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1219 LESSON 30714 WEDNESDAY FREE ONLINE E-NÄlanda Research and Practice UNIVERSITY
Please render correct translation in your own mother tongue and all other languages and propagate for your and others happiness
8) Classical Basque
http://www.ceangalg.net/connectg-2/connecting-tourism/learning-from-the-best-cultural-tourism/#comment-1025
9) Classical Belarusian
http://www.belarus.by/en/about-belarus/education
9) ĐĐģĐ°ŅŅŅĐŊĐ°Ņ ĐĐĩĐģĐ°ŅŅŅĐēĐ°Ņ
ĐĐ¯ĐĄĐĐĐĐĸĐĐ ĐĐĐĐĐĐ E-ĐĐ°ĐģĐ°ĐŊĐ´Đ° ĐŊавŅĐēОва-ĐŋŅĐ°ĐēŅŅŅĐŊĐ°Ņ ĐŖĐĐĐĐĐ ĐĄĐĐĸĐĐĸ
ĐĐ°ĐģŅ ĐģĐ°ŅĐēĐ° Đ°ĐēаСаŅŅ ĐŋŅавŅĐģŅĐŊŅ ĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ĐēĐģĐ°Đ´ Ņ ваŅŅĐŧ ŅОдĐŊĐ°Đš ĐŧОвĐĩ Ņ ŅŅŅŅ
ŅĐŊŅŅŅ
ĐŧОваŅ
Ņ ŅĐ°ŅĐŋĐ°ŅŅŅĐ´ĐļваŅŅŅĐ° Đ´ĐģŅ ваŅĐ°ĐŗĐ° Ņ ŅĐŊŅŅŅ ŅŅĐ°ŅŅŅ
ĐŅĐ°ĐąŅĐ´Đ´Ņ
Đ° ĐŅ
Đ°ŅĐ°ŅĐ° СĐŊĐžŅ Ņ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅ ĐĐ´ŅĐ°Đ´ĐļŅĐŊĐŊĐĩ
ĐŖ ŅŅĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ŅĐŊŅ ŅĐ°Ņ ĐģŅдСĐĩĐš, ŅĐēŅŅ ĐŋŅĐ°ŅŅŅŅŅ Đ´ĐģŅ Ņ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅ ĐĐ´ŅĐ°Đ´ĐļŅĐŊĐŊĐĩ СĐŊĐžŅĐēŅ ĐŅĐ°ĐąŅĐ´Đ´Ņ
Đ° ĐŅ
Đ°ŅĐ°ŅĐ°
ĐŅĐ°ĐąŅĐ´Đ´Ņ
Đ° ĐŅ
Đ°ŅĐ°ŅĐ°
айО Đ°ĐąŅĐ´ĐļĐ°ĐŊŅŅ
С Awareness
ŅŅĐ°Đ´ŅŅŅĐšĐŊŅ ĐŅĐ´ŅĐ°ŅŅŅ
ĐŖŅŅĐ°ĐŊŅ! ĐŅĐ°ŅĐŊĐĩŅĐĩŅŅ С Awareness! Đ ŅĐŋŅĐŊŅŅŅ ĐŊĐĩ Đ´Đ° Đ´Đ°ŅŅĐŗĐ°ĐĩŅŅĐ° ĐŧŅŅĐ°!
ĐĐ°ĐģŅ ĐģĐ°ŅĐēĐ°, ĐŋĐ°ĐŗĐģŅдСŅŅĐĩ:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iRCAXnXmsAQ
ĐĐ°Ņ
Đ°ĐŋĐ°ŅиĐŊиййаĐŊĐ° ĐĄŅŅŅĐ° - āļ¸āˇāˇāļ´āļģāˇāļąāˇāļļāˇāļļāˇāļĢ āˇāˇāļāˇāļģāļē 1: 05: 41 ĐŗадСŅĐŊŅ.
ĐĐ°Ņ
Đ°ĐŋĐ°ŅиĐŊиййаĐŊĐ° ĐĄŅŅŅĐ° - āļ¸āˇāˇāļ´āļģāˇāļąāˇāļļāˇāļļāˇāļĢ āˇāˇāļāˇāļģāļē
āļ
āļāˇāļ´āˇāļĸāļąāˇāļē āļąāˇ āļāļēāļąāˇ āļ
āļģāˇāļēāļ°āļ¸āˇāļ¸ āˇāˇāˇāˇāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ āˇāˇāļąāˇāˇāˇ āˇāˇāˇāˇāļąāˇ āļ¯āˇāˇāļąāˇ āļāļģāļąāˇ āļŊāļļāļą āļ¸āˇāˇāļ´āļģāˇāļąāˇāļļāˇāļļāˇāļĢ āˇāˇāļāˇāļģāļē āļ´āˇāˇ
āˇāļļāļŗ āļ°āļģāˇāļ¸āˇāļąāˇāˇāˇāˇāļąāļē.
http://thiryak.org
http://thiryak.com
āˇāˇāļēāļŊāˇ āļ°āļģāˇāļ¸ āļ¯āˇāˇāļąāˇ āˇāˇāļģāˇāļĢāļē āļāˇāļģāˇāļ¸ āˇāļŗāˇāˇ āļ´āˇāˇāˇāˇāˇāļąāˇāļą - HTTP: //www.thiryak.org/thiryak-youtub …
http://nobility.org/2011/07/28/liberty-ŅĐžŅĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅ-fraternity%E2%80%94the-двŅŅ
ŅŅĐŊŅĐžŅĐŊŅĐŧ-trilogy/
ХвайОда, Đ ĐžŅĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅ, ĐŅĐ°ŅŅŅŅŅва-ĐŊĐĩĐ°Đ´ĐŊаСĐŊĐ°ŅĐŊĐ° ŅŅŅĐģĐžĐŗŅŅ
Twitter, Skype, SMS, Facebook ĐŋŅŅŅСĐŊŅ
Đ´Đ° ŅСŅĐžŅĐŊŅ
ĐŅŅва >> āŽ¸ā¯āŽ¤ā¯āŽ¤āŽĒāŽŋāŽāŽ-āŽ¤āŽŋāŽā¯āŽ āŽ¨āŽŋāŽāŽžāŽ¯ ĐĄŅŅŅĐ° ĐиŅĐ°ĐēĐ° >> ĐиĐŗŅ
Đ° ĐиĐēĐ°Ņ
DN 16 - (D II 137)
ĐēĐģĐ°ŅŅŅĐŊĐ°Ņ ĐĐŊĐŗĐģŅĐšŅĐēĐ°Ņ
Đ°ĐŊĐŗĐģŅĐšŅĐēĐ°Ņ
ĐĐ°Ņ
Đ°ĐŋĐ°ŅиĐŊиййаĐŊĐ° ĐĄŅŅŅĐ° {ŅŅŅŅĐēŅ} - ĐĐŋĐžŅĐŊŅŅ ŅĐŊŅŅŅŅĐēŅŅŅ - [ĐŧĐ°Ņ
Ņ-parinibbÄna] (ĐŅŅŅŅŅĐēĐ° ĐŅ
Đ°ĐŧĐŧОК)
ĐŅŅĐ° ĐĄŅŅŅĐ° СйŅŅĐ°Đĩ ŅОСĐŊŅŅ ŅĐŊŅŅŅŅĐēŅŅŅ ĐŅĐ´Đ° Đ´Đ°Ņ дСĐĩĐģŅ ŅваŅŅ
ĐŋĐ°ŅĐģŅĐ´ĐžŅĐŊŅĐēĐ°Ņ ĐŋĐ°ŅĐģŅ ŅĐŗĐž ŅŅŅ
ОдŅ, ŅŅĐž ŅОйŅŅŅ ŅĐŗĐž ĐąŅŅŅ вĐĩĐģŅĐŧŅ
ваĐļĐŊŅ ĐŊайОŅ ŅĐŊŅŅŅŅĐēŅŅĐš Đ´ĐģŅ ĐŊĐ°Ņ nowadays.I ĐąŅдСĐĩ вŅĐēĐģĐ°Đ´Đ°ŅŅ Đ´ŅŅĐēŅŅŅ ĐŋŅĐ° ĐŅ
Đ°ŅĐŧĐ°, ŅĐēĐ°Ņ ĐŊаСŅваĐĩŅŅĐ° DhammÄdÄsa, Đ´ŅĐŧĐ°ĐŊĐ°ĐŧŅ
С ŅĐēŅŅ
ariyasÄvaka, ĐēĐ°ĐģŅ ŅĐŊ ŅĐ°ĐŗĐž ĐŋĐ°ĐļĐ°Đ´Đ°Đĩ, ĐŊĐĩ ĐŧĐžĐļĐ° айвŅŅŅŅŅŅ ĐŋŅĐ° ŅŅĐąĐĩ: ÂĢĐĐģŅ ĐŧŅĐŊĐĩ, ĐŊŅĐŧĐ° йОĐģŅŅ niraya, ĐŊĐĩ йОĐģŅŅ Са tiracchÄna-ĐĐžĐŊŅ, ĐŊĐĩ йОĐģŅŅ
pettivisaya, ĐŊĐĩ йОĐģŅŅ Са ŅŅĐ°ĐŊ ĐŊŅŅŅĐ°ŅŅŅ, ĐŊŅŅŅĐ°ŅŅŅ, ĐŋĐ°ĐēŅŅŅ, Đ¯ sotÄpanna, ĐŋĐ° ŅваŅĐš ĐŋŅŅŅОдСĐĩ, ŅвайОдĐŊĐ°Đš Đ°Đ´ ŅŅĐ°ĐŊĐ°Ņ ĐŋĐ°ĐēŅŅŅ, вŅСĐŊĐ°ŅĐ°ĐŊĐ°Đš С
ĐąŅŅŅŅ ĐŊĐ°ĐēĐ°ĐŊаваĐŊĐ° ŅĐ°ĐŧйОдŅ
и. Đ ŅŅĐž, ĐĐŊĐ°ĐŊĐ´Đ°, ĐŗŅŅĐ° ŅĐžĐĩ, ŅŅĐž Đ´ŅŅĐēŅŅŅ ĐŋŅĐ° ĐŅ
Đ°ŅĐŧĐ°, ŅĐēĐ°Ņ ĐŊаСŅваĐĩŅŅĐ° DhammÄdÄsa, ваĐģОдаŅ С ŅĐēŅŅ
ariyasÄvaka, ĐēĐ°ĐģŅ ŅĐŊ ŅĐ°ĐŗĐž ĐŋĐ°ĐļĐ°Đ´Đ°Đĩ, ĐŧĐžĐļĐ° СаŅвŅŅŅ ĐŋŅĐ° ŅŅĐąĐĩ: ĐĐģŅ ĐŧŅĐŊĐĩ, ĐŊŅĐŧĐ° йОĐģŅŅ niraya, ĐŊĐĩ йОĐģŅŅ Са tiracchÄna-ĐĐžĐŊŅ, ĐŊĐĩ йОĐģŅŅ Са pettivisaya,
ĐŊĐĩ йОĐģŅŅ Са ŅŅĐ°ĐŊ ĐŊŅŅŅĐ°ŅŅŅ, ĐŊŅŅŅĐ°ŅŅŅ, ĐŋĐ°ĐēŅŅŅ, Đ¯ sotÄpanna, ĐŋĐ° ŅваŅĐš ĐŋŅŅŅОдСĐĩ, ŅвайОдĐŊĐ°Đš Đ°Đ´ ŅŅĐ°ĐŊĐ°Ņ ĐŋĐ°ĐēŅŅ, вŅСĐŊĐ°ŅĐ°ĐŊŅŅ
ĐąŅŅŅŅ
http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=66954
ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ СĐŊĐžŅ Ņ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅ ĐĐ´ŅĐ°Đ´ĐļŅĐŊĐŊĐĩ
26 ĐģŅŅŅĐ°ĐŋадСĐĩ 2012 ĐŗОда, 7:05 вĐĩŅĐ°ŅĐ°
article_image
ĐŋĐ° ĐŖĐŋĐ°ĐģŅ Đ. ĐĄĐ°ĐģŅĐŗĐ°Đ´Đž
ĐĐĩĐŗĐĩĐŊĐ´Đ°ŅĐŊŅ ĐĐ°ĐšŅ ĐĻŅвŅĐģŅСаŅŅŅ Ņ Guatamaia, ĐĐ°ŅĐ´ĐŊŅваŅ ĐĐŧĐĩŅŅĐēĐ°, ŅĐēŅŅ ŅСвŅŅĐ°ŅŅŅĐ° вŅŅĐžĐēĐ° ĐŅŅĐ°ĐŧŅĐ´Ņ Ņ дОйŅĐ° СаŅ
аваĐģŅŅŅ ĐŧŅĐŧŅŅ С ĐĐŗŅĐŋŅĐ°, ŅĐ°ŅĐžŅĐŊĐ°Ņ ĐŗŅŅĐēĐ°-Ghandhara ĐĐ°ŅŅĐ°ŅŅва Ņ ŅĐēŅĐģŅĐŋŅŅŅĐ° ĐĐ°ŅĐŊĐžŅĐŊŅĐŧ ĐĐ°ĐēŅŅŅĐ°ĐŊĐĩ Ņ Kashigistan Ņ ĐŊŅĐļĐŊŅĐš ĐĐ°ĐŊĐŗĐžĐģŅŅ, ŅŅŅĐŗĐž ŅĐžĐģŅĐēŅ ĐŊĐĩĐēĐ°ĐģŅĐēŅ Đ°ĐąĐģĐ°ŅŅĐĩĐš, ŅĐēŅŅ ĐŋŅŅŅŅĐŗĐŊŅĐģŅ ŅваĐŗŅ ŅŅĐ´ĐēĐ° ĐŊĐ°ŅŅĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅ ĐŧŅĐļŅŅĐŊ, ŅĐ´ŅĐŊŅŅŅŅĐēаваĐŊŅŅ
ŅĐē ĐŅŅ
ĐĩĐžĐģĐ°ĐŗŅ, ĐĩĐŗŅĐŋŅĐžĐģĐ°ĐŗŅ, ĐĐŋиĐŗŅĐ°ŅиŅĐĩŅĐēиĐĩ Ņ ŅŅĐģĐžĐģĐ°Đŗ ŅŅĐš ĐŋŅавŅĐģŅ ŅваĐĩ ŅĐ°ĐŧŅŅ ĐŋĐģŅĐŊĐŊŅŅ ĐŗĐ°Đ´Ņ ĐŋŅĐ°ŅŅ ĐŧĐžŅŅĐēŅ ŅаСĐŗĐ°Đ´Đ°ŅŅ ŅĐŊĐļŅĐŊĐĩŅĐŊŅŅ ĐŊавŅĐēŅ Ņ ĐŧĐ°ŅŅĐ°ŅŅва ĐŋĐ°Ņ
аваĐŊŅŅ
ŅŅвŅĐģŅСаŅŅĐš. ĐĨĐ°ŅŅ ŅŅŅ ĐŗŅŅĐ°Ņ дСĐĩĐšĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅ ĐŋŅĐ°Ņ
ОдСŅĐģĐ° ĐŋĐ°Đ´ дОйŅĐ°Đš ĐŗŅŅŅĐžŅŅŅ ĐŅĐŧĐģŅ ĐąŅĐģĐ° ŅŅвОŅĐ°ĐŊĐ° Đ°ŅвŅŅĐģŅŅŅŅ ŅŅŅĐ°ŅĐ°ĐŊŅŅ Đ°ŅŅĐĩĐŊŅŅŅŅ, СвŅСаĐŊŅŅ С ĐŧŅĐŊŅŅŅŅŅŅŅваĐŧ ШаĐēŅŅĐŧŅĐŊи ĐĐ°ŅŅĐ°ĐŧĐ° ĐŅĐ´Đ°.
ĐĐ°Đ´ĐžŅĐŗĐ° Đ´Đ° ŅĐ°ĐŗĐž, ĐŅвŅĐ´ ĐŅвŅĐŊĐŗŅŅĐ°ĐŊ Ņ ĐĄĐĩŅŅĐģŅ РОдŅ Đ´Đ°ŅĐģĐĩдаваĐģŅ, ŅŅŅĐžĐēŅŅ ĐŊĐĩŅŅŅ ĐĻŅĐŊŅŅĐ°ĐģŅĐŊĐ°Đš ĐŅŅŅĐēŅ, ŅĐŊŅŅ аваĐŊŅŅŅŅŅŅ ĐОдŅŅŅ ФОŅĐĩŅŅ ŅĐŧĐĩĐģĐ° адваĐļŅŅŅŅ ĐŗĐģŅйОĐēĐ° Ņ ĐēŅĐ°ĐēадСŅĐģĐ°, ŅĐēĐ°ŅĐŋŅŅĐŊĐ°Ņ Ņ ŅŅĐŋŅŅĐģŅĐš СŅĐŧĐĩĐģŅ ŅвĐĩŅŅ
ĐŋĐ° ŅŅŅŅĐŊĐŊŅ ŅĐ°ĐēŅ ĐĐŧаСОĐŊĐēŅ ĐŅаСŅĐģŅŅ, (ĐŊŅĐēĐžĐģŅ ĐŊĐĩ ŅĐŊ вŅŅĐŊŅŅŅŅ), Silk Road СвŅСваŅŅŅ ŅŅŅŅĐ° ŅŅĐŊŅŅĐ°ĐģŅĐŊĐ°ĐŗĐ° ĐŅŅĐ°Ņ С ĐĐĩŅŅŅŅĐš Ņ ĐŅŅŅŅŅĐš ĐąŅĐģĐž вŅĐ´ĐžĐŧĐ°. ĐŖ 627 ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēĐ°ĐŗĐ° ĐēŅŅĐ°ĐšŅĐēŅ ĐŧĐ°ĐŊĐ°Ņ
ĐĄŅĐ°ĐŊŅ ĐĻСаĐŊ (йОĐģŅŅ вŅĐ´ĐžĐŧŅ ŅĐē ĐĄŅĐ°ĐŊŅ ĐĻĐ°ĐŊĐŗ), ĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅŅ Đ´ĐžŅĐŗŅŅ ŅŅĐŧĐŊŅŅ адСĐĩĐŊĐŊŅ С ĐŋĐ°ŅĐĩŅĐēĐ°ĐŧŅ Ņ ŅŅĐēĐ°Ņ
, ĐŋĐ°ĐēŅĐŊŅĐģŅ ŅŅĐ°ŅŅ ĐŗĐžŅĐ°Đ´ ЧаĐŊ-Đ°Đŋ Ņ ĐĐ°ŅĐŊĐžŅĐŊŅĐŧ ĐŅŅĐ°Ņ, С ĐŊĐĩŅĐŋĐ°ŅĐžĐģŅĐŊĐ°Đš ĐŋŅĐ°ĐŗĐ°Đš, ĐēĐ°Đą СĐŊĐ°ĐšŅŅŅ Đ´ĐģŅ ŅŅĐąĐĩ Ņ вŅŅĐŊŅŅŅ Ņ
ваĐģĐĩĐąĐŊĐ°Đĩ ĐĄŅŅŅĐ° ĐŧŅĐ´ŅĐ°ŅĐ°, ШаĐēŅŅĐŧŅĐŊи Gothama ĐŅĐ´Ņ. Đ¯ĐŗĐž аваĐŊŅŅŅĐŊŅ ŅĐēŅĐŋĐĩĐ´ŅŅŅŅ ĐŋĐ°ĐēŅŅŅŅŅ йОĐģŅŅŅŅ ŅĐ°ŅŅĐēŅ ĐŅĐģŅĐēĐ°ĐŗĐ° ŅĐ°ŅĐēОваĐŗĐ° ŅĐģŅŅ
Ņ, ŅĐēĐ°Ņ ĐąŅĐģĐ° вŅĐ´ĐžĐŧĐ°Ņ Đ°ĐŧĐ°ĐģŅ ĐŋŅŅŅŅĐžŅ ĐŗĐ°Đ´ĐžŅ ŅĐ°ĐŧŅ, ĐēĐ°ĐģŅ ŅĐģавŅŅŅŅ Ņ
ваĐģŅ ĐŧĐ°ŅадСŅŅĐ°Ņ ĐŗŅŅŅĐžŅŅŅ, ĐŗŅĐŊŅ ĐąŅĐģŅ вŅĐģŅĐēĐ°Đš ĐŋĐ°ĐŗŅОСаК Đ´ĐģŅ ĐŧŅŅŅ Ņ ŅŅĐ°ĐąŅĐģŅĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅ ĐŅŅĐ°Ņ.
ĐĄĐŽĐĐĐŦ ĐĻСаĐŊ (ĐĄŅĐ°ĐŊŅ ĐĻСаĐŊ) ĐŊĐ°ŅадСŅŅŅŅ Ņ ŅĐŊŅŅĐģŅĐŗĐĩĐŊŅĐŊĐ°Đš ŅŅĐŧ’Ņ, Ņ Ņ ĐŧĐ°ĐģĐ°Đ´ĐžŅŅŅ ĐļŅĐģŅ Ņ ŅŅĐģŅĐŗŅŅ. ĐŖ ĐŗŅŅŅĐŧ ŅĐžĐŊĐĩ, ŅĐŊ ŅĐŧĐēĐŊŅŅŅŅ, ĐēĐ°Đą ĐŋĐ°ĐĩŅ
Đ°ŅŅ ŅŅĐ´Ņ, дСĐĩ ĐŅĐ´Đ° ĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅĐŋŅŅ. ĐĐ° вŅĐģŅĐēĐ°Đĩ ĐŋĐ°Đ´Đ°ŅĐžĐļĐļĐ° ĐŋŅĐ°ŅŅĐŗĐģĐ°ŅŅŅ ĐŊĐĩĐēĐ°ĐģŅĐēŅ ĐŗĐ°Đ´ĐžŅ ŅĐŊ ĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ĐĩŅ
Đ°Ņ С ааСŅŅĐ° Đ´Đ° ааСŅŅĐ° ĐĻŅĐŊŅŅĐ°ĐģŅĐŊĐ°Đš ĐСŅŅ, вŅĐ´ĐžĐŧŅ ŅĐēŅŅŅŅĐŧĐ°ĐģŅĐŊŅŅ
ĐēĐģŅĐŧĐ°ŅŅŅĐŊŅŅ
ŅĐŧОваŅ
, йаĐŗĐ°ŅŅŅ, ĐŧĐžŅĐŊŅŅ
вŅŅŅĐžŅ Ņ ŅĐēŅ ĐŧĐ°Đĩ ŅĐēĐģĐ°Đ´Đ°ĐŊŅ ŅŅĐģŅĐĩŅ ĐŧŅŅŅОваŅŅŅ, ĐēĐ°Đą ĐŋĐ°ĐĩŅ
Đ°ŅŅ ĐŊĐ°. ĐŖ Đ°Đ´ĐŊŅĐŧ вŅĐŋĐ°Đ´ĐēŅ, ŅĐŊ ĐŋаСйĐĩĐŗ ŅĐŧĐĩŅŅŅ, ĐēĐ°ĐģŅ ŅĐŊĐĩĐŗ ĐģавŅĐŊĐ° Đ°ĐŧĐ°ĐģŅ ĐŋĐ°Ņ
аваĐģŅ ŅĐŗĐž. ĐĐ°Đ´Đ°ŅĐžĐļĐļŅ ĐŊĐ° ĐēĐžĐŊŅŅ
, ŅĐŊ Đ´Đ°ĐģŅŅŅŅŅŅ ĐēĐ°ŅаваĐŊŅ ĐŗĐ°ĐŊĐ´ĐģŅŅĐžŅ, ŅĐēŅŅ ĐąŅĐģŅ СаŅŅĐēĐ°ŅĐģĐĩĐŊŅ Ņ йаŅŅŅŅ ŅŅ
ĐēŅŅĐ°ĐšŅĐēŅ ŅаСĐŊĐ°ŅŅĐ°ĐšĐŊĐ°Đš ĐŗĐģĐĩдСŅŅŅ ŅĐ°ŅŅĐžŅ, Đ°ĐģĐĩйаŅŅŅ ŅĐŋŅŅĐŗĐ°ĐļŅĐŊĐŊŅ ŅĐžŅĐēŅ Ņ ŅĐŋĐĩŅŅĐš, ĐŋŅŅĐŗĐžĐļĐ° ŅĐŋĐģĐĩŅĐĩĐŊŅŅ ĐŋĐĩŅŅŅĐ´ŅĐēŅŅ Đ´ŅваĐŊŅ. ĐĐŊ ĐŋŅĐ°ĐšŅĐžŅ ĐŋŅаС вŅĐģŅĐēŅ ĐĻŅĐŊŅŅĐ°ĐģŅĐŊĐ°Đš ĐСŅŅ Talakaman ĐŋŅŅŅŅĐŊŅ Đ´Đ°ĐēŅĐ°ĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅŅŅ Bisnket Ņ ĐĸĐ°ŅĐēĐĩĐŊŅ Đ°Đ´ŅŅĐģŅ Đ´Đ° ĐąŅĐ°ĐŧŅ ĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ŅĐĩŅĐ°ĐŊĐ°Đš ĐŗĐžŅĐŊĐ°Đš ĐŅĐŗĐ°ĐŊŅŅŅĐ°ĐŊĐĩ, СаŅŅĐŧ Ņ Peshwar, ŅŅŅĐžĐēавŅĐ´ĐžĐŧŅŅ ĐŋĐ°ĐŗŅĐ°ĐŊŅŅĐŊĐ°ĐŗĐ° ĐŋĐ°ŅŅĐ° Ņ ĐĨаКйĐĩŅŅĐēиК ĐŋĐĩŅаваĐģ, ŅĐēŅ вŅдСĐĩ Đ´Đ° ĐĐŊĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅĐŧ ŅŅĐąĐēĐ°ĐŊŅŅĐŊĐĩĐŊŅĐĩ.
ĐĐģŅĐēŅĐ°ĐŊĐ´Ņ ĐŅĐģŅĐēŅ
ĐĐ° ĐŗŅŅĐ°ĐŗĐ° ŅĐ°ŅŅ ŅĐļĐž ĐąŅŅ ŅСаĐĩĐŧадСĐĩŅĐŊĐŊĐĩ С ĐŗŅŅĐēĐ°ĐŧŅ, ŅĐēŅŅ ĐŋŅŅвŅĐģŅ, Ņ ĐĐģŅĐēŅĐ°ĐŊĐ´ŅĐ° ĐŅĐģŅĐēĐ°ĐŗĐ° Ņ ŅĐŗĐž ĐŧĐ°ŅŅĐ°ĐēŅ ĐŋĐ°ĐēŅĐŊŅŅŅŅ ŅваĐĩ ŅĐģŅĐ´Ņ ĐēŅĐģŅŅŅŅŅ, ŅĐēŅŅ ĐŋĐ°ĐēаСваŅŅŅ ĐŋŅŅвайĐŊŅĐŧ ĐŗŅŅĐēĐ° Ghandara ŅĐēŅĐģŅĐŋŅŅŅŅ Ņ Đ´Đ°ĐģŅĐŊĐĩ ĐĐŊĐ´Đ° ŅĐžŅĐĩĐŊŅĐĩ ĐŊĐ° ĐąĐĩĐģŅĐŧ ĐŧĐ°ŅĐŧŅŅŅ, ĐŋŅŅвĐĩСĐĩĐŊŅŅ С Đ´Đ°ĐģŅĐēĐ°Đš ĐŅŅŅŅŅ. ĐŅŅĐ° Đ°Đ´ĐąŅĐģĐžŅŅ ĐēĐ°ĐģŅ ĐŋŅŅŅŅĐžŅ ĐŗĐ°Đ´ĐžŅ ĐŋĐ°ŅĐģŅ Maha ĐŅĐ´Ņ - ĐĐ°ŅŅ ĐиййаĐŊĐ° (ŅĐēĐžĐŊ)
ĐĐĩĐŊавŅŅĐ° Ņ ĐŗŅŅŅŅ ŅĐŋĐžŅ
Ņ, ŅŅĐž ĐŗŅŅŅĐēŅ ĐĐ°ĐēŅŅиКŅĐēĐžĐĩ ĐĐ°ŅĐžĐģŅ Milander Đ´Đ°ŅĐŊŅĐŧ ĐŋĐģŅĐŊĐŊŅŅ СаĐŋŅŅĐ°ĐŊŅŅ ŅаСĐŧОвŅ С ŅĐŊŅŅĐģĐĩĐēŅŅĐ°ĐģŅĐŊĐ°Đš ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅ ĐŧĐ°ĐŊĐ°Ņ
ĐĐ°ĐŗĐ°ŅĐĩĐŊĐ°. ЧаŅŅĐ° ĐēĐ°ŅĐžĐģŅ С’ŅвŅŅŅŅ СаŅĐ°ŅаваĐŊŅ Đ° ŅĐ°ĐēŅĐ°ĐŧĐ° СйŅĐŊŅŅĐļĐ°ĐŊŅ ĐŋŅĐ° вŅŅŅĐŊŅĐŊĐĩ ĐŅĐģŅĐēĐ°ĐŗĐ° ĐĐ°ĐšŅŅŅŅ ĐŗĐžŅĐ°Đŧ ĐŅĐ´Ņ. ĐĸĐ°ĐŧŅ ŅĐŊ ĐŋĐ°ĐŋŅĐ°ŅŅŅ ĐŋĐ°ŅĐģŅĐŧĐ°ŅŅŅŅ, ĐŋĐĩŅŅ ŅŅĐŧ ŅĐŊ ĐŋŅŅĐŊŅŅ ŅĐģОва ĐŅĐ´Ņ. Đ¯Đē ĐĄŅĐ°ĐŊŅ ĐĻĐ°ĐŊĐŗ, ĐĐ°ŅĐžĐģŅ Milander СаŅŅŅĐ´Ņ ĐąŅŅ Đ´Đ°ŅĐģĐĩĐ´ŅŅĐēĐ°Đŧ Ņ ĐŋĐžŅŅĐēĐ°Ņ
ŅĐ°ĐŗĐž-ŅĐž ….. ĐŗŅŅĐ° ĐąŅĐģĐž ĐŊŅŅŅĐž, Đ°ĐēŅĐ°ĐŧŅ ĐŋŅĐ°ŅĐ´Ņ.
ĐŖ Đ°Đ´ĐŊŅĐŧ вŅĐŋĐ°Đ´ĐēŅ, ĐēĐ°ŅĐžĐģŅ Milander ŅĐŋŅŅĐ°Ņ ĐĐ°ĐŗĐ°ŅĐĩĐŊĐ°, “ĐĻŅ ĐŧĐžĐļĐ° ĐąŅŅŅ Đ°Đ´ŅĐ°Đ´ĐļŅĐŊĐŊĐĩ, дСĐĩ ĐŊŅĐŧĐ° ĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ŅŅĐģĐĩĐŊĐŊĐĩ?“ ĐĐ°ĐŊĐ°Ņ
Đ°Đ´ĐēаСаŅ: ÂĢĐĸĐ°Đē ĐŊĐĩ ĐŧĐžĐļĐ°, ĐŗŅŅĐ°Đē ĐļĐ°, ŅĐē ŅĐ°ĐģавĐĩĐē ĐŧĐžĐļĐ° СаĐŋĐ°ĐģŅŅŅ Đ°Đ´ĐŊŅ ĐģŅĐŧĐŋŅ Đ°Đ´ ŅĐŊŅĐ°ĐŗĐ°, Đ°ĐģĐĩ ĐŊŅŅĐžĐŗĐ° ĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ĐŧŅŅŅĐ°ĐĩŅŅĐ° С Đ°Đ´ĐŊОК ĐģŅĐŧĐŋŅ Ņ ŅĐŊŅŅŅ, айО Ņ ŅĐēĐ°ŅŅŅ вŅŅĐŊŅ ĐŧĐžĐļĐ°ŅĐĩ давĐĩĐ´Đ°ŅŅĐ° вĐĩŅŅ ĐŋĐ° ĐŋĐ°ĐŧŅŅŅ Đ°Đ´ ĐŊĐ°ŅŅĐ°ŅĐŊŅĐēĐ°, Đ°ĐģĐĩ вĐĩŅŅ ĐŊŅ ĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ŅŅĐģŅŅŅĐ° Đ°Đ´ ĐŊĐ°ŅŅĐ°ŅĐŊŅĐēĐ° вŅŅĐŊŅ “. ĐĐŊĐžŅ ĐļĐ°, ĐŋŅŅĐēŅĐ° ĐĐ°ŅĐžĐģŅ ŅĐŋŅŅĐ°Ņ ĐĐ°ĐŗĐ°ŅĐĩĐŊĐ°, “ĐĻŅ ŅŅŅŅ ŅŅŅĐžŅĐ°, ŅĐēĐžĐĩ ĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ŅŅĐģŅĐĩŅŅĐ° С ĐŗŅŅĐ°ĐŗĐ° ŅĐĩĐģĐ° Ņ ŅĐŊŅĐ°Đĩ?“ ĐĐ°ĐŊĐ°Ņ
Đ°Đ´ĐēаСаŅ: “ĐĐĩ, ĐŊŅĐŧĐ°”, ĐēĐ°ŅĐžĐģŅ ŅĐēаСаŅ: “ĐēĐ°ĐģŅ ĐŗŅŅĐ° ŅĐ°Đē, ŅĐ°Đŧ ĐŊĐĩ ĐąŅĐ´ŅŅŅ ŅŅŅĐēŅ Đ°Đ´ вŅĐŊŅĐēŅ СĐģĐ°ŅŅĐŊŅŅваŅ?“ ĐĐ°ĐŊĐ°Ņ
ŅĐēаСаŅ, “Đ´Ņ ĐŊĐĩ ĐąŅĐģĐž Đą ĐąĐĩĐŗŅŅ, ĐēĐ°ĐģŅ ŅĐŊŅ ĐŊĐĩ Đ°Đ´ŅадСŅŅŅĐ°, Đ°ĐģĐĩ ĐŊĐĩ ĐąŅĐģĐž Đą, ĐēĐ°ĐģŅ Đą ŅĐŊŅ ĐąŅĐģŅ, ĐēĐ°Đą Đ°Đ´ŅадСŅŅŅĐ°. ĐŅĐ°ŅŅŅ ŅОСŅĐŧ Ņ ŅĐĩĐģĐ° СдСŅĐšŅĐŊŅĐĩ ŅŅŅĐŊĐēŅ Ņ ŅŅŅŅŅĐŧ вŅĐŗĐģŅдСĐĩ айО ĐŊŅŅŅŅŅŅŅ, Ņ С-Са ĐŗŅŅĐ°ĐŗĐ° ĐĐ°ĐŧĐŧŅ , ŅĐŊŅŅ ŅОСŅĐŧ Ņ ŅĐĩĐģĐ° ĐŋŅĐ°ŅŅŅ ĐŊĐ°ŅĐ°Đ´ĐļĐ°ĐĩŅŅĐ°. ĐĸĐ°ĐŧŅ ĐŗŅŅĐ° ŅОСŅĐŧ Ņ ŅĐĩĐģĐ° ĐŊĐĩ ŅвайОдĐŊŅ Đ°Đ´ СĐģŅŅ
ŅĐŋŅĐ°Ņ “.
ĐĄĐŽĐĐĐŦ ĐĻСаĐŊ ĐŋĐ°Đ´Đ°ŅĐžĐļĐŊŅŅĐ°Ņ ĐŋĐ° ŅŅŅĐš ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ Ņ Saranath, дСĐĩ Ņ Deer Park ĐŅĐ´Đ° вŅĐŧавŅŅ ŅваŅ ĐŋĐĩŅŅŅŅ ĐŋŅĐžĐŋавĐĩдСŅ. ĐŖ Saranath С’ŅŅĐģŅĐĩŅŅĐ° 145 ŅŅŅĐ°Ņ вŅŅŅĐŊŅĐš DHAMECK ŅŅŅĐŋŅ. ĐĸĐ°Đ´Ņ ŅĐŊ ĐŋĐ°ĐšŅĐžŅ Đ´Đ° ĐŅĐ´Ņ ĐĐ°Ņ ŅĐ°ĐŧĐ°Đĩ ŅвŅŅĐžĐĩ ĐŧĐĩŅŅĐ° вŅĐēĐ°ŅŅŅŅĐžŅваĐĩŅŅĐ° Đ´ĐģŅ ŅŅŅŅ
ĐąŅĐ´ŅŅŅĐ°Ņ; Ņ Vaisali ĐŋОйаŅ ĐĐ°ŅĐŊĐ°, дСĐĩ Ratana ĐĄŅŅŅĐ° ŅŅŅĐ°ŅŅŅ. ĐĄĐŽĐĐĐŦ ĐĻСаĐŊ ĐŊавĐĩĐ´Đ°Ņ Sankasen (ŅŅŅĐ°ŅĐŊŅ Sankassa), Đ° СаŅŅĐŧ Ņ Kushinara дСĐĩ ĐŅĐ´Đ° ŅĐēĐ°ĐŊĐ°Ņ. ĐĐēĐ°Đ´ŅĐŧŅŅ ĐĐ°Đģ ĐĐļĐžŅ ĐŗавОŅŅŅŅĐ°, ŅŅĐž ĐŊĐ° Kushinara (ŅŅŅĐ°ŅĐŊŅ Kasinagar) СаŅŅаваŅŅŅ Đ´ĐģŅ ĐąŅĐ´ŅŅŅĐ°Ņ ŅĐ°ĐŧĐ°Đĩ ŅвŅŅĐžĐĩ ĐŧĐĩŅŅĐ° ŅŅĐ°ŅĐ°ĐļŅŅĐŊŅŅ
ŅĐ°ŅĐžŅ, Đ´Đ° ĐēĐ°ĐŊŅĐ° ĐŋŅĐ°ŅĐģĐĩĐŊĐŊŅ ĐŅĐŋŅĐ°. ĐŅŅĐ° ĐēŅŅĐ°ĐšŅĐēŅ ĐŧĐ°ĐŊĐ°Ņ
вŅвŅŅĐ°Ņ ŅĐ°ĐŊŅĐēŅŅŅ Ņ вŅŅĐŊŅŅŅŅ Ņ ĐŅŅĐ°Đš С ĐŊĐĩĐēĐ°ĐģŅĐēŅĐŧŅ ĐĄŅŅŅĐ° Ņ ĐŧĐ°ĐģŅĐŊĐēĐ°Ņ ĐŅĐ´Ņ, Ņ
ĐžŅŅ ĐŊĐĩĐēĐ°ŅĐžŅŅŅ С ŅŅ
ĐąŅĐģŅ, ĐŊĐ° ĐļĐ°ĐģŅ, Đ°ĐąŅайаваĐģŅ ĐŊĐ° ŅĐģŅŅ
Ņ йаĐŊĐ´ŅŅĐ°Ņ. ĐаСĐŊĐĩĐš ŅĐŊ ĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ĐēĐģĐ°Ņ ĐŗŅŅŅŅ ĐĄŅŅŅĐ° Đ´ĐģŅ ŅŅŅĐ°ĐŊĐŊŅ Ņ ĐąŅĐąĐģŅŅŅŅĐēĐ°Ņ
ĐĐĩĐēŅĐŊĐĩ. ĐŅŅŅ СĐŊĐ°ĐēĐ°ĐŧŅŅŅ Đ´Đ°ŅĐģĐĩĐ´ŅŅĐē ĐŋĐ°ĐŧŅŅ ва ŅСŅĐžŅŅĐĩ ŅĐ°ŅŅŅдСĐĩŅŅŅŅ ĐŋŅŅŅ Ņ 664, Ņ ŅдСŅŅĐŊŅŅ ĐēŅŅĐ°ĐšŅŅ ĐŋĐ°ĐąŅдаваĐģŅ Ņ ŅĐŗĐž ĐŗĐžĐŊĐ°Ņ Ņ
ŅĐ°Đŧ, ŅĐēŅ СĐŧŅŅŅĐ°Đĩ ŅĐŧĐ°Ņ ĐŋаваĐļĐ°ĐŊŅŅ
ŅŅĐēĐ°ĐŋŅŅŅ. ĐĐžĐŗĐ°ŅĐ°ŅĐ° ŅĐēĐžĐģĐ° Ņ ĐĐĩĐēŅĐŊĐĩ ŅŅŅŅ адСŅĐŊ ĐŋĐžĐŧĐŊŅĐē ŅŅвОŅĐ°ĐŊŅ ŅŅĐŋĐžĐŧĐŊŅŅŅ вŅĐģŅĐēŅ ĐŧĐ°ĐŊĐ°Ņ
. ĐŖ ĐēŅŅĐ°ĐšŅĐēŅŅ
ŅвОŅĐ°Ņ, ĐĄŅĐ°ĐŊŅ ĐĻСаĐŊ ĐąŅĐģĐž ĐŋĐ°ŅĐ°ŅĐŊĐ°ŅŅ С ĐģОдĐēĐ°Đš, ŅŅĐž ĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ŅŅĐē вŅĐģŅĐēŅ Đ°ĐēŅŅĐŊ ŅĐ°ĐŊŅĐ°ŅŅ (ĐŋĐ°ĐēŅŅ). ĐŖ, ĐŋŅĐ°ŅŅŅŅ ŅĐŊ ŅŅŅŅĐēĐŊŅŅŅŅ С вŅĐģŅĐēŅĐŧŅ ŅŅСŅĐēĐ°ĐŧŅ Đ´ĐģŅ ŅĐŗĐž ĐļŅŅŅŅ, Ņ
ĐžŅŅ ŅĐŊ ĐŋŅŅĐŊŅŅ ŅĐŧĐ°Ņ ŅŅĐ°ŅŅŅ Ņ вŅŅŅŅŅĐ° ŅĐŗĐž ĐŋĐ°ŅĐģŅĐ´ĐžŅĐŊŅĐēĐ°Ņ
ШаŅĐēОвŅ ŅĐģŅŅ
ĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ĐļŅŅ
ĐĐ°ĐģŅ 1400 ĐŗĐ°Đ´ĐžŅ ĐŋŅаС, ŅĐŊĐĩŅĐŗŅŅĐŊŅ Ņ ĐŋŅŅŅĐ°ĐŊŅ ĐēŅŅĐ°ŅĐŊĐēĐ° ĐŊĐ´ ШŅŅĐŊŅ, ĐŊĐ°ŅадСŅŅŅŅ ŅŅŅĐŗĐž 52 ĐŗĐ°Đ´ĐžŅ ŅĐ°ĐŧŅ, Ņ 1960 ĐŖ дСŅŅŅĐŊŅŅвĐĩ ŅĐŊĐ° ĐąŅĐģĐ° ŅСйаĐŗĐ°ŅĐ°ĐĩŅŅĐ° дСŅĐēŅŅŅŅ ŅĐĩ ĐŊайОĐļĐŊŅĐŧ ĐąŅĐ´ŅŅŅĐ°Đŧ йайŅĐģŅ, ŅŅŅваŅŅ Ņ ĐļŅŅŅ ĐŋŅаС ĐēŅĐģŅŅŅŅĐŊĐ°Đš ŅŅваĐģŅŅŅŅ ŅŅĐ°ŅŅŅĐŊŅ ĐĐ°Đž. Đ¯ĐŊĐ° ĐąŅĐģĐ° ŅŅĐēŅŅ ĐŊĐĩĐŋŅŅĐĩĐŧĐŊŅŅ ŅŅĐŋĐ°ĐŧŅĐŊŅ Đ°Đą ŅĐ°ĐŋŅĐžŅĐŊŅŅ
ŅŅКдаŅ Ņ ĐŊĐ°ŅĐŊŅ ŅŅваĐģŅŅŅŅĐš ĐēŅĐ°ŅĐŊĐžĐŗваŅĐ´ĐĩĐšŅŅ Ņ Ņ
ŅĐ°ĐŧŅ, дСĐĩ Đ°ŅŅŅŅĐ°ĐēŅŅ ĐŅĐ´Ņ ĐąŅĐģŅ СĐŊŅŅŅĐ°ĐŊŅ. ĐĸĐ°ĐēŅĐ°ĐŧĐ° ŅĐŊĐ° ŅŅĐ°ĐģĐ° ŅвĐĩĐ´ĐēĐ°Đŧ ŅĐ°ŅŅŅŅŅĐģŅ ŅŅŅŅŅ ĐģŅдСĐĩĐš, ŅĐēŅŅ ŅĐ°ĐąŅĐ°ĐģŅŅŅ Ņ Tianain ĐŋĐģĐžŅŅŅ, ĐĐĩĐēŅĐŊ, ŅĐē ŅĐŊŅ, ŅĐē ĐēаСаĐģŅ, ŅĐ´ŅŅ ĐŊĐĩ ŅŅŅ
Đ°ŅŅŅĐ° С ĐОваĐŗĐ° ĐŅŅĐ°Ņ Forward ŅĐ°ĐēавŅĐēĐ° ĐąŅдСĐĩ ĐĐ°ĐŧŅĐŊŅŅŅŅŅĐŊĐ°Ņ дСŅŅĐļава. ĐĐ°ŅĐģŅ ĐŋĐĩŅаваŅваĐĩŅŅĐ° СĐŊĐ°ĐēĐ°ĐŧŅŅŅ ĐēŅŅĐ°ĐšŅĐēŅ ŅĐŋĐ°Ņ ĐĐ°ŅĐžĐģŅ ĐŧĐ°ĐģĐŋĐ°Ņ, ĐŊĐ° ŅĐēŅŅ
ŅĐŊŅ вĐĩŅĐ°ŅŅ, ŅŅĐ°ŅŅŅĐŊŅ ĐĐ°Đž, СаŅĐŊаваĐŊŅ ŅĐ°ŅŅĐēĐ°Đš ŅĐŗĐž ŅŅŅвОĐŊŅŅ ĐēĐŊŅĐļĐ°ŅĐēŅ, ĐŗŅŅŅ вŅĐŋŅŅĐēĐŊŅĐē ĐĐĩĐēŅĐŊŅĐēĐ°Đš Ņ ĐĐēŅŅĐ°ŅĐ´ŅĐēĐ°ĐŗĐ° ŅĐŊŅвĐĩŅŅŅŅŅŅĐ°Ņ ĐąŅŅ ĐŊĐ°ŅŅ
ĐŊŅĐŊŅ, ĐēĐ°Đą СĐŊĐžŅ Đ°Đ´ĐēŅŅŅŅ Đ´ĐģŅ ŅŅĐąĐĩ ĐŅĐģŅĐēŅ ŅĐ°ŅĐēОвŅ ŅĐģŅŅ
, ĐŋŅŅĐŊŅŅĐ°Đĩ ŅŅ
Idol ĐĄŅĐ°ĐŊŅ ĐĻĐ°ĐŊĐŗ. ĐŖ ŅĐĩ ĐŊĐĩ ĐąŅĐģĐž, ĐēĐ°Đą Đ´Đ°ĐģŅŅŅŅŅĐ° Đ´Đ° ĐēĐ°ĐŊŅ ĐēĐ°ŅаваĐŊŅ, айО ŅŅŅŅŅŅŅŅĐ° ĐŊĐĩĐąŅŅĐŋĐĩŅĐŊŅŅ ŅаСйОКĐŊŅĐēŅ Ņ СĐģОдСĐĩŅ ŅĐģŅŅ
Ņ Đ´Đ° ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ, Đ°ĐģĐĩ ĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ĐšŅĐžŅ ĐŊĐ° Đ°ŅŅ
Đ°ŅŅĐŊĐ°Đš вŅĐŗĐ°ĐģŅ Ņ
Đ°ŅŅаваĐŊĐŊĐĩ ĐŋĐ°ŅĐ° ĐŋŅŅвадаĐŧ ĐŋŅŅ
ĐēĐ°ŅŅŅ ŅŅĐŧĐŊŅ ĐŋĐ°ŅавОС С ĐŊĐĩĐēĐ°ĐģŅĐēŅĐŧŅ ваĐŗĐžĐŊĐ°ĐŧŅ, ŅŅĐĩ, Ņ
ŅĐž ĐŧĐ°Đĩ ŅвŅŅĐ´ŅŅ ŅŅдСĐĩĐŊĐŊŅ С Đ´ŅŅва. ĐŅŅ ĐŊĐĩĐ°ĐąŅ
ОдĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅ, ŅĐŊĐ° Đ°Đ´ĐŋŅавŅĐģĐ°ŅŅ Ņ “ŅŅĐģŅĐēвŅŅ“ Đ´ĐļŅĐŋĐ°, ŅĐēŅ ŅĐ°ŅŅĐ° ĐŊĐĩĐ°ĐąŅ
ОдĐŊĐ°Đš ĐŧĐĩŅ
Đ°ĐŊŅŅĐŊĐ°Đš ŅваĐŗŅ. ĐĐŋĐžŅĐŊŅ ŅŅĐ°Đŋ ŅваКĐŗĐž ĐŋĐ°Đ´Đ°ŅĐžĐļĐļĐ° давŅĐģĐžŅŅ ĐąŅŅŅ ĐŊĐĩвŅĐģŅĐēŅĐŧ ĐŋĐ° ĐŋĐ°ĐŧĐĩŅĐ°Ņ
ŅĐ°ĐŧĐ°ĐģŅŅĐ°, ŅĐē ŅĐš ĐąŅĐģĐž Đ°Đ´ĐŧĐžŅĐģĐĩĐŊĐ° ва ŅŅСĐŊОК вŅСĐĩ ĐŊĐ° ĐŋĐ°ĐŧĐĩĐļĐŊŅĐŧ ĐŋĐ°ŅŅŅ - ĐēŅĐžĐŋĐēĐ° ŅваŅ
ОдŅ Ņ ĐŊĐĩĐēĐ°ĐģŅĐēŅŅ
ĐŧŅĐģŅŅ
Đ°Đ´ ĐĐ°ĐēŅŅŅĐ°ĐŊĐ°.
ĐĐ°ŅĐģŅ ŅĐĩ ĐŋĐ°Đ´Đ°ŅĐžĐļĐļĐ° ĐąŅĐģŅ ĐŊĐ° ŅŅĐŗĐŊŅĐēŅ Ņ ŅĐŊŅŅŅ
ĐŗŅĐ°ĐŧĐ°Đ´ŅĐēŅŅ
вŅĐ´Đ°Ņ ŅŅĐ°ĐŊŅĐŋĐ°ŅŅŅ Ņ ĐŧĐĩĐļĐ°Ņ
ĐĐŊĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēĐ°ĐŗĐ° ŅŅĐąĐēĐ°ĐŊŅŅĐŊĐĩĐŊŅĐ°. ĐĐ° ŅĐĩ ŅĐģŅŅ
Ņ Ņ ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ, ŅĐŊĐ° ĐŋŅĐ°ĐšŅĐģĐ° ĐŋŅаС ĐŗĐžŅĐ°Đ´Đ° ĐĐ°Đ°ŅĐ°ĐŊ, Đ´ŅŅĐŗŅ Đ°ŅĐŊĐžŅĐŊŅ ааСŅŅ Са ĐŧĐĩĐļĐ°ĐŧŅ ĐŅŅĐ°Ņ, Đ° СаŅŅĐŧ, ĐēĐ°Đą ŅйаŅŅŅŅ NINGRONG ĐŋŅŅĐžŅĐŊŅ ĐŧĐ°ĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅŅ, дСĐĩ ŅŅŅŅĐēŅ Bozeklil С’ŅŅĐģŅŅŅŅĐ°. ĐŅŅŅ ĐŊĐĩĐēĐ°ŅĐžŅŅŅ ĐŋŅŅŅдСĐĩŅŅŅ ĐŋŅŅĐžŅŅ Ņ ĐŗŅŅŅĐŧ ĐŧĐĩŅŅŅ, ŅĐēŅŅ ĐŧĐĩĐģŅ СĐŊĐ°ĐēĐ°ĐŧŅŅŅŅ вŅĐ´Đ°ŅĐŊŅ ŅвĐĩŅ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅŅ ŅŅŅŅĐēŅ. ĐĐžĐģŅŅĐ°ŅŅŅ С ŅŅ
ĐąŅĐģŅ ŅаСйŅŅĐ°ĐŊŅ ĐŊŅĐŧĐĩŅĐēĐ°Đš ĐŅавадŅŅĐ° ĐĐģŅĐąĐĩŅŅ ваĐŊ ĐŅ Coq (1904 -06) Đ´ĐģŅ ĐĐĩŅĐģŅĐŊŅĐēĐ°Đš ĐŅĐŊĐ°ĐŗŅĐ°ŅŅŅĐŊŅ ĐŧŅСĐĩĐš. ĐĐēŅĐ°ĐŧŅ ĐŊĐĩĐŧŅĐ°Ņ, ŅвĐĩĐ´Đ°Ņ, Đ°ĐŧĐĩŅŅĐēĐ°ĐŊŅĐ°Ņ Ņ ŅĐŋĐžĐŊŅĐ°Ņ ŅĐŧŅĐ°ĐģŅŅŅ адСŅĐŊ С Đ°Đ´ĐŊŅĐŧ, ĐēĐ°Đą ŅĐ°ŅĐēĐ°ĐŋĐ°ŅŅ ŅŅĐ°ŅĐ°ĐļŅŅĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅ СĐŊĐ°ŅŅĐŊĐŊĐĩ, СĐŊОКдСĐĩĐŊŅŅ Ņ йаĐŗĐ°ŅĐ°Đš ŅŅвŅĐģŅСаŅŅŅ, ŅĐēĐ°Ņ ŅĐ°ŅĐēвŅŅĐŊĐĩĐģĐ° Ņ ĐĻŅĐŊŅŅĐ°ĐģŅĐŊĐ°Đš ĐСŅŅ. ĐŅŅŅŅ ĐŊĐ´ ШŅŅĐŊŅ ĐŋĐ°Đ´Đ°ŅĐžĐļĐŊŅŅĐ°ĐģŅ дСĐĩŅŅŅŅ ŅŅŅŅŅ ĐŧŅĐģŅ Ņ ŅŅĐ° ваŅŅĐŧŅдСĐĩŅŅŅŅ дСŅĐŊ, ĐēĐ°Đą Đ°Đ´Đ´Đ°ŅŅ Đ´Đ°ĐŊŅĐŊŅ ĐŋаваĐŗŅ ĐŅĐ´Ņ Ņ Saranath, ĐŅĐ´Ņ ĐĐ°Ņ, ĐĐ°ĐšŅĐ°Đģи Ņ ĐŅŅиĐŊĐ°ĐŗĐ°ŅĐĩ. ĐĐ° ĐŋŅŅĐąŅŅŅŅ ĐŊĐ° ĐŧŅĐļŅ ĐŅĐŗĐ°ĐŊŅŅŅĐ°ĐŊĐ°, ваŅĐžĐļŅ ĐēĐģŅĐŧĐ°Ņ ĐŋĐĩŅаваĐļĐ°Ņ. ĐĐ° 26 ĐģŅŅĐ°ĐŗĐ° 2001 ĐŗОда ĐŅĐ´ŅŅ ŅĐ°ĐģŅйаŅ ĐŧŅĐģĐ° ĐĐ°Ņ
Đ°ĐŧĐĩĐ´ ĐĐŧĐ°Ņ ĐŋĐ°ŅŅĐ°ĐŊавŅŅ:
“ĐŖ ŅŅвŅСŅ С ŅĐĩŅвŅ йаŅĐŊŅŅ
Đ°ŅĐŗĐ°ĐŊŅĐēŅŅ
ĐŊавŅĐēĐžŅŅĐ°Ņ Ņ вĐĩŅĐ´ŅĐēŅĐ° ĐŅŅŅ
ĐžŅĐŊĐ°ĐŗĐ° ŅŅĐ´Đ° ĐŅĐŗĐ°ĐŊŅŅŅĐ°ĐŊĐ°, ĐąŅĐģĐž вŅŅĐ°ŅĐ°ĐŊĐ° ŅĐ°ĐģĐēĐ°Đŧ СĐŊŅŅŅŅŅŅ ŅŅĐĩ ŅŅĐ°ŅŅŅ / ŅĐ´Đ°ĐģĐ°Ņ, ŅĐēŅŅ ĐŋŅŅŅŅŅĐŊŅŅĐ°ŅŅŅ Ņ ĐŅĐŗĐ°ĐŊŅŅŅĐ°ĐŊĐĩ. ĐŅŅĐ° ŅĐ°ĐŧŅ, ŅŅĐž ŅĐ´Đ°ĐģŅ йаĐŗĐžŅ ĐŊŅвĐĩŅĐŊŅŅ
, ŅŅĐž ĐŋĐ°ĐēĐģĐ°ĐŊŅŅŅŅĐ° ŅĐŧ, Ņ ĐŋаваĐļĐ°ŅŅŅ ĐŊаваŅ ŅŅĐŋĐĩŅ, Ņ ĐŧĐžĐļĐ° ĐąŅŅŅ ĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ŅвОŅĐ°ĐŊŅ Ņ йаĐŗĐžŅ СĐŊĐžŅ. ĐĐ°Ņ ĐŅĐģŅĐēŅ йОĐŗ ŅĐžĐģŅĐēŅ ĐĐģĐ°Ņ
, Ņ ŅŅĐĩ ŅĐŊŅŅŅ ĐąŅĐģŅ ŅĐ°ĐģŅŅŅвŅŅ ĐŋавŅĐŊĐŊŅ ĐąŅŅŅ вŅĐ´Đ°ĐģĐĩĐŊŅ “
ĐĐ°ĐŧиаĐŊ ŅаСĐŧĐĩŅŅĐ°ĐŊŅ ĐēĐ°ĐģŅ 250 ĐēĐŧ ĐŊĐ° ĐŋĐ°ŅĐŊĐžŅĐŊŅ СаŅ
Đ°Đ´ Đ°Đ´ ĐĐ°ĐąŅĐģĐ°, Ņ ŅаСĐŧĐĩŅŅĐ°ĐŊŅ ĐŋĐ°ĐŧŅĐļ ĐŅĐŊĐ´ŅĐēŅŅĐ° Ņ ĐĐžŅ
и-Đайа ĐŗĐžŅĐŊŅŅ
Ņ
ŅŅĐąŅĐžŅ ĐŊĐ° вŅŅŅĐŊŅ Đ°Đ´ 2850 ĐŧĐĩŅŅĐ°Ņ. ĐŅĐģŅĐēŅ ĐŅĐ´Đ° ĐŧĐ°ĐģŅĐŊĐ°Đē 55 ĐŧĐĩŅŅĐ°Ņ Ņ вŅŅŅĐŊŅ, Carb Ņ 6-Đŧ ŅŅĐ°ĐŗОддСŅ ĐŊĐ°ŅĐ°Đš ŅŅŅ. Ņ ĐŊĐĩвŅĐģŅĐēŅ ĐŅĐ´Đ° ĐŧĐ°ĐģŅĐŊĐēĐ°Ņ 38 ĐŧĐĩŅŅĐ°Ņ вŅŅŅĐŊŅĐš ĐąŅĐģŅ ŅСаŅваĐŊŅ ĐŗŅŅĐŋĐ°Đš ĐŧŅŅŅĐģŅĐŧĐ°ĐŊŅĐēĐ°Đš ŅĐ°ĐģŅйаŅ Đ´Đ° ĐļĐ°Ņ
Ņ Ņ Đ°ŅŅĐ´ĐļŅĐŊĐŊŅ ŅŅŅĐŗĐž ŅвĐĩŅŅ, ŅĐēŅ ĐąŅŅ СŅОйĐģĐĩĐŊŅ вŅĐ´ĐžĐŧŅĐŧ ĐŊĐ° ŅŅŅŅ
ŅСŅĐžŅĐŊŅŅ
Ņ Ņ ŅŅŅвĐĩŅĐŊŅŅ
ŅĐžŅŅĐŧĐ°Ņ
. ĐĐ°ŅĐģŅ ĐŗŅŅĐ°ĐŗĐ° ĐŊŅŅŅĐģĐ°Đš ŅĐ°ĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅĐŊĐ°Đš ĐŋавОдСŅĐŊĐ°Ņ, ĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ĐŧĐžĐŗ ĐŊĐĩĐŋŅĐ°Đ´ŅĐŗĐģĐĩĐ´ĐļĐ°ĐŊŅŅ, ŅĐŋĐ°ŅŅваĐŊĐŊĐĩ Ņ вŅĐģŅĐēĐ°Ņ ŅĐžĐŊĐ´ дОйŅĐ°Đš вОĐģŅ Ņ йОĐē ĐąŅĐ´ŅСĐŧŅ Đ°Đ´ ŅŅŅŅ
ŅĐ°ŅŅĐēĐ°Ņ
ŅвĐĩŅŅ, ŅĐē ĐŗŅŅĐ° дОйŅĐ° вŅĐ´ĐžĐŧĐ°, ŅŅĐž ĐąŅĐ´ŅСĐŧ ĐąŅŅ вŅŅĐ°ĐēĐ°ŅОдĐŊŅ ŅŅĐģŅĐŗŅŅ ĐąĐĩС ĐŗŅŅŅĐžŅŅŅ вОКĐŊĐ°Ņ Đ´ĐģŅ ŅŅĐģŅĐŗŅĐšĐŊĐ°ĐŗĐ° СваŅĐžŅŅ. Đ ĐŋĐžĐŋĐĩĐģŅ Ņ ĐŋŅĐ°Ņ
Ņ Đ´ŅĐŊĐ°ĐŧŅŅŅ Ņ Bamia ĐŋĐ°ŅŅŅĐ°ĐģĐ° ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅ Đ°ĐąŅĐ´ĐļŅĐŊĐŊĐĩ.
ĐĐŊŅŅŅ ĐĄĐģĐĩĐ´Đ°ĐŋŅŅŅ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēĐ°Đš ĐĄĐģавŅ Ņ ĐēŅĐģŅŅŅ
ĐĸŅĐ°ĐŊŅĐŗŅĐ°ĐŊŅŅĐŊŅĐŧ ĐŗĐĩĐŊĐĩŅĐ°ŅŅŅ ĐĄŅĐ°ĐŊŅ ĐĻСаĐŊ, Ņ ĐŊĐ´ ШŅŅĐŊŅ ĐŊĐ°ŅĐ°ĐŗĐ° ŅŅĐ°ĐēŅŅŅĐŊĐ°ĐŗĐ° ŅСŅĐžŅŅĐĩ, ĐļŅŅ Ņ ĐąŅŅŅĐ°ĐŊŅĐēĐ°Đš ĐēĐ°ĐģĐ°ĐŊŅŅĐģŅĐŊĐ°Đš ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ, Đ°ŅŅ
ĐĩĐžĐģĐ°Đŗ - ĐēĐ°ĐģĐžŅ ŅваКĐŗĐž ŅĐ°ŅŅ, ŅĐēŅ ĐŋŅŅĐŊŅŅ С ŅĐŗĐž ĐŊŅŅŅĐžĐŧĐŊŅŅ ĐŊĐ°ĐŧĐ°ĐŗĐ°ĐŊĐŊŅ, ĐģŅĐŗĐēŅŅ
ŅСĐŊавŅŅŅ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅ ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ. ĐĐŊ ĐąŅŅ ŅĐŊĐļŅĐŊĐĩŅĐ°Đŧ Ņ Đ°ŅĐŧŅŅ. ĐĐĩĐŊĐĩŅĐ°Đģ-ĐŧĐ°ŅŅ ŅŅŅ ĐĐģŅĐēŅĐ°ĐŊĐ´Ņ ĐĐ°ĐŊŅĐŊĐŗĐ°Đŧ, ĐąŅŅ ŅĐ°Đŧ ĐŋĐ° ŅĐ°ĐąĐĩ вŅвŅŅĐ°Ņ ŅĐ°ĐŊŅĐēŅŅŅ Ņ ĐēŅŅĐ°ĐšŅĐēŅ ĐŧОвŅ. ĐĐ° вŅСваĐģĐĩĐŊĐŊŅ С вОКŅĐēĐ° ĐŗŅŅĐ°Ņ ваĐĩĐŊĐŊĐ°Ņ ŅĐ°ĐģавĐĩĐē ĐŋавŅŅĐŊŅŅŅŅ ĐŅŅ
ĐĩĐžĐģĐ°Đŗ ŅŅĐ°Ņ ĐēĐģŅŅавŅĐŧ ĐŗŅĐģŅŅĐžĐŧ, ĐēĐ°Đą вŅŅвŅŅŅ С Đ´Đ°ĐŋĐ°ĐŧĐžĐŗĐ°Đš ŅваКĐŗĐž ĐŋĐ°ĐŧĐžŅĐŊŅĐēĐ° ĐŅŅŅйаĐģŅĐ´ Carlyle, ĐŊĐĩĐēĐ°ĐģŅĐēŅ ŅŅĐģŅĐēвŅĐš ĐŅĐ´Ņ. ĐŖ ŅĐēĐ°ŅŅŅ ĐŋĐĩŅŅĐ°ĐŗĐ° ĐēŅŅĐ°ŅĐŊŅĐē Đ°ŅŅ
ĐĩĐ°ĐģĐ°ĐŗŅŅĐŊĐ°Đš ŅĐģŅĐļĐąŅ ŅĐŊĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēĐ°Đš, ĐĐ°ĐŊŅĐŊĐŗĐ°Đŧ ŅŅŅŅŅ ŅŅĐģĐĩĐ´ ĐĄŅĐ°ĐŊŅ ĐĻСаĐŊ ŅĐ°Ņ
ŅĐŊĐēĐ°Ņ ŅĐ° ŅĐŋĐ°ŅŅĐģĐēĐ°Đš ŅŅŅŅ ĐŋĐ° ŅĐģŅŅ
Ņ ĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅĐŋŅŅ ĐŅĐ´Đ°Đš, ĐŋĐ°Đ´ŅĐ°Ņ ŅваŅĐš ĐŧŅŅŅŅ ŅĐ°ŅĐ°ĐēĐ° ĐŗĐ°Đ´ĐžŅ. ĐĐ° ŅСŅĐžŅŅĐĩ ŅĐžŅĐ°Đē ŅĐĩĐŧ, Ņ 1861 ŅŅŅ ĐĐģŅĐēŅĐ°ĐŊĐ´Ņ CUNNINGHAM ĐŋĐ°ŅĐ°ĐģĐžŅŅ ĐŋĐģŅĐŊĐŊĐ°Đĩ ĐŋŅĐ°ĐēŅŅĐēаваĐŊĐŊĐĩ ĐŋŅŅŅвŅŅŅŅŅ ŅŅŅŅŅ ŅваКĐŗĐž ĐļŅŅŅŅ, ĐēĐ°Đą ŅĐ°ŅĐēĐ°ĐŋĐ°ŅŅ ĐŋĐ°Ņ
аваĐŊŅ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēĐ°Đš ŅŅĐģŅĐŗŅŅ, Ņ ŅОК ŅĐ°ĐŧĐ°Đš ĐēŅĐ°ŅĐŊĐĩ ŅĐŊ ĐąŅŅ СаŅĐŊаваĐŊŅ. ĐĐĩĐģŅĐŧŅ ĐŊĐĩŅĐŧĐ°ŅĐģŅĐēŅŅ ĐģŅдСŅ Ņ ŅОК ŅĐ°Ņ ĐŗаваŅŅĐģŅ ĐŋŅĐ° ĐąŅĐ´ŅСĐŧĐĩ, Đ°ĐēŅĐ°ĐŧŅ ŅŅŅ
, Ņ
ŅĐž ĐļŅвĐĩ ĐŊĐ° ĐĻŅĐšĐģĐžĐŊĐĩ. ĐŅŅĐŧĐ°, ĐĄŅŅĐŧ, ĐĐĩĐŋĐ°Đģ, ĐĸŅĐąĐĩŅ, ĐŅŅĐ°Đš, ĐĐ°ĐŊĐŗĐžĐģŅŅ Ņ Ņ Đ¯ĐŋĐžĐŊŅŅ. ĐĐ° ĐĐ°Ņ
адСĐĩ ĐąŅĐģĐž ĐŧĐ°ĐģĐ° ĐēĐŊŅĐŗ ĐŊĐ° ĐŗŅŅŅŅ ŅŅĐŧŅ. ĐŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅ ĐавŅĐēĐžŅŅŅ ĐŅŅĐĩĐŊ ĐĐ°ĐŧĐžŅ, ĐŅŅ ĐŅ ĐĐ° ĐĐ°ĐģŅ ĐŅŅŅĐŊĐ°, ĐĐģŅĐ´ĐĩĐŊĐąĐĩŅĐŗ, Rhy ĐавидŅ ĐŊĐ°ĐŋŅŅĐ°Ņ ĐŋŅĐ° ĐąŅĐ´ŅСĐŧĐĩ СĐŊĐ°ŅĐŊĐ° ĐŋаСĐŊĐĩĐš Ņ 20 ŅŅĐ°ĐŗОддСŅ. ĐĐĐ¯ĐĐĄĐĐĐĐ CUNNINGHAM СаŅŅŅОдСŅŅ ŅваĐĩ ĐŊĐ°ĐŧĐ°ĐŗĐ°ĐŊĐŊŅ ĐŋĐ° Đ°Đ´ĐŊĐ°ŅĐģĐĩĐŊĐŊŅ 170ft вŅŅĐžĐēŅ ĐŅĐ´Đ° ĐĐ°Ņ Ņ
ŅĐ°Đŧ, ŅĐēŅ ĐąŅŅ ŅĐŋĐĩŅŅŅĐŊŅ вŅĐ´ĐžĐŧŅ ŅĐē “Vajiraman Gaandhakuti“. ĐĄŅŅŅĐēŅŅŅĐ° Đ´Đ°ŅŅ ĐŊŅĐļŅĐš 2-ĐŗĐ° ŅŅĐ°ĐŗОддСŅ ĐŊĐ°ŅĐ°Đš ŅŅŅ Ņ вĐĩĐģŅŅĐŊŅ ĐŗĐģĐĩдСŅŅŅ Đ°ŅŅ
ŅŅŅĐēŅŅŅĐŊŅ ŅŅĐ´ŅŅŅ ĐŅĐŋŅĐ° ĐŋĐĩŅŅŅĐ´.
ĐĐŊŅŅ ŅĐēŅ ĐŋĐ°ĐąŅваŅ ĐŅĐ´Ņ ĐĐ°Ņ Ņ 1868 ĐąŅŅ ŅŅŅ ĐдвŅĐŊ ĐŅĐŊĐžĐģŅĐ´, KCIE, ŅĐēĐžĐŗĐ° ŅĐŋŅŅĐŊĐ°Ņ ĐŋĐ°ŅĐŧĐ° ХвŅŅĐģĐž ĐСŅŅ вŅĐēĐģŅĐēĐ°ĐģĐ° вŅĐģŅĐēŅŅ ŅŅĐēаваŅŅŅ Ņ ĐąŅĐ´ŅСĐŧĐĩ ĐŋĐ° ŅŅŅĐŧ ŅвĐĩŅĐĩ Ņ ĐŊĐ°ŅŅ
ĐŊŅŅ ĐĐŊĐ°ĐŗĐ°ŅиĐēĐ° ĐŅ
Đ°ĐŧĐŧĐ°ĐŋĐ°ĐģĐ° ĐŊавĐĩĐ´Đ°ŅŅ ŅĐ°ĐšŅ Ņ ŅвŅŅĐ´Đ° вŅŅĐ°ŅŅŅŅ, ĐēĐ°Đą ŅСŅŅŅ ĐŋĐ°Đ´ ŅвОК ââĐēĐ°ĐŊŅŅĐžĐģŅ Ņ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅŅ
ŅŅĐēĐ°ĐŧŅ С ŅĐŊĐ´ŅŅ Mahantha. ШĐŧĐ°Ņ Ņ ŅŅĐŧ дСŅĐēŅŅŅŅ ŅĐŗĐž ĐŊĐ°ĐŧĐ°ĐŗĐ°ĐŊĐŊŅĐŧ ĐŋŅаС ĐĸаваŅŅŅŅва ĐĐ°Ņ
айОдŅ
и ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ Ņ ĐĐ°ĐģŅĐēŅŅĐĩ ŅĐŊ СаĐēĐģŅĐēĐ°Ņ ŅĐŊĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅ ĐĻŅĐŊŅŅĐ°ĐģŅĐŊŅ ŅŅĐ°Đ´ ĐŋаСĐŊĐĩĐš (ĐŋĐ°ŅĐģŅ ŅĐŗĐž ŅĐŧĐĩŅŅŅ) ĐŋŅŅСĐŊĐ°ŅĐ°Đĩ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅ ĐĐ°ĐŧŅŅŅŅ СвŅŅŅĐ°ĐĩŅŅĐ° С ĐŊĐĩĐēĐ°ĐģŅĐēŅŅ
ĐēŅĐ°ŅĐŊ, ĐēĐ°Đą,, ĐēŅŅаваĐŊĐŊĐĩ Ņ
ŅĐ°Đŧ, ŅĐēŅ С’ŅŅĐģŅĐĩŅŅĐ° ŅŅĐŊĐŊŅ Đ°Đą’ĐĩĐēŅĐ°Đŧ ĐĄŅŅвĐĩŅĐŊĐ°Đš ŅĐŋĐ°Đ´ŅŅĐŊŅ.
ĐĐ´ĐŊĐ°ŅĐģĐĩĐŊĐŊĐĩ ĐģŅĐļŅŅŅ ĐŅĐ´Ņ
ĐŅŅ
ĐĩĐžĐģĐ°Đŗ ĐŅŅŅйаĐģŅĐ´ ĐĐ°ŅĐģĐ°ĐšĐģ ĐąŅŅ СĐŊĐ°ŅĐŊĐ° Đ°Đ´ĐēаСĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅ Са Đ°Đ´ĐŊĐ°ŅĐģĐĩĐŊĐŊĐĩ 6.1 ĐŧĐĩŅŅОвŅ ŅŅŅвОĐŊŅ ĐŋŅŅŅĐ°ĐŊŅĐē ŅŅĐ°ŅŅŅ ĐģŅĐļŅŅŅ ĐŅĐ´Ņ Ņ Kushinara. ĐŅŅĐ° вŅĐ´Đ°ŅĐŊŅ вОйŅаС Đ´Đ°ŅŅŅŅĐģĐ°ŅŅ Đ°ŅŅ
ĐĩĐ°ĐģĐ°ĐŗŅŅĐŊĐ°ĐŗĐ° Đ°ĐąŅĐģĐĩдаваĐŊĐŊŅ ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ. ĐĐ°ĐģŅ ĐēĐžŅĐŋŅŅ Viharage ŅĐŊ ĐąŅŅ ĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ĐąŅдаваĐŊŅ Ņ ŅĐ°ŅĐĩ Đ´ĐģŅ ŅвŅŅĐēаваĐŊĐŊŅ ĐŅĐ´Đ° Jayanthi Ņ 1956 ĐŗОдСĐĩ ŅĐ°ĐēŅĐ°ĐŧĐ° ŅĐ°ŅĐēĐ°ĐŋĐ°ĐģŅ ARDHANA ŅŅŅĐŋĐ°, дСĐĩ Ņ 1910 ĐŗОдСĐĩ, ŅĐŊ СĐŊĐ°ĐšŅĐžŅ ĐŧĐĩĐ´ĐŊŅ ĐŋĐžŅŅĐ´ Ņ ŅĐ°ĐģĐĩŅĐēŅ, ŅĐēŅ ĐŋĐ°ĐēаСваĐĩ ĐŗŅŅĐ° ĐąŅĐģĐž ĐŧĐĩŅŅĐ°, ĐĐ°ŅŅĐ°ĐŧĐ° ĐŅĐ´Đ° ĐąŅŅ ĐēŅŅĐŧŅŅаваĐŊŅ. Đ¯ŅŅŅ адСŅĐŊ Đ°ŅŅ
ĐĩĐžĐģĐ°Đŗ ĐąŅŅ JOHN MASHALL ŅĐēŅ СŅĐ°ĐąŅŅ вĐĩĐģŅСаŅĐŊŅŅ ĐŋŅĐ°ŅŅ Ņ ĐŋĐĩŅŅŅĐ´ ĐŋĐ°ĐŧŅĐļ 1925 Ņ 1940, ĐēĐ°Đą Đ°Đ´ĐŊавŅŅŅ ĐŅŅ
ĐĩĐ°ĐģĐ°ĐŗŅŅĐŊŅ ĐŋĐ°ŅĐē Ņ ĐĄĐ°ĐŊŅĐ° Ņ Bopal дСŅŅĐļавŅ. ĐĐļĐžĐŊ ĐĐ°ŅŅĐ°Đģ вŅСĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅ ĐŊĐĩĐēĐ°ĐģŅĐēŅ ĐŋŅŅĐŗĐžĐļŅŅ
ŅĐģŅСŅ ĐŊĐ° ĐēĐ°ĐŧĐĩĐŊŅ, ŅĐēŅŅ ĐŧĐ°ĐģŅŅŅŅ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅ Jathaka ĐĐŋавŅĐ´Đ°ĐŊĐŊŅ Ņ ĐŋŅŅвŅдСĐĩĐŊĐŊĐĩ Đ´ŅŅŅŅĐ° ШŅŅ ĐĐ°Ņ
Đ° ĐОдŅ
Ņ ĐŊĐ° ĐĻŅĐšĐģĐžĐŊ.
ĐŖ ĐŋĐžŅŅĐēĐ°Ņ
ĐŊĐ°ŅĐ°Đ´ĐļŅĐŊĐŊŅ ĐĐĩŅŅĐ° ĐŅĐ´Ņ, ĐŅĐŧйиĐŊи ŅĐ°Đ´ĐžŅ
ĐŅŅĐ°Ņ ЧаŅĐģŅС ĐĐģĐĩĐŊ Ņ ŅваŅĐš ĐēĐŊŅСĐĩ: ĐŅĐ´Đ° Ņ SAHIBS ŅŅавŅŅŅĐ° Đ´Đ° СĐŊĐ°Ņ
ОдĐļĐ°ĐŊĐŊŅ Ņ ĐŋŅŅŅ ŅŅŅĐ°Ņ дСĐĩвŅŅŅ ŅĐ°ĐģŅŅ вŅŅŅĐŊŅĐš ĐŋĐ°ĐģŅŅаваĐŊĐ°Đš ĐēĐ°ĐŧĐĩĐŊĐŊŅ ŅĐģŅĐŋ, дСĐĩ ŅĐŋŅŅĐ°ĐŊŅ ŅĐ°ŅŅŅŅ ĐģŅĐŊŅŅ, ŅĐēŅŅ ĐŋаСĐŊĐĩĐš С Đ´Đ°ĐŋĐ°ĐŧĐžĐŗĐ°Đš Đ´ĐžĐēŅĐ°ŅĐ° ŅŅŅŅŅĐ°, Đ°ŅŅŅŅŅĐšŅĐēŅ ĐŋŅĐ°ĐļŅваĐĩ Ņ ĐĐĩĐŊĐĩ, ĐąŅĐģŅ вŅСĐŊĐ°ŅĐ°ĐŊŅ, ĐēĐ°Đą ĐąŅŅŅ “. ĐŗĐģŅĐąŅĐŊĐŊĐ°Ņ йОĐŧйа Brahmi ĐĐžĐēŅĐ°Ņ ФŅŅŅŅ (Prof С lndology Ņ Đ°ŅŅ
ĐĩĐ°ĐģĐžĐŗŅŅ), ĐŋĐ°ĐēаСаĐģĐ°, ĐŋŅŅŅŅĐ´Ņ HIDE BUDHE- JATE SAKYAMINI - TI LUMMINIGAME ĐēĐ°ĐģŅ ĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ĐēĐģадСĐĩĐŊŅ ĐąŅŅŅ:ÂĢ ĐĸŅŅ ĐąŅŅ ĐŅĐ´Đ° ĐŊĐ°ŅадСŅŅŅŅ Ņ ĐŅĐŧйиĐŊи Village “ĐĐĩŅСайавĐĩ ĐŋĐ°ŅĐģŅ ĐŗŅŅĐ°ĐŗĐ°, ŅĐēĐ°Ņ ŅŅŅŅĐģĐ° ĐŋĐ°ŅĐģŅ. ĐŧĐ°ĐģŅĐŊĐēŅ ĐŋĐ°Đ´Đ°ŅĐžĐļĐŊŅĐēĐ°Đŧ ĐĨŅĐ°ĐŊ ĐĻĐ°ĐŊĐŗ ŅĐŊ ĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ĐĩŅ
Đ°Ņ ĐŊĐ° ĐŋĐžŅдСĐĩĐŊŅ, ĐēĐ°ĐģŅ 18 ĐēĐŧ Ņ вŅСĐŊĐ°ŅĐ°ĐŊŅ Kapilavastupura Đ´ĐžĐŧ ĐēĐŊŅСŅ Sidhartha ĐĐ°ŅŅĐ°ĐŧĐ°, ŅĐēŅ ŅŅĐ°Ņ ĐŅĐ´Đ°Đš. ĐŖŅĐĩ ĐŗŅŅŅŅ Đ°Đ´ĐēŅŅŅŅŅ Đ°Đ´ĐąŅĐģĐ°ŅŅ ĐŋĐ°ĐŧŅĐļ 1895 Ņ 1897 Đŗ., Ņ Đ°Đ´ĐŋавĐĩĐ´ĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅ С ĐĐ°ŅĐ°ĐģĐĩŅŅĐēĐ°ĐŗĐ° аСŅŅŅĐēĐ°ĐŗĐ° ĐŗŅĐ°ĐŧĐ°Đ´ŅŅва ĐŅŅĐŊĐ°ĐģŅ
Resurgent ĐĄŅŅĐ°ŅĐŊĐ°Ņ
ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēĐ°Ņ ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ
ĐŅŅŅĐžŅŅŅ ŅвĐĩĐ´ŅŅŅŅ, ŅŅĐž ŅŅŅŅ Đ´ĐžŅĐŗĐ° ĐŋĐ°ŅĐģŅ Sakyamui ĐŗĐžŅĐ°Đŧ ĐŅĐ´Ņ ŅĐ°Ņ, ĐŧŅŅŅĐģŅĐŧĐ°ĐŊŅĐēŅŅ
ĐēŅŅĐ°ŅĐŊŅĐēĐžŅ, ĐĐēйаŅ ĐŅĐģŅĐēŅ, Ņ ШŅвадĐļŅ СĐŊŅŅŅŅĐģŅ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅŅ
йОĐŗĐ°ŅĐģŅĐļŅĐŊĐŊĐĩ Ņ ĐĐ°ŅĐŊĐžŅĐŊĐ°Đš ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ Ņ СĐŊĐ°ŅĐŊĐ°Đš ŅŅŅĐŋĐĩĐŊŅ, ĐŋĐ°ĐēŅĐ´Đ°ŅŅŅ ĐŊĐĩвŅĐģŅĐēŅŅ Đ°ŅĐ°ĐŗŅ ĐąŅĐ´ŅСĐŧŅ Ņ Uttara ĐŅĐ°Đ´ŅŅ, дСĐĩ вŅŅŅĐŊĐŊĐĩ ĐĸŅ
ĐĩŅавадŅ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēĐ°Đš вŅĐļŅŅ. ĐŅŅĐ° ĐŊОвŅ ŅĐ°Ņ, ŅĐŊ ĐąŅŅ ĐŋĐ°ĐēŅĐŊŅŅŅ ĐŊĐ° ĐēĐ°ŅŅŅ ĐąĐģŅŅĐēŅŅŅ ĐŊавŅĐēОвĐĩŅ Ņ ŅŅŅŅŅ, DR. ĐŅ
иĐŧŅĐ°Đž Ramji ĐĐŧĐąĐĩĐ´ĐēĐ°ŅĐ° (1891 - 1956), ĐēĐ°Đą ŅСĐŊĐ°ŅĐ°ĐģŅŅŅ “ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅ ĐĐ´ŅĐ°Đ´ĐļŅĐŊĐŊĐĩ Đ¯Đē Mahathma ĐĐ°ĐŊдСŅ ĐĐžĐēŅĐ°Ņ ĐĐŧĐąĐĩĐ´ĐēĐ°Ņ С’ŅŅĐģŅĐĩŅŅĐ° ŅŅĐŊĐŊŅ ŅĐ°ĐŊŅĐĩŅŅĐ° ĐŧŅĐģŅŅĐŊĐ°ĐŧŅ, ŅĐēŅŅ Dialits (ŅĐ°ĐŧŅ ĐŊŅСĐēŅ С ŅĐŊĐ´ŅŅŅŅĐēĐ°Đš ĐēĐ°ŅŅŅ) ŅĐŊĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēĐ°ĐŗĐ° ĐŗŅĐ°ĐŧĐ°Đ´ŅŅва ĐĐŊ ĐąŅŅ вŅŅĐžĐŊŅĐŧ С ĐĐ°ĐģŅĐŧĐąŅĐšŅĐēĐ°ĐŗĐ° ŅĐŊŅвĐĩŅŅŅŅŅŅĐ°, ŅĐēŅ ĐŋĐ°ŅĐģŅ ŅŅĐ°Ņ .. адваĐēĐ°Ņ Ņ ĐŋаваĐļĐ°ĐŊŅĐŧ ĐĐ°ĐģŅŅŅŅĐŊŅ ĐģŅĐ´ŅŅ Ņ ĐĐ°ĐąŅĐŊĐĩŅĐĩ ШŅŅ ĐĐĩŅŅ, Đ Đ°Đ´ĐļŅĐŊĐ´ŅĐ° ĐŅĐ°ŅĐ°Đ´ Ņ Đ. ĐĐ°ŅĐĩĐģŅ. Đ¯ĐŊŅ вŅĐ´ŅŅŅ ŅĐŊĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅŅ ĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅĐŊĐ°ĐģŅŅŅŅŅĐŊŅŅ ŅŅŅ
Ņ, ĐēĐ°Đą Đ°ŅŅŅĐŧĐ°ŅŅ ĐŊĐĩСаĐģĐĩĐļĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅ ŅĐŊдСĐĩĐšŅĐ°Ņ. ĐĐŊ ĐąŅŅ ĐŗĐ°ĐģĐžŅĐŊŅĐŧ Đ°ŅŅ
ŅŅŅĐēŅĐ°ŅĐ°Đŧ ŅĐ°ŅĐŋŅĐ°ŅаваŅŅ ĐŊОвŅŅ ŅĐŊĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅŅ ĐēĐ°ĐŊŅŅŅŅŅŅŅŅ, ŅĐēĐ°Ņ ĐąŅĐģĐ° ĐŋŅŅĐŊŅŅĐ° Ņ 1947 ĐŗОдСĐĩ. ĐŊĐ° ĐŧĐ°ŅавŅĐŧ ĐŧŅŅŅĐŊĐŗŅ, ŅĐēŅ Đ°Đ´ĐąŅŅŅŅ Ņ Napur, ŅаСаĐŧ С йОĐģŅŅ ŅŅĐŧ 30 000 “ĐŋĐģĐ°ĐŊŅĐĩŅŅĐ°” ĐēĐ°ŅŅĐ°Ņ ŅĐŊĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅŅ
ĐŗĐ°Đ´ĐžŅ ŅĐŊ ĐŋŅĐąĐģŅŅĐŊĐ° ĐŋŅŅĐŊŅŅ ĐąŅĐ´ŅСĐŧ, Ņ ŅŅĐŧ ŅĐ°ĐŧŅĐŧ Đ´Đ°Ņ ĐģŅĐ´ŅŅŅŅва Ņ Đ°Đ´ŅĐ°Đ´ĐļŅĐŊĐŊĐĩ ĐąŅĐ´ŅСĐŧŅ Ņ ŅŅŅĐ°ŅĐŊĐ°Đš ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ. ĐĄŅĐŊĐŊŅ ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ ĐŧĐ°Đĩ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅ ĐŊĐ°ŅĐĩĐģŅĐŊŅŅŅва йОĐģŅŅ Са 100 ĐŧŅĐģŅŅĐŊĐ°Ņ ŅĐ°ĐģавĐĩĐē Ņ Uttara ĐŅĐ°Đ´ŅŅ, Madya ĐŅĐ°Đ´ŅŅ Maharatra ĐŅĐ°Đ´ŅŅ Ņ ваĐēĐžĐģ Guntur ĐŊĐ° ĐŋĐ°ŅĐ´ĐŊŅвŅĐŧ ŅŅŅ
ОдСĐĩ. ĐĐŊĐžŅ Đ´ŅŅ
ĐŧŅĐŊŅ ĐēвĐĩŅĐēĐ° ĐąŅĐ´ŅСĐŧŅ СаĐēвŅŅĐŊĐĩŅ Ņ СŅĐŧĐģŅ ŅваКĐŗĐž ĐŊĐ°ŅĐ°Đ´ĐļŅĐŊĐŊŅ. ĐĄŅĐŊĐŊŅ ĐŊĐĩĐ´Đ°ŅŅĐēĐ°ĐģŅĐŊŅŅ
ĐēĐ°ŅŅĐ°Ņ ĐĐŊдСĐĩĐšŅŅ ĐŧŅĐŊŅĐģĐ°ĐŗĐ° С’ŅŅĐģŅŅŅŅĐ° ŅĐģŅŅваĐĩĐŧ ĐŋĐ°ĐģŅŅŅŅĐŊĐ°Ņ ŅŅĐģĐ° Ņ СаКĐŧĐ°ŅŅŅ вŅŅĐžĐēŅŅ ĐŋаСŅŅŅŅ Ņ Đ°Đ´ĐŧŅĐŊŅŅŅŅĐ°ŅŅŅ ĐŋĐ°Đ´ ĐŗĐ°ŅĐ°ĐŊŅŅĐĩŅŅĐ° ĐŋŅĐ°ŅŅĐŊŅ ĐŋŅĐ°ŅĐ°ŅĐģĐ°Đ´ĐēаваĐŊĐŊŅ ва ŅŅĐ°Đ´. ĐСŅŅĐļава ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ Đ´Đ°Ņ СаŅŅŅĐŋĐŊŅŅŅва Ņ СаĐēĐžĐŊĐŊĐ°Đĩ ĐŧĐĩŅŅĐ° ĐąŅĐ´ŅСĐŧŅ Ņ ĐēŅĐ°ŅĐŊĐĩ С Đ´Đ°ĐŋĐ°ĐŧĐžĐŗĐ°Đš ĐŅ
Đ°ĐŧĐŧŅ ЧаĐēĐēĐ° (ĐĐžĐģĐ° ĐŋŅавĐĩĐ´ĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅŅ, ŅĐēŅ вŅĐēĐ°ŅŅŅŅĐžŅваĐĩŅŅĐ° ŅĐŧĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ŅĐ°ŅĐ° ĐŅĐžĐēĐ° ĐŅĐģŅĐēĐ°ĐŗĐ°.)
ĐĐ´ĐŋŅавŅŅŅ ŅŅĐąŅŅ
ĐŖ ŅŅĐŋĐĩŅĐ°ŅĐŊŅ ŅĐ°Ņ ĐģŅдСĐĩĐš, ŅĐēŅŅ ĐŋŅĐ°ŅŅŅŅŅ Đ´ĐģŅ Ņ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅ ĐĐ´ŅĐ°Đ´ĐļŅĐŊĐŊĐĩ СĐŊĐžŅĐēŅ ĐŅĐ°ĐąŅĐ´Đ´Ņ
Đ° ĐŅ
Đ°ŅĐ°ŅĐ°
ĐĐ¯ĐĄĐĐĐĐĸĐĐ ĐĐĐĐĐĐ E-ĐĐ°ĐģĐ°ĐŊĐ´Đ° ĐŊавŅĐēОва-ĐŋŅĐ°ĐēŅŅŅĐŊĐ°Ņ ĐŖĐĐĐĐĐ ĐĄĐĐĸĐĐĸ
Đ°Đ´ http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org
http://kafila.org/2010/12/30/history-в-ĐēĐ°ĐŧĐĩĐŊŅ-Ņ-metal/
ĐŅŅŅĐžŅŅŅ Ņ ĐēĐ°ĐŧĐĩĐŊŅ Ņ ĐŧĐĩŅĐ°ĐģĐĩ
http://www.ipsnews.net/2009/01/religion-ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ-Đ°Đ´ŅĐ°Đ´ĐļĐ°ŅŅŅ-ĐąŅĐ´ŅСĐŧ-дСĐĩ-ŅĐŊ-ĐąŅŅ-born/
Đ ĐĐĐĐĐĐ¯-ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ: Đ°Đ´ŅĐ°Đ´ĐļŅĐŊĐŊĐĩ ĐąŅĐ´ŅСĐŧŅ, дСĐĩ ŅĐŊ ĐŊĐ°ŅадСŅŅŅŅ
http://roundtableindia.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3937:rashtriya-dalit-prerna-sthal&catid=115&Itemid=127
http://slugpost.com/2013/08/28/efforts-ĐŋŅŅĐŊĐžŅŅŅŅ-ĐąŅĐē-ĐąŅĐ´Ņ-ĐēĐģĐĩĐŊŅĐ°ĐŊĐŊĐĩ-bowl/
ĐŅĐ°ŅŅ ĐŋĐ° вŅŅŅĐ°ĐŊĐŊŅ ĐŅĐ´Ņ ĐŋŅĐ°ŅŅĐŗĐŊŅŅĐ°Đš ŅŅĐēОК
http://www.academia.edu/5595561/Exile_and_Return_the_Reinvention_of_Buddhism_and_Buddhist_Sites_in_Modern_India?login=chandrasekhara.tipitaka@gmail.com&email_was_taken=true
ĐŅĐŗĐŊĐ°ĐŊĐŊĐĩ Ņ вŅŅŅĐ°ĐŊĐŊĐĩ: Reinvention ĐąŅĐ´ŅСĐŧŅ Ņ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēĐ°Đš ŅĐ°ĐšŅĐ°Ņ Ņ ŅŅŅĐ°ŅĐŊĐ°Đš ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ йОĐģŅŅ
ĐŋĐ° Upinder ĐĄŅĐŊĐŗŅ
http://www.newsweek.com/armies-Đ°Đ´ŅĐēаваŅ-83927
“SC / ĐĐ ĐŋавŅĐŊĐŊŅ вŅСваĐģŅŅŅ ŅŅĐąĐĩ Đ°Đ´ ĐēаКдаĐŊĐžŅ ŅваŅĐš ĐŋŅŅĐŗĐŊĐĩŅĐ°ĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅ ĐŧŅĐŊŅĐģŅĐŧ. ĐŅĐ´ŅСĐŧ С’ŅŅĐģŅĐĩŅŅĐ° ŅĐģŅŅ
Đ´Đ° вŅСваĐģĐĩĐŊĐŊŅ.“ ĐĐŊĐžĐŗŅŅ С ŅĐģĐĩĐŊĐ°Ņ ĐēĐ°ŅŅŅ ĐēĐ°ĐģĐĩĐŗĐ°Ņ СĐŗОдĐŊŅ Ņ ŅĐŧĐēĐŊŅŅŅŅ Đ´Đ° Bahujan Samaj ĐŋĐ°ŅŅŅŅ, ŅĐēĐ°Ņ ŅŅĐŋĐĩŅ ĐēĐ°ĐŊŅŅĐ°ĐģŅваĐŊŅĐŧ ĐŖŅĐ°Ņ-ĐŅĐ°Đ´ŅŅ, ŅĐ°ĐŧŅ вŅĐģŅĐēŅ ŅŅĐ°Ņ ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ. ĐŅĐ´ŅŅ ĐĐĄĐ populistScheduled ĐĐ°ŅŅĐ°, ĐаКаваŅи ĐŅĐŧĐ°Ņ, Ņ
ŅĐž ваŅŅĐ° ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅŅ ĐŋŅĐ°ĐēŅŅĐēŅ Ņ ŅĐĩ ĐŋĐ°ŅŅŅдСŅĐŊĐŊŅĐŧ ĐļŅŅŅŅ Ņ ŅĐžĐēŅ ĐŊаСŅŅĐ°ĐģŅĐŊŅĐēĐ°Ņ, ĐēĐ°ĐģŅ ŅĐŊĐ° Đ´Đ°ĐŋĐ°ĐŧĐ°ĐŗĐģĐ° ŅĐĩ ĐŋĐ°ŅŅŅŅ вŅĐšĐŗŅĐ°Đĩ 206 ĐŧĐĩŅŅĐ°Ņ Ņ дСŅŅĐļĐ°ŅĐŊŅĐŧ ŅŅ
ОдСĐĩ 403 ŅĐģĐĩĐŊĐ°Ņ; С ŅŅŅ
ŅĐ°ŅĐžŅ, ŅĐŊĐ° ĐŋĐ°ŅĐ°ĐģŅ ĐŋĐ°Đ´Đ°ĐĩŅŅĐ° ŅĐē ĐŋĐ°ŅŅĐŊŅŅĐšĐŊĐ°ĐŗĐ° ĐŋŅŅĐŧ’ĐĩŅ-ĐŧŅĐŊŅŅŅŅĐ°. ĐаКаваŅи ŅŅĐŊĐ° Đ´Đ°Ņ СŅаСŅĐŧĐĩŅŅ, дСĐĩ ŅĐĩ ĐŋĐ°Đ´ŅŅŅĐŧĐēŅ Ņ
ĐģŅŅĐŊŅ, СааŅ
вОŅваŅŅŅ Đ°ĐŧĐąŅŅŅĐšĐŊŅŅ ĐŋĐģĐ°ĐŊĐ°Ņ
ĐŋĐ°ĐąŅдаваŅŅ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅŅ Đ°ŅŅĐĩĐŊŅŅŅŅ ŅŅŅĐš ĐŖŅĐ°Ņ-ĐŅĐ°Đ´ŅŅ, Ņ ŅŅĐŧ ĐģŅĐēŅ 150-ĐŧĐĩŅŅОвŅ, $ 250 ĐŧĐģĐŊ ĐąŅĐžĐŊСŅ ĐŅĐ´Ņ Ņ ĐŅŅиĐŊĐ°ĐŗĐ°ŅĐĩ, дСĐĩ ĐŋĐ°ĐŧŅŅ ĐŗŅŅŅĐ°ŅŅŅĐŊŅ ĐŅĐ´Đ°.
http://old.himalmag.com/himal-feed/53/1333-ĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅĐŊĐ°ĐģŅĐŊĐ°-ŅĐ´ŅĐ°ĐģĐžĐŗŅŅ-в-ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅ-state.html
‘ĐĐ°ŅŅŅĐŊĐ°ĐģŅĐŊĐ°Ņ ŅĐ´ŅĐ°ĐģĐžĐŗŅŅ‘ Ņ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅĐŧ дСŅŅĐļавŅ ĐēĐ°ŅŅŅŅŅĐŊŅĐēĐ° 2007
http://www.worldea.org/news/4233/wea-rlc-research-and-analysis-report-why-christian-persecution-is-worrisome-in-sri-lanka
ĐĐĐ-RLC Đ´Đ°ŅĐģĐĩдаваĐŊĐŊŅŅ Ņ Đ°ĐŊĐ°ĐģŅСŅ ĐĐ°ĐēĐģĐ°Đ´: ЧаĐŧŅ Ņ
ŅŅŅŅŅŅĐŊŅĐēĐ°Ņ ĐĐĩŅĐ°ŅĐģĐĩĐ´ вŅĐēĐģŅĐēĐ°Đĩ ĐŊĐĩĐŋĐ°ĐēОК Ņ ШŅŅ-ĐĐ°ĐŊŅŅ
http://www.purifymind.com/ModernWorld.htm
ĐŅĐ´ŅСĐŧ Ņ ŅŅŅĐ°ŅĐŊŅĐŧ ŅвĐĩŅĐĩ:
ĐŅĐģŅŅŅŅĐŊĐ°-ĐŋĐ°ĐģŅŅŅŅĐŊŅ ĐŋĐ°Đ´ŅŅĐēŅŅ
ĐŅ
иĐēĐēŅ
Ņ ĐĄĐ°ĐŊĐŗŅ
Đ°ŅĐ°ĐēŅиŅĐ°
http://www.bangkokpost.com/learning/learning-from-news/198032/spreading-theravadan-buddhism-to-rest-of-the-world
Đ Đ°ŅĐŋĐ°ŅŅŅĐ´ĐļваĐŊĐŊĐĩ Theravadan ĐąŅĐ´ŅСĐŧ Ņ Đ°ŅŅĐ°ŅĐŊŅĐš ŅĐ°ŅŅŅŅ ŅвĐĩŅŅ
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lankan_independence_movement
ШŅŅ-ĐĐ°ĐŊĐēŅ ŅŅŅ
Са ĐŊĐĩСаĐģĐĩĐļĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅ
2 ĐŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅ Đ°Đ´ŅĐ°Đ´ĐļŅĐŊĐŊĐĩ Ņ ĐąŅĐŊŅ 1915
2.1 ĐŅ
Đ°ŅĐŧĐ°ĐŋĐ°ĐģĐ°, 1915 Ņ ĐĻŅĐšĐģĐžĐŊ ĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅĐŊĐ°ĐģŅĐŊŅ ĐēĐ°ĐŊĐŗŅŅŅ
http://www.bangalorenotes.com/buddhism.htm
ĐĐŖĐĐ ĐŖ ŅŅŅĐ°ŅĐŊĐ°Đš ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ Đĸ. Vijayendra
http://www.resurgence.org/magazine/article2345-ĐŋŅĐ°ŅĐžŅĐŊŅ С-anger.html
Đ ĐĐĐĐĸĐ Đ ĐŗĐŊĐĩваĐŧ
ĐĐŊĐĩŅ С’ŅŅĐģŅĐĩŅŅĐ° ĐŋŅĐ°Ņ
ОдĐļĐ°ĐŊĐŊĐĩ вОйĐģĐ°ĐēĐ° ĐŊĐ° ŅŅŅŅŅĐŧ ĐŋŅŅŅОдŅ ŅОСŅĐŧŅ.
http://www.uio.no/english/research/interfaculty-research-areas/plurel/groups/tibetan-and-himalayan-studies/events/2013/holdersofthelotus.html
ĐĸŅŅĐŧĐ°ĐģŅĐŊŅĐēŅ ĐĐžŅĐ°ŅĐ°: ĐĐ´ĐēŅŅŅŅŅ, ĐĐĩКСаĐļ, Ņ ŅĐ´ŅĐŊŅŅŅĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅ ĐŋĐ°ĐŧŅĐļ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅĐŧŅ Visionaries Ņ ŅŅŅĐ°ŅĐŊĐ°Đš ĐĸŅĐąĐĩŅĐĩ
http://59.120.53.21:8080/ir/bitstream/987654321/756/1/8.The+Resurgence+of+Buddhism+and+Yi-gwan+Dao+in+Taiwan.pdf
ĐĐ´ŅĐ°Đ´ĐļŅĐŊĐŊĐĩ
ĐŅĐ´ŅСĐŧ Đ Yigwan Dao
ĐĐ° ĐĸаКваĐŊŅ,
Đ ŅŅ
ĐŋŅĐ°ĐąĐģĐĩĐŧŅ
ĐĐģŅ Ņ
ŅŅŅŅŅŅĐŊŅĐēĐ°Đš ĐŧŅŅŅŅ
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Buddhism
ĐēĐ°ŅŅĐšŅĐēĐ°Ņ ĐąŅĐ´ŅСĐŧ
http://chinaperspectives.revues.org/2803
ĐĸаКваĐŊŅ ĐĄĐ°ŅŅŅĐģŅĐŊĐ° ĐĐ°ĐšĐŧĐ°ŅŅŅ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅŅ ĐŗŅŅĐŋŅ
http://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/jii/4750978.0008.104/–interview-with-donald-lopez-on-the-resurgence-of-interest?rgn=main;view=fulltext
ĐĐŊŅŅŅв’Ņ С ĐĐžĐŊĐ°ĐģŅĐ´Đ°Đŧ ĐĐžĐŋĐĩŅ: ĐĐ° Đ°Đ´ŅĐ°Đ´ĐļŅĐŊĐŊĐĩ ŅŅĐēаваŅŅŅ Đ´Đ° ĐąŅĐ´ŅСĐŧŅ, Đ¯ĐŗĐž ĐĄĐŋŅŅŅĐŊŅŅ ĐĐŊŅĐŗĐ° ĐŋŅĐ° ĐĸŅĐąĐĩŅ Ņ ĐąŅĐ´ŅŅŅĐŊŅ аСŅŅŅĐēŅŅ
Đ´Đ°ŅĐģĐĩдаваĐŊĐŊŅŅ Ņ UM
http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/ijt/07-2_061.pdf
ĐĐ´ŅĐ°Đ´ĐļŅĐŊĐŊĐĩ ĐąŅĐ´ŅСĐŧŅ Ņ ĐŅŅĐŧĐĩ
G.P.CHARLES
http://www.buddhismtoday.com/english/sociology/004-modernworld.htm
ĐŅĐ´ŅСĐŧ Ņ ŅŅŅĐ°ŅĐŊŅĐŧ ŅвĐĩŅĐĩ:
ĐŅĐģŅŅŅŅĐŊĐ°-ĐŋĐ°ĐģŅŅŅŅĐŊŅ ĐŋĐ°Đ´ŅŅĐēŅŅ
ĐŅ
иĐēĐēŅ
Ņ ĐĄĐ°ĐŊĐŗŅ
Đ°ŅĐ°ĐēŅиŅĐ°
“…… Đ ŅĐŧĐēĐŊĐĩĐŧŅŅ ŅŅĐ°ĐģŅСаваŅŅ Ņ ĐŋавОдСŅĐŊĐ°Ņ
ĐēОд ŅĐ°ĐģавĐĩŅŅва, ŅŅĐž ĐĐ°ŅŅĐ°ĐŧĐ° ĐŅĐ´Đ° СаĐŗĐ°Đ´Đ°Ņ. ĐĐĩĐŊавŅŅĐ° С вŅŅŅĐŊŅ ĐŗŅŅĐ°ĐŗĐ° йаŅĐ°ĐŊĐŊŅ ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ ĐģŅŅŅĐģĐ°ŅŅ, ŅŅĐž ŅĐŊ СаĐēĐģŅĐēĐ°Ņ ŅваŅŅ
ŅŅĐ°ĐšŅŅĐŊĐŊŅĐēĐ°Ņ, ĐēĐ°Đą ĐŋĐ°Đ´ŅŅŅ
ŅаваŅŅ ŅŅĐąĐĩ, ĐēĐ°Đą ĐąŅŅŅ ŅвайОдĐŊŅĐŧ, Đ° ĐŊĐĩ Са ŅĐ°Đŧ ŅвĐĩŅĐēĐ°ŅŅŅ Đ°ŅŅĐ°ĐŊĐžĐŧŅŅ Ņ йаĐŗĐ°ŅŅŅ, ĐŋŅĐĩŅĐ´Đ°-йаĐļĐ°ŅŅва ĐŊĐ° ŅŅĐĩ Đ°ĐģŅĐ°ŅŅ ĐŅŅĐžĐŋĐ° Đ°Ņ
вŅŅаваĐģĐ° ŅĐĩ Đ´ŅŅŅ Ņ ĐąŅдСĐĩ Đ°Đ´ĐŊОКŅŅ ŅĐēĐ°ĐŊŅĐ°ŅŅŅĐ° immolating ŅĐĩ вĐĩĐģŅĐŧŅ ŅŅСŅŅĐŊĐ°Đĩ ŅŅĐŊаваĐŊĐŊĐĩ “. ŅĐēаСаŅ ШŅŅ ĐŅŅĐ°ĐąŅĐŊĐ´Đž
ĐŅĐ´Đ° Ņ ваŅĐ°Ņ
ХваĐŧŅ ĐŅвĐĩĐēĐ°ĐŊĐ°ĐŊĐ´Đ°
ĐĐ°ĐģŅ ĐģĐ°ŅĐēĐ°, ĐŋĐ°ĐŗĐģŅдСŅŅĐĩ:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BkFpizJgwYk
ĐĐžĐŧĐŊŅĐēŅ ĐąŅĐ´ŅŅŅĐ° Ņ ĐĄĐ°ĐŊŅĐ° (ĐŽĐĐĐĄĐĐ / NHK) 2,53 Ņ
вŅĐģŅĐŊ
ĐĐ° ĐŋĐ°ĐŗĐžŅĐēŅ С вŅĐ´Đ°Đŧ ĐŊĐ° ŅĐ°ŅĐŊŅĐŊŅ Ņ ĐēĐ°ĐģŅ 40 ĐēĐŧ Đ°Đ´ ĐŅ
ĐžĐŋĐ°Đģ, ŅĐ°ĐšŅ ĐĄĐ°ĐŊŅĐ° ŅĐēĐģŅŅĐ°Đĩ Ņ ŅŅĐąĐĩ ĐŗŅŅĐŋŅ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅŅ
ĐŋĐžĐŧĐŊŅĐēĐ°Ņ (ĐŧĐ°ĐŊĐ°ĐģŅŅĐŊŅŅ ĐēĐ°ĐģĐžĐŊŅ, ĐŋĐ°ĐģĐ°ŅŅ, Ņ
ŅĐ°ĐŧŅ Ņ ĐŧĐ°ĐŊĐ°ŅŅŅŅŅ) ŅŅŅ Ņ ŅОСĐŊŅŅ
ŅŅĐ°ĐŊĐ°Ņ
СаŅ
аваĐŊĐŊŅ йОĐģŅŅĐ°ŅŅŅ С ŅĐēŅŅ
Đ´Đ°ŅŅŅŅŅĐ° 2-Đŧ Ņ 1-ĐŗĐ° ŅŅĐ°ĐŗОддСŅŅ Đ´Đ° ĐŊ.Ņ. ĐŅŅĐ° ĐŊĐ°ĐšŅŅĐ°ŅŅĐšŅŅ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅŅ
ŅŅвŅŅŅĐŊŅ Ņ ŅŅĐŊаваĐŊĐŊŅ Ņ С’ŅŅĐģŅĐĩŅŅĐ° Đ°Đ´ĐŊŅĐŧ С Đ°ŅĐŊĐžŅĐŊŅŅ
ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅ ŅŅĐŊŅŅ Ņ ĐĐŊĐ´ŅŅ Đ´Đ° 12 ŅŅĐ°ĐŗОддСŅ ĐŊĐ°ŅĐ°Đš ŅŅŅ
ĐŅŅĐŊŅŅĐ°: ĐĸĐ ĐŽĐĐĐĄĐĐ / Š NHK Nippon Hoso Kyokai
URL: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/524/
http://www.up-ââtourism.com/tourist-buddist_circuit.htm
ĐąŅĐ´ŅŅŅĐēŅ Circuit
http://www.up-ââtourism.com/destination/lucknow/other_attraction.htm
http://www.buddhist-pilgrimage.com/uttar-pradesh.html
http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp_uttarpradesh.asp
http://thebuddhistforum.com/wp/monumental-ĐŗŅŅйаваĐŊĐŊĐĩ-С-ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅŅ
-ŅĐ°ĐšŅĐ°Ņ - tribune.html
ĐŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅ ФОŅŅĐŧ
ĐĐ°ĐŊŅĐŧĐĩĐŊŅĐ°ĐģŅĐŊĐ°Ņ ĐŗŅŅйаваĐŊĐŊĐĩ ĐąŅĐ´ŅĐšŅĐēŅŅ
ŅĐ°ĐšŅĐ°Ņ: ĐĸŅŅĐąŅĐŊĐ°
10) Classical Bengali
http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/Didi-Naveen-face-off-over-classical-language-status/2013/06/23/article1648475.ece
10) āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻž
āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ
āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻž āĻāĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¯āĻŧ
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻāĻļ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§
Prabuddha āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ rediscovered āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧ
āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧ Prabuddha āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ rediscovering
Prabuddha āĻāĻ°āĻ¤
āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻŦā§āĻļā§
āĻĒāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻĄāĻŽ
āĻāĻ ! āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ°āĻ¤! āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§!
āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?…
Mahaparinibbana Sutta - āļ¸āˇāˇāļ´āļģāˇāļąāˇāļļāˇāļļāˇāļĢ āˇāˇāļāˇāļģāļē 1: 05: 41 āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻž.
Mahaparinibbana Sutta - āļ¸āˇāˇāļ´āļģāˇāļąāˇāļļāˇāļļāˇāļĢ āˇāˇāļāˇāļģāļē
āļ
āļāˇāļ´āˇāļĸāļąāˇāļē āļąāˇ āļāļēāļąāˇ āļ
āļģāˇāļēāļ°āļ¸āˇāļ¸ āˇāˇāˇāˇāļ¸āˇāļąāˇ āˇāˇāļąāˇāˇāˇ āˇāˇāˇāˇāļąāˇ āļ¯āˇāˇāļąāˇ āļāļģāļąāˇ āļŊāļļāļą āļ¸āˇāˇāļ´āļģāˇāļąāˇāļļāˇāļļāˇāļĢ āˇāˇāļāˇāļģāļē āļ´āˇāˇ
āˇāļļāļŗ āļ°āļģāˇāļ¸āˇāļąāˇāˇāˇāˇāļąāļē.
http://thiryak.org
http://thiryak.com
āˇāˇāļēāļŊāˇ āļ°āļģāˇāļ¸ āļ¯āˇāˇāļąāˇ āˇāˇāļģāˇāļĢāļē āļāˇāļģāˇāļ¸ āˇāļŗāˇāˇ āļ´āˇāˇāˇāˇāˇāļąāˇāļą - HTTP: //www.thiryak.org/thiryak-YouTub …
http://nobility.org/2011/07/28…
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž, āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¤āĻž, āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž-āĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ°
āĻā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°, āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒ, āĻāĻ¸āĻāĻŽāĻāĻ¸, āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻŦā§āĻ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻĒ
āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻˇ >> āŽ¸ā¯āŽ¤ā¯āŽ¤āŽĒāŽŋāŽāŽ-āŽ¤āŽŋāŽā¯āŽ āŽ¨āŽŋāŽāŽžāŽ¯ Sutta Pitaka >> Digha NikÄya
āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻ¨ 16 - (āĻĄāĻŋ ā§¨ 137)
āĻļāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ
āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ
MahÄparinibbÄna Sutta {āĻāĻĻā§āĻ§ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻļ} - āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§ - [Maha-parinibbÄna] (āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ°āĻ°)
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž, āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻ sutta āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦ
āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ DhammÄdÄsa āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻšāĻŦā§ nowadays.I āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ, āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ§āĻž āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž ariyasÄvaka,, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨: ‘āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨ niraya, āĻā§āĻ¨ tiracchÄna-Yoni āĻāĻā§,
pettivisaya,
āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ°, āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻ, āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻ, āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ°
āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ sotÄpanna am
sambodhi āĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻā§āĻā§. āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŋ, āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ,, DhammÄdÄsa āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ§āĻž āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ ariyasÄvaka,, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨: āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻā§āĻ¨ tiracchÄna-Yoni āĻā§āĻ¨ niraya, āĻāĻā§, āĻā§āĻ¨ pettivisaya,
āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ°, āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻ, āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻ, āĻāĻŽāĻŋ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ sotÄpanna am
http://www.island.lk/index.php…
āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ rediscovered āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧ
āĻ¨āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻ° 26, 2012, 7:05 āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻšā§āĻ¨
article_image
Upali āĻā§ Salgado āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž
Guatamaia
āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨, āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻŖ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻž, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻĒāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻĄ āĻāĻŦāĻ
āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ Mummies āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§, āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§ Ghandhara āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ
āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ Kashigistan āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯, āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ
āĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻ, āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻ°āĻ¤āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ°
āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ, Epigraphic āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ whos
āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻā§āĻĒāĻŋ āĻā§āĻĒāĻŋ
āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĢāĻ˛āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§ āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋ. āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻŦā§
āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¤āĻ˛āĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ Sakyamuni Gauthama āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ°
āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛.
āĻĄā§āĻāĻŋāĻĄ
Livingstone āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛ Rhodes āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻā§, āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĢā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻšā§
āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§, āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻĄāĻĢā§āĻ°ā§ Fawcett āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§, (āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨āĻž), āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻ¸āĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ°, āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻŽāĻŋ
āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤
āĻāĻŋāĻ˛. 627 āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻž āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻž,
āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ (āĻāĻžāĻ˛ Hsuan āĻ¸āĻžāĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤) āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§, āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻāĻā§
āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŖ āĻ¤ā§āĻˇā§āĻŖāĻž āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§, āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨
āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻļāĻšāĻ° āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻāĻˇāĻŋ, Sakyamuni Gothama āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ Suttas
āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§. āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§: āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° marauders āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻ°āĻā§āĻ, āĻšā§āĻŖ
āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻļāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻšā§āĻŽāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ āĻļāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻāĻ°
āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĄ, āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ
āĻāĻļ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤.
Hsuan āĻ¸āĻžāĻ
(āĻšāĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ
āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛. āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒāĻāĻā§āĻŽāĻŋ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ trod āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ
āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ yearned. āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĨā§āĻā§
āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ
āĻāĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°āĻŽ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§. āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ
āĻŦāĻ°āĻĢ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒ, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨.
āĻ
āĻļā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ° Travelling, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻā§āĻāĻāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨,
āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¸ā§āĻĢāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻ˛āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻļāĻ˛āĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻĢāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĒā§āĻ bartering
āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻšā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž ââāĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻĻā§āĻ° Caravans āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻ¨. āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻļā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°,
āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻĒāĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āĻļā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ wellknown, āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ¸ā§āĻā§
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°, āĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻāĻĢāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻ°āĻāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ Bisnket āĻāĻŦāĻ
āĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° Talakaman āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻā§āĻšā§āĻ¤.
āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ
āĻ¯ā§
āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ
āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§ Ghandara āĻāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻĻāĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ°
āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻĒāĻ° chiseled āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦ, āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ
āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛. āĻĒāĻ°ā§ Nibbana (āĻŽāĻ°āĻŖ) - āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ āĻļāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻāĻ°
āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻā§
āĻāĻāĻž āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ Bactrian, āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž Milander
āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻā§āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§ Nagasena āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĢāĻ˛āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻāĻ°āĻž
āĻāĻĨā§āĻĒāĻāĻĨāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛. āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°
Gotama āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ§āĻž. āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ° āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž. Hsuan āĻ¸āĻžāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻā§, āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž Milander āĻāĻŋāĻā§
āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ ….. āĻāĻāĻž āĻ¸āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛
āĻ¨āĻž.
āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§, āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž Milander “āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§
āĻ¨āĻŦāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ?”, Nagasena āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ, āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻāĻ
āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨
āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°, “āĻ
āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻ°āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ
āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¤ āĻļāĻŋāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻļāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ¤āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ.
“āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž “āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ transmigrates āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ
āĻāĻā§?”, Nagasena āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§, āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨, “āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻž” āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°
āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨, “āĻ¯ā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŋ
āĻšāĻŦā§?” āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŦāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ˛,. āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯ā§ KAMMA
āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ§, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻŋ āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŦāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ
āĻ¨āĻž, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻž, “āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ°
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ
āĻ¤āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ. āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ. “
HSUAN
āĻ¸āĻžāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻ¸āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ
Saranath, āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ. Saranath āĻ 145 āĻĢā§āĻ āĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻž DHAMECK āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĒ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ. āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻŽ; āĻāĻŦāĻ Ratana Sutta
āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻž, āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻŋ Vaisali āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§. HSUAN āĻ¸āĻžāĻ Sankasen
(āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ Sankassa) āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° Kushinara āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¸. āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤
āĻ˛āĻžāĻ˛ āĻā§āĻļā§ Kushinara (āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ Kasinagar) āĻ āĻā§āĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤, āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§, āĻ¯ā§. āĻāĻ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§
āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻļāĻ¤ bandits āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻĨā§ āĻ
āĻĒāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ,
āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ Suttas āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¨. āĻĒāĻ°ā§
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ° āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ Suttas āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ. āĻāĻ
āĻāĻĻāĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ° 664 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻˇāĻžāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§ āĻ
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ¤āĻā§āĻ
āĻā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻŖā§āĻĄā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§. āĻŦā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ Yogachara āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§
āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŽā§āĻ. āĻā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻž, HSUAN āĻ¸āĻžāĻ Samsara
(āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻž) āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ° āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§. āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ
āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ° āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ°
āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¨
āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĄ relived
āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ 1400 āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§,
āĻ¸āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¨ SHUYUN, āĻ¸āĻšā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°
āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŦ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸, āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻž
āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻļā§āĻļāĻŦ 1960 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§, āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° 52 āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨. āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§
āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ˛āĻŦ āĻ˛āĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§
āĻāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻĸāĻŧ āĻ
āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛. āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ
āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ° āĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻž āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž
āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§, Tianain āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°, āĻŦā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž ââāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻ
āĻ¸āĻžāĻā§āĻˇā§. āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž, āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻŦā§āĻ,
āĻŦā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ
āĻā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¤āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ
āĻāĻļ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻĄāĻ˛
Hsuan āĻ¸āĻžāĻ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤
āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻž. āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻž Caravans
āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§, āĻ
āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻĨāĻŋāĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻā§āĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ°āĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻž
āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§, āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§
puffing āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ˛āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¨āĻž. āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨,
āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨, āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻĒā§, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ “āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦāĻļā§āĻˇ”
āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ. āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ˛ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ - āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž
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āĻ¸ā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ˛.
āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ
āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻĒāĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ˛. āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°
āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¸ā§, Gaochang āĻļāĻšāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¸
āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ° Bozeklil āĻŽā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ NINGRONG āĻā§āĻšāĻž MONASTERY āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨. āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°
āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻŽā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻļ āĻā§āĻšāĻž āĻāĻā§. āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ°
āĻ
āĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻļāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¨ ethnographic āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ°
āĻāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ˛āĻŋ Coq: (1904 -06) āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§. āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨,
āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻĄā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŖ, āĻāĻŽā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¯ā§
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻā§āĻāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻāĻā§ āĻ
āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ raced
āĻāĻŋāĻ˛. āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° SHUYUN Saranath āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§, āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, Vaisali āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻļā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻž āĻ
āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻ āĻļāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻļāĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻāĻļ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°
āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ˛ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨. āĻāĻĢāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ°, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻ˛āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧ
āĻšāĻ˛. 26 āĻ°āĻž āĻĢā§āĻŦā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ°ā§ 2001 āĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ˛āĻž āĻŽā§āĻšāĻžāĻŽā§āĻŽāĻĻ āĻāĻŽāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻļ:
“āĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ
āĻāĻĢāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻ° āĻĢāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĢāĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŽ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨, āĻāĻāĻž
āĻŽā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻĢā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻ˛. āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ
āĻāĻĢāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻŽā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ / āĻŽā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§
āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¨, āĻāĻŦāĻ “āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻļā§āĻŦāĻ°
āĻļā§āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻš. āĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯
āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻ¤āĻž āĻŽā§āĻā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻļā§āĻ¯āĻ
āĻŦāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ 250 āĻāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋ
āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĒāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ
āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ 2850 āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§ āĻā§āĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ
Kohi-āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ nestled āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ. 6 āĻˇā§āĻ āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ 55 āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°
āĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ, Carb. āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻŽā§āĻ 38 āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦ
āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦāĻš āĻāĻŦāĻ
āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻž, āĻŽā§āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŋāĻŽ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž dynamited āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ. āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŧ
āĻ°ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻ¯ā§
āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ āĻ
āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°ā§, āĻ
āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¤, āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āĻ°
āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛ āĻ
āĻāĻļā§āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻļā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻāĻž āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻšāĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ˛āĻžāĻ. Bamia āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ
āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛.
āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻž āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ pathfinders
āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ
āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŽā§āĻŦā§āĻ, āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ, - HSUAN āĻ¸āĻžāĻ, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ SHUYUN āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ°
Straddling, āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§
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āĻĒāĻĨ āĻ
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ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§. āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻšāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ°
āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻā§āĻāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĢāĻ˛āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ 1861
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āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻŦāĻ¤, āĻā§āĻ¨, āĻŽāĻā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨. āĻĒāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻŽ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛.
āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¤āĻĻā§āĻ° Etienne Lamotte, āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻĻā§ āĻ˛āĻž Vallo poussin, Oldenberg, Rhy
āĻĄā§āĻāĻŋāĻĄāĻ¸ 20 āĻļāĻ¤āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ “Vajiraman Gaandhakuti” āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛, āĻ¯āĻž 170ft āĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§
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āĻā§āĻāĻāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ.
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āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻĸāĻŧāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§
āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ ANAGARIKA DHAMMAPALA āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻ¨
āĻ¸ā§āĻĻ aroused āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ
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Mahantha. āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ āĻāĻ˛āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻšāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž
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āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻšā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨.
āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻšā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°
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āĻŦā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§. āĻāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ°
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āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛. Viharage āĻšāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ 1956 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§
āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻĻāĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ 1910 āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛ā§, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ
āĻāĻāĻž Gotama āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻĻāĻžāĻš āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻŦāĻĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ
āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ ARDHANA āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨. āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ Archeologist Bopal
āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ 1925 āĻāĻŦāĻ 1940 āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ
āĻ
āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž ââāĻ¯ā§āĻšāĻ¨ MASHALL āĻāĻŋāĻ˛. āĻāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ Jathaka āĻāĻŦāĻ°
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āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨
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ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨: Budda āĻāĻŦāĻ SAHIBS āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻĄāĻ Fuhrer, āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§
āĻ
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http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org āĻĨā§āĻā§
http://kafila.org/2010/12/30/h… āĻāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ° āĻ metal/
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http://www.ipsnews.net/2009/01… āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ° reviving-āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛-born/
āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤: āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ Reviving āĻāĻāĻž āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ
http://roundtableindia.co.in/i…
http://slugpost.com/2013/08/28… āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§āĻ°-āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻž-bowl/
āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž
http://www.academia.edu/559556…
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§: āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ Reinvention āĻāĻ°ā§
Upinder āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ
http://www.newsweek.com/armies…
“āĻāĻ¸āĻ¸āĻŋ
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populistScheduled āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻž, āĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻ āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻ¤; āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°
āĻĨā§āĻā§, āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§.
āĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻˇā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻāĻž
āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻ¸āĻš āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§
āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ 150 āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ, $ 250 āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§.
http://old.himalmag.com/himal-… āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§-state.html
2007 āĻ
āĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ°āĻžāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ° ‘āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻļ’
http://www.worldea.org/news/42…
āĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻļ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽā§-RLC āĻāĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨: āĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ˛āĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻā§āĻ¨
http://www.purifymind.com/Mode…
āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§:
āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ
bhikkhu Sangharakshita
http://www.bangkokpost.com/lea…
āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻŋ Theravadan āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S…
āĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ˛āĻāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ˛āĻ¨
2 āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ 1915 āĻĻāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻž
2.1 āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ˛, 1915 āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻāĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸
http://www.bangalorenotes.com/…
āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋ Vijayendra āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§
http://www.resurgence.org/maga… āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽā§ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§-anger.html
āĻ°āĻžāĻ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ
āĻ°āĻžāĻ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŽā§āĻ.
http://www.uio.no/english/rese…
āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻŦāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ Visionaries āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻā§āĻ¯, āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻĒ, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ¯āĻŧ: āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸ āĻšā§āĻ˛ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ°
http://59.120.53.21:8080/ir/bitstream/987654321/756/1/8.The+Resurgence+of+Buddhism+and+Yi-gwan+Dao+in+Taiwan.pdf
āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨
āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻŦāĻ Yigwan āĻĻāĻžāĻ
āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§,
āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ
āĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻ¨
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K…
āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§
http://chinaperspectives.revue…
āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ
http://quod.lib.umich.edu/j/ji…
āĻĄā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻĄ
āĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻā§āĻˇāĻžā§āĻāĻžāĻ°: āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻĒāĻ°, āĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻ°
āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻŦāĻ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽ āĻāĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻ¤
http://www.biblicalstudies.org…
āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻ¯āĻŧ
G.P.CHARLES
http://www.buddhismtoday.com/e…
āĻāĻ§ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§:
āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻ
bhikkhu Sangharakshita
“……
āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨āĻŦāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻĄ āĻŦā§āĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§.
āĻāĻāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ āĻ§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ-āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻĒā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°
āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻšā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻļāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻ
āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ, āĻāĻĻā§āĻŽ-divinities āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°
āĻā§āĻŦ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ immolating āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻšāĻŦā§. “āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ
āĻ°āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨,
āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§
āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?…
āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻā§ (āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻā§ / āĻāĻ¨āĻāĻāĻāĻā§) 2.53 āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ§
āĻ¸āĻŽāĻā§āĻŽāĻŋ
āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ 40 āĻāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ, āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŦ 2nd āĻāĻŦāĻ 1
āĻŽ āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°ā§ āĻĄā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ
āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ (āĻāĻāĻļāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŽā§āĻ, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻĻ, āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻŽāĻ ) āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻž āĻ
āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻāĻļā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ 12th āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻŦā§āĻĻā§ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨
āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°
āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸: āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋ / Š āĻāĻ¨āĻāĻāĻāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻĒāĻ¨ āĻšā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻžāĻ
URL āĻāĻŋ: http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/…
http://www.up-ââtourism.com/tourist-buddist_ci…
āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ
http://www.up-ââtourism.com/destination/luckno…
http://www.buddhist-pilgrimage…
http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_imp…
http://thebuddhistforum.com/wp… āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ-tribune.html
āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻĢā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ
āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻ
āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ˛āĻž: āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ¨
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