg Clasurol,
114) Classical Xhosa-IsiXhosa zesiXhosa,
115) Classical Yiddish- ╫з╫Ь╫Р╫б╫Щ╫й╫в ╫Щ╫Щ╓┤╫У╫Щ╫й
116) Classical Yoruba-Yoruba Yoruba,
117) Classical Zulu-I-Classical Zulu

More than 19,500 languages spoken in Prabuddha Bharat as mother tongues The
mother tongue of each member of a household need not necessarily be the
sameMore than 19,500 languages or dialects are spoken in Prabuddha
Bharat as mother tongues, according to the latest analysis of a census
released this week.There are 121 languages which are spoken by 10,000 or
more people in Prabuddha Bharat, which has a population of 121 crore,
it said.The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Prabuddha
Bharat,said since a household may consist of persons related by blood or
of unrelated persons or a mix of both, it is absolutely necessary to
ask every person about her or his mother tongue.It was required because
the mother tongue of each member of a household need not necessarily be
the same тАФ these may be different for different members in the
household.

The number of such raw returns of mother tongues has totalled 19,569, the
report of the 2011 census said.However, 96.71 per cent of the population
in the country have one of the 22 scheduled languages as their mother
tongue.Since mother tongues, as returned in the census, are basically
the designations provided by the respondents of the linguistic mediums
in which the respondents think they communicate, they need not be
identical with the actual linguistic mediums, it said.The methodologyFor
assessing the correlation between the mother tongue and designations of
the census and for presenting the numerous raw returns in terms of
their linguistic affiliation to actual languages and dialects, 19,569
raw returns were subjected to thorough linguistic scrutiny, edit and
rationalisation.This resulted in 1,369 rationalised mother tongues and
1,474 names which were treated as тАЬunclassifiedтАЭ and relegated to
тАЬotherтАЭ mother tongue category.The 1,369 rationalised mother tongues
were further classified following the usual linguistic methods for
rational grouping based on available linguistic information.

Thus, an inventory of classified mother tongues returned by 10,000 or more
speakers are grouped under appropriate languages at the all-India level,
wherever possible, has been prepared for final presentation of the 2011
mother tongue data.What are the findings?The total number of languages
arrived at is 121, the Registrar General and Census Commissioner,
Prabuddha Bharat, said.The 121 languages are presented in two parts тАФ
languages included in the Eighth Schedule of the Prabuddha Bharatian
Constitution, comprising 22 languages and languages not included in the
Eighth Schedule, comprising of 99 languages plus the category тАЬtotal of
other languagesтАЭ, which includes all other languages and mother tongues
which returned less than 10,000 speakers each at the all-India level or
were not identifiable on the basis of the linguistic information
available.The number of scheduled languages was 22 at the time of
presentation of the 2001. The same 22 languages are maintained in 2011
census also.The non-scheduled languages are 99 in 2011 against 100 in
2001.The decrease in the number is due to exclusion of Simte and
Persian, which were not returned in sufficient numbers as 2011, and
inclusion of Mao, which has returned more than 10,000 speakers at the
all-Prabuddha Bharat level at 2011 census.Of the total population of
Prabuddha Bharat 96.71 percent have one of the scheduled languages as
their mother tongue, the remaining 3.29 per cent is accounted for other
languages.There are total 270 identifiable mother tongues which have
returned 10,000 or more speakers each at the all-India level, comprising
123 mother tongues grouped under the scheduled languages and 147 mother
tongues grouped under the non-scheduled languages.Those mother tongues
which have returned less than 10,000 speakers each and which have been
classified under a particular language, are included in тАЬothersтАЭ under
that language.About the constitutional languagesThe Eighth Schedule of
the Constitution consists of the following 22 languages тАУ Assamese,
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Kashmiri, Konkani, Malayalam,
Manipuri, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi, Tamil,
Telugu, Urdu, Bodo, Santhali, Maithili and Dogri.Of these languages, 14
were initially included in the Constitution. Sindhi language was added
in 1967. Thereafter three more languages, Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali
were included in 1992.Subsequently, Bodo, Dogri, Maithili and Santhali
were added in 2004.

https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/how-many-languages

How many languages are there in the world?
7,139 languages are spoken today.

That number is constantly in flux, because weтАЩre learning more about
the worldтАЩs languages every day. And beyond that, the languages
themselves are in flux. TheyтАЩre living and dynamic, spoken by
communities whose lives are shaped by our rapidly changing world. This
is a fragile time: Roughly 40% of languages are now endangered, often
with less than 1,000 speakers remaining. Meanwhile, just 23 languages
account for more than half the worldтАЩs population.
Living Languages, 2021
by Ethnologue
Region
Asia
Africa
Pacific
Americas
Europe
Other Popular Guides
What is the most spoken language?
What are the top 200 most spoken languages?
What continents have the most indigenous languages?
What countries have the most languages?
What are the largest language families?
How many languages are endangered?
About
Ethnologue Ethnologue is the research center for language intelligence.
We help our clients identify languages, find where theyтАЩre

comments (0)
06/14/21
LESSON 4001 Tue 15 Jun 2021 FREE ONLINE UNIVERSAL VOLUNTEERS May we appeal to the List of all UNIVERSAL VOLUNTEER ORGANISATIONS striving hard to PLANT VEGETABLES & DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD AS PRACTICED BY SAMRAT ASHOKA as Said by an Awakened One with Awareness тАЬHunger is the worst illness, where 4 times Chief Minister Ms Mayawati who became eligible to be the Prime Minister with her excellent governance of Uttar Pradesh promised to reestablish Ashokan rule along with the farmers compounded existence the worst suffering or aliment (dukkha) with ending of ailments ( dukkha Nirodha) May we give importance to Awakened OneтАЩs teachings in this angle for the peace, happiness, welfare of all sentient and non sentient beings like the birds not depending on anyone so that all may attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.
Filed under: General
Posted by: site admin @ 3:31 pm

LESSON 4001 Tue 15 Jun 2021

From

KUSHINARA NIBBANA BHUMI PAGODA -Free Online Analytical Research and Practice University for тАЬDiscovery of the Univerasal Volunteers with the Awareness UniverseтАЭ (FOARPU4DUVAU) in 117 Classical Languages.

May we appeal to the List of all UNIVERSAL VOLUNTEER ORGANISATIONS striving hard to
PLANT VEGETABLES & DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD AS PRACTICED BY SAMRAT ASHOKA as
Said by an Awakened One with Awareness
тАЬHunger is the worst illness,
where 4 times Chief Minister Ms Mayawati who became eligible to be the Prime Minister with her excellent governance of Uttar Pradesh promised to reestablish Ashokan rule along with the farmers
compounded existence the worst suffering or aliment (dukkha) with ending of ailments ( dukkha Nirodha)

May we give importance to Awakened OneтАЩs teachings in this angle for the peace, happiness, welfare of all sentient and non sentient beings like the birds not depending on anyone so that all may attain Eternal Bliss as their Final Goal.

https://www.buddhismforkids.net/LifeBuddha.html

The Life of the Awakened One

Birth of the FOARPU4DUVAU

FOARPU4DUVAU is one of the major organisations in the universe . It began ever since the universe discovered how to bring happiness into the universe.

FOARPU4DUVAU trains Mindful Swimming, martial arts and sciences for all time. Soon it blossomed into a great strength, beauty, and wisdom.

~19 years old

Four Sights

At age 29, FOARPU4DUVAU took three trips beyond. Along the way,
–an old sentient being,
a sick sentient being, and a dead sentient being. FOARPU4DUVAU asked,
тАЬHow can we lie happily on silk cushions and not ease this suffering?
But how?тАЭ

On the last ride, FOARPU4DUVAU saw a wondering ascetic who was seeking happiness among human suffering. тАЬThis FOUV must do,тАЭ said. ┬аSo, FOARPU4DUVAU gave up wealth, royal title and all that FOARPU4DUVAU loved. FOARPU4DUVAU said goodbye to misty night. ┬а

29 years old

The Search

For six years, FOARPU4DUVAU wandered in the forest. FOARPU4DUVAU learned deep mindful swimming from wise teachers, and practiced fasting and austerity. Thinking this was the way to everlasting happiness, There must be a middle way.тАЭ

Near death, FOARPU4DUVAU. accepted a bowl of vegan food from a young girl and regained lost strength. five hermits saw FOARPU4DUVAU eat the rich and delicious food, they thought he had given up, so they left him. ┬а

~35 years old

Awakenment

Going alone, FOARPU4DUVAU sat under a PeopleтАЩs tree and became awakened , a Awakened One . FOARPU4DUVAU understood the cycle of birth and death and how to ease suffering. FOARPU4DUVAU saw his true nature and that of all living beings. This was the end of FOARPU4DUVAU spiritual quest.

Remembering the five hermits, FOUV found them in the Deer Park near Benares and taught them the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, the pillars of Buddhism. They formed the first order of Buddhist Monks, called the Sangha.┬а

35-80 years old

The FOARPU4DUVAU Teaches

The FOARPU4DUVAU spent the next forty-five years spreading his teachings throughout Universe . FOARPU4DUVAU was the first to accept women and and the awakened aboriginals of this world, Rich and poor, men and women, king and slaves, young and oldтАФall were equal in FOARPU4DUVAU community.

Two years after the awakening, the FOARPU4DUVAU visited his family. All became FOARPU4DUVAU
FOARPU4DUVAU became the best known and loved of all the spiritual teachers in the Universe. FOARPU4DUVAU never set up as an authority, but was a wise and kind friend to all.

FOARPU4DUVAU told them to not follow another leader, but to take the FOARPU4DUVAU as their master. His last words were,
тАЬAll things in life end. Work diligently for your own awakenment to pass into the final state of Eternal Bliss. ┬а Teachings
тАи

FOARPU4DUVAU teaching can be simply summed up into three parts:

Four Charity Seals
Four Noble Truths
Noble Eightfold Path┬а

The Four Charity Seals reflect the genuine teachings of the FOARPU4DUVAU, just as a legal document is stamped with the royal seal. They can be simply explained by using the following terms:

Anicca (impermanence)

Everything in life, our feelings
and thoughts, people, animals, plants, bacteria and countries are always changing and reacting. Without change, there could be no life, no flowers, no grandparents, and no happiness.
Dukkha (suffering, misery, pain) & Dukkha Nirodha (end of suffering, misery, pain)
People suffer because they want things to be permanent when they are not. They cling to things that are ending and try to avoid things that are unpleasant. But thanks to change, we can change suffering into happiness.
Anatta (non-self): ┬а
Nothing lives on its own, not even you or me. We are alive due to our parents, air, food, water, and everything around us. We cannot even remain the same for two moments. We are born, grow old, get sick and die. There is nothing that can be called a permanent тАЬIтАЭ or a soul. That which carries on to our next life is our life force, or kamma the Law of Cause and Condition. The concept of тАЬmeтАЭ and тАЬmineтАЭ is an illusion we create with our minds.
NIBB─АNA (true peace, Eternal Bliss)

By accepting and understanding that change is a part of life, we can be content with what we have and who are. We can reach the state of Eternal Bliss, a state of complete selflessness. The word Eternal Bliss means to blow out a candle. It is not a place, like heaven, but more a state of being in harmony with the universe, and is beyond words.

The Four Noble Truths

After FOARPU4DUVAU become awakened , the FOARPU4DUVAU first teaches the Four Noble Truths to five hermits in Deer Park near Benares. They became the first FOARPU4DUVAU hermits the beginning of the FOARPU4DUVAU order called the Union. ┬аThe Four Noble Truths are:

The First Noble Truth is that life is full of unhappiness. No one can stay happy for long. We become sad when we cannot get what we want or when we lose something that we prize, or a loved one dies.
The Second Noble Truth is that suffering and unhappiness are a result of unfulfilled desire. No matter how good or how much we receive, we never seem to have enough. And we certainly donтАЩt want things we do not like.
The Third Noble Truth is that we can end suffering, but we have to give up wanting what we donтАЩt have and stop being envious of what others have. This is not easy to do. It takes a good deal of diligence and self-discipline.
The Fourth Noble Truth is the FOARPU4DUVAU taught that the way to conquer feelings of greed and selfishness is to follow the

Eightfold Path.┬а

The Eightfold Path
The Eightfold Path covers eight of the most important things in our livesтАФfrom the way we think and speak to how mindful we are of others. By carefully following the Eightfold Path, we can live a life of virtue and find peace of mind and awakenment . Sometimes these eight steps are called the Middle Path. Life should not be too hard or too easy.
1 Right View:┬аDeveloping wisdom by understanding the Four Noble Truths.┬а
2 Right thoughts:┬аThinking kind thoughts about others, beginning with ourselves.
3 Right speech:┬аSpeaking in a kind way, free from lies and angry words.
4 Right action or conduct:┬аProtecting the rights and feelings of others–also caring for the natural environment.
5 Right work:┬аEarning an honest living, careful not to harm the environment or any person or animal.
6 Right effort:┬аDeveloping a positive attitude and changing our bad habits,
7 Right mindfulness:┬аBeing aware of our feelings and alert to what is going on, not daydreaming.
8 Right concentration:┬аFocusing on one thought at a time, to be calm and peaceful.

Follow the Teachings

The Five Precepts

In the beginning, the Buddha did not make any rules for the sangha. A rule was made only when a wrong was done. He taught that following the precepts faithfully is the same as filial respect toward our parents and Dharma teachers. The five major rules are called the Five Precepts.┬а

1 No killing - Respect for life┬а
2 No stealing - Respect for others’ possessions
3 No sexual misconduct - Respect for your own pure nature
4 No lying┬а- Respect truth
5 Not using alcohol or drugs that cloud the mind: ┬а-┬аrespecting clarity of mind┬аit now!

The Four Limitless Minds

Living life in a kind and wise way is important to FOARPU4DUVAU. To nurture these ideals, the FOARPU4DUVAU taught them to sow seeds of goodness by practicing Compassion, Loving-Kindness, Joy, and Inclusiveness. The loving-kindness meditation, mett─Б, is the traditional FOARPU4DUVAU blessing.

May all beings be well. тАиMay all beings be happy. тАиMay all beings be at ease.┬а

Five Precepts
5. No Intoxicants

The fifth precept is based on self-respect and being health-minded. Young people may think that drinking alcohol, taking drugs, and smoking makes them feel grown up, a тАЬcool thing to do.тАЭ But a young personтАЩs body cannot cope with intoxicants. They can affect the way the brain develops and grows and make children sick and lose control of their behavior. ┬аItтАЩs important to keep yourself safe. Don’t get sucked into trying something that may harm you. ┬аLearn how to say тАЬno.тАЭ

The Six Perfections

The Six Perfections are a set of positive qualities to develop on the FOARPU4DUVAU Path.

1. Giving: The wish to give freely, without expecting a reward
2. Precepts: Development of good behavior
3. Patience: Calmly facing the difficulties in life
4. Effort: Being energetic and overcoming laziness
5. Concentration: Staying relaxed, with the mind focused
6. Wisdom: Combining intellectual understanding with insight into the way things really are

Different Traditions in FOARPU4DUVAU

The FOARPU4DUVAU teaches in different ways to different people at different times. As a result, different traditions have formed. The two main traditions are

Theravada and Mahayana.

Both share the common basic teachings of Four Noble Truths and the Eight-fold Path. One tradition is not any better than the other; both seek for awakenment , but their approach is different– so is their-

FOARPU4DUVAU is common all over the world

FOARPU4DUVAU is found in Tibet, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Mongolia. It includes Japanese Zen, Chinese, Tibetan, Korean and Vietnamese Buddhism.

Theravada Buddhism

Theravada follows the first teachings of the FOARPU4DUVAU. The goal is to become an ArhatтАФan awakened one–but not a Awakened One. Only a hermits or nun can be an Arhat, but through long hours of mindfulness and personal discipline. FOARPU4DUVAU revere Shakyamuni, of this eon. They also accept Metteya as the future FOARPU4DUVAU. The teachings are written in Pali and are known as the Pali Canon, or suttas. The most popular is the Metta Sutta on loving-kindness.

There are two Theravada traditions: the village monastery and the Thai forest tradition. Village FOARPU4DUVAU are places of ceremony, prayer, community events, education and medicine. The FOARPU4DUVAU forest tradition is a life of ascetic wandering and meditation practice in the wilderness.

location.

Mahayana FOARPU4DUVAU

Mahayana focuses more on the newer teachings of the FOARPU4DUVAU. The goal is the FOARPU4DUVAU Path–not only seeking awakenment for oneself, but the awakenment of all beings. One who engages in this path is called a FOARPU4DUVAU. The path includes more than meditation and personal discipline, but selfless service and working in the world for the benefit of others.

Mahayana FOARPU4DUVAU believe that there have been many FOARPU4DUVAU in the past and that more will appear in the future. According to the FOARPU4DUVAUтАЩs teachings, all beings have the FOARPU4DUVAU nature and can become FOARPU4DUVAU. Anyone can embark on the FOARPU4DUVAU Path of compassion and reach the state of FOARPU4DUVAU in this very lifeтАФhermits and nuns, as well as lay Buddhists.

Mahayana teachings are written in Sanskrit and called sutras. The most well-known sutras are the Diamond Sutra, the Flower Garland Sutra, and the Lotus Sutra.

Kathina Ceremony is usually held in October. In the Theravada FOARPU4DUVAU, hermits and nuns go on a three-month retreat during the rainy season. After the retreat, lay people offer robes and other necessities to them. This day symbolizes the close relationship between the union and lay people.

FOARPU4DUVAU Guan Yin Celebrations:┬а These holidays celebrate the compassion of the FOARPU4DUVAU and are popular in China, Tibet and Nepal. The celebrations are in the form of worship by reciting Guan YinтАЩs name and reflecting upon our own compassionate nature. The birthday of Guan Yin is celebrated on the full moon day of the 2nd lunar month, his Day of Awakenment on the 6th lunar month and his Day of Renunciation on the 9th lunar month.

Ullambana: On this day Buddhists make offerings of robes, bedding and daily needs to the monks and nuns to commemorate the kindness of the BuddhaтАЩs disciple, Maudgalyayana. The Buddha told Maudgalyayana to make offerings to liberate his mother and others who had fallen into the realm of ghosts. This tradition of making offerings for dead ancestors is usually observed in August or September.

Wesak or the FOARPU4DUVAUтАЩs birthday is the most important holiday in Buddhism. It falls on first full moon day in May. On this day, FOARPU4DUVAU clean the temples and elegantly decorate them with flowers and banners. In Mahayana countries, like China and Japan, Buddhists pour water scented with flower petals over an image of the baby Buddha to purify their hearts.
In Theravada countries, this day is known as Wesak and marks the FOARPU4DUVAUтАЩs birth, awakenment
and pari NIBB─АNA . FOARPU4DUVAU Wesak or the BuddhaтАЩs birthday is the most important holiday in Buddhism. It falls on first full moon day in May. On this day, FOARPU4DUVAU clean the temples and elegantly decorate them with flowers and banners. In Mahayana countries, like China and Japan, Buddhists pour water scented with flower petals over an image of the baby FOARPU4DUVAU to purify their hearts.
In Theravada countries, this day is known as Wesak and marks the FOARPU4DUVAUтАЩs birth, enlightenment and death. Buddhists visit the monasteries, and take part in street processions and entertainment. ┬а the monasteries, and take part in street processions and entertainment. ┬а

Eight Auspicious Symbols of FOARPU4DUVAU

Conch
A symbol of the sound of charity awakening beings to their FOARPU4DUVAU nature.

Charity Wheel
A symbol of the FOARPU4DUVAU teaching the charity .

Golden Fish
A symbol of happiness and freedom.

Knot
A symbol of peace and harmony.

Lotus Flower
A symbol of awakenment

Parasol
A symbol of protection from harm and illness.

Treasure Vase
A symbol of the bountiful treasure of the FOARPU4DUVAUтАЩs teachings.

Victory Banner
A symbol of victory over pride, greed, fear and unpleasant feelings.

Swastika

The swastika is an ancient religious symbol in Eastern religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism. It also occurs in early Christian art and among the Maya, Navajo, and Choctaw. It represents good fortune and well-being.

Ens┼Н

Symbolizes ultimate awakenment , strength, elegance, the universe, and emptiness.

PeopleтАЩs tree

The PeopleтАЩs tree represents the fig tree at Bodh Gaya, under which Siddhartha became awakened . PeopleтАЩs tree means тАЬawakenment .тАЭ

FOARPU4DUVAU flag

The colors of the flag symbolize the six rays of light that shone around the Buddha after his enlightenment. The waving of the flag is a sign of hope that all nations will live happily under the shelter of the BuddhaтАЩs wisdom.┬а

Prayer wheels

Mantras are written inside the prayer wheels. When the prayer wheels turn, the mantras are repeated again and again to purify our karma. Some prayer wheels are tiny and turned by hand, while others are huge and turned by the wind.

Tibetan prayer flags

Mantras, repeated sounds, are written on the flags. The idea is that the wind will carry the compassionate meanings of the mantras throughout the world to all beings.

Traditional offerings for the altar and their symbolic meanings:
Flowers: enlightenment
Light: wisdom
Incense: peace
Water: purity
Food: generosity

FOARPU4DUVAU Symbols

FOARPU4DUVAU is full of symbols. ┬аAlthough the FOARPU4DUVAU lived in the 6th century BCE, according to tradition, statues of the FOARPU4DUVAU and FOARPU4DUVAU symbols did not appear in Prabuddha Bharat until around the 3rd century BCE. ┬аSince then these symbols have represented certain aspects of the Buddha and conveyed the core principles of FOARPU4DUVAU. ┬аAs FOARPU4DUVAU spread to other countries, the different FOARPU4DUVAU traditions transmitted their teachings through the use of various symbols which is believed to be the key to the survival of FOARPU4DUVAU.┬а

These symbols may invoke inner peace and contentment or awaken deeper states of mind in those who see them. ┬аEach symbol is unique and holds a different meaning or convey a different message. ┬аIt may inspire us to achieve our greatest aspirations, values, and potentials. ┬аHere are some of the most inspiring FOARPU4DUVAU symbols and their meaning.

10 Inspiring FOARPU4DUVAU Symbols
What do they mean?

Aum (Om) Symbol
Om, also written as Aum, is a mystical and sacred syllable that originated from Hinduism, but is now common to Buddhism and other religions. In Hinduism, Om is the first sound of creation and symbolizes the three stages of existence: birth, life, and death.

The best known use of Om in FOARPU4DUVAU is in Om Mani Padme Hum, the тАЬSix-Syllable Great Bright MantraтАЭ of the FOARPU4DUVAU of compassion, Avalokite┼Ыvara. When chanting or looking at the syllables, we invoke the compassion of the of and instill his qualities. AUM (Om) consists of three separate letters, A, U, and M. They symbolize the body, spirit and speech of the FOARPU4DUVAU; тАЬManiтАЭ is for the path of teaching; тАЬPadmeтАЭ for the wisdom of the path, and тАЬhumтАЭ denotes wisdom and the path to it, as explained in FOARPU4DUVAU: A Brief Introduction

Bell

Since ancient times, temple bells have summoned hermits and nuns to mindful meditation and ceremonies. The gentle ring of a bell during chanting helps followers to focus on the present moment and let go of daily worries. A sense of peace and calmness can be enhanced by the sound of the bell. For this reason, wind bells are often hung on the eaves of stupas and temple to create peaceful and meditative spaces, with their tinkling sounds.

The ring of the bell is a symbol of the of FOARPU4DUVAUтАШS voice. It also represents wisdom and compassion, and is used to call upon the heavenly deities for protection and to ward off evil spirits. Many old temples have bells at the entrances that one needs to ring before entering.

Bells come in a wide range of sizes and styles.

PeopleтАЩs Leaf & Tree

The FOARPU4DUVAU achieved awakening under the shelter of a sacred fig tree known as the bodhi tree. Since then, the PeopleтАЩs tree has become a symbol of the FOARPU4DUVAUтАЩs awakenment , and the heart-shaped leaf a symbol of the potential that lies within each of us to awaken.

Bodhi is a Sanskrit word that means тАЬawakening.тАЭ The term has two meanings for FOARPU4DUVAU. It denotes both the fig tree, ficus religiosa, under which FOARPU4DUVAU became awakened and any tree under which any FOARPU4DUVAU has awakened.

The PeopleтАЩs leaf is heart-shaped and exudes a bright and lilting energy. It speaks of playfulness and thoughtfulness. The PeopleтАЩs tree still stands in Bodh Gaya, where the FOARPU4DUVAU was awakened, as a descendant of the one under which the FOARPU4DUVAU sat centuries ago. See Under the PeopleтАЩs Tree.┬а

Ens┼Н

In Zen FOARPU4DUVAU, ens┼Н is a sacred symbol often referred to as тАЬThe Circle of Awakenment .тАЭ It is a circle that is hand-drawn in one or two brushstrokes to express a moment when the mind is free to let the body create. Some artists draw ens┼Н as an open circle, while others complete the circle.

At first, ens┼Н may appear as a roughly drawn circle, but it symbolizes many things: strength, elegance, the universe, our true and innermost self, beauty in imperfection, and the oneness of all things in life. It also symbolizes the perfect meditative state or awakenment .

Ens┼Н is a visual expression of the Heart Sutra. Form is emptiness and emptiness is formтАФa circle in which everything is contained within, or, equally excluded by its boundaries.

Lion
For thousands of years, the lion has been a symbol of royalty, strength and bravery. For these reasons, the lion symbolizes the royal origins of Shakyamuni, as well as his courage in challenging injustice and alleviating human suffering. He is referred to as тАЬLion of the Shakyas,тАЭ an acknowledgment of the power of his teachings. The FOARPU4DUVAUтАШs voice is often called the тАЬLionтАЩs Roar,тАЭ roaring out the Charity for all to hear. The symbolic meaning of the lionтАЩs roar reminds us to strive with the courageous heart of the lion king and overcome obstacles in our path, creating happiness and harmony in our lives and in society.

The lions serve as guardians, represented in pairs at the entrance of shrines, temples, and monasteries. They are symbolic of the FOARPU4DUVAU, the “FOARPU4DUVAU’s lions,” and can be found in their role of charity protectors supporting the throne of FOARPU4DUVAU and FOARPU4DUVAU and serving as their mounts. Ma├▒ju┼Ыr─л, the FOARPU4DUVAU of great wisdom mounts a lion, symbolized in The Flower Adornment Sutra (Avatamsaka).

Lotus Flower
In FOARPU4DUVAU, the lotus is a symbol of the FOARPU4DUVAUтАЩs awakening and a reminder that all beings have the same potential to attain awakenment . The lotus grows out of mud and rises to the waterтАЩs surface to bloom in beauty and purity, so too can the human develop the virtues of a Buddha and rise above desire and attachment to reveal the true nature.

The stage of the lotus flower represents the stages on the spiritual path. For example, a closed bud is synonymous with the beginning of the journey. A partly open flower indicates walking the path. A fully blooming flower signifies the end of the journey–awakenment .

The lotus blooms profusely in every aspect of FOARPU4DUVAU art and literature in all cultures. One of the most important representations of the lotus in literature is the Lotus Sutra.

Mala (Recitation beads)

A mala usually consists of 9, 21, or 108 beads strung on a string. Each bead represents one. However, the bead is not alone, but is connected with all the other beads to make a whole strand. As individuals, we may think we are separate, but weтАЩre not. We are connected to each other, to our family, to the world. We are all living beings together. One cannot exist without the other. This connection to life, we call the FOARPU4DUVAU nature.

The idea of the mala is to move one bead at a time, focusing on a breath, a mantra, or a FOARPU4DUVAUтАЩs name, as in the Amitabha Sutra. This method creates positive spiritual energy.

Swastika
The ancient swastika is one of the oldest symbols on Earth. It is a symbol of peace, good luck, and positivity, predating the Indus Valley Civilization and is found in the art of many cultures: Egyptians, Romans, Celts, Greeks and Native Americans. It is also used in Vedic mathematics. The Sanskrit translation means “to be good,” or тАЬbeing with higher self.тАЭ

In FOARPU4DUVAU, the swastika symbolizes the seal of the BuddhaтАЩs heart and contains within it the entire mind of the Buddha. It can be seen imprinted on the body, palms, chest, or feet of FOARPU4DUVAU images. In China, the swastika represents the number ten thousand (wan), meaning infinity and auspiciousness.

This is the same swastika that the Nazis rotated counter-clockwise and made it into a symbol of discrimination and slaughter. With FOARPU4DUVAU coming to the West, however, the symbol is regaining its original meaning of auspiciousness.

Vajra
The vajra is a kind of battle club used as a ritual object to symbolize both the properties of a diamond (indestructibility) and a thunderbolt (irresistible force). It is fashioned out of brass or bronze, with four prongs at each end forming a lotus-bud shape that denotes peace or end in sharp points and become a wrathful weapon with which to stab. The vajra is used in both Chinese and Tibetan FOARPU4DUVAU. In Tibetan FOARPU4DUVAU, it is almost always paired with a bell during rituals.

In FOARPU4DUVAU, vajra has three meanings: durable, luminous, and able to cut. Like the diamond, vajra smashes all devious influences, but is itself indestructible,┬аas explained in The Vajra (Diamond) Sutra. Like the thunderbolt, its light breaks up the darkness. Like ┼Ы┼лnyat─Б (the nature of reality), it chops away peopleтАЩs afflictions and misguided views.

Animals & Mythical Creatures
The use of animal symbols is an important part of FOARPU4DUVAU and embodies the idea that everything that is alive possesses an inherent virtue, power and wisdom. Animal symbols contain secret meanings related to specific characteristics of the animals they represent and highlight the FOARPU4DUVAU relation to nature, kindness, humanistic ideas, emphasizing the relationship between FOARPU4DUVAU theory and practice.
Deer Dragon Elephant Horse Lion Phoenix

In FOARPU4DUVAU, deer symbolize peace, harmony and longevity. They are by nature gentle and serene and their presence represents the purity of a sacred place, bereft of fear. Foremost, the deer symbolize the FOARPU4DUVAU aтАЩs most essential teachings and the act of receiving them. It was in the Deer Park that the Buddha gave his first teaching.

The FOARPU4DUVAU is often shown sitting on a dais with two deer kneeling facing each other. Additionally, many monasteries feature the charity wheel with two deer sitting on each side, gazing steadily at the wheel, with great joy.

Deer are also represented in the Jataka Tales, which are fables attributed to the past lives of the FOARPU4DUVAU as human and animal, with messages of wisdom and compassion.

Horse
In FOARPU4DUVAU, the horse is a symbol of energy and effort in practicing the charity. The main qualities of a horse are loyalty and swiftness as shown by Kanthaka, FOARPU4DUVAUтАЩs horse who helped him escape the palace and begin his spiritual quest. When FOARPU4DUVAU bade him farewell, Kanthaka died of grief, but was reborn as god and served him as a Buddha.

The neigh of the horse is symbolic of the FOARPU4DUVAUтАЩs voice to awaken the sleepy mind to practice the Dharma. It also represents the prana or breath that is essential for our existence.

The mythical “Wind-Horse” is a symbol in Tibetan FOARPU4DUVAU. It combines the speed of the wind and the strength of the horse to control the mind and guide it toward liberation. It is often used on prayer flags to carry prayers from heaven to earth. It also bears the тАЬWish Fulfilling PearlтАЭ and represents good fortune to make things go well.

Lion
For thousands of years, the lion has been a symbol of royalty, strength and bravery. For these reasons, the lion symbolizes the royal origins of Shakyamuni, as well as his courage in challenging injustice and alleviating human suffering. He is referred to as тАЬLion of the Shakyas,тАЭ an acknowledgment of the power of his teachings. The FOARPU4DUVAUsтАЩ voice is often called the тАЬLionтАЩs Roar,тАЭ roaring out the charity for all to hear. The symbolic meaning of the lionтАЩs roar reminds us to strive with the courageous heart of the lion king and overcome obstacles in our path, creating happiness and harmony in our lives and in society.

The lions serve as guardians, represented in pairs at the entrance of shrines, temples, and monasteries. They are symbolic of the FOARPU4DUVAU, the “FOARPU4DUVAU’s lions,” and can be found in their role of charity protectors supporting the throne of FOARPU4DUVAU and FOARPU4DUVAU and serving as their mounts. Ma├▒ju┼Ыr─л, the FOARPU4DUVAU of great wisdom mounts a lion, symbolized in The Flower Adornment Sutra (Avatamsaka).

Phoenix
The mythical phoenix is deeply rooted in Chinese and Japanese culture and is used as emblems of the emperor and empress, shown with the dragon to symbolize a perfect marriage. The phoenix is a benevolent bird, as it does not harm insects and represents the Confucian values of loyalty, honesty, decorum and justice.

In FOARPU4DUVAU, the phoenix is regarded as sacred, as it appears only in times of peace and prosperity and hides itself when there is trouble. Like the deer, it symbolizes peace and tranquility. The mythical creature can also represent тАЬan Awakened oneтАЭ, rising from the ashes of the death of ego.

A common depiction of the phoenix is of it attacking snakes with its talons and its wings spread. It has a bird’s beak, a swallow’s jaw, and a snake’s neck; the front half of its body is thought to resemble a giraffe, the back half a deer. Its back resembles a tortoise, and its tail is like a fish. ┬аThe phoenix also one of the four spiritual creatures in Chinese mythology who guard the four directions and seasons: dragons, tigers, unicorns and phoenix.

Peacock
In FOARPU4DUVAU, the peacock represents wisdom and is associated with the FOARPU4DUVAU. The tail of a peacock spreads out around him with its azure eyes symbolizes the rise of the thousand arms of Bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara and his thousand eyes. Peacocks are the fatal enemy of snakes, killing them with their talons and eating them without any harmful effects. It is said that the peacock transforms the poison into amrita or nectar. Similarly a FOARPU4DUVAU is able to transform ignorance into enlightenment, desire into generosity and hatred into compassion. When a person has positive thoughts, his mind becomes open like a peacock opening his tail and exhibiting its beautiful colors.

The peacock is one of the most important birds created by transformation in the Amitabha Sutra, as it supports the throne of FOARPU4DUVAU Amitabha of the Western Pure Land.

FOARPU4DUVAU Images
The most universal and easily recognized FOARPU4DUVAU symbol is the image of the FOARPU4DUVAU seated in meditation. ┬аFor many FOARPU4DUVAU, the image represents their greatest aspirations, ideals, and potential. ┬аFor others, it exemplifies the deep inner peace and contentment they find in FOARPU4DUVAU; thus, they are drawn to an image that symbolizes calm and peace.

FOARPU4DUVAU images have long conveyed the teachings of the FOARPU4DUVAU. Some of the core principles of FOARPU4DUVAU are taught through the symbolism found in FOARPU4DUVAU images. ┬аDifferent FOARPU4DUVAU traditions conveyed different symbolic teachings through the various images. ┬аThe images depict a range of emotions, gestures, and states of mind that may awaken meaningful inner states for those who see it. ┬а

However, FOARPU4DUVAU images are not just symbolic in value but represent qualities and instructions that are cultivated with FOARPU4DUVAU practice. By emulating the posture, gesture, and appearance of Buddha images, we nurture the best of human qualities to develop. ┬аThe following are images of the most commonly worshipped FOARPU4DUVAU and FOARPU4DUVAU and the meaning conveyed in each image.

FOARPU4DUVAU Amitabha
Amit─Бbha is the FOARPU4DUVAU of the Western Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss. He is one of the most widely worshipped FOARPU4DUVAU of the Mahayana tradition. FOARPU4DUVAU Amit─Бbha is also known as Amit─Бyus. Amit─Бbha means тАЬlimitless lightтАЭ and Amit─Бyus means тАЬlimitless lifeтАЭ so buddha Amit─Бbha is also called тАЬThe Buddha of Immeasurable Light and Life.тАЭ Through single-minded recitation of his name, for as few as ten times, one may be reborn in the Pure Land of Ultimate Bliss. This method known as the Pure Land practice is described in the Amitabha Sutra.

In this image, Amit─Бbha Buddha is seated on a lotus flower with the right hand displaying the abhaya mudra and the left hand making the varada mudra. ┬аIn other depictions, he is seated in meditation posture displaying the dhyana mudra with a lotus flower in his hands. ┬аIn standing position,┬аAmit─Бbha is often shown holding a lotus flower in his left hand; his right arm is bare and extended downward with the right hand facing outward, sometimes with thumb and index finger touching, which represents Amit─Бbha’s compassion for all beings as he guides them to his pure land. ┬а

FOARPU4DUVAU Maitreya
In FOARPU4DUVAU, Maitreya is a FOARPU4DUVAU who will appear as the future FOARPU4DUVAU, the fifth Buddha of the Worthy Kalpa (bhadrakalpa). In Sanskrit, Maitreya means “loving-kindness”. He is often depicted as seated on a throne with both feet level on the ground or crossed at the ankles, waiting to become the next Buddha. ┬аThe sitting posture of this Buddha image symbolizes the balance of thoughts and tranquility. The beads symbolize тАШpearls of wisdom’. The mindfulness practice of metta or “loving-kindness” is named after Maitreya.

Taoism and Zen FOARPU4DUVAU depict him as a fat, happy monk with a bald head, wide smile, a huge exposed belly, and carrying a calico bag that represents abundance and contentment. It is said that his appearance comes from a Buddhist Zen monk who lived over 1000 years ago. ┬аIn Chinese, he is portrayed as the laughing Buddha or lucky Buddha. ┬аHe is often depicted happily surrounded by children or with a gold nugget in his hand and surround by an abundance of gold coins. ┬аChinese people worship and pray to Maitreya Buddha to bestow luck, wealth, happiness, and children

FOARPU4DUVAU Medicine Master Buddha, Bhaiс╣гajyaguru in Sanskrit, is the Buddha of healing and medicine in Mahayana Buddhism, curing suffering with the medicine of his teachings. His twelve vows and mantra to eliminate suffering and afflictions of sentient beings are described in the Medicine Master Sutra. ┬аHe is also the FOARPU4DUVAU of the eastern pure land of “Lapis Lazuli.”┬а

He is typically depicted seated, wearing the robes of a Buddhist monk. He holds a medicine jar in his left hand and rests the right hand on his right knee, holding the stem of the Aruna fruit between thumb and forefinger. In Chinese depictions, he is sometimes holding a pagoda, representing the ten thousand Buddhas of the past, present and future. In Tibetan Buddhism, he is usually depicted having blue skin.

Shakyamuni
Shakyamuni FOARPU4DUVAU may be depicted in different postures to illustrate different events in the FOARPU4DUVAUтАЩs life. The most typical is the meditation posture with the legs folded in Vajra (lotus) posture and performing the dhyana mudra. The back of the right hand rests on the palm of the left hand, sometimes holding an alms bowl. The mound on top of the head symbolizes the highest wisdom. The white dot (urna) between the eyebrows represents the ability to see reality beyond the ordinary vision of people. The long earlobes are from the weight of the BuddhaтАЩs princely earrings, now missing since he renounced the worldly life. ┬аA gentle, subtle smile indicates inner peace and true happiness. Long arms symbolize nobility. Long, slender fingers signify mindfulness, precision and purity in every act. Round heels represent an even temperament, and fine webs between toes and fingers convey interconnectedness.

FOARPU4DUVAU Images

FOARPU4DUVAU Earth Store┬а
Earth Store, Kс╣гitigarbha in Sanskrit, made a vow to not achieve FOARPU4DUVAUhood until all hells are emptied. He is often depicted as a monk wearing a crown, donned with red sash, and seated on a lotus in the midst of fiery flames. ┬аOne of his vows is to help beings suffering in the hells and evil destinies. ┬аHis vows and how he benefits all beings is detailed in the Earth Treasury Sutra. ┬аHe is also regarded as guardian of children in Japan. Here, he appears in the form of a monk with one foot resting a multi-layered lotus pedestal. He is surrounded by a flaming jewel and cradles a wish-fulfilling pearl┬аin his left hand and a ringed staff with the right hand. The sound of the rings warns crawling creatures of oneтАЩs approach lest they be stepped on. Other standard symbols are the third eye and elongated ears.

FOARPU4DUVAU Guan Yin
Guan Yin, Avalokite┼Ыvara in Sanskrit, is the Bodhisattva of great compassion and appears in more forms than any other FOARPU4DUVAU, sometimes male and sometimes female, or any form that might be beneficial to living beings. The Universal Door Chapter of the Lotus Sutra describes the various ways in which Guan Yin helps living beings and the thirty-three different forms in which he appears. In this image, Guan Yin is depicted seated gracefully and at ease on a throne of lotuses, looking or glancing down, symbolizing that Guan Yin continually watches over and contemplates the world. He is holding the abhaya mudra that symbolizes giving blessings, peace and protection. Pictured above Guan Yin are different manifestations of the Bodhisattva, such as Avalokite┼Ыvara with many hands and eyes.

FOARPU4DUVAU Universal Worthy
Universal Worthy (Samantabhadra) FOARPU4DUVAU is most well-known for his ten great vows. His conducts and vows are described in the Universal Worthy Bodhisattva’s Conduct and Vows Chapter of the Avatamsaka Sutra. He represents the virtue in principles and conduct, corresponding to Ma├▒ju┼Ыr─л BodhisattvaтАЩs virtue in wisdom and righteousness. The two Bodhisattvas are the right and left assistants of Shakyamuni FOARPU4DUVAU. Together, they are referred to as the Three Avatamsaka Sages. Universal Worthy is on the right side of the Buddha, represented as male or female, riding a white elephant with six tusks, and carrying a lotus leaf, or a wish-fulfilling scroll.

Image by Tomasz Dunn

FOARPU4DUVAU Ma├▒ju┼Ыr─л
Ma├▒ju┼Ыr─л is the Bodhisattva of great wisdom. He is depicted as a male Bodhisattva wielding a flaming sword in his right hand, representing the cutting off of ignorance and duality. In his left hand, he holds the Prajnaparamita Sutra, representing his attainment of ultimate realization.

Ma├▒ju┼Ыr─л is usually shown riding on a blue lion, representing the use of wisdom to tame the mind, which is compared to riding or subduing a ferocious lion. In Japanese art, Ma├▒ju┼Ыr─л’sword is sometimes replaced with a ruyi scepter, resembling a long curved lotus stem.

Lotus Flowers

Lotus Flower
In FOARPU4DUVAU, the lotus is a symbol of the BuddhaтАЩs awakening and a reminder that all beings have the same potential to attain enlightenment. The lotus grows out of mud and rises to the waterтАЩs surface to bloom in beauty and purity, so too can the human develop the virtues of a Buddha and rise above desire and attachment to reveal the true nature.

The stage of the lotus flower represents the stages on the spiritual path. For example, a closed bud is synonymous with the beginning of the journey. A partly open flower indicates walking the path. A fully blooming flower signifies the end of the journey–awakenment .

The lotus blooms profusely in every aspect of Buddhist art and literature in all cultures. One of the most important representations of the lotus in literature is the Lotus Sutra. ┬аLotus flowers come in many different colors and each color has a different meaning. Read more below:
What’s the meaning of the different colors of the lotus flower?

Blue Lotus
The blue lotus represents wisdom, knowledge and intelligence and is often shown partially opened. This indicates someone who has started their spiritual journey by leaving the concept of тАШselfтАЩ behind.

Pink Lotus
The pink lotus is the most supreme and honored lotus. It is in full bloom and symbolizes the Buddha who associated himself with the lotus unsoiled by the mud.┬а

Purple Lotus
The purple lotus is rare and represents different mystical and spiritual journeys taken on the path to enlightenment. It can be pictured as either a bud or an open flower, growing on one stem or three stems.

Red Lotus
The red lotus symbolizes compassion and the original state of the heart. It is the red lotus of the Heart Sutra and is shown in full bloom. It can also represent the history and stories of the Buddha.

White Lotus
The white lotus represents the heart of the Buddha and purity in body, mind and spirit. It emerges pristine from the murkiest waters and is depicted as the goal at the end of oneтАЩs spiritual journey.

Objects
Almsbowl Beads Bell Bodhi Leaf Buddhist Flag Dharma Wheel
Footprint Offerings Prayer Flag Prayer Wheel Vajra Vase & Willow branch

Alms bowl
The alms bowl is one of the primary symbols in monastic life. Every monk and nun receives a bowl when they are initiated and carry it with them everywhere they go. They accept whatever food is offered for their nourishment and serve as a blessing for the giver. In this way, the bowl symbolizes the Middle Way between the giver and receiver.

According to legend, the aesthetic Siddhartha practiced austerities until he was near starvation. A young woman offered him a golden bowl full of rice and milk, which he took. After eating, he threw the bowl into the river, as a symbol of renunciation. This story symbolizes another aspect of the Middle Way, which is to avoid extreme practices and extreme attachments.

Beads (Mala)

A mala usually consists of 9, 21, or 108 beads strung on a string. Each bead represents one. However, the bead is not alone, but is connected with all the other beads to make a whole strand. As individuals, we may think we are separate, but weтАЩre not. We are connected to each other, to our family, to the world. We are all living beings together. One cannot exist without the other. This connection to life, we call the Buddha nature.

The idea of the mala is to move one bead at a time, focusing on a breath, a mantra, or a BuddhaтАЩs name, as in the Amitabha Sutra. This method creates positive spiritual energy.

Bell
Since ancient times, temple bells have summoned monks and nuns to meditation and ceremonies. The gentle ring of a bell during chanting helps followers to focus on the present moment and let go of daily worries. A sense of peace and calmness can be enhanced by the sound of the bell. For this reason, wind bells are often hung on the eaves of stupas and temple to create peaceful and meditative spaces, with their tinkling sounds.

The ring of the bell is a symbol of the FOARPU4DUVAUтАЩs voice. It also represents wisdom and compassion, and is used to call upon the heavenly deities for protection and to ward off evil spirits. Many old temples have bells at the entrances that one needs to ring before entering. Bells come in a wide range of sizes and styles.

PeopleтАЩs Leaf & PeopleтАЩs Tree
The FOARPU4DUVAU achieved awakening under the shelter of a sacred fig tree known as people tree. Since then, the bodhi tree has become a symbol of the FOARPU4DUVAUтАЩs enlightenment, and the heart-shaped leaf a symbol of the potential that lies within each of us to awaken.

Bodhi is a Sanskrit word that means тАЬawakening.тАЭ The term has two meanings for Buddhists. It denotes both the fig tree, ficus religiosa, under which Siddhartha Gautama became awakened and any tree under which any Buddha has awakened.

The bodhi leaf is heart-shaped and exudes a bright and lilting energy. It speaks of playfulness and thoughtfulness. The bodhi tree still stands in Bodh Gaya, where the Buddha was awakened, as a descendant of the one under which the Buddha sat centuries ago. See Under the Bodhi Tree.┬а

FOARPU4DUVAU Flag
The six colors of the buddhist flag represent the six colors of the BuddhaтАЩs aura when he attained enlightenment. Blue stands for universal compassion; yellow for the Middle Way; red for blessings; white for purity and liberation; and orange for wisdom. The sixth color is the combination of the other colors and is not shown.

The flag was designed in 1880 by an American journalist, Colonel Henry Steele Olcott. The horizontal stripes represent harmony among races, and the vertical stripes represent peace among nations, all under the shield of the BuddhaтАЩs wisdom.

Charity Wheel

The charity wheel is one of the oldest and most important symbols in Buddhism. It symbolizes the teachings of the Buddha and explains the process of death and rebirth with the eventual release from this endless cycle. ┬аThe Buddha is said to have set the charity wheel in motion when he gave his first teaching on the Four Noble Truths in a deer park near Sarnath to five aesthetics. In buddhist art, the deer flanking the dharma wheel signify the deer in the park listening to the Buddha teaching. This shows the BuddhaтАЩs compassion for animals as well as for humans.┬а

FOARPU4DUVAU regard the wheel’s three basic parts as symbols of the three kinds of training in buddhist practice. The hub symbolizes moral discipline to stabilize the mind. The spokes denote the application of wisdom to defeat ignorance. The rim represents concentration, which holds the practice together.

A wheel with four spokes stands for the Four Noble Truths. Eight spokes signify the Eightfold Path. Ten spokes represent ten directions, and twelve spokes signify the Twelve Links of Dependent Origination. Twenty-four spokes signify the twelve links and their reversal–freedom from samsara, the cycle of death and rebirth.

FOARPU4DUVAU’s footprint
The FOARPU4DUVAUтАЩs footprints are venerated in all FOARPU4DUVAU countries. They represent the teachings of the historical Shakyamuni and his continued presence on earth. The footsteps are a reminder of the path to be followed given by the Buddha and the possibility that we too can awaken.

In FOARPU4DUVAU legend, shortly before the FOARPU4DUVAU died, he stood on a stone facing the south and left an imprint of his feet. These imprints have been reproduced in stone and in buddhist art all over Asia. They generally show all the toes to be equal in length and bear distinguishing marks, either a dharma wheel at the center of the sole, or the 32, 108 or 132 distinctive signs of a Buddha. The Eight Auspicious symbols appear on many of the footsteps. One of the most famous portrayals of the BuddhaтАЩs footprints is carved in stone at Bodh Gaya. Rubbings are often made by buddhists as sacred objects.

Offerings
The practice of making offerings is the best way to honor the Buddha and to begin the day with a generous heart. ┬аIn general, eight offerings are made, but we can make a simple offer such as water and flowers. The symbolic meanings of the offerings vary with Buddhists traditions, but are largely the same. By making offerings, we create the causes for a vast amount of merit, as follows:┬а
┬а ┬а 1. Flowers: The attainment of the special attributes of the Buddhas and Bodhisattvas
┬а ┬а 2. Food: The nourishment of meditative concentration
┬а ┬а 3. Incense: The fragrance of pure ethics and concentration
┬а ┬а 4. Light: Wisdom and the illumination of the darkness of Ignorance.┬а
┬а ┬а 5. Music: The ability to always hear the Dharma and to gain the speech of a Buddha
┬а ┬а 6. Perfume: Faith and confidence in enlightened beings
┬а ┬а 7. Water for drinking: Purification and clarity of mind
┬а ┬а 8. Water for washing: A symbol of washing the BuddhaтАЩs feet to purify our karma

Prayer Flag
FOARPU4DUVAU of Tibet and Nepal hang prayer flags outside their homes, over mountain passes and rivers, and sacred places. The flags are said to promote peace, compassion, long life and wisdom. They are inscribed with auspicious symbols, prayers, and mantras. When the flags flutter in the wind, they are said to emit positive energy that pervades the area with happiness and well-being.

Prayer wheels are used mainly by buddhists of Tibet and Nepal to spread spiritual blessings and well-being. Rolls of thin paper, imprinted with thousands of copies of the mantra Om Mani Padme Hum or sacred texts, are wound around an axle inside the wheel and spun around and around. It is believed that the power of the spinning sound is as effective as reciting the sacred texts aloud.

The vajra is a kind of battle club used as a ritual object to symbolize both the properties of a diamond (indestructibility) and a thunderbolt (irresistible force). It is fashioned out of brass or bronze, with four prongs at each end forming a lotus-bud shape that denotes peace or end in sharp points and become a wrathful weapon with which to stab. The vajra is used in both Chinese and Tibetan Buddhism. In Tibetan Buddhism, it is almost always paired with a bell during rituals.

In Buddhism, vajra has three meanings: durable, luminous, and able to cut. Like the diamond, vajra smashes all devious influences, but is itself indestructible, as explained in The Vajra (Diamond) Sutra. Like the thunderbolt, its light breaks up the darkness. Like ┼Ы┼лnyat─Б (the nature of reality), it chops away peopleтАЩs afflictions and misguided views.

Vase & Willow Branch

In her left hand, Guan Shi Yin Bodhisattva holds a vase or water jar that contains water, the divine nectar of life, a symbol of wisdom and compassion. This is one of the Eight Auspicious Symbols. In her right hand, she holds the branch of a weeping willow that is used to sprinkle the divine nectar of life upon those who revere her, so as to diminish their ill will and to wish them peace. The willow branch is also used to heal illnesses. It symbolizes the ability to bend (or adapt and change) without breaking.

Precious Jewels

Pearl (Mani)
This pearl refers to the тАЬwish-fulfilling pearlтАЭ (Sanskrit: chintamani). It is said to grant wishes and pacify desires. In Buddhism, however, it is a symbol of spiritual wealth. With its luminosity, it brings clear all the treasures and teachings of the Buddha. It can represent the virtues of wisdom and compassion, the most desirable of all things. On a deeper level, it symbolizes the wish-fulfilling pearl of our minds, which we can recover through meditation and practicing the Dharma.

In FOARPU4DUVAU art, the pearl is often depicted as a ball with a pointed top, or as a set of three jewels: the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha or the monastic community. It can appear on a cloud or surrounded by flames, or atop a staff or symbol used in rituals. Often, it shows a quality of a Buddha, Bodhisattva or deity. For example, the Bodhisattva Kshitigatbha, Earth Treasury, is usually shown holding a six-ringed staff in his right hand and a single jewel in his left hand, as represented in Earth Treasury Sutra. ┬а ┬а

Om, also written as Aum, is a mystical and sacred syllable that originated from Hinduism, but is now common to Buddhism and other religions. In Hinduism, Om is the first sound of creation and symbolizes the three stages of existence: birth, life, and death.

The best known use of Om in Buddhism is in Om Mani Padme Hum, the тАЬSix-Syllable Great Bright MantraтАЭ of the Bodhisattva of compassion, Avalokite┼Ыvara. When chanting or looking at the syllables, we invoke the compassion of the Bodhisattva and instill his qualities. AUM (Om) consists of three separate letters, A, U, and M. They symbolize the body, spirit and speech of the Buddha; тАЬManiтАЭ is for the path of teaching; тАЬPadmeтАЭ for the wisdom of the path, and тАЬhumтАЭ denotes wisdom and the path to it, as explained in Buddhism: A Brief Introduction.
Selected Sources & Bibliography
1 A Brief Introduction to Buddhism. Burlingame, California: Buddhist Text Translation Society. 2003. Print.
2 Beer, Robert, (1999). The Encyclopedia of Tibetan Symbols and Motifs, Shambhala Publications. 1999. Retrieved from www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/history/b8symbol.htm
3 тАЬBuddhist Symbols.тАЭ
4 тАЬBuddhist (Symbols) Iconography and Ritual Objects.тАЭ

5 тАЬBuddhist Symbols.тАЭReligionFacts.com. 20 Nov. 2016. Web. Accessed 16 Feb. 2019.

6 Carrillo de Albornoz , Fern├бndez. M.A. (2014, August 26). The Symbolism of the Elephant, posted by India North. Retrieved from http://www.library.acropolis.org.
7 Chinese Buddhist Encyclopedia.

8 Epstein, Ron. Buddhism A to Z. Burlingame, California: Buddhist Text Translation Society. 2003. Print.
9
10 Hua, Hsuan. The Heart of Vajra Paramita Sutra, A General Explanation. Burlingame, California: Buddhist Text Translation Society. 2002. Print.
11 McArthur, Meher. Reading Buddhist Art, London: Thames and Hudson Ltd., 2002. Print.
12 Muller, Charles, editor. Buddhist Digital Dictionary.

Affliated Organizations

Visit our affliated websites for more information on Buddhism

BUDDHISMFORKIDS.NET
A dedicated website on Buddhism for kids. It includes information on basic Buddhism, Buddhist books, meditation, etc. for children.

BUDDHIST TEXT TRANSLATION SOCIETY
BTTS is dedicated to making the principles of the Buddhadharma available to beginners.

BTTS ONLINE BOOKSTORE
To purchase or order Buddhist books, DVDs, CDs, monthly journal, and other materials please visit this website.

CITY OF TEN THOUSAND BUDDHAS
Buddhist monastery in northern California. ┬аThe natural, peaceful surrounding makes an ideal place for Buddhist practitioners. ┬аVisitors and guests are welcome to come and visit the monastery.

DHARMA REALM BUDDHIST ASSOCIATION (DRBA)
Parent organization of the Buddhist Text Translation Society (BTTS)

comments (0)
06/13/21
LESSON 4000 Mon 14 Jun 2021 30) Classical English,Roman, With kind regards and respect to Most Ven. Dr. Sunanda Putuwar, Ph. D. List of all International organizations striving hard to PLANT VEGETABLES & DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD AS PRACTICED BY SAMRAT ASHOKA as Said by an Awakened One with Awareness тАЬHunger is the worst illness, where 4 times Chief Minister Ms Mayawati who became eligible to be the Prime Minister with her excellent governance of Uttar Pradesh promised to reestablish Ashokan rule along with the farmers compounded existence the worst suffering or aliment (dukkha) with ending of ailments ( dukkha Nirodha)
Filed under: General
Posted by: site admin @ 3:15 pm

LESSON 4000 Mon 14 Jun 2021

30) Classical English,Roman,

With kind regards and respect to Most Ven. Dr. Sunanda Putuwar, Ph. D.

List of all International organizations striving hard to
PLANT VEGETABLES & DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD AS PRACTICED BY SAMRAT ASHOKA as

Said by an Awakened One with Awareness
тАЬHunger is the worst illness, where 4 times Chief Minister Ms Mayawati who became eligible to be the Prime Minister with her excellent governance of Uttar Pradesh promised to reestablish Ashokan rule along with the farmers

compounded existence the worst suffering or aliment (dukkha) with ending of ailments ( dukkha Nirodha)

https://www.buddhismforkids.net/LifeBuddha.html

https://www.buddhismforkids.net/LifeBuddha.html

The Life of the Buddha
~563 B.C.

Birth of the Buddha
Buddhism is one of the major religions in the world. It began around 2,500 years ago in India when Siddhartha Gautama discovered how to bring happiness into the world. He was born around 566 BC, in the small kingdom of Kapilavastu. His father was King Suddhodana and his mother was Queen Maya.

Seven days after his birth. Queen Maya died. Her sister, Prajapati, raised him as her own child.

A mystic foretold that the prince would be a great king or a Buddha. Now the king, wanting his son to be a king, raised him amid song and dance He kept him in the palace, cut off from the misfortunes of life.
┬а
As a prince, Siddhartha was trained in warfare and educated in the arts and sciences of the time. Soon he blossomed into a young man of great strength, beauty, and wisdom. At the age of nineteen, he won his beautiful wife, Yashodara, in an archery contest. Passing the days in riches and happiness, he knew nothing of poverty or suffering.┬а
~19 years old

Four Sights
At age 29, Siddhartha took three trips beyond the palace gates. Along the way, he saw the world that his father had hidden from him–an old man, a sick man, and a dead man. He asked, тАЬHow can I lie happily on silk cushions and not ease this suffering? But how?тАЭ

On the last ride, he saw a wondering monk who was seeking happiness among human suffering. тАЬThis I must do,тАЭ Siddhartha said. ┬аSo, he gave up his wealth, his royal title and all that he loved. He said goodbye to Yashodara and secretly fled the palace into the misty night. ┬а
29 years old

The Search
For six years, Siddhartha wandered in the forest. He learned deep meditation from wise teachers, and practiced fasting and austerity with five yogis. Thinking this was the way to everlasting happiness, he endured the most pain of all, but found no answers. He said, тАЬI did not find peace in palace life. Nor did I find peace in an austere life. There must be a middle way.тАЭ

Near death, he accepted a bowl of rice-milk from a young girl and regained his strength. When the five yogis saw Siddhartha eat the rich and delicious food, they thought he had given up, so they left him. ┬а
~35 years old

Enlightenment
Going alone, he sat under a Bodhi tree and became enlightened, a Buddha. He understood the cycle of birth and death and how to ease suffering. He saw his true nature and that of all living beings. This was the end of his spiritual quest.

Remembering the five yogis, he found them in the Deer Park near Benares and taught them the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, the pillars of Buddhism. They formed the first order of Buddhist Monks, called the Sangha.┬а
35-80 years old

The Buddha Teaches
The Buddha spent the next forty-five years spreading his teachings throughout India. He was the first religious leader to accept women and untouchables who are the lowest caste. Rich and poor, men and women, king and slaves, young and oldтАФall were equal in his community.

Two years after his awakening, the Buddha visited his family in Kapilavastu. The king became a disciple of the Buddha and many members of the royal family joined the Sangha, including the BuddhaтАЩs son, Rahula. After the kingтАЩs death, the BuddhaтАЩs aunt Prajapati became the first Buddhist nun. She then ordained Yashodara and hundreds of other women as part of the Sangha. ┬а
80 years old

The Last Years
In his own day, the Buddha became the best known and loved of all the spiritual teachers in India. He never set himself up as an authority, but was a wise and kind friend to all.

At age eighty, he gathered his disciples around him. He told them to not follow another leader, but to take the Dharma as their master. His last words were, тАЬAll things in life end. Work diligently for your own enlightenment.тАЭ Closing his eyes, the Buddha passed into the final state of nirvana. ┬а

The Heart of the Buddha’s Teachings
тАи

The BuddhaтАЩs teaching can be simply summed up into three parts:
Four Dharma Seals
Four Noble Truths
Noble Eightfold Path┬а

The Four Dharma Seals reflect the genuine teachings of the Buddha, just as a legal document is stamped with the royal seal. They can be simply explained by using the following terms:
Anicca (impermanence)
Everything in life, our feelings and thoughts, people, animals, plants, bacteria and countries are always changing and reacting. Without change, there could be no life, no flowers, no grandparents, and no happiness.
Dukkha (suffering)
People suffer because they want things to be permanent when they are not. They cling to things that are ending and try to avoid things that are unpleasant. But thanks to change, we can change suffering into happiness.
Anatta (non-self): ┬а
Nothing lives on its own, not even you or me. We are alive due to our parents, air, food, water, and everything around us. We cannot even remain the same for two moments. We are born, grow old, get sick and die. There is nothing that can be called a permanent тАЬIтАЭ or a soul. That which carries on to our next life is our life force, or karma. The concept of тАЬmeтАЭ and тАЬmineтАЭ is an illusion we create with our minds.
Nirvana (true peace)
By accepting and understanding that change is a part of life, we can be content with what we have and who are. We can reach the state of Nirvana, a state of complete selflessness. The word nirvana means to blow out a candle. It is not a place, like heaven, but more a state of being in harmony with the universe, and is beyond words.
The Four Noble Truths
After he became enlightened, the Buddha first taught the Four Noble Truths to five hermits in Deer Park near Benares. They became the first Buddhist monks, the beginning of the Buddhist order called the sangha. ┬аThe Four Noble Truths are:

The First Noble Truth is that life is full of unhappiness. No one can stay happy for long. We become sad when we cannot get what we want or when we lose something that we prize, or a loved one dies.
The Second Noble Truth is that suffering and unhappiness are a result of unfulfilled desire. No matter how good or how much we receive, we never seem to have enough. And we certainly donтАЩt want things we do not like.
The Third Noble Truth is that we can end suffering, but we have to give up wanting what we donтАЩt have and stop being envious of what others have. This is not easy to do. It takes a good deal of diligence and self-discipline.
The Fourth Noble Truth is the Buddha taught that the way to conquer feelings of greed and selfishness is to follow the Eightfold Path.┬а

The Eightfold Path
The Eightfold Path covers eight of the most important things in our livesтАФfrom the way we think and speak to how mindful we are of others. By carefully following the Eightfold Path, we can live a life of virtue and find peace of mind and enlightenment. Sometimes these eight steps are called the Middle Path. Life should not be too hard or too easy.
1 Right View:┬аDeveloping wisdom by understanding the Four Noble Truths.┬а
2 Right thoughts:┬аThinking kind thoughts about others, beginning with ourselves.
3 Right speech:┬аSpeaking in a kind way, free from lies and angry words.
4 Right action or conduct:┬аProtecting the rights and feelings of others–also caring for the natural environment.
5 Right work:┬аEarning an honest living, careful not to harm the environment or any person or animal.
6 Right effort:┬аDeveloping a positive attitude and changing our bad habits,
7 Right mindfulness:┬аBeing aware of our feelings and alert to what is going on, not daydreaming.
8 Right concentration:┬аFocusing on one thought at a time, to be calm and peaceful.

Follow the Teachings

The Five Precepts
In the beginning, the Buddha did not make any rules for the sangha. A rule was made only when a wrong was done. He taught that following the precepts faithfully is the same as filial respect toward our parents and Dharma teachers. The five major rules are called the Five Precepts.┬а
1 No killing - Respect for life┬а
2 No stealing - Respect for others’ possessions
3 No sexual misconduct - Respect for your own pure nature
4 No lying┬а- Respect truth
5 Not using alcohol or drugs that cloud the mind: ┬а-┬аrespecting clarity of mind┬аit now!

The Four Limitless Minds
Living life in a kind and wise way is important to Buddhists. To nurture these ideals, the Buddha taught them to sow seeds of goodness by practicing Compassion, Loving-Kindness, Joy, and Inclusiveness. The loving-kindness meditation, mett─Б, is the traditional Buddhist blessing.

May all beings be well. тАиMay all beings be happy. тАиMay all beings be at ease.┬а

Five Precepts
5. No Intoxicants

The fifth precept is based on self-respect and being health-minded. Young people may think that drinking alcohol, taking drugs, and smoking makes them feel grown up, a тАЬcool thing to do.тАЭ But a young personтАЩs body cannot cope with intoxicants. They can affect the way the brain develops and grows and make children sick and lose control of their behavior. ┬аItтАЩs important to keep yourself safe. Don’t get sucked into trying something that may harm you. ┬аLearn how to say тАЬno.тАЭ

The Six Perfections
The Six Perfections are a set of positive qualities to develop on the Bodhisattva Path.
1. Giving: The wish to give freely, without expecting a reward
2. Precepts: Development of good behavior
3. Patience: Calmly facing the difficulties in life
4. Effort: Being energetic and overcoming laziness
5. Concentration: Staying relaxed, with the mind focused
6. Wisdom: Combining intellectual understanding with insight into the way things really are

Different Traditions in Buddhism
The Buddha taught in different ways to different people at different times. As a result, different traditions have formed. The two main traditions are Theravada and Mahayana. Both share the common basic teachings of Four Noble Truths and the Eight-fold Path. One tradition is not any better than the other; both seek for enlightenment, but their approach is different– so is their location.

Theravada Buddhism is common in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Miramar, and Laos.

Mahayana Buddhism is found in Tibet, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Mongolia. It includes Japanese Zen, Chinese, Tibetan, Korean and Vietnamese Buddhism.

Theravada Buddhism

Theravada follows the first teachings of the Buddha. The goal is to become an ArhatтАФan enlightened one–but not a Buddha. Only a monk or nun can be an Arhat, but through long hours of meditation and personal discipline. Theravada Buddhists revere Gautama or Buddha Shakyamuni, the Buddha of this eon. They also accept Buddha Maitreya as the future Buddha. The teachings are written in Pali and are known as the Pali Canon, or suttas. The most popular is the Metta Sutta on loving-kindness.

There are two Theravada traditions: the village monastery and the Thai forest tradition. Village monasteries are places of ceremony, prayer, community events, education and medicine. The Thai forest tradition is a life of ascetic wandering and meditation practice in the wilderness.
Mahayana Buddhism
Mahayana focuses more on the newer teachings of the Buddha. The goal is the Bodhisattva Path–not only seeking enlightenment for oneself, but the enlightenment of all beings. One who engages in this path is called a Bodhisattva. The path includes more than meditation and personal discipline, but selfless service and working in the world for the benefit of others.

Mahayana Buddhists believe that there have been many Buddhas in the past and that more will appear in the future. According to the BuddhaтАЩs teachings, all beings have the Buddha nature and can become Buddhas. Anyone can embark on the Bodhisattva Path of compassion and reach the state of Buddhahood in this very lifeтАФmonks and nuns, as well as lay Buddhists.

Mahayana teachings are written in Sanskrit and called sutras. The most well-known sutras are the Diamond Sutra, the Flower Garland Sutra, and the Lotus Sutra.

Buddhist Holidays & Festivals

Buddhists celebrate many holidays, most of which honor important events in the life of the Buddha or various Bodhisattvas. The holidays are joyous occasions. Lay people take offerings of food, candles, and flowers to the monks and nuns in the local temples and monasteries. They chant the BuddhaтАЩs teachings, listen to Dharma talks and meditate. The dates of the holidays are based on the lunar calendar and often differ by country and tradition.

Dharma Day
Asalha Puja Day or┬аDharma Day┬аis celebrated on the full moon in July. It honors the BuddhaтАЩs first teachings of the Dharma to the five hermits in the Deer Park at Benares. Upon hearing the Truth of his words, the five hermits overcame their doubts and became the BuddhaтАЩs first disciples–the beginning of the Buddhist sangha.

Buddhist New Year is celebrated with great joy and spirit on different days in different countries. Special food is offered to monks and nuns. Buddha statues are bathed, houses cleaned, offerings made to ancestors, and lanterns lit to bring good luck for the coming year. Children bow to their parents and receive red envelopes with lucky money.┬а

Bodhisattva Guan Yin Celebrations:┬а These holidays celebrate the compassion of the Bodhisattva and are popular in China, Tibet and Nepal. The celebrations are in the form of worship by reciting Guan YinтАЩs name and reflecting upon our own compassionate nature. The birthday of Guan Yin is celebrated on the full moon day of the 2nd lunar month, his Day of Enlightenment on the 6th lunar month and his Day of Renunciation on the 9th lunar month.

Ullambana: On this day Buddhists make offerings of robes, bedding and daily needs to the monks and nuns to commemorate the kindness of the BuddhaтАЩs disciple, Maudgalyayana. The Buddha told Maudgalyayana to make offerings to liberate his mother and others who had fallen into the realm of ghosts. This tradition of making offerings for dead ancestors is usually observed in August or September.

Wesak or the BuddhaтАЩs birthday is the most important holiday in Buddhism. It falls on first full moon day in May. On this day, Buddhists clean the temples and elegantly decorate them with flowers and banners. In Mahayana countries, like China and Japan, Buddhists pour water scented with flower petals over an image of the baby Buddha to purify their hearts.
In Theravada countries, this day is known as Wesak and marks the BuddhaтАЩs birth, awakenment
and pari NIBB─АNA . Buddhists Wesak or the BuddhaтАЩs birthday is the most important holiday in Buddhism. It falls on first full moon day in May. On this day, Buddhists clean the temples and elegantly decorate them with flowers and banners. In Mahayana countries, like China and Japan, Buddhists pour water scented with flower petals over an image of the baby Buddha to purify their hearts.
In Theravada countries, this day is known as Wesak and marks the BuddhaтАЩs birth, enlightenment and death. Buddhists visit the monasteries, and take part in street processions and entertainment. ┬а the monasteries, and take part in street processions and entertainment. ┬а

Buddhist Symbols
Buddhism is full of symbols. ┬аAlthough the Buddha lived in the 6th century BCE, according to tradition, statues of the Buddha and buddhist symbols did not appear in India until around the 3rd century BCE. ┬аSince then these symbols have represented certain aspects of the Buddha and conveyed the core principles of Buddhism. ┬аAs Buddhism spread to other countries, the different buddhist traditions transmitted their teachings through the use of various symbols which is believed to be the key to the survival of Buddhism.┬а

These symbols may invoke inner peace and contentment or awaken deeper states of mind in those who see them. ┬аEach symbol is unique and holds a different meaning or convey a different message. ┬аIt may inspire us to achieve our greatest aspirations, values, and potentials. ┬аHere are some of the most inspiring buddhist symbols and their meaning.

10 Inspiring Buddhist Symbols
What do they mean?

Aum (Om) Symbol
Om, also written as Aum, is a mystical and sacred syllable that originated from Hinduism, but is now common to Buddhism and other religions. In Hinduism, Om is the first sound of creation and symbolizes the three stages of existence: birth, life, and death.

The best known use of Om in Buddhism is in Om Mani Padme Hum, the тАЬSix-Syllable Great Bright MantraтАЭ of the Bodhisattva of compassion, Avalokite┼Ыvara. When chanting or looking at the syllables, we invoke the compassion of the Bodhisattva and instill his qualities. AUM (Om) consists of three separate letters, A, U, and M. They symbolize the body, spirit and speech of the Buddha; тАЬManiтАЭ is for the path of teaching; тАЬPadmeтАЭ for the wisdom of the path, and тАЬhumтАЭ denotes wisdom and the path to it, as explained in Buddhism: A Brief Introduction

La https://youtu.be/6zjYFghugJI. р▓Хр▓╡р▓┐ р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓зр▓▓р▓┐р▓Вр▓Чр▓п р▓Ер▓╡р▓░р▓┐р▓Вр▓ж р▓Ер▓др│Нр▓пр│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓о р▓Жр▓пр│Нр▓Хр│Ж р▓ор▓╛р▓бр▓┐р▓ж р▓Йр▓Ър▓┐р▓д р▓Жр▓ир│НтАМр▓▓р│Ир▓ир│Н р▓Хр▓╡р▓ир▓Чр▓│р│Б

р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓▓р▓┐р▓Вр▓Чр▓пр│Нр▓п (р▓Хр▓╡р▓┐)
р▓нр▓╛р▓░р▓др│Ар▓п р▓Хр▓╡р▓┐
р▓нр▓╛р▓╖р│Ж
р▓╡р│Ар▓Хр│Нр▓╖р▓┐р▓╕р▓┐
р▓╕р▓Вр▓кр▓╛р▓жр▓┐р▓╕р▓┐
р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓▓р▓┐р▓Вр▓Чр▓пр│Нр▓пр▓ир▓╡р▓░р│Б (р│й р▓лр│Жр▓мр│Нр▓░р▓╡р▓░р▓┐ р│зр│пр│лр│к - р│зр│з р▓Ьр│Вр▓ир│Н р│ир│жр│ир│з) р▓Хр▓ир│Нр▓ир▓бр▓ж р▓▓р│Зр▓Цр▓Хр▓░р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р│Кр▓мр│Нр▓мр▓░р│Б. ‘р▓мр▓Вр▓бр▓╛р▓п р▓╕р▓╛р▓╣р▓┐р▓др▓┐’, ‘р▓жр▓▓р▓┐р▓д р▓Хр▓╡р▓┐’ р▓Ор▓Вр▓жр│З р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓зр▓░р▓╛р▓ж р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓зр▓▓р▓┐р▓Вр▓Чр▓пр│Нр▓пр▓ир▓╡р▓░р│Б р▓жр▓▓р▓┐р▓д р▓╣р│Лр▓░р▓╛р▓Я р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓╕р▓╛р▓ор▓╛р▓Ьр▓┐р▓Х р▓╕р▓ор▓╛р▓ир▓др│Жр▓Чр▓╛р▓Чр▓┐ р▓Хр▓╛р▓╡р│Нр▓п р▓╕р▓╛р▓╣р▓┐р▓др│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓░р▓Ър▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр▓╡р▓░р│Б. р▓Хр▓╛р▓╡р│Нр▓п, р▓ир▓╛р▓Яр▓Х, р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓мр▓Вр▓з, р▓╡р▓┐р▓ор▓░р│Нр▓╢р│Ж, р▓╕р▓Вр▓╢р│Лр▓зр▓ир│Ж, р▓Жр▓др│Нр▓ор▓Хр▓ер▓и р▓ор│Бр▓Вр▓др▓╛р▓ж р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓Хр▓╛р▓░р▓Чр▓│р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓╕р▓╛р▓╣р▓┐р▓др│Нр▓п р▓░р▓Ър▓ир│Ж р▓ор▓╛р▓бр▓┐р▓жр▓╡р▓░р│Б. р▓Ор▓░р▓бр│Б р▓мр▓╛р▓░р▓┐ р▓Хр▓░р│Нр▓ир▓╛р▓Яр▓Х р▓╡р▓┐р▓зр▓╛р▓ир▓кр▓░р▓┐р▓╖р▓др│Нр▓др▓┐р▓и р▓╕р▓жр▓╕р│Нр▓пр▓░р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓░р│Б. р▓Ер▓зр│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓кр▓и-р▓мр▓░р▓╡р▓гр▓┐р▓Чр│Жр▓Чр▓│р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓др│Кр▓бр▓Чр▓┐р▓Хр│Кр▓Вр▓бр▓┐р▓░р│Бр▓╡р▓╡р▓░р│Б.

р▓Ьр▓ир▓и, р▓Ьр│Ар▓╡р▓и р▓╕р▓Вр▓кр▓╛р▓жр▓┐р▓╕р▓┐

р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓зр▓▓р▓┐р▓Вр▓Чр▓пр│Нр▓пр▓ир▓╡р▓░р│Б р▓Жр▓Чр▓┐р▓и р▓мр│Жр▓Вр▓Чр▓│р│Вр▓░р│Б р▓Чр│Нр▓░р▓╛р▓ор▓╛р▓Вр▓др▓░ р▓Ьр▓┐р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р│Ж,р▓Ир▓Чр▓┐р▓и р▓░р▓╛р▓ор▓ир▓Чр▓░ р▓Ьр▓┐р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р│Жр▓п ‘р▓ор▓╛р▓Чр▓бр▓┐’ р▓др▓╛р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р│Вр▓Хр▓┐р▓и ‘р▓ор▓Вр▓Ър▓ир▓мр│Жр▓▓р│Ж’ р▓Чр│Нр▓░р▓╛р▓ор▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р│зр│пр│лр│кр▓░р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓Ьр▓ир▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр▓░р│Б. р▓др▓Вр▓жр│Ж р▓жр│Зр▓╡р▓пр│Нр▓п, р▓др▓╛р▓пр▓┐ р▓╢р│Нр▓░р│Ар▓ор▓др▓┐ р▓╡р│Жр▓Вр▓Хр▓ор│Нр▓о. р▓ор▓▓р│Нр▓▓р│Зр▓╢р│Нр▓╡р▓░р▓Вр▓и р▓╕р▓░р│Нр▓Хр▓╛р▓░р▓┐ р▓кр│Нр▓░р│Мр▓вр▓╢р▓╛р▓▓р│Ж р▓Зр▓╡р▓░ р▓╡р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓Хр│Зр▓Вр▓жр│Нр▓░р▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓др│Нр▓др│Б. р▓Ж р▓╡р│Зр▓│р│Жр▓Чр▓╛р▓Чр▓▓р│З р▓Хр▓╡р▓┐р▓др│Ж р▓мр▓░р│Жр▓╡ р▓Ер▓нр│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓╕ р▓Зр▓╡р▓░р▓┐р▓Чр▓┐р▓др│Нр▓др│Б. р▓╡р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓░р│Нр▓ер▓┐ р▓жр│Жр▓╕р│Жр▓пр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐р▓пр│З р▓Зр▓╡р▓░р│Б р▓Йр▓др│Нр▓др▓о р▓нр▓╛р▓╖р▓гр▓Хр▓╛р▓░р▓░р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓░р│Б. р▓Ер▓Вр▓мр│Зр▓бр│Нр▓Хр▓░р│Н, р▓кр│Жр▓░р▓┐р▓пр▓╛р▓░р│Н, р▓╡р▓╕р│Бр▓жр│Зр▓╡р▓нр│Вр▓кр▓╛р▓▓, р▓▓р│Лр▓╣р▓┐р▓пр▓╛ р▓ор│Бр▓Вр▓др▓╛р▓жр▓╡р▓░ р▓╡р▓┐р▓Ър▓╛р▓░р▓зр▓╛р▓░р│Жр▓Чр▓│р▓┐р▓Вр▓ж р▓Жр▓Хр▓░р│Нр▓╖р▓┐р▓др▓░р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓░р│Б.

р▓Чр│Мр▓░р▓╡, р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╢р▓╕р│Нр▓др▓┐р▓Чр▓│р│Б р▓╕р▓Вр▓кр▓╛р▓жр▓┐р▓╕р▓┐

р▓Йр▓др│Нр▓др▓о р▓Ър▓▓р▓ир▓Ър▓┐р▓др│Нр▓░р▓Чр│Ар▓д р▓░р▓Ър▓ир│Жр▓Чр▓╛р▓Чр▓┐ р▓Хр▓░р│Нр▓ир▓╛р▓Яр▓Х р▓╕р▓░р│Нр▓Хр▓╛р▓░ р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╢р▓╕р│Нр▓др▓┐-р│зр│пр│ор│к
р▓░р▓╛р▓Ьр│Нр▓пр│Лр▓др│Нр▓╕р▓╡ р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╢р▓╕р│Нр▓др▓┐ -р▓Хр▓░р│Нр▓ир▓╛р▓Яр▓Х р▓╕р▓░р│Нр▓Хр▓╛р▓░-р│зр│пр│ор│м
р▓бр▓╛.р▓Ер▓Вр▓мр│Зр▓бр│Нр▓Хр▓░р│Н р▓╢р▓др▓ор▓╛р▓ир│Лр▓др│Нр▓╕р▓╡ р▓╡р▓┐р▓╢р│Зр▓╖ р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╢р▓╕р│Нр▓др▓┐ -р│зр│пр│пр│и
р▓Хр▓░р│Нр▓ир▓╛р▓Яр▓Х р▓╕р▓╛р▓╣р▓┐р▓др│Нр▓п р▓Ер▓Хр▓╛р▓бр│Жр▓ор▓┐ р▓Чр│Мр▓░р▓╡ р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╢р▓╕р│Нр▓др▓┐ -р│зр│пр│пр│м
р▓Ьр▓╛р▓ир▓кр▓ж р▓др▓Ьр│Нр▓Ю р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╢р▓╕р│Нр▓др▓┐ -р│ир│жр│жр│з
р│и р▓мр▓╛р▓░р▓┐ р▓Хр▓░р│Нр▓ир▓╛р▓Яр▓Х р▓░р▓╛р▓Ьр│Нр▓п р▓╡р▓┐р▓зр▓╛р▓и р▓кр▓░р▓┐р▓╖р▓др│Н р▓╕р▓жр▓╕р│Нр▓п.
р▓╕р▓Вр▓жр│Зр▓╢р│Н р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╢р▓╕р│Нр▓др▓┐ -р│ир│жр│жр│з
р▓бр▓╛.р▓Ер▓Вр▓мр│Зр▓бр│Нр▓Хр▓░р│Н р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╢р▓╕р│Нр▓др▓┐ -р│ир│жр│жр│и
р▓╕р▓др│Нр▓пр▓Хр▓╛р▓о р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓др▓┐р▓╖р│Нр▓ар▓╛р▓и р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╢р▓╕р│Нр▓др▓┐ -р│ир│жр│жр│и
р▓мр▓╛р▓мр│Бр▓Ьр▓Чр▓Ьр│Ар▓╡р▓ир▓░р▓╛р▓ор│Н р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╢р▓╕р│Нр▓др▓┐ -р│ир│жр│жр│л
р▓ир▓╛р▓бр│Лр▓Ь р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╢р▓╕р│Нр▓др▓┐ -р│ир│жр│жр│н
р▓кр│Нр▓░р│Жр▓╕р▓┐р▓бр│Жр▓ир│Нр▓╕р▓┐ р▓Зр▓ир│Нр▓╖р▓┐р▓Яр│Нр▓пр│Вр▓╖р▓ир│Н р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╢р▓╕р│Нр▓др▓┐ -р│ир│жр│зр│и
р▓Жр▓│р│Нр▓╡р▓╛р▓╕р│Н р▓ир│Бр▓бр▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓░р▓┐ р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╢р▓╕р│Нр▓др▓┐ -р│ир│жр│зр│и
р▓╢р│Нр▓░р▓╡р▓гр▓мр│Жр▓│р▓Чр│Кр▓│р▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓ир▓бр│Жр▓ж р│ор│зр▓ир│З р▓Хр▓ир│Нр▓ир▓б р▓╕р▓╛р▓╣р▓┐р▓др│Нр▓п р▓╕р▓ор│Нр▓ор│Зр▓│р▓ир▓ж р▓Ер▓зр│Нр▓пр▓Хр│Нр▓╖р▓░р│Б.
р▓ир│Гр▓кр▓др│Бр▓Вр▓Ч р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╢р▓╕р│Нр▓др▓┐ -р│ир│жр│зр│о
р▓кр▓Вр▓к р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╢р▓╕р│Нр▓др▓┐ - р│ир│жр│зр│п[р│з]

comments (0)
06/12/21
LESSON 3999 Sun 13 Jun 2021 30) Classical English,Roman, With kind regards and respect to Most Ven. Dr. Sunanda Putuwar, Ph. D. List of all International organizations striving hard to PLANT VEGETABLES & DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD AS PRACTICED BY SAMRAT ASHOKA as Said by an Awakened One with Awareness тАЬHunger is the worst illness, where 4 times Chief Minister Ms Mayawati who became eligible to be the Prime Minister with her excellent governance of Uttar Pradesh promised to reestablish Ashokan rule along with the farmers compounded existence the worst suffering or aliment (dukkha) with ending of ailments ( dukkha Nirodha)And
Filed under: General
Posted by: site admin @ 3:22 pm

LESSON 3999 Sun 13 Jun 2021

30) Classical English,Roman,

With kind regards and respect to Most Ven. Dr. Sunanda Putuwar, Ph. D.

List of all International organizations striving hard to
PLANT VEGETABLES & DWARF FRUIT BEARING TREES IN POTS ALL OVER THE WORLD AS PRACTICED BY SAMRAT ASHOKA as

Said by an Awakened One with Awareness
тАЬHunger is the worst illness, where 4 times Chief Minister Ms Mayawati who became eligible to be the Prime Minister with her excellent governance of Uttar Pradesh promised to reestablish Ashokan rule along with the farmers

compounded existence the worst suffering or aliment (dukkha) with ending of ailments ( dukkha Nirodha)

If you are ill, one or more medications may effect a cure and keep one healthy for a period of time.

The discomfort of hunger frequently returns in a few hours, no matte or r how much and what kind of food and drink is taken.

To survive, one must continually fin nourishment.

The illness of hunger will come back over and over again until the time of death.

We are always only one or two meals away from the discomfort of hunger.

This may be the main reason that the Awakened One remarked that hunger is the worst illness.

When a person is in an advanced stage of starvation, the body begins to consume itself.

It is said by medical authorities (experts) that hunger is the most severe pain.

The necessity to replenish our body with food due to fulfilling hunger is a problem.

All other illness can be cured in time, but hunger is incurable.

The Awakened One als said,

тАЬDue to insufficient food,
change of weather,
unfit dwelling place,
not having a good friend (or staying with those whose way of thinking (and ways of living) are different and bad economical situation etc., man becomes victim of disease)тАЭ.
Wisdom or knowledge is the main antidote for mental disease.
Wisdom can be a remedy of physical disease as well.

Mindful Swimming on breathing in-and-out is a direct remedy for certain mental disease (i. e. agitated, distracted nature or symptom(vitakkacarita), Indirectly, it can help cure physical diseases. Physical aliments arise due to poor and insufficient diet, mal-nutrition, lack of sleep and exercise, unbalanced work, weather and many other causes.

The Awakened One said that a person contributes to illness when one does not treat oneself well with what is proper (sappaya); he/she metes thing (sappaya) out without knowledge; eats unripe things which should be eaten only after becoming ripe, one is without virtue or does not practice celibacy (abrahma-cari); goes about at unseemly times or remains in the company of bad friends.

Endowing one with the opposite qualities will cause health to spring forth.
Pointing out the importance of health, the Awareness One said,

тАЬHealth is the highest gain (arogyaparama labha).
Freedom from all illness (sabba-rogavinimutto),
freedom from all heart-burning, with lamentation (sabbha-santapavujjito), absence of illness (nirogi), or good health is appreciated and applauded, everywhere in the awakened one with awareness texts.

Though health fluctuates all oneтАЩs life, the pride of health (arogyamada) is one of the greatest concerns in life.
The wish of longevity and health (ayuarogyasampatti) is daily chanted by Arahants as a part of blessings bestowed to people.
Some of the popular terms frequently pronounced in the ancient awakened one with awareness texts for good health are: Sukhibhaveyan nidukkho (may you be happy free from suffering), nidukkho (absence of suffering), aro gay (good health or freedom from illness), nirogananda (happiness derived from the absence of illness), khamaniyam yapaniyam (at ease or bearable, indicating good health).

The lost of health is the supreme lost (of happiness).
The aggregates of human being is the home of illness.

The Awakened One said,
Some of the popular disease prevalent in Magadha (Northern India in the time of the Awakened One were: leprosy (kuttham), ulceration (gandho), eczema (kilaso), consumption (soso) and epilepsy (apamaro). Malaria (ahivatakaroga or тАЬsnake-wind diseaseтАЭ) and diabetes (madhuragu) were also commonly known diseases.

In the time of the Awakened One , the most famous physician was Jivaka Komarabhacca who was the private physician of King Pasenadi Kosala, as physician to the Awakened One and his Sangha. Jivaka cured the king of his hemorrhoids (fistula) with a single application of ointment.

Once when the Lord Awakened One was sick, the physician Jivaka made him a concoction from three fragrant lotus flowers mixed with other medicine to release his bowels. Jivaka gave the Awakened One this medicine in a inhalation compound.
After his recovering Jivaka offered the Awakened One excellent food like ambrosia.
History records that Jivaka performed a brain surgery on a patient, a merchant of Rajagaha, who suffered with serve headaches for seven years.

He was close to death from this affliction.
Jivaka cut open the scalp and removed two living creatures (panakas) and closed the skill with sutures.

He applied an ointment and cured the man.

He also performed abdominal surgery on a man from Banaras, who suffered a twisted bowel and saved his life.
Many disease and problems occur through improper attitude with regard to the sexual impulse.
The proper attitude towards allowable sexual conduct or chastity for the Sangha of monks and nuns was emphasized by the Awakened One .

With intention, a Arahant cannot emit semen except in dreams. A Arahant or nun may not indulge in sexual intercourse.

With a view to preventing disease that would arise from contaminated water (as well as to save living creatures which may be present in the water), the Awakened One advised Arahantd to filter properly with a piece of cloth before drinking Arahants are advised to wash their begging bowls before and after eating.

Keeping the body is enjoined, the nails are to be trimmed neatly so that no soil can remain on fingertips and carelessly eaten with food (In Prabuddha Bharat, food is eaten with oneтАЩs hands).

The ears, teeth and sexual organs are to be kept clean.
Regulations advise the washing of feet before entering their residence. (For only open sandals are worn).
Robes should be spread out and dried in the sun, although the germ theory was unknown in these days.
Extra robes must be dried in the sun from time to time.
Everyday, after oneтАЩs meal a monkтАЩs bowl is to be washed out properly and dried in the sun.
The lavatory and latrine must be kept washed out properly.
OneтАЩs residence must always be clean and neat.
The windows should be kept open during the night in summer or in the hot season, and be kept closed during the day vice versa in the cold season so that external weather contributions would not effect one badly:

With a view to maintaining on hygienic atmosphere, the Awakened One laid down rules for Arahants not to spit, urinate, etc, in water or on grass.

In The Mahavagga, Vatthakkhandaka says that one should dry bed sheets and clothes everyday.
Arahants should sweep and clean their dwelling places.
It is a violation of a Sangha rule to keep an untidy residence.
The Awakened One said that one should live in a suitable location or environment (patirupadesa vasa) for good health and peace of mind.

To preserve good health one should take moderate amount of nutrition food at regular times. Moderate meals are soon digested making one feel comfortable, and protects the life-span (ayupalayamti).
With regard to moderation at mealtimes, one still wishes to continue eating two or three more mouthfuls, but then stops eating and drinks some water to fill the rest of the stomach.
It is always beneficial to all people or to patient to have some idea of the matters and actions profitable or unprofitable to oneтАЩs health.

Many diseases arise due to careless actions, bad food and drinks. To cure many disease, good diet, medicine and loving care are important.

The awakened one with awareness scriptures describes, oil of sesame or mustard, granulated sugar or molasses,as medicine.
It seems that Arahants and nuns used these items mixed together as well as separately.
Catumadhura is a mixture of four sweets:sugar and sesame oil which a arahant or nun is permitted to take if one so desires.
Some of most popular medicines often mentioned in the awakened one with awareness texts for the Sangha are four irregular things (maha-vikatani), viz. (a decoction of) dung or excrement (gutha), urine (mutta), aches (charika) and clay or earth (matika) applied against snakebite.

To cure a Arahant who drank poison, the Awakened One advised other Arahants to make him drink (a concoction of) dung probably advised as an emetic.

He also advised monks to make a patient drink mud up by the plough as medicine against a poison substance.
A drink of raw lye was prescribed against constipation.

A compound of cowтАЩs urine and yellow myrobalan was used medically against jaundice.
To recover from sickness it is essential to have good medical treatment, a suitable medicine, a skillful physician, a hospital or suitable hygienic place to live, kind attentive nurses or attendants.
According to the Awakened One , a patient should posses healthy attitudes with respect to recovery. Negative qualities in a patient impede recovery.

A patient with an unwholesome attitude does not treat himself with proper things (sappaya), does not known the measure of proper things (Sappaya mattan) in the course of treatment, does not apply medicaments; does not inform the extent of the illness to one who compassionately tends him/her; nor is the discomfort of illness borne patiently; nor described the onset of bodily aches and pains as shooting, stabbing and so on.

The patient developing the opposite qualities is sure of gaining help.
A patient hoping or speedy recovery of health ought always follow the principles of healthy living.
To make easy reading the ideas of the above passage can be re-arranged in the following ways:

1. It is advised to live in a healthy surrounding, Good weather is, of course, important for general health. Living with amiable friendly persons is of great advantages. Taking hygienic good food and drink and doing only those things beneficial to health is enjoined as a correct way to live. Carefully using exercise (byayama) or postures that conduce to health, such as, stretching, etc, is proper. Abandoning practices deemed as unhealthy is advised:

2. To know, make use of and take only moderate amounts of food and drink which are known to be beneficial to health. In other words, excess or deprivation should be avoided in all things.

3. The patient must follow the advice of a god doctor, to confidently take accurate dosages of any given medicine and medical treatment as prescribed by a physician.

4. To clearly, completely and directly disclose or intimate all details about oneтАЩs sickness to the patients, physician or attendant. It is important to let the attendant know the condition of the disease, whether it is bring aggravated, diminishing, or does not abate but rather remains steady.

5. The patient should try not to get disappointed and perturbed when experiencing any kind of painful or disagreeable symptom, but rather try to endure the condition when it is possible to do so.

Not following all these considerations result in lessening the chances of curing oneтАЩs
disease, or withholds recovering it. Therefore, the patient who is being attendee should try to observe them, or be thoughtful so as not to worry his attendant. The above recommendations are enjoined by the Buddha to speed recovery. It is essential for any attendant, not to speak of a physician to whom a patient entrusts his/her life, to bear in mind these ethical principles. Though liable to manifest negative qualities at times, one attending a patient, who repeatedly demonstrates anger and impatient, is not fit to wait upon the sick. These unwholesome qualities manifest as inability to prepare medicines; not discerning proper things (sappaya) from what is not proper, giving or offering what is not proper, not giving what is not proper; hoping to gain (expecting-gifts) from one when waits on the sick, but not freely from goodwill; loathing to remove faces, urine, vomit and spittle; inability to instruct, rouse, gladden, and satisfy the sick with spiritual, matter or dhamma talk. One possessing the opposite qualities is fit to help patient. These unwholesome qualities will not contribute toward health. According to the Buddha, ayusa is that which leads to health or vitality. Health springs forth from the following qualities:

1. To arrange and provide sound medical products.
One must be expert in offering medicine and treatment.

2. The attendant knows what is beneficial and what is harmful, keeping aloof from unbeneficial things but providing the patient only with beneficial things, whether medicine, diet, etc.

3. To attend a patient with affection, tenderness and concerns.

4. The attendant must keep the patient in a clean and hygienic environment.
One should perform necessary tasks, such as the removal of vomit and urine with a neutral mind.
Everything around the patient must be kept properly and neatly.

5. The attendant should be able to console, give good consel and instruct the patient on spiritual matters (dhamma) (if requested or desired ) and rouse, fill with enthusiasm (hope) gladden and delight the patient from time to time to the degree that is appropriate.
The attendant must try to let the patient become unhappy, dejected and disappointed.

According to the Awakened OneтАЩs advice an attendant or nurse should possess the above five qualities while attending the patient. Persons going to serve a patient must be endowed with all these necessary wholesome qualities.
They must always be conscientious when helping or dealing with patient, treating.
An immature and unskillful physician is prohibited from giving surgical procedures.
If an unskillful Arahant or nun gives medical treatment to a patient or performs surgery of any kind, one is charged with violating a rule.

One should attend patient properly and attentively.
In rendering any service to a patient, the Awakened One said, expressing a religious view that anyone serving a patient is serving the Awakened One himself.

Of course, is does not mean that a patient is the Awakened One or equal to the Awakened One . The Shangha should ill monks or nuns with kind consideration.

A physician must necessarily be skillful and expert in turned chosen field of work, knowing why and how any disease incur, how it makes a patient, feel pain etc, and why it vanishes.
In other words, a physician must know the cause and origin of disease, its existence and duration, severity and its positive and negative reactions. This aids in determining what treatment will be profitable (beneficial) or what will lead to inertia (or worse).

A physician must be patient and kind and treat the patient well.

From

KUSHINARA NIBBANAj BHUMI PAGODA Free Online Analytical Research and Practice University for тАЬDiscovery of the Awakened One with Awareness UniverseтАЭ in 117 Classical Languages.

3D 360 Degree Circle Vision Meditation Lab.

White Home,

668, 5A Main Road,
8th Cross HAL III Stage,
Punya Bhumi Bengaluru,
Magadhi karnataka State,
Prabuddha Bharat International

http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org

buddhasaid2us@gmail.com
jcs4ever@outlook.com
jchandrasekharan@yahoo.com.

Of course with kind thanks and regards to

Leading grocery firm Hopcoms the Karnataka state co-operative that sells fruit and vegetables through nearly 300 outlets in Bengaluru must launch its e-commerce portal to serve the entire national if not the whole world through thousands of outlets.

Farmers and all humans will be benefitted from this venture, and there need not be any employment opportunity as we are all going to be more personnel for this effort,The world needs more and more Kadire Gowda, Managing Directors, Hopcoms.

The software must be finalized E-commerce portals may not necessarily be the best way as it is not for increasing profit in the grocery sector.

The world needs more and more Arvind K Singhal,,like chairmen and managing directors of Technoparks management consulting firms telling ET that physical retailers could have a brighter future by expanding their delivery services instead.тАЭE-commerce portals need more investment in supply-chain development, especially in sourcing, delivery and customer acquisition. In the near future, Reliance and Flipkart may also come up with their own online grocery stores, giving more competition. So when local retailers do the same, they might be biting off more than they can chew as Profit making is not its concern.
by Keonics and and others to be functional at the earliest, with initial investment crores of Rupees, Pounds, Dollars Etc.

Hopcoms and other co-operatives that encourage producing fruit and vegetables and dwarf fruit bearing plants and trees most must also extend their activities,тАЭEverybody must be ready to have more Hopcoms outlets in the world; with enough financial and personnel strength for it. The BBMP and all other people must and should start giving land for the purpose,тАЭ as said by Gowda.

E-commerce portals may not necessarily be the best way as it is not for increasing profit in the grocery sector.

The world needs more and more Arvind K Singhal,,like chairmen and managing directors of Technoparks management consulting firms telling ET that physical retailers could have a brighter future by expanding their delivery services instead.тАЭE-commerce portals need more investment in supply-chain development, especially in sourcing, delivery and customer acquisition. In the near future, Reliance and Flipkart may also come up with their own online grocery stores, giving more competition. So when local retailers do the same, they might be biting off more than they can chew as Profit making is not its concern.

About the crores of Rupees, Dollars, Pounds investment, Singhal says : тАЬIf they use that money to get their website listed at the top in a Google search, and in marketing via social media, they might make more benefit to the hungry humans.тАЭ

However, Mukesh Singh, CEO of Zopnow, an online grocery store based in Bangalore, need it feel that his company makes any revenue at all through fruits and vegetables alone as itтАЩs hunger but not profit.

More and more Zopnow, like online groceries must start their projects all over the world to start providing vegetables and fruits through their websites.

3/12-2021 Peace, Happiness, Wellness, Calmity, Calmness, Attention, Attention, and All Mindfulness and Mindless Beings all have a mind of equanimity with a clear understanding of Changing.

https://www.winterwatch.net/2020/11/maker-of-covid-tests-says-pandemic-is-biggest-hoax-ever-perpetrated/
https://www.winterwatch.net/2020/11/maker-of-covid-tests-says-pandemic-is-biggest-hoax-ever-perpetrated/

Maker of COVID Tests Says Pandemic is Biggest Hoax Ever Perpetrated

By G. Edward Griffin | 21 November 2020

RED PILL UNIVERSITY тАФ Top pathologist Dr. Roger Hodkinson told Canadian government officials in Alberta during a phone conference that the coronavirus pandemic is тАЬthe greatest hoax ever perpetrated on an unsuspecting public.тАЭ Hodkinson, who is the CEO of a biotech company that makes COVID tests, says тАЬThere is utterly unfounded public hysteria driven by the media and politicians.тАЭ We are seeing тАЬpolitics playing medicine, and thatтАЩs a very dangerous game.тАЭ

Positive test results do not mean a clinical infection, he says. All testing should stop because the false numbers they produce are тАЬdriving public hysteria.тАЭ Hodkinson says the risk of death for people under the age of 65 is тАЬone in three-hundred thousandтАЭ and it is тАЬoutrageousтАЭ to shut down society for what is merely тАЬjust another bad flu.тАЭ [тАж]

06) ClassicalDevanagari,Classical Hindi-Devanagari- рд╢рд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░реАрдп рд╣рд┐рдВрджреА,

рдкрд╛рда 3999 рд╕реВрд░реНрдп 13 рдЬреВрди 2021

рдореЛрд╕реНрдЯ рд╡реЗрди рдХреЛ рд╡рд┐рдирдореНрд░ рдФрд░ рд╕рдореНрдорд╛рди рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рдеред рдбреЙ рд╕реБрдирдВрджрд╛ рдкреБрдЯреБрд╡рд╛рд░, рдкреАрдПрдЪ.рдбреА.

рдкреНрд░рдпрд╛рд╕ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рд╕рднреА рдЕрдВрддрд░реНрд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░реАрдп рд╕рдВрдЧрдардиреЛрдВ рдХреА рд╕реВрдЪреА

рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛ рднрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдЧрдорд▓реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╕рдмреНрдЬрд┐рдпрд╛рдВ рдФрд░ рдмреМрдиреЗ рдлрд▓рджрд╛рд░ рдкреЗрдбрд╝ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЬреИрд╕рд╛ рдХрд┐ рд╕рдореНрд░рд╛рдЯ рдЕрд╢реЛрдХ рдиреЗ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдерд╛ рдФрд░ рдЬреИрд╕рд╛ рдХрд┐

рдПрдХ рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдиреЗ рдЬрд╛рдЧрд░реВрдХрддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдХрд╣рд╛
“рднреВрдЦ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдмрдбрд╝реА рдмреАрдорд╛рд░реА рд╣реИ,

рдЬрдЯрд┐рд▓ рдЕрд╕реНрддрд┐рддреНрд╡ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдЦрд░рд╛рдм рдкреАрдбрд╝рд╛ рдпрд╛ рдЖрд╣рд╛рд░ (рджреБрдХреНрдЦ) рдмреАрдорд╛рд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрдд рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде (рджреБрдХреНрдЦрд╛ рдирд┐рд░реЛрдз)

рдпрджрд┐ рдЖрдк рдмреАрдорд╛рд░ рд╣реИрдВ, рддреЛ рдПрдХ рдпрд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рджрд╡рд╛рдПрдВ рдЗрд▓рд╛рдЬ рдХреЛ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡рд┐рдд рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддреА рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рдХреБрдЫ рд╕рдордп рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╕реНрд╡рд╕реНрде рд░рдЦ рд╕рдХрддреА рд╣реИрдВред

рднреВрдЦ рдХреА рдмреЗрдЪреИрдиреА рдЕрдХреНрд╕рд░ рдХреБрдЫ рдШрдВрдЯреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд▓реМрдЯ рдЖрддреА рд╣реИ, рдЪрд╛рд╣реЗ рдХрд┐рддрдирд╛ рднреА рдФрд░ рдХрд┐рд╕ рддрд░рд╣ рдХрд╛ рдЦрд╛рдирд╛-рдкреАрдирд╛ рд╣реЛред

рдЬреАрд╡рд┐рдд рд░рд╣рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП, рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдХреЛ рд▓рдЧрд╛рддрд╛рд░ рдкреЛрд╖рдг рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред

рднреВрдЦ рдХреА рдмреАрдорд╛рд░реА рдореГрддреНрдпреБ рдХреЗ рд╕рдордп рддрдХ рдмрд╛рд░-рдмрд╛рд░ рд╡рд╛рдкрд╕ рдЖрдПрдЧреАред

рднреВрдЦ рдХреА рдмреЗрдЪреИрдиреА рд╕реЗ рд╣рдо рд╣рдореЗрд╢рд╛ рдПрдХ рдпрд╛ рджреЛ рдмрд╛рд░ рд╣реА рджреВрд░ рд░рд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред

рдпрд╣ рдореБрдЦреНрдп рдХрд╛рд░рдг рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдиреЗ рдЯрд┐рдкреНрдкрдгреА рдХреА рдХрд┐ рднреВрдЦ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдЦрд░рд╛рдм рдмреАрдорд╛рд░реА рд╣реИред

рдЬрдм рдХреЛрдИ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рднреБрдЦрдорд░реА рдХреЗ рдПрдХ рдЙрдиреНрдирдд рдЪрд░рдг рдореЗрдВ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рддреЛ рд╢рд░реАрд░ рд╕реНрд╡рдпрдВ рдЙрдкрднреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рд╢реБрд░реВ рдХрд░ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рд╛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ (рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖рдЬреНрдЮреЛрдВ) рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рднреВрдЦ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдЧрдВрднреАрд░ рджрд░реНрдж рд╣реИред

рднреВрдЦ рдХреА рдкреВрд░реНрддрд┐ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рд╢рд░реАрд░ рдХреЛ рднреЛрдЬрди рд╕реЗ рднрд░рдиреЗ рдХреА рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛ рдПрдХ рд╕рдорд╕реНрдпрд╛ рд╣реИред

рдЕрдиреНрдп рд╕рднреА рд░реЛрдЧ рд╕рдордп рдкрд░ рдареАрдХ рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ, рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рднреВрдЦ рд▓рд╛рдЗрд▓рд╛рдЬ рд╣реИред

рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдиреЗ рдХрд╣рд╛,

“рдЕрдкрд░реНрдпрд╛рдкреНрдд рднреЛрдЬрди рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг,
рдореМрд╕рдо рдХрд╛ рдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрди,
рдЕрдиреБрдкрдпреБрдХреНрдд рдирд┐рд╡рд╛рд╕ рд╕реНрдерд╛рди,
рдПрдХ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рджреЛрд╕реНрдд рди рд╣реЛрдирд╛ (рдпрд╛ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд░рд╣рдирд╛ рдЬрд┐рдирдХреЗ рд╕реЛрдЪрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рддрд░реАрдХрд╛ (рдФрд░ рдЬреАрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рддрд░реАрдХреЗ) рдЕрд▓рдЧ рдФрд░ рдЦрд░рд╛рдм рдЖрд░реНрдерд┐рдХ рд╕реНрдерд┐рддрд┐ рдЖрджрд┐ рд╣реИрдВ, рдЖрджрдореА рдмреАрдорд╛рд░реА рдХрд╛ рд╢рд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ)тАЭред

рдмреБрджреНрдзрд┐ рдпрд╛ рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рдорд╛рдирд╕рд┐рдХ рд░реЛрдЧ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдореБрдЦреНрдп рдорд╛рд░рдХ рд╣реИред

рдмреБрджреНрдзрд┐ рд╢рд╛рд░реАрд░рд┐рдХ рд░реЛрдЧ рдХрд╛ рднреА рдЙрдкрд╛рдп рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХрддреА рд╣реИред

рдХреБрдЫ рдорд╛рдирд╕рд┐рдХ рд░реЛрдЧреЛрдВ (рдЕрд░реНрдерд╛рддреН рдЙрддреНрддреЗрдЬрд┐рдд, рд╡рд┐рдЪрд▓рд┐рдд рдкреНрд░рдХреГрддрд┐ рдпрд╛
рд▓рдХреНрд╖рдг (рд╡рд┐рдЯрдХрдХрд╛рд░рд┐рддрд╛), рдЕрдкреНрд░рддреНрдпрдХреНрд╖ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ, рдпрд╣ рд╢рд╛рд░реАрд░рд┐рдХ рд░реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдареАрдХ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдорджрдж рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рдЦрд░рд╛рдм рдФрд░ рдЕрдкрд░реНрдпрд╛рдкреНрдд рдЖрд╣рд╛рд░, рдХреБрдкреЛрд╖рдг, рдиреАрдВрдж рдФрд░ рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдпрд╛рдо рдХреА рдХрдореА, рдЕрд╕рдВрддреБрд▓рд┐рдд рдХрд╛рдо, рдореМрд╕рдо рдФрд░ рдХрдИ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдХрд╛рд░рдгреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рд╢рд╛рд░реАрд░рд┐рдХ рд░реЛрдЧ рдЙрддреНрдкрдиреНрди рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред

рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдиреЗ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдХрд┐ рдПрдХ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдмреАрдорд╛рд░реА рдореЗрдВ рдпреЛрдЧрджрд╛рди рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬрдм рд╡рд╣ рдЙрдЪрд┐рдд (рд╕рдкреНрдкрдп) рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд╕реНрд╡рдпрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рд░ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ; рд╡рд╣ / рд╡рд╣ рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рдХреЗ рдмрд┐рдирд╛ рдмрд╛рд╣рд░ (рд╕рдкрдпрд╛) рдорд┐рд▓рддрд╛ рд╣реИ; рдХрдЪреНрдЪреА рдЪреАрдЬреЗрдВ рдЦрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рдкрдХреЗ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рд╣реА рдЦрд╛рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП, рдХреЛрдИ рдЧреБрдгрд╣реАрди рд╣реИ рдпрд╛ рдмреНрд░рд╣реНрдордЪрд░реНрдп рдХрд╛ рдЕрднреНрдпрд╛рд╕ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ (рдЕрдмреНрд░рд╣реНрдо-рдХрд╛рд░реА); рдЕрдиреБрдЪрд┐рдд рд╕рдордп рдкрд░ рдЪрд▓рд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдпрд╛ рдмреБрд░реЗ рдорд┐рддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдХреА рд╕рдВрдЧрддрд┐ рдореЗрдВ рд░рд╣рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХреЛ рд╡рд┐рдкрд░реАрдд рдЧреБрдгреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рд╕рдВрдкрдиреНрди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХрд╛ рдЙрджрдп рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛ред

рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХреЗ рдорд╣рддреНрд╡ рдХреА рдУрд░ рдЗрд╢рд╛рд░рд╛ рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реБрдП рдЕрд╡реЗрдпрд░рдиреЗрдВрдб рд╡рди рдиреЗ рдХрд╣рд╛,

“рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рд╕рд░реНрд╡реЛрдЪреНрдЪ рд▓рд╛рдн рд╣реИ (рдЖрд░реЛрдЧреНрдпрдкрд░рдо рд▓рд╛рдн)ред
рд╕рднреА рдмреАрдорд╛рд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдореБрдХреНрддрд┐ (рд╕рдмреНрдмрд╛-рд░реЛрдЧрд╡рд┐рдирд┐рдореБрддреНрддреЛ),
рд╕рднреА рд╣реГрджрдп-рджрдордХ рд╕реЗ рдореБрдХреНрддрд┐, рд╡рд┐рд▓рд╛рдк рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде (рд╕рдн-рд╕рдВрддрдкрд╡реБрдЬреНрдЬрд┐рддреЛ), рдмреАрдорд╛рд░реА рдХреА рдЕрдиреБрдкрд╕реНрдерд┐рддрд┐ (рдирд┐рд░реЛрдЧреА), рдпрд╛ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреЗ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХреА рд╕рд░рд╛рд╣рдирд╛ рдФрд░ рд╕рд░рд╛рд╣рдирд╛ рдХреА рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИ, рд╣рд░ рдЬрдЧрд╣ рдЬрд╛рдЧрд░реБрдХрддрд╛ рдЧреНрд░рдВрдереЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рдеред

рд╣рд╛рд▓рд╛рдВрдХрд┐ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рд╕рднреА рдХреЗ рдЬреАрд╡рди рдореЗрдВ рдЙрддрд╛рд░-рдЪрдврд╝рд╛рд╡ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХрд╛ рдЧреМрд░рд╡ (рдЖрд░реЛрдЧреНрдпрдорджрд╛) рдЬреАрд╡рди рдХреА рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдмрдбрд╝реА рдЪрд┐рдВрддрд╛рдУрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рдПрдХ рд╣реИред

рджреАрд░реНрдШрд╛рдпреБ рдФрд░ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХреА рдХрд╛рдордирд╛
(рдЖрдпреБрд░реЛрдЧреНрдпрд╕рдВрдкрддреНрддреА) рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рджрд┐рдП рдЧрдП рдЖрд╢реАрд░реНрд╡рд╛рдж рдХреЗ рдПрдХ рднрд╛рдЧ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рдЕрд░рд╣рдВрдд рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рджрд┐рди рдЬрдк рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреЗ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЬрд╛рдЧрд░реВрдХрддрд╛ рдЧреНрд░рдВрдереЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдкреНрд░рд╛рдЪреАрди рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдХреНрд╕рд░ рдЙрдЪреНрдЪрд╛рд░рдг рдХрд┐рдП рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдХреБрдЫ рд▓реЛрдХрдкреНрд░рд┐рдп рд╢рдмреНрдж рд╣реИрдВ: рд╕реБрдЦреАрднрд╡рди рдирд┐рджреБрдХреНрдЦреЛ (рдЖрдк рджреБрдЦ рд╕реЗ рдореБрдХреНрдд рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ), рдирд┐рджреБрдХреНрдЦреЛ (рдкреАрдбрд╝рд╛ рдХреА рдЕрдиреБрдкрд╕реНрдерд┐рддрд┐), рдПрд░реЛ рдЧреЗ (рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдпрд╛ рдмреАрдорд╛рд░реА рд╕реЗ рдореБрдХреНрддрд┐), рдирд┐рд░реЛрдЧрд╛рдирдВрдж (рдмреАрдорд╛рд░реА рдХреА рдЕрдиреБрдкрд╕реНрдерд┐рддрд┐ рд╕реЗ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдЦреБрд╢реА), рдЦрдордирд┐рдпрд╛рдо рдпрд╛рдкрдирд┐рдЕрдо (рдЖрд░рд╛рдо рд╕реЗ рдпрд╛ рд╕рд╣рдиреЗ рдпреЛрдЧреНрдп, рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреЗ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХрд╛ рд╕рдВрдХреЗрдд)ред

рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХреА рд╣рд╛рдирд┐ (рд╕реБрдЦ рдХреА) рд╕рд░реНрд╡реЛрдЪреНрдЪ рд╣рд╛рдирд┐ рд╣реИред

рдордиреБрд╖реНрдп рдХрд╛ рд╕рдореБрдЪреНрдЪрдп рд░реЛрдЧ рдХрд╛ рдШрд░ рд╣реИред

рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рдиреЗ рдХрд╣рд╛,
рдордЧрдз рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рдЪрд▓рд┐рдд рдХреБрдЫ рд▓реЛрдХрдкреНрд░рд┐рдп рд░реЛрдЧ (рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рдХреЗ рд╕рдордп рдореЗрдВ рдЙрддреНрддрд░реА рднрд╛рд░рдд рдереЗ: рдХреБрд╖реНрда (рдХреБрдЯреНрдЯрдо), рдЕрд▓реНрд╕рд░реЗрд╢рди (рдЧрдВрдзреЛ), рдПрдХреНрдЬрд┐рдорд╛ (рдХрд┐рд▓рд╛рд╕реЛ), рдЦрдкрдд (рд╕реЛрд╕реЛ) рдФрд░ рдорд┐рд░реНрдЧреА (рдЕрдкрд╛рдорд╛рд░реЛ)ред рдорд▓реЗрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ (рдЕрд╣рд╡рддрдХрд╛рд░реЛрдЧ рдпрд╛ тАЬ рд╕рд╛рдБрдк-рдкрд╡рди рд░реЛрдЧ”) рдФрд░ рдордзреБрдореЗрд╣ (рдордзреБрд░рдЧреБ) рднреА рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдпрддрдГ рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдд рд░реЛрдЧ рдереЗред

рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рдХреЗ рд╕рдордп рдореЗрдВ, рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдкреНрд░рд╕рд┐рджреНрдз рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рдХ рдЬреАрд╡рдХрд╛ рдХреЛрдорд╛рд░рднрдХреНрдХрд╛ рдереЗ рдЬреЛ рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛ рдкрд╕реЗрдирджреА рдХреЛрд╕рд▓ рдХреЗ рдирд┐рдЬреА рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рдХ рдереЗ, рдЬреЛ рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдФрд░ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рд╕рдВрдШ рдХреЗ рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рдХ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рдереЗред рдЬреАрд╡рдХ рдиреЗ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдмрд╡рд╛рд╕реАрд░ рдХреЗ рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛ (рдлрд┐рд╕реНрдЯреБрд▓рд╛) рдХреЛ рдорд░рд╣рдо рдХреЗ рдПрдХ рд╣реА рдЖрд╡реЗрджрди рд╕реЗ рдареАрдХ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ред
рдПрдХ рдмрд╛рд░ рдЬрдм рднрдЧрд╡рд╛рди рдЬрд╛рдЧ рдЧрдП, рддреЛ рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рдХ рдЬреАрд╡рдХ рдиреЗ рдЙрдирдХреА рдЖрдВрддреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдореБрдХреНрдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдиреНрдп рдФрд╖рдзрд┐ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдорд┐рд╢реНрд░рд┐рдд рддреАрди рд╕реБрдЧрдВрдзрд┐рдд рдХрдорд▓ рдХреЗ рдлреВрд▓реЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдПрдХ рдХрд╛рдврд╝рд╛ рдмрдирд╛рдпрд╛ред рдЬреАрд╡рдХ рдиреЗ рдЬрд╛рдЧреНрд░рдд рдХреЛ рдпрд╣ рдФрд╖рдзрд┐ рдПрдХ рдЕрдВрдд:рд╢реНрд╡рд╕рди рдпреМрдЧрд┐рдХ рдореЗрдВ рджреАред

рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рдареАрдХ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рдЬреАрд╡рдХ рдиреЗ рдЬрд╛рдЧреЗ рд╣реБрдП рдХреЛ рдЕрдореГрдд рдЬреИрд╕рд╛ рдЙрддреНрдХреГрд╖реНрдЯ рднреЛрдЬрди рджрд┐рдпрд╛ред

рдЗрддрд┐рд╣рд╛рд╕ рджрд░реНрдЬ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЬреАрд╡рд╛рдХ рдиреЗ рд░рд╛рдЬрдЧреГрд╣ рдХреЗ рдПрдХ рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдкрд╛рд░реА, рдЬреЛ рд╕рд╛рдд рд╕рд╛рд▓ рддрдХ рд╕рд┐рд░ рджрд░реНрдж рд╕реЗ рдкреАрдбрд╝рд┐рдд рдерд╛, рдХреЗ рдорд╕реНрддрд┐рд╖реНрдХ рдХреА рд╕рд░реНрдЬрд░реА рдХреАред

рд╡рд╣ рдЗрд╕ рдкреАрдбрд╝рд╛ рд╕реЗ рдореГрддреНрдпреБ рдХреЗ рдХрд░реАрдм рдерд╛ред
рдЬреАрд╡рдХ рдиреЗ рдЦреЛрдкрдбрд╝реА рдХреЛ рдХрд╛рдЯ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдФрд░ рджреЛ рдЬреАрд╡рд┐рдд рдкреНрд░рд╛рдгрд┐рдпреЛрдВ (рдкрдирдХ) рдХреЛ рд╣рдЯрд╛ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдФрд░ рдХреМрд╢рд▓ рдХреЛ рдЯрд╛рдВрдХреЗ рд╕реЗ рдмрдВрдж рдХрд░ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ред

рдЙрд╕рдиреЗ рдорд░рд╣рдо рд▓рдЧрд╛рдпрд╛ рдФрд░ рдЖрджрдореА рдХреЛ рдареАрдХ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ред

рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЛрдВрдиреЗ рдмрдирд╛рд░рд╕ рдХреЗ рдПрдХ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдХреЗ рдкреЗрдЯ рдХреА рд╕рд░реНрдЬрд░реА рднреА рдХреА, рдЬрд┐рд╕рдХреА рдЖрдВрдд рдореБрдбрд╝ рдЧрдИ рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕рдХреА рдЬрд╛рди рдмрдЪ рдЧрдИред
рдпреМрди рдЖрд╡реЗрдЧ рдХреЗ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдз рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдиреБрдЪрд┐рдд рджреГрд╖реНрдЯрд┐рдХреЛрдг рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдХрдИ рд░реЛрдЧ рдФрд░ рд╕рдорд╕реНрдпрд╛рдПрдВ рдЙрддреНрдкрдиреНрди рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИрдВред
рднрд┐рдХреНрд╖реБрдУрдВ рдФрд░ рдирдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рдВрдШ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╕реНрд╡реАрдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдпреМрди рдЖрдЪрд░рдг рдпрд╛ рд╢реБрджреНрдзрддрд╛ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рдЙрдЪрд┐рдд рджреГрд╖реНрдЯрд┐рдХреЛрдг рдкрд░ рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЬреЛрд░ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред

рдЗрд░рд╛рджреЗ рд╕реЗ рдЕрд░рд╣рдВрдд рд╕реНрд╡рдкреНрди рдХреЗ рдЕрд▓рд╛рд╡рд╛ рд╡реАрд░реНрдп рдХрд╛ рдЙрддреНрд╕рд░реНрдЬрди рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ред рдПрдХ рдЕрд░рд╣рдВрдд рдпрд╛ рдирди рд╕рдВрднреЛрдЧ рдореЗрдВ рд▓рд┐рдкреНрдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХрддреА рд╣реИрдВред

рджреВрд╖рд┐рдд рдкрд╛рдиреА (рд╕рд╛рде рд╣реА рдкрд╛рдиреА рдореЗрдВ рдореМрдЬреВрдж рдЬреАрд╡реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдмрдЪрд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП) рд╕реЗ рдЙрддреНрдкрдиреНрди рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реА рдмреАрдорд╛рд░реА рдХреЛ рд░реЛрдХрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП, рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдиреЗ рдЕрд░рд╣рдВрдд рдХреЛ рд╕рд▓рд╛рд╣ рджреА рдХрд┐ рдкреАрдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рдЕрд░рд╣рдВрдд рдХреЛ рдХрдкрдбрд╝реЗ рдХреЗ рдПрдХ рдЯреБрдХрдбрд╝реЗ рд╕реЗ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреА рддрд░рд╣ рд╕реЗ рдЫрд╛рди рд▓реЗрдВред рдЦрд╛рдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рдФрд░ рдмрд╛рдж рдореЗрдВ рднреАрдЦ рдорд╛рдВрдЧрдирд╛ред

рд╢рд░реАрд░ рдХреЛ рдмрд╛рдВрдзрдХрд░ рд░рдЦрдирд╛, рдирд╛рдЦреВрдиреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдмрдбрд╝реЗ рдХрд░реАрдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рдХрд╛рдЯрдирд╛ рд╣реИ рддрд╛рдХрд┐ рдХреЛрдИ рдорд┐рдЯреНрдЯреА рдЙрдВрдЧрд▓рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдкрд░ рди рд░рд╣ рдЬрд╛рдП рдФрд░ рднреЛрдЬрди рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд▓рд╛рдкрд░рд╡рд╛рд╣реА рд╕реЗ рдЦрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдП (рдкреНрд░рдмреБрджреНрдз рднрд╛рд░рдд рдореЗрдВ, рднреЛрдЬрди рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рд╣рд╛рдереЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдЦрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ)ред

рдХрд╛рди, рджрд╛рдВрдд рдФрд░ рдпреМрди рдЕрдВрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╕рд╛рдл рд░рдЦрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред
рд╡рд┐рдирд┐рдпрдо рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдирд┐рд╡рд╛рд╕ рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рд╡реЗрд╢ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рдкреИрд░ рдзреЛрдиреЗ рдХреА рд╕рд▓рд╛рд╣ рджреЗрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред (рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ рдЦреБрд▓реЗ рд╕реИрдВрдбрд▓ рдкрд╣рдиреЗ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ)ред
рд╡рд╕реНрддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдлреИрд▓рд╛рдХрд░ рдзреВрдк рдореЗрдВ рд╕реБрдЦрд╛рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП, рд╣рд╛рд▓рд╛рдВрдХрд┐ рдЗрди рджрд┐рдиреЛрдВ рд░реЛрдЧрд╛рдгреБ рд╕рд┐рджреНрдзрд╛рдВрдд рдЕрдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдд рдерд╛ред
рдЕрддрд┐рд░рд┐рдХреНрдд рд╡рд╕реНрддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╕рдордп-рд╕рдордп рдкрд░ рдзреВрдк рдореЗрдВ рд╕реБрдЦрд╛рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред
рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рджрд┐рди рднреЛрдЬрди рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рд╕рд╛рдзреБ рдХреЗ рдкреНрдпрд╛рд▓реЗ рдХреЛ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреА рддрд░рд╣ рдзреЛрдХрд░ рдзреВрдк рдореЗрдВ рд╕реБрдЦрд╛рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред
рд╢реМрдЪрд╛рд▓рдп рдФрд░ рд╢реМрдЪрд╛рд▓рдп рдХреЛ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреА рддрд░рд╣ рд╕реЗ рдзреЛрдХрд░ рд░рдЦрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред
рдШрд░ рд╣рдореЗрд╢рд╛ рд╕рд╛рдл рд╕реБрдерд░рд╛ рд╣реЛрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред
рдЦрд┐рдбрд╝рдХрд┐рдпрд╛рдБ рдЧрд░реНрдорд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдпрд╛ рдЧрд░реНрдореА рдХреЗ рдореМрд╕рдо рдореЗрдВ рд░рд╛рдд рдореЗрдВ рдЦреБрд▓реА рд░рдЦрдиреА рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП, рдФрд░ рдардВрдб рдХреЗ рдореМрд╕рдо рдореЗрдВ рджрд┐рди рдореЗрдВ рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рдкрд░реАрдд рдмрдВрдж рд░рдЦрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП рддрд╛рдХрд┐ рдмрд╛рд╣рд░реА рдореМрд╕рдо рдХрд╛ рдпреЛрдЧрджрд╛рди рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХреЛ рдмреБрд░реА рддрд░рд╣ рдкреНрд░рднрд╛рд╡рд┐рдд рди рдХрд░реЗ:

рд╕реНрд╡рдЪреНрдЫ рд╡рд╛рддрд╛рд╡рд░рдг рдХреЛ рдмрдирд╛рдП рд░рдЦрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП, рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдиреЗ рдЕрд░рд╣рдВрддреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдкрд╛рдиреА рдпрд╛ рдШрд╛рд╕ рдкрд░ рдереВрдХрдиреЗ, рдкреЗрд╢рд╛рдм рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдЖрджрд┐ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдирд┐рдпрдо рдирд╣реАрдВ рдмрдирд╛рдПред

рдорд╣рд╛рд╡рдЧреНрдЧрд╛ рдореЗрдВ, рд╡рддреНрддрдЦрдЦрдВрдбрдХрд╛ рдХрд╣рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдХреЛ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рджрд┐рди рдЪрд╛рджрд░реЗрдВ рдФрд░ рдХрдкрдбрд╝реЗ рд╕реБрдЦрд╛рдиреЗ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред
рдЕрд░рд╣рдВрддреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдирд┐рд╡рд╛рд╕ рд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдореЗрдВ рдЭрд╛рдбреВ рд▓рдЧрд╛рдХрд░ рд╕рд╛рдл рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред
рдЕрд╕реНрд╡рдЪреНрдЫ рдирд┐рд╡рд╛рд╕ рд░рдЦрдирд╛ рд╕рдВрдШ рдХреЗ рдирд┐рдпрдо рдХрд╛ рдЙрд▓реНрд▓рдВрдШрди рд╣реИред
рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдиреЗ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдХрд┐ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреЗ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдФрд░ рдорди рдХреА рд╢рд╛рдВрддрд┐ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдПрдХ рдЙрдкрдпреБрдХреНрдд рд╕реНрдерд╛рди рдпрд╛ рд╡рд╛рддрд╛рд╡рд░рдг (рдкрддрд┐рд░реВрдкрджреЗрд╕рд╛ рд╡рд╛рд╕) рдореЗрдВ рд░рд╣рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред

рдЕрдЪреНрдЫреЗ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХреЛ рдмрдирд╛рдП рд░рдЦрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдирд┐рдпрдорд┐рдд рд╕рдордп рдкрд░ рдордзреНрдпрдо рдорд╛рддреНрд░рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдкреЛрд╖рдг рдЖрд╣рд╛рд░ рд▓реЗрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред рдордзреНрдпрдо рднреЛрдЬрди рдЬрд▓реНрджреА рдкрдЪ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬрд┐рд╕рд╕реЗ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рд╕рд╣рдЬ рдорд╣рд╕реВрд╕ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдФрд░ рдЬреАрд╡рди рдХрд╛рд▓ (рдЕрдпреБрдкрд▓рдпрдорддреА) рдХреА рд░рдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдЬрд╣рд╛рдБ рддрдХ рднреЛрдЬрди рдХреЗ рд╕рдордп рд╕рдВрдпрдо рдХреА рдмрд╛рдд рд╣реИ, рддреЛ рд╡рд╣ рджреЛ рдпрд╛ рддреАрди рдФрд░ рдореБрдБрд╣ рднрд░ рдЦрд╛рдирд╛ рдЬрд╛рд░реА рд░рдЦрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рдлрд┐рд░ рдЦрд╛рдирд╛ рдмрдВрдж рдХрд░ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдкреЗрдЯ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдХреА рд╣рд┐рд╕реНрд╕реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рднрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдереЛрдбрд╝рд╛ рдкрд╛рдиреА рдкреА рд▓реЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХреЗ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд▓рд╛рднрджрд╛рдпрдХ рдпрд╛ рд▓рд╛рднрд╣реАрди рдорд╛рдорд▓реЛрдВ рдФрд░ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдХреБрдЫ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░ рд░рдЦрдирд╛ рд╕рднреА рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдпрд╛ рдзреИрд░реНрдпрд╡рд╛рдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╣рдореЗрд╢рд╛ рдлрд╛рдпрджреЗрдордВрдж рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рд▓рд╛рдкрд░рд╡рд╛рд╣ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпреЛрдВ, рдЦрд░рд╛рдм рдЦрд╛рди-рдкрд╛рди рд╕реЗ рдХрдИ рдмреАрдорд╛рд░рд┐рдпрд╛рдВ рдЬрдиреНрдо рд▓реЗрддреА рд╣реИрдВред рдХрдИ рдмреАрдорд╛рд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдареАрдХ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рдЖрд╣рд╛рд░, рджрд╡рд╛ рдФрд░ рдкреНрдпрд╛рд░ рднрд░реА рджреЗрдЦрднрд╛рд▓ рдЬрд░реВрд░реА рд╣реИред

рдЬрд╛рдЧрд░рдг рд╢рд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рддрд┐рд▓ рдпрд╛ рд╕рд░рд╕реЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рддреЗрд▓, рджрд╛рдиреЗрджрд╛рд░ рдЪреАрдиреА рдпрд╛ рдЧреБрдбрд╝ рдХреЛ рдФрд╖рдзрд┐ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд░реНрдгрд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдРрд╕рд╛ рд▓рдЧрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЕрд░рд╣рдВрдд рдФрд░ рдирдиреЛрдВ рдиреЗ рдЗрди рд╡рд╕реНрддреБрдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдПрдХ рд╕рд╛рде рдорд┐рд▓рд╛рдХрд░ рдФрд░ рдЕрд▓рдЧ-рдЕрд▓рдЧ рдЗрд╕реНрддреЗрдорд╛рд▓ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ред
рдХрдЯреБрдорд╛рдзреБрд░рд╛ рдЪрд╛рд░ рдорд┐рдард╛рдЗрдпреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдорд┐рд╢реНрд░рдг рд╣реИ: рдЪреАрдиреА рдФрд░ рддрд┐рд▓ рдХрд╛ рддреЗрд▓ рдЬрд┐рд╕реЗ рдПрдХ рдЕрд░рд╣рдВрдд рдпрд╛ рдирди рдпрджрд┐ рдЪрд╛рд╣реЗрдВ рддреЛ рд▓реЗ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред
рд╕рдВрдШ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЬрд╛рдЧрд░реВрдХрддрд╛ рдЧреНрд░рдВрдереЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдЕрдХреНрд╕рд░ рдЬрд╛рдЧрд░рдг рдореЗрдВ рдЙрд▓реНрд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд рдХреБрдЫ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рд▓реЛрдХрдкреНрд░рд┐рдп рджрд╡рд╛рдПрдВ рдЪрд╛рд░ рдЕрдирд┐рдпрдорд┐рдд рдЪреАрдЬреЗрдВ (рдорд╣рд╛-рд╡рд┐рдХрдЯрдиреА) рд╣реИрдВ, рдЕрд░реНрдерд╛рддред (рдХрд╛рдврд╝рд╛) рдЧреЛрдмрд░ рдпрд╛ рдорд▓рдореВрддреНрд░ (рдЧреБрдард╛), рдореВрддреНрд░ (рдореБрдЯреНрдЯрд╛), рджрд░реНрдж (рдЪрд░рд┐рдХрд╛) рдФрд░ рдорд┐рдЯреНрдЯреА рдпрд╛ рдорд┐рдЯреНрдЯреА (рдордЯрд┐рдХрд╛) рд╕рд░реНрдкрджрдВрд╢ рдХреЗ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл рд▓рдЧрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рдЬрд╝рд╣рд░ рдкреАрдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдПрдХ рдЕрд░рд╣рдВрдд рдХреЛ рдареАрдХ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП, рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдиреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдЕрд░рд╣рдВрддреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╕рд▓рд╛рд╣ рджреА рдХрд┐ рд╡реЗ рдЙрд╕реЗ рдкреАрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП (рдПрдХ рдорд┐рд╢реНрд░рдг) рдЧреЛрдмрд░ рдкреАрдиреЗ рдХреА рд╕рд▓рд╛рд╣ рджреЗрдВ, рд╢рд╛рдпрдж рдПрдХ рдЙрд▓реНрдЯреА рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВред

рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЛрдВрдиреЗ рднрд┐рдХреНрд╖реБрдУрдВ рдХреЛ рднреА рд╕рд▓рд╛рд╣ рджреА рдХрд┐ рд╡реЗ рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреЛ рд╣рд▓ рд╕реЗ рдорд┐рдЯреНрдЯреА рдХреЛ рдЬрд╣рд░ рдХреЗ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл рджрд╡рд╛ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рдкрд┐рд▓рд╛рдПрдВред
рдХрдмреНрдЬ рдХреЗ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл рдХрдЪреНрдЪреА рд▓рд╛рдИ рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рдкреЗрдп рдирд┐рд░реНрдзрд╛рд░рд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред

рдкреАрд▓рд┐рдпрд╛ рдХреЗ рдЦрд┐рд▓рд╛рдл рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рдХреАрдп рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдЧрд╛рдп рдХреЗ рдореВрддреНрд░ рдФрд░ рдкреАрд▓реЗ рд╣рд░рдбрд╝ рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рдпреМрдЧрд┐рдХ рдЗрд╕реНрддреЗрдорд╛рд▓ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред
рдмреАрдорд╛рд░реА рд╕реЗ рдЙрдмрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рд╛ рдЙрдкрдЪрд╛рд░, рдПрдХ рдЙрдкрдпреБрдХреНрдд рджрд╡рд╛, рдПрдХ рдХреБрд╢рд▓ рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рдХ, рдПрдХ рдЕрд╕реНрдкрддрд╛рд▓ рдпрд╛ рд░рд╣рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЙрдкрдпреБрдХреНрдд рд╕реНрд╡рдЪреНрдЫ рд╕реНрдерд╛рди, рджрдпрд╛рд▓реБ рдирд░реНрд╕ рдпрд╛ рдкрд░рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рдХ рд╣реЛрдирд╛ рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХ рд╣реИред
рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░, рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреЛ рдареАрдХ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдз рдореЗрдВ рд╕реНрд╡рд╕реНрде рджреГрд╖реНрдЯрд┐рдХреЛрдг рд░рдЦрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред рд░реЛрдЧреА рдореЗрдВ рдирдХрд╛рд░рд╛рддреНрдордХ рдЧреБрдг рдареАрдХ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдмрд╛рдзрд╛ рдбрд╛рд▓рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред

рдЕрд╕реНрд╡рд╕реНрде рдордиреЛрд╡реГрддреНрддрд┐ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рд░реЛрдЧреА рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдЖрдк рдХреЛ рдЙрдЪрд┐рдд рд╡рд╕реНрддреБ (рд╕рдкреНрдкрдп) рд╕реЗ рдЙрдкрдЪрд╛рд░рд┐рдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд░рддрд╛, рдЙрдкрдЪрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рджреМрд░рд╛рди рдЙрдЪрд┐рдд рд╡рд╕реНрддреБ рдХрд╛ рдорд╛рдк (рд╕рдкреНрдкрдп рдордЯреНрдЯрди) рдирд╣реАрдВ рдЬрд╛рдирддрд╛, рдФрд╖рдзрд┐ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд▓рдЧрд╛рддрд╛; рдЙрд╕ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдХреЛ рдмреАрдорд╛рд░реА рдХреА рд╕реАрдорд╛ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реВрдЪрд┐рдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рдЙрд╕реЗ рдХрд░реБрдгрд╛ рд╕реЗ рднрд░ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИ; рди рд╣реА рдмреАрдорд╛рд░реА рдХреА рдкрд░реЗрд╢рд╛рдиреА рдзреИрд░реНрдпрдкреВрд░реНрд╡рдХ рд╡рд╣рди рдХреА рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИ; рди рд╣реА рд╢рд╛рд░реАрд░рд┐рдХ рджрд░реНрдж рдФрд░ рджрд░реНрдж рдХреА рд╢реБрд░реБрдЖрдд рдХреЛ рд╢реВрдЯрд┐рдВрдЧ, рдЫреБрд░рд╛ рдШреЛрдВрдкрдирд╛ рдЖрджрд┐ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд░реНрдгрд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ред
рд╡рд┐рдкрд░реАрдд рдЧреБрдг рд╡рд┐рдХрд╕рд┐рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреЛ рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрддрд╛ рдорд┐рд▓рдирд╛ рдирд┐рд╢реНрдЪрд┐рдд рд╣реИред
рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХреА рдЖрд╢рд╛ рдпрд╛ рд╢реАрдШреНрд░ рд╕реНрд╡рд╕реНрде рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреА рдЖрд╢рд╛ рд░рдЦрдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреЛ рд╣рдореЗрд╢рд╛ рд╕реНрд╡рд╕реНрде рдЬреАрд╡рди рдХреЗ рд╕рд┐рджреНрдзрд╛рдВрддреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдкрд╛рд▓рди рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред
рдЙрдкрд░реЛрдХреНрдд рдкрд░рд┐рдЪреНрдЫреЗрдж рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдкрдврд╝рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЖрд╕рд╛рдиреА рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдирд┐рдореНрдирд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд рддрд░реАрдХреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдкреБрдирд░реНрд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИ:

1. рд╕реНрд╡рд╕реНрде рдкрд░рд┐рд╡реЗрд╢ рдореЗрдВ рд░рд╣рдиреЗ рдХреА рд╕рд▓рд╛рд╣ рджреА рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИ, рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдп рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рдореМрд╕рдо, рдирд┐рд╢реНрдЪрд┐рдд рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рд╣реИред рдорд┐рд▓рдирд╕рд╛рд░ рдорд┐рддреНрд░ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд░рд╣рдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рдмрд╣реБрдд рд▓рд╛рдн рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдпрдХрд░ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рдЦрд╛рди-рдкрд╛рди рд▓реЗрдирд╛ рдФрд░ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд▓рд╛рднрдХрд╛рд░реА рдЪреАрдЬреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╣реА рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЬреАрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╣реА рддрд░реАрдХрд╛ рдмрддрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИред рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдпрд╛рдо (рдмрдпрд╛рдорд╛) рдпрд╛ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдиреБрдХреВрд▓ рдЖрд╕рди, рдЬреИрд╕реЗ, рд╕реНрдЯреНрд░реЗрдЪрд┐рдВрдЧ рдЖрджрд┐ рдХрд╛ рд╕рд╛рд╡рдзрд╛рдиреА рд╕реЗ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЙрдЪрд┐рдд рд╣реИред рдЕрд╕реНрд╡рд╕реНрде рд╕рдордЭреА рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реА рдкреНрд░рдерд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдЫреЛрдбрд╝рдиреЗ рдХреА рд╕рд▓рд╛рд╣ рджреА рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИ:

2. рдЬрд╛рдирдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП, рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ рдордзреНрдпрдо рдорд╛рддреНрд░рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рднреЛрдЬрди рдФрд░ рдкреЗрдп рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд░реЗрдВ рдФрд░ рд▓реЗрдВ рдЬреЛ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдлрд╛рдпрджреЗрдордВрдж рдорд╛рдиреЗ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рджреВрд╕рд░реЗ рд╢рдмреНрджреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ, рд╕рднреА рдЪреАрдЬреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрддрд╛ рдпрд╛ рдЕрднрд╛рд╡ рд╕реЗ рдмрдЪрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред

3. рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреЛ рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рдХ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдирд┐рд░реНрдзрд╛рд░рд┐рдд рдХрд┐рд╕реА рднреА рджрд╡рд╛ рдФрд░ рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рд╛ рдЙрдкрдЪрд╛рд░ рдХреА рд╕рдЯреАрдХ рдЦреБрд░рд╛рдХ рд▓реЗрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП, рдПрдХ рдбреЙрдХреНрдЯрд░ рдХреА рд╕рд▓рд╛рд╣ рдХрд╛ рдкрд╛рд▓рди рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред

4. рд░реЛрдЧрд┐рдпреЛрдВ, рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рдХ рдпрд╛ рдкрд░рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рдХ рдХреЛ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдмреАрдорд╛рд░реА рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рд╕рднреА рд╡рд┐рд╡рд░рдгреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд╕реНрдкрд╖реНрдЯ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ, рдкреВрд░реА рддрд░рд╣ рд╕реЗ рдФрд░ рд╕реАрдзреЗ рдкреНрд░рдХрдЯ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдпрд╛ рд╕реВрдЪрд┐рдд рдХрд░рдирд╛ред рдкрд░рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рдХ рдХреЛ рд░реЛрдЧ рдХреА рд╕реНрдерд┐рддрд┐ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдмрддрд╛рдирд╛ рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рд╣реИ, рдЪрд╛рд╣реЗ рд╡рд╣ рдмрдврд╝ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реЛ, рдХрдо рд╣реЛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реЛ, рдпрд╛ рдХрдо рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реБрдЖ рд╣реЛ, рдмрд▓реНрдХрд┐ рд╕реНрдерд┐рд░ рд░рд╣рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

5. рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреЛ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рднреА рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рджрд░реНрджрдирд╛рдХ рдпрд╛ рдЕрдкреНрд░рд┐рдп рд▓рдХреНрд╖рдг рдХрд╛ рдЕрдиреБрднрд╡ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдкрд░ рдирд┐рд░рд╛рд╢ рдФрд░ рдкрд░реЗрд╢рд╛рди рди рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдпрд╛рд╕ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП, рдмрд▓реНрдХрд┐ рдРрд╕рд╛ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рд╕рдВрднрд╡ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдкрд░ рд╕реНрдерд┐рддрд┐ рдХреЛ рд╕рд╣рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдпрд╛рд╕ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред

рдЗрди рд╕рднреА рдмрд╛рддреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдкрд╛рд▓рди рди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХреЗ рдареАрдХ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреА рд╕рдВрднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛ рдХрдо рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддреА рд╣реИ
рд░реЛрдЧ, рдпрд╛ рдЗрд╕реЗ рдареАрдХ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рд░реЛрдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП, рдЬреЛ рд░реЛрдЧреА рдЙрдкрд╕реНрдерд┐рдд рд╣реЛ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИ, рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЙрдирдХрд╛ рдирд┐рд░реАрдХреНрд╖рдг рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдпрд╛рд╕ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП, рдпрд╛ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рд╢реАрд▓ рд╣реЛрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП рддрд╛рдХрд┐ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рдкрд░рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рдХ рдХреЛ рдЪрд┐рдВрддрд╛ рди рд╣реЛред рдЙрдкрд░реЛрдХреНрдд рд╕рд┐рдлрд╛рд░рд┐рд╢реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдмреБрджреНрдз рдиреЗ рд╡рд╕реВрд▓реА рдореЗрдВ рддреЗрдЬреА рд▓рд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХрд╣рд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрди рдиреИрддрд┐рдХ рд╕рд┐рджреНрдзрд╛рдВрддреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдзреНрдпрд╛рди рдореЗрдВ рд░рдЦрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП, рдХрд┐рд╕реА рднреА рдкрд░рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рдХ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдпрд╣ рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рд╡рд╣ рдЙрд╕ рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рдХ рдХреА рдмрд╛рдд рди рдХрд░реЗ рдЬрд┐рд╕реЗ рд░реЛрдЧреА рдЕрдкрдирд╛ рдЬреАрд╡рди рд╕реМрдВрдкрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рд╣рд╛рд▓рд╛рдВрдХрд┐ рдХрднреА-рдХрднреА рдирдХрд╛рд░рд╛рддреНрдордХ рдЧреБрдгреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдкреНрд░рдХрдЯ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЙрддреНрддрд░рджрд╛рдпреА, рдПрдХ рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреА рджреЗрдЦрднрд╛рд▓ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛, рдЬреЛ рдмрд╛рд░-рдмрд╛рд░ рдХреНрд░реЛрдз рдФрд░ рдЕрдзреАрд░рддрд╛ рдкреНрд░рджрд░реНрд╢рд┐рдд рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдмреАрдорд╛рд░ рдХреА рдкреНрд░рддреАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЙрдкрдпреБрдХреНрдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИред рдпреЗ рдЕрд╕реНрд╡рд╛рднрд╛рд╡рд┐рдХ рдЧреБрдг рджрд╡рд╛ рддреИрдпрд╛рд░ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрд╕рдорд░реНрдерддрд╛ рдХреЗ рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рдХрдЯ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ; рдЬреЛ рдЙрдЪрд┐рдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ (рд╕рдкреНрдкрдп) рдХреЛ рдЙрдЪрд┐рдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╕рдордЭрдирд╛, рдЬреЛ рдЙрдЪрд┐рдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ рдЙрд╕реЗ рджреЗрдирд╛ рдпрд╛ рджреЗрдирд╛, рдЬреЛ рдЙрдЪрд┐рдд рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ рдЙрд╕реЗ рджреЗрдирд╛; рдмреАрдорд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреА рдкреНрд░рддреАрдХреНрд╖рд╛ рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╕рдордп рдПрдХ рд╕реЗ (рдЙрдкреЗрдХреНрд╖рд╛-рдЙрдкрд╣рд╛рд░) рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреА рдЖрд╢рд╛ рдХрд░рдирд╛, рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рд╕рджреНрднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛ рд╕реЗ рд╕реНрд╡рддрдВрддреНрд░ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдирд╣реАрдВ; рдЪреЗрд╣рд░реЗ, рдореВрддреНрд░, рдЙрд▓реНрдЯреА рдФрд░ рдереВрдХ рдХреЛ рд╣рдЯрд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдШреГрдгрд╛; рдЖрдзреНрдпрд╛рддреНрдорд┐рдХ, рдкрджрд╛рд░реНрде рдпрд╛ рдзрдореНрдо рд╡рд╛рд░реНрддрд╛ рд╕реЗ рдмреАрдорд╛рд░ рдХреЛ рдирд┐рд░реНрджреЗрд╢ рджреЗрдиреЗ, рдЬрдЧрд╛рдиреЗ, рдкреНрд░рд╕рдиреНрди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдФрд░ рд╕рдВрддреБрд╖реНрдЯ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрд╕рдорд░реНрдерддрд╛ред рд╡рд┐рдкрд░реАрдд рдЧреБрдгреЛрдВ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреА рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрддрд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдпреЛрдЧреНрдп рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдпреЗ рд╣рд╛рдирд┐рдХрд╛рд░рдХ рдЧреБрдг рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдореЗрдВ рдпреЛрдЧрджрд╛рди рдирд╣реАрдВ рджреЗрдВрдЧреЗред рдмреБрджреНрдз рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░, рдЖрдпреБрд╖ рд╡рд╣ рд╣реИ рдЬреЛ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдпрд╛ рдЬреАрд╡рди рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐ рдХреА рдУрд░ рд▓реЗ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рд╕реНрдереНрдп рдирд┐рдореНрдирд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд рдЧреБрдгреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдЙрддреНрдкрдиреНрди рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ:

1. рдзреНрд╡рдирд┐ рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рд╛ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджреЛрдВ рдХреА рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд╛ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдФрд░ рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рдирд╛ред
рджрд╡рд╛ рдФрд░ рдЙрдкрдЪрд╛рд░ рдХреА рдкреЗрд╢рдХрд╢ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖рдЬреНрдЮ рд╣реЛрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред

2. рдкрд░рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рдХ рдЬрд╛рдирддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рд▓рд╛рднрдХрд╛рд░реА рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рд╣рд╛рдирд┐рдХрд╛рд░рдХ рд╣реИ, рдЧреИрд░-рд▓рд╛рднрдХрд╛рд░реА рдЪреАрдЬреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдЕрд▓рдЧ рд░рд╣рдХрд░ рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреЛ рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ рд▓рд╛рднрдХрд╛рд░реА рдЪреАрдЬреЗрдВ рдкреНрд░рджрд╛рди рдХрд░рдирд╛, рдЪрд╛рд╣реЗ рд╡рд╣ рджрд╡рд╛, рдЖрд╣рд╛рд░ рдЖрджрд┐ рд╣реЛред

3. рд╕реНрдиреЗрд╣, рдХреЛрдорд▓рддрд╛ рдФрд░ рдЪрд┐рдВрддрд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреА рджреЗрдЦрднрд╛рд▓ рдХрд░рдирд╛ред

4. рдкрд░рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рдХ рдХреЛ рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреЛ рд╕реНрд╡рдЪреНрдЫ рдФрд░ рд╕реНрд╡рдЪреНрдЫ рд╡рд╛рддрд╛рд╡рд░рдг рдореЗрдВ рд░рдЦрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред
рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдХреЛ рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП, рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдХрд┐ рдЙрд▓реНрдЯреА рдФрд░ рдореВрддреНрд░ рдХреЛ рджреВрд░ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рддрдЯрд╕реНрде рдорди рд╕реЗ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред
рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреЗ рдЖрд╕рдкрд╛рд╕ рд╕рдм рдХреБрдЫ рдареАрдХ рд╕реЗ рдФрд░ рд╕рд╛рдл-рд╕реБрдерд░рд╛ рд░рдЦрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред

5. рдкрд░рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рдХ рдХреЛ рд╕рд╛рдВрддреНрд╡рдирд╛ рджреЗрдиреЗ, рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рдкрд░рд╛рдорд░реНрд╢ рджреЗрдиреЗ рдФрд░ рдЖрдзреНрдпрд╛рддреНрдорд┐рдХ рдорд╛рдорд▓реЛрдВ (рдзрдореНрдо) (рдпрджрд┐ рдЕрдиреБрд░реЛрдз рдпрд╛ рд╡рд╛рдВрдЫрд┐рдд) рдкрд░ рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреЛ рдирд┐рд░реНрджреЗрд╢ рджреЗрдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рд╕рдХреНрд╖рдо рд╣реЛрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП рдФрд░ рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреЛ рд╕рдордп-рд╕рдордп рдкрд░ рдЙрддреНрд╕рд╛рд╣ (рдЖрд╢рд╛) рд╕реЗ рднрд░рдирд╛ рдФрд░ рдкреНрд░рд╕рдиреНрди рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред рдпрд╣ рдЙрдЪрд┐рдд рд╣реИред
рдкрд░рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рдХ рдХреЛ рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреЛ рджреБрдЦреА, рдирд┐рд░рд╛рд╢ рдФрд░ рдирд┐рд░рд╛рд╢ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рджреЗрдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдпрд╛рд╕ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред

рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдХреА рд╕рд▓рд╛рд╣ рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рдПрдХ рдкрд░рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рдХ рдпрд╛ рдирд░реНрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреА рджреЗрдЦрднрд╛рд▓ рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╕рдордп рдЙрдкрд░реЛрдХреНрдд рдкрд╛рдВрдЪ рдЧреБрдг рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреА рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдХреЛ рдЗрди рд╕рднреА рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХ рдЧреБрдгреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рд╕рдВрдкрдиреНрди рд╣реЛрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред
рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреА рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрддрд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдпрд╛ рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рд░ рдХрд░рдиреЗ, рдЙрдкрдЪрд╛рд░ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рд╣рдореЗрд╢рд╛ рдХрд░реНрддрд╡реНрдпрдирд┐рд╖реНрда рд╣реЛрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред
рдПрдХ рдЕрдкрд░рд┐рдкрдХреНрд╡ рдФрд░ рдЕрдХреБрд╢рд▓ рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рдХ рдХреЛ рд╕рд░реНрдЬрд┐рдХрд▓ рдкреНрд░рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рджреЗрдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рдордирд╛ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдпрджрд┐ рдХреЛрдИ рдЕрдХреБрд╢рд▓ рдЕрд░рд╣рдВрдд рдпрд╛ рдирди рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдорд░реАрдЬ рдХреЛ рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рд╛ рдЙрдкрдЪрд╛рд░ рджреЗрддреА рд╣реИ рдпрд╛ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рднреА рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░ рдХреА рд╕рд░реНрдЬрд░реА рдХрд░рддреА рд╣реИ, рддреЛ рдЙрд╕ рдкрд░ рдПрдХ рдирд┐рдпрдо рдХрд╛ рдЙрд▓реНрд▓рдВрдШрди рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХрд╛ рдЖрд░реЛрдк рд▓рдЧрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреЛ рдареАрдХ рд╕реЗ рдФрд░ рдзреНрдпрд╛рди рд╕реЗ рдЙрдкрд╕реНрдерд┐рдд рд╣реЛрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред
рдХрд┐рд╕реА рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреА рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реБрдП, рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдиреЗ рдзрд╛рд░реНрдорд┐рдХ рджреГрд╖реНрдЯрд┐рдХреЛрдг рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрдд рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реБрдП рдХрд╣рд╛ рдХрд┐ рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреА рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓рд╛ рд╕реНрд╡рдпрдВ рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдХреА рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рдХрд░ рд░рд╣рд╛ рд╣реИред

рдмреЗрд╢рдХ, рдЗрд╕рдХрд╛ рдорддрд▓рдм рдпрд╣ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рд░реЛрдЧреА рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рд╣реИ рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдХреЗ рдмрд░рд╛рдмрд░ рд╣реИред рд╢рд╛рдВрдШрд╛ рдХреЛ рднрд┐рдХреНрд╖реБрдУрдВ рдпрд╛ рднрд┐рдХреНрд╖реБрдгрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рджрдпрд╛рдкреВрд░реНрд╡рдХ рдмреАрдорд╛рд░ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред

рдПрдХ рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рдХ рдХреЛ рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХреЗ рдЪреБрдиреЗ рд╣реБрдП рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдХреБрд╢рд▓ рдФрд░ рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖рдЬреНрдЮ рд╣реЛрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП, рдпрд╣ рдЬрд╛рдирдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХрд┐ рдХреЛрдИ рдмреАрдорд╛рд░реА рдХреНрдпреЛрдВ рдФрд░ рдХреИрд╕реЗ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ, рдпрд╣ рдХреИрд╕реЗ рд░реЛрдЧреА рдмрдирд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рджрд░реНрдж рдорд╣рд╕реВрд╕ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдФрд░ рдпрд╣ рдХреНрдпреЛрдВ рдЧрд╛рдпрдм рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рджреВрд╕рд░реЗ рд╢рдмреНрджреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ, рдПрдХ рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рдХ рдХреЛ рд░реЛрдЧ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдФрд░ рдЙрддреНрдкрддреНрддрд┐, рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рдЕрд╕реНрддрд┐рддреНрд╡ рдФрд░ рдЕрд╡рдзрд┐, рдЧрдВрднреАрд░рддрд╛ рдФрд░ рдЙрд╕рдХреА рд╕рдХрд╛рд░рд╛рддреНрдордХ рдФрд░ рдирдХрд╛рд░рд╛рддреНрдордХ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдХреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рдЬрд╛рдирдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред рдпрд╣ рдирд┐рд░реНрдзрд╛рд░рд┐рдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рд╕рд╣рд╛рдпрддрд╛ рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдХреМрди рд╕рд╛ рдЙрдкрдЪрд╛рд░ рд▓рд╛рднрджрд╛рдпрдХ (рдлрд╛рдпрджреЗрдордВрдж) рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛ рдпрд╛ рдХреНрдпрд╛ рдЬрдбрд╝рддрд╛ (рдпрд╛ рдЗрд╕рд╕реЗ рднреА рдмрджрддрд░) рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛ред

рдПрдХ рдЪрд┐рдХрд┐рддреНрд╕рдХ рдХреЛ рдзреИрд░реНрдпрд╡рд╛рди рдФрд░ рджрдпрд╛рд▓реБ рд╣реЛрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП рдФрд░ рд░реЛрдЧреА рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╣рд╛рд░ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред

рд╕реЗ

рдХреБрд╢реАрдирд╛рд░рд╛ рдирд┐рдмреНрдмрд╛рдирд╛рдЬ рднреВрдорд┐ рд╢рд┐рд╡рд╛рд▓рдп 117 рд╢рд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░реАрдп рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдУрдВ рдореЗрдВ “рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рдмреНрд░рд╣реНрдорд╛рдВрдб рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдЬрд╛рдЧреГрдд рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдХреА рдЦреЛрдЬ” рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдореБрдлреНрдд рдСрдирд▓рд╛рдЗрди рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд▓реЗрд╖рдгрд╛рддреНрдордХ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рдВрдзрд╛рди рдФрд░ рдЕрднреНрдпрд╛рд╕ рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╡рд┐рджреНрдпрд╛рд▓рдпред

3рдбреА 360 рдбрд┐рдЧреНрд░реА рд╕рд░реНрдХрд┐рд▓ рд╡рд┐рдЬрди рдореЗрдбрд┐рдЯреЗрд╢рди рд▓реИрдмред

рд╡реНрд╣рд╛рдЗрдЯ рд╣реЛрдо,

668, 5рдП рдореЗрди рд░реЛрдб,
8рд╡рд╛рдВ рдХреНрд░реЙрд╕ рдПрдЪрдПрдПрд▓ III рдЪрд░рдг,
рдкреБрдгреНрдп рднреВрдорд┐ рдмреЗрдВрдЧрд▓реБрд░реБ,
рдордЧрдзреА рдХрд░реНрдирд╛рдЯрдХ рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп,
рдкреНрд░рдмреБрджреНрдз рднрд╛рд░рдд рдЗрдВрдЯрд░рдиреЗрд╢рдирд▓

http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org

buddhasaid2us@gmail.com
jcs4ever@outlook.com
jрдЪрдВрджреНрд░рд╢реЗрдЦрд░рди@yahoo.comред

рдирд┐рд╢реНрдЪрд┐рдд рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рдзрдиреНрдпрд╡рд╛рдж рдФрд░ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдз рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде

рдХрд░реНрдирд╛рдЯрдХ рд░рд╛рдЬреНрдп рд╕рд╣рдХрд╛рд░реА рдХреА рдЕрдЧреНрд░рдгреА рдХрд┐рд░рд╛рдирд╛ рдлрд░реНрдо рд╣реЙрдкрдХреЙрдо, рдЬреЛ рдмреЗрдВрдЧрд▓реБрд░реБ рдореЗрдВ рд▓рдЧрднрдЧ 300 рдЖрдЙрдЯрд▓реЗрдЯреНрд╕ рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗ рдлрд▓ рдФрд░ рд╕рдмреНрдЬрд┐рдпрд╛рдВ рдмреЗрдЪрддреА рд╣реИ, рдХреЛ рд╣рдЬрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдЖрдЙрдЯрд▓реЗрдЯреНрд╕ рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗ рдкреВрд░реА рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдирд╣реАрдВ рддреЛ рдкреВрд░реЗ рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░реАрдп рдХреА рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдкрдирд╛ рдИ-рдХреЙрдорд░реНрд╕ рдкреЛрд░реНрдЯрд▓ рд▓реЙрдиреНрдЪ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред

рдЗрд╕ рдЙрджреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗ рдХрд┐рд╕рд╛рди рдФрд░ рд╕рднреА рдордиреБрд╖реНрдп рд▓рд╛рднрд╛рдиреНрд╡рд┐рдд рд╣реЛрдВрдЧреЗ, рдФрд░ рд░реЛрдЬрдЧрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдЕрд╡рд╕рд░ рдХреА рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐ рд╣рдо рд╕рднреА рдЗрд╕ рдкреНрд░рдпрд╛рд╕ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдорд┐рдХ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдЬрд╛ рд░рд╣реЗ рд╣реИрдВ, рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛ рдХреЛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рд╕реЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдХрд╛рджрд┐рд░реЗ рдЧреМрдбрд╝рд╛, рдкреНрд░рдмрдВрдз рдирд┐рджреЗрд╢рдХ, рд╣реЙрдкрдХреЙрдо рдХреА рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИред

рд╕реЙрдлреНрдЯрд╡реЗрдпрд░ рдХреЛ рдЕрдВрддрд┐рдо рд░реВрдк рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП рдИ-рдХреЙрдорд░реНрд╕ рдкреЛрд░реНрдЯрд▓ рдЬрд░реВрд░реА рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд┐ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рддрд░реАрдХрд╛ рд╣реЛ рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐ рдпрд╣ рдХрд┐рд░рд╛рдирд╛ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд▓рд╛рдн рдмрдврд╝рд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИред

рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛ рдХреЛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рд╕реЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдЕрд░рд╡рд┐рдВрдж рдХреЗ рд╕рд┐рдВрдШрд▓ рдХреА рдЬрд░реВрд░рдд рд╣реИ, рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдЯреЗрдХреНрдиреЛрдкрд╛рд░реНрдХреНрд╕ рдкреНрд░рдмрдВрдзрди рдкрд░рд╛рдорд░реНрд╢ рдлрд░реНрдореЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЕрдзреНрдпрдХреНрд╖ рдФрд░ рдкреНрд░рдмрдВрдз рдирд┐рджреЗрд╢рдХ рдИрдЯреА рдХреЛ рдмрддрд╛ рд░рд╣реЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдХрд┐ рднреМрддрд┐рдХ рдЦреБрджрд░рд╛ рд╡рд┐рдХреНрд░реЗрддрд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЗ рдмрдЬрд╛рдп рдЕрдкрдиреА рдбрд┐рд▓реАрд╡рд░реА рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛рдУрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╕реНрддрд╛рд░ рдХрд░рдХреЗ рдПрдХ рдЙрдЬреНрдЬрд╡рд▓ рднрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдп рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИред тАЭрдИ-рдХреЙрдорд░реНрд╕ рдкреЛрд░реНрдЯрд▓реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЖрдкреВрд░реНрддрд┐-рд╢реНрд░реГрдВрдЦрд▓рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдирд┐рд╡реЗрд╢ рдХреА рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд╕, рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рд╕реЛрд░реНрд╕рд┐рдВрдЧ, рд╡рд┐рддрд░рдг рдФрд░ рдЧреНрд░рд╛рд╣рдХ рдЕрдзрд┐рдЧреНрд░рд╣рдг рдореЗрдВред рдирд┐рдХрдЯ рднрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдп рдореЗрдВ, рд░рд┐рд▓рд╛рдпрдВрд╕ рдФрд░ рдлреНрд▓рд┐рдкрдХрд╛рд░реНрдЯ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд╕реНрдкрд░реНрдзрд╛ рджреЗрддреЗ рд╣реБрдП рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рд╕реНрд╡рдпрдВ рдХреЗ рдСрдирд▓рд╛рдЗрди рдХрд┐рд░рд╛рдирд╛ рд╕реНрдЯреЛрд░ рднреА рдЦреЛрд▓ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП рдЬрдм рд╕реНрдерд╛рдиреАрдп рдЦреБрджрд░рд╛ рд╡рд┐рдХреНрд░реЗрддрд╛ рдРрд╕рд╛ рд╣реА рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ, рддреЛ рд╡реЗ рдЬрд┐рддрдирд╛ рдЪрдмрд╛ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдЙрд╕рд╕реЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдХрд╛рдЯ рд░рд╣реЗ рд╣реЛрдВрдЧреЗ рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐ рд▓рд╛рдн рдХрдорд╛рдирд╛ рдЗрд╕рдХреА рдЪрд┐рдВрддрд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИред
рдХрд░реЛрдбрд╝реЛрдВ рд░реБрдкрдпреЗ, рдкрд╛рдЙрдВрдб, рдбреЙрд▓рд░ рдЖрджрд┐ рдХреЗ рд╢реБрд░реБрдЖрддреА рдирд┐рд╡реЗрд╢ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдХреЗрдУрдирд┐рдХреНрд╕ рдФрд░ рдЕрдиреНрдп рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЬрд▓реНрдж рд╕реЗ рдЬрд▓реНрдж рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпрд╛рддреНрдордХ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдПред

рд╣реЙрдкрдХреЙрдо рдФрд░ рдЕрдиреНрдп рд╕рд╣рдХрд╛рд░реА рд╕рдорд┐рддрд┐рдпрд╛рдВ рдЬреЛ рдлрд▓ рдФрд░ рд╕рдмреНрдЬрд┐рдпрд╛рдВ рдФрд░ рдмреМрдиреЗ рдлрд▓ рджреЗрдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рдкреМрдзреЛрдВ рдФрд░ рдкреЗрдбрд╝реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЙрддреНрдкрд╛рджрди рдХреЛ рдкреНрд░реЛрддреНрд╕рд╛рд╣рд┐рдд рдХрд░рддреА рд╣реИрдВ, рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рднреА рдЕрдкрдиреА рдЧрддрд┐рд╡рд┐рдзрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╕реНрддрд╛рд░ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП, “рд╣рд░ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХреЛ рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рд╣реЙрдкрдХреЙрдо рдЖрдЙрдЯрд▓реЗрдЯреНрд╕ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рддреИрдпрд╛рд░ рд░рд╣рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП; рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдкрд░реНрдпрд╛рдкреНрдд рд╡рд┐рддреНрддреАрдп рдФрд░ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдорд┐рдХ рд╢рдХреНрддрд┐ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рдеред рдмреАрдмреАрдПрдордкреА рдФрд░ рдЕрдиреНрдп рд╕рднреА рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЗрд╕ рдЙрджреНрджреЗрд╢реНрдп рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЬрдореАрди рджреЗрдирд╛ рд╢реБрд░реВ рдХрд░ рджреЗрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП, тАЭрдЬреИрд╕рд╛ рдХрд┐ рдЧреМрдбрд╝рд╛ рдиреЗ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдерд╛ред

рдЬрд░реВрд░реА рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХрд┐ рдИ-рдХреЙрдорд░реНрд╕ рдкреЛрд░реНрдЯрд▓ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рддрд░реАрдХрд╛ рд╣реЛ рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐ рдпрд╣ рдХрд┐рд░рд╛рдирд╛ рдХреНрд╖реЗрддреНрд░ рдореЗрдВ рд▓рд╛рдн рдмрдврд╝рд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИред

рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛ рдХреЛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рд╕реЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдЕрд░рд╡рд┐рдВрдж рдХреЗ рд╕рд┐рдВрдШрд▓ рдХреА рдЬрд░реВрд░рдд рд╣реИ, рдЬреИрд╕реЗ рдЯреЗрдХреНрдиреЛрдкрд╛рд░реНрдХреНрд╕ рдкреНрд░рдмрдВрдзрди рдкрд░рд╛рдорд░реНрд╢ рдлрд░реНрдореЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЕрдзреНрдпрдХреНрд╖ рдФрд░ рдкреНрд░рдмрдВрдз рдирд┐рджреЗрд╢рдХ рдИрдЯреА рдХреЛ рдмрддрд╛ рд░рд╣реЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдХрд┐ рднреМрддрд┐рдХ рдЦреБрджрд░рд╛ рд╡рд┐рдХреНрд░реЗрддрд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЗ рдмрдЬрд╛рдп рдЕрдкрдиреА рдбрд┐рд▓реАрд╡рд░реА рд╕реЗрд╡рд╛рдУрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╕реНрддрд╛рд░ рдХрд░рдХреЗ рдПрдХ рдЙрдЬреНрдЬрд╡рд▓ рднрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдп рд╣реЛ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИред тАЭрдИ-рдХреЙрдорд░реНрд╕ рдкреЛрд░реНрдЯрд▓реЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЖрдкреВрд░реНрддрд┐-рд╢реНрд░реГрдВрдЦрд▓рд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдирд┐рд╡реЗрд╢ рдХреА рдЖрд╡рд╢реНрдпрдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд╕, рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рд╕реЛрд░реНрд╕рд┐рдВрдЧ, рд╡рд┐рддрд░рдг рдФрд░ рдЧреНрд░рд╛рд╣рдХ рдЕрдзрд┐рдЧреНрд░рд╣рдг рдореЗрдВред рдирд┐рдХрдЯ рднрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдп рдореЗрдВ, рд░рд┐рд▓рд╛рдпрдВрд╕ рдФрд░ рдлреНрд▓рд┐рдкрдХрд╛рд░реНрдЯ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рд╕реНрдкрд░реНрдзрд╛ рджреЗрддреЗ рд╣реБрдП рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рд╕реНрд╡рдпрдВ рдХреЗ рдСрдирд▓рд╛рдЗрди рдХрд┐рд░рд╛рдирд╛ рд╕реНрдЯреЛрд░ рднреА рдЦреЛрд▓ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЗрд╕рд▓рд┐рдП рдЬрдм рд╕реНрдерд╛рдиреАрдп рдЦреБрджрд░рд╛ рд╡рд┐рдХреНрд░реЗрддрд╛ рдРрд╕рд╛ рд╣реА рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ, рддреЛ рд╡реЗ рдЬрд┐рддрдирд╛ рдЪрдмрд╛ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдЙрд╕рд╕реЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рдХрд╛рдЯ рд░рд╣реЗ рд╣реЛрдВрдЧреЗ рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐ рд▓рд╛рдн рдХрдорд╛рдирд╛ рдЗрд╕рдХреА рдЪрд┐рдВрддрд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИред

рдХрд░реЛрдбрд╝реЛрдВ рд░реБрдкрдпреЗ, рдбреЙрд▓рд░, рдкрд╛рдЙрдВрдб рдХреЗ рдирд┐рд╡реЗрд╢ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ, рд╕рд┐рдВрдШрд▓ рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ: тАЬрдпрджрд┐ рд╡реЗ рдЙрд╕ рдкреИрд╕реЗ рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдЕрдкрдиреА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреЛ Google рдЦреЛрдЬ рдореЗрдВ рд╢реАрд░реНрд╖ рдкрд░ рд╕реВрдЪреАрдмрджреНрдз рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдФрд░ рд╕реЛрд╢рд▓ рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗ рд╡рд┐рдкрдгрди рдореЗрдВ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ, рддреЛ рд╡реЗ рднреВрдЦреЗ рдордиреБрд╖реНрдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рд▓рд╛рдн рдкрд╣реБрдВрдЪрд╛ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред ”

рд╣рд╛рд▓рд╛рдВрдХрд┐, рдмреИрдВрдЧрд▓реЛрд░ рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд рдПрдХ рдСрдирд▓рд╛рдЗрди рдХрд┐рд░рд╛рдирд╛ рд╕реНрдЯреЛрд░, рдЬрд╝реЛрдкрдиреЛ рдХреЗ рд╕реАрдИрдУ рдореБрдХреЗрд╢ рд╕рд┐рдВрд╣ рдХреЛ рдпрд╣ рдорд╣рд╕реВрд╕ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреА рдЬрд╝рд░реВрд░рдд рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдЙрдирдХреА рдХрдВрдкрдиреА рдЕрдХреЗрд▓реЗ рдлрд▓реЛрдВ рдФрд░ рд╕рдмреНрдЬрд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗ рдХреЛрдИ рднреА рд░рд╛рдЬрд╕реНрд╡ рдХрдорд╛рддреА рд╣реИ рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐ рдпрд╣ рднреВрдЦ рд╣реИ рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рд▓рд╛рдн рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИред

рдСрдирд▓рд╛рдЗрди рдХрд┐рд░рд╛рдирд╛ рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рди рдХреА рддрд░рд╣ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ рд╕реЗ рдЕрдзрд┐рдХ Zopnow рдХреЛ рдЕрдкрдиреА рд╡реЗрдмрд╕рд╛рдЗрдЯ рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗ рд╕рдмреНрдЬрд┐рдпрд╛рдВ рдФрд░ рдлрд▓ рдЙрдкрд▓рдмреНрдз рдХрд░рд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рджреБрдирд┐рдпрд╛ рднрд░ рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдкрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдЬрдирд╛рдУрдВ рдХреЛ рд╢реБрд░реВ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдПред

рей/резреи-реирежреирез рд╢рд╛рдВрддрд┐, рдЦреБрд╢реА, рдХрд▓реНрдпрд╛рдг, рд╢рд╛рдВрддрд┐, рд╢рд╛рдВрддрд┐, рдзреНрдпрд╛рди, рдзреНрдпрд╛рди, рдФрд░ рд╕рднреА рдорд╛рдЗрдВрдбрдлреБрд▓рдиреЗрд╕ рдФрд░ рдорд╛рдЗрдВрдбрд▓реЗрд╕ рдмреАрдЗрдВрдЧреНрд╕ рдореЗрдВ рдмрджрд▓рд╛рд╡ рдХреА рд╕реНрдкрд╖реНрдЯ рд╕рдордЭ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд╕рдорднрд╛рд╡ рдХрд╛ рджрд┐рдорд╛рдЧ рд╣реИред

https://www.winterwatch.net/2020/11/maker-of-covid-tests-says-pandemic-is-biggest-hoax-ever-perpetrated/
https://www.winterwatch.net/2020/11/maker-of-covid-tests-says-pandemic-is-biggest-hoax-ever-perpetrated/

COVID рдЯреЗрд╕реНрдЯ рдХреЗ рдирд┐рд░реНрдорд╛рддрд╛ рдХрд╛ рдХрд╣рдирд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реА рдЕрдм рддрдХ рдХрд╛ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдмрдбрд╝рд╛ рдзреЛрдЦрд╛ рд╣реИ

рдЬреА рдПрдбрд╡рд░реНрдб рдЧреНрд░рд┐рдлрд┐рди рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ | 21 рдирд╡рдВрдмрд░ 2020

рд░реЗрдб рдкрд┐рд▓ рдпреВрдирд┐рд╡рд░реНрд╕рд┐рдЯреА - рд╢реАрд░реНрд╖ рд░реЛрдЧрд╡рд┐рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдиреА рдбреЙ. рд░реЛрдЬрд░ рд╣реЛрдбрдХрд┐рдВрд╕рди рдиреЗ рдПрдХ рдлреЛрди рдХреЙрдиреНрдлреНрд░реЗрдВрд╕ рдХреЗ рджреМрд░рд╛рди рдЕрд▓реНрдмрд░реНрдЯрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдХрдирд╛рдбрд╛ рдХреЗ рд╕рд░рдХрд╛рд░реА рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдХрд╣рд╛ рдХрд┐ рдХреЛрд░реЛрдирд╛рд╡рд╛рдпрд░рд╕ рдорд╣рд╛рдорд╛рд░реА “рдПрдХ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рд╕реЗ рди рд╕реЛрдЪрд╛ рдЬрдирддрд╛ рдкрд░ рдЕрдм рддрдХ рдХрд╛ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ рдмрдбрд╝рд╛ рдзреЛрдЦрд╛ рд╣реИред” рд╣реЙрдбрдХрд┐рдВрд╕рди, рдЬреЛ рдПрдХ рдмрд╛рдпреЛрдЯреЗрдХ рдХрдВрдкрдиреА рдХреЗ рд╕реАрдИрдУ рд╣реИрдВ, рдЬреЛ COVID рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рдг рдХрд░рддреА рд╣реИ, рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ, “рдореАрдбрд┐рдпрд╛ рдФрд░ рд░рд╛рдЬрдиреЗрддрд╛рдУрдВ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рд╕рдВрдЪрд╛рд▓рд┐рдд рдкреВрд░реА рддрд░рд╣ рд╕реЗ рдирд┐рд░рд╛рдзрд╛рд░ рд╕рд╛рд░реНрд╡рдЬрдирд┐рдХ рдЙрдиреНрдорд╛рдж рд╣реИред” рд╣рдо рджреЗрдЦ рд░рд╣реЗ рд╣реИрдВ “рд░рд╛рдЬрдиреАрддрд┐ рджрд╡рд╛ рдЦреЗрд▓ рд░рд╣реА рд╣реИ, рдФрд░ рдпрд╣ рдПрдХ рдмрд╣реБрдд рд╣реА рдЦрддрд░рдирд╛рдХ рдЦреЗрд▓ рд╣реИред”

рд╕рдХрд╛рд░рд╛рддреНрдордХ рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рдг рдХреЗ рдкрд░рд┐рдгрд╛рдо рдХрд╛ рдорддрд▓рдм рдиреИрджрд╛рдирд┐рдХ тАЛтАЛтАЛтАЛрд╕рдВрдХреНрд░рдордг рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ, рд╡реЗ рдХрд╣рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рд╕рднреА рдкрд░реАрдХреНрд╖рдг рдмрдВрдж рд╣реЛ рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐ рдЙрдирдХреЗ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЙрддреНрдкрдиреНрди рдЭреВрдареЗ рдирдВрдмрд░ “рд╕рд╛рд░реНрд╡рдЬрдирд┐рдХ рдЙрдиреНрдорд╛рдж рдХреЛ рдмрдврд╝рд╛ рд░рд╣реЗ рд╣реИрдВред” рд╣реЙрдбрдХрд┐рдВрд╕рди рдХрд╛ рдХрд╣рдирд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ 65 рд╡рд░реНрд╖ рд╕реЗ рдХрдо рдЖрдпреБ рдХреЗ рд▓реЛрдЧреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдореГрддреНрдпреБ рдХрд╛ рдЬреЛрдЦрд┐рдо “рддреАрди рд╕реМ рд╣рдЬрд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рдПрдХ” рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рд╕рдорд╛рдЬ рдХреЛ рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ “рдПрдХ рдФрд░ рдмреБрд░рд╛ рдлреНрд▓реВ” рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдмрдВрдж рдХрд░рдирд╛ “рдЕрдкрдорд╛рдирдЬрдирдХ” рд╣реИред [тАж]

comments (0)