http://teekhimirchi.in/…/10-hilarious-photoshopped-bjp-pub…/
Bahuth Jiyadha Psychopaths (BJP) with its stealth, shadowy and
discriminating hindutva cult rashtra full of hatred has already lost the
fight for power as they have betrayed entire country its SC/STs/farmers
and youth of Sarvajan Samaj. Murderer of democratic institutions (Modi)
and SP gobbled the Master Key by tampering the fraud EVMs. Since the
entire EVMs will be replaced only in 2019 as per the CEC the BJP wants to continue its hey days even after the notorious DEMON demonitisation.
CEC has announced that only in 2019 entire EVMs would be replaced. For
UP Assembly elections 2017 only in 20 constituencies EVMs are replaced.
Till entire EVMs are replaced paper ballots have to be used to save
democracy.
The ex CJI Sathasivam had committed a grave error of
judgement by ordering that the EVMs will be replaced in a phased manner
as suggested by the ex CEC Sampath. Only 8 out of 543 seats in 2014 Lok
Sabha elections which helped Murderer ofg democratic institutions (Modi)
gobble the Master Key. In many states the entire EVMs were not used
helping Bahuth Jiyadha Psychopaths (BJP) and its allies got selected.
None of the above have ordered for paper ballots to be used until the entire EVMs were replaced.
In the last UP Panchayat elections where paper ballots were used Ms
Mayawati’s BSP won majority of the seats while it lost all the seats in
the 2014 Lok Sabha elections because of these fraud EVMs.
Now the
CEI must order for dissolving the Central and state governments
selected through these fraud EVMs and go for fresh polls until the
entire EVMs were replaced to save democracy, equality, liberty and
fraternity as enshrined in our Modern Constitution for Sarvajan Hitay
Sarvajan Sukhaya i.e., for the welfare, happiness and peace of all
socities.
Your Broom, My Head
Modi’s head photoshopped on someone’s picture to showcase him as someone of humble background.
CEC
has announced that only in 2019 entire EVMs would be replaced. For UP
Assembly elections 2017 only in 20 constituencies EVMs are replaced.
Till entire EVMs are replaced paper ballots have to be used to save
democracy.
The ex CJI Sathasivam had committed a grave error of
judgement by ordering that the EVMs will be replaced in a phased manner
as suggested by the ex CEC Sampath. Only 8 out of 543 seats in 2014 Lok
Sabha elections which helped Murderer ofg democratic institutions
(Modi) gobble the Master Key. In many states the entire EVMs were not
used helping Bahuth Jiyadha Psychopaths (BJP) and its allies got
selected.
None of the above have ordered for paper ballots to be used until the entire EVMs were replaced.
In the last UP Panchayat elections where paper ballots were used Ms
Mayawati’s BSP won majority of the seats while it lost all the seats in
the 2014 Lok Sabha elections because of these fraud EVMs.
Now the
CEI must order for dissolving the Central and state governments
selected through these fraud EVMs and go for fresh polls until the
entire EVMs were replaced to save democracy, equality, liberty and
fraternity as enshrined in our Modern Constitution for Sarvajan Hitay
Sarvajan Sukhaya i.e., for the welfare, happiness and peace of all
socities.
Election Commission of India has called a meeting today evening for the
Chief Electoral Officers and nodal officers of police of poll-bound
Uttar Pradesh, Punjab,…
(1)
Puna
ca·paraṃ, bhikkhave, bhikkhu seyyathāpi passeyya sarīraṃ sivathikāya
chaḍḍitaṃ ekāha·mataṃ vā dvīha·mataṃ vā tīha·mataṃ vā uddhumātakaṃ
vinīlakaṃ vipubbaka·jātaṃ, so imam·eva kāyaṃ upasaṃharati: ‘ayaṃ pi kho
kāyo evaṃ·dhammo evaṃ·bhāvī evaṃ·an·atīto’ ti.
F. Section on the nine charnel grounds
(1)
Furthermore,
bhikkhus, a bhikkhu, just as if he was seeing a dead body, cast away in
a charnel ground, one day dead, or two days dead or three days dead,
swollen, bluish and festering, he considers this very kāya: “This kāya
also is of such a nature, it is going to become like this, and is not
free from such a condition.”
Iti ajjhattaṃ vā kāye kāyānupassī
viharati, bahiddhā vā kāye kāyānupassī viharati, ajjhatta-bahiddhā vā
kāye kāyānupassī viharati; samudaya-dhamm·ānupassī vā kāyasmiṃ viharati,
vaya-dhamm·ānupassī vā kāyasmiṃ viharati, samudaya-vaya-dhamm·ānupassī
vā kāyasmiṃ viharati; ‘atthi kāyo’ ti vā pan·assa sati paccupaṭṭhitā
hoti, yāvadeva ñāṇa·mattāya paṭissati·mattāya,{1} a·nissito ca viharati,
na ca kiñci loke upādiyati. Evam·pi kho, bhikkhave, bhikkhu kāye
kāyānupassī viharati.
Thus he dwells observing kāya in kāya
internally, or he dwells observing kāya in kāya externally, or he dwells
observing kāya in kāya internally and externally; he dwells observing
the samudaya of phenomena in kāya, or he dwells observing the passing
away of phenomena in kāya, or he dwells observing the samudaya and
passing away of phenomena in kāya; or else, [realizing:] “this is kāya!”
sati is present in him, just to the extent of mere ñāṇa and mere
paṭissati, he dwells detached, and does not cling to anything in the
world. Thus, bhikkhus, a bhikkhu dwells observing kāya in kāya.
F. ஒன்பது இடுகாடு நிலத்தளங்கள் மேலான பிரிவு
மேலும், பிக்குக்களுக்களே, ஒரு பிக்கு, ஒருவேளை அவர் தொலைவான இடத்தில் ஒரு பிரேதம் இடுகாடு நிலத்தளத்தில் எறியப்பட்டு
இருப்பதைப்
பார்த்துக் கொண்டிருஇந்தால், ஒரு நாள் இறந்த, அல்லது இரண்டு நாட்கள்
இறந்த, அல்லது மூன்று நாட்கள் இறந்த, வீங்கிய, சற்றே நீலமான மற்றும்
புரைத்துச் சீக்கொண்ட நிலையில், அவர் இந்த மெய்ம்மூலமான kāya உடல்/காய
ஆழ்ந்து ஆராய: “இந்த kāya உடல்/காய கூட அவ்வகைப்பட்ட ஒரு இயற்கை ஆற்றல்
உடையதாக இருக்கிறது, அதுவும் இப்படி ஆகத்தொடங்கு போக இருக்கிறது, மற்றும்
அத்தகைய ஒரு கட்டுப்பாட்டு வரம்புகளற்ற
நிலைமை இருந்து வேறல்ல.
இவ்வாறு
அவர் kāya in kāya உடல்/காயத்தை காயதுக்குள் கண்காணி வாசம் செய்கிரார்,
அல்லது காயத்தை காயதுக்கு வெளியே கண்காணி வாசம் செய்கிரார், அல்லது காயத்தை
காயதுக்கு உள்ளே மற்றும் வெளியே கண்காணி வாசம் செய்கிரார்;புலன்களால்
உணரத்தக்க எழுச்சி கண்காணி வாசம் செய்கிரார், மற்றும் புலன்களால்
உணரத்தக்கதை கடந்துசெல்லுவதை கண்காணித்து வாசம் செய்கிரார்; இல்லாவிடில்
எச்சரிக்கையாயிருக்கிற உணர் உடனிருக்கிறதை,சும்மா வெறும் ஓர்அளவு ஞானம்
மற்றும் ஓர்அளவு paṭissati என எண்ணி பற்றறு வாசம் செய்கிரார்.
http://www.ambedkar.org/gifima
Designing a Cost Effective, Reliable and Scalable Electronic Voting
https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B3FeaMu_1EQyd1pFdVFLMDlPSmc/view
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10
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Designing a Cost Effective, Reliable and Scalable Electronic Voting
Machine for National Election of Bangladesh
M.J. HOSSAIN1
, A.S.SHAKUR2
, M.J. AHMED3
, B. PAUL4
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Shahjalal University of Science and Technology
Kumargaon, Sylhet-3114,
Bangladesh
1
jitu.s4sust@gmail.com,2
shakur7751@gmail.com, 3
jb.ahmed25@gmail.com
4
{shuvon_bd@yahoo.com, biswajit-eee@sust.edu}
Abstract: The purpose of this project is to design and ameliorate hackneyed electoral process and create a
system that will extirpate paper based voting system’s problem. Present electronic voting machines
(EVM) have not prevailed over issues germane to security, reliability and cost. The principle concern of
our design is to ensure reliability, flexibility, scalability and user friendly operations. In this design
biometric scanner and keypad are introduced for identification. Three ways back up is provided to avoid
any sudden power failure, ballot is organized in such a way that it will not pose problems for untrained
urban voters. The device is designed carefully to suit the election environment in Bangladesh.
Key words: EVM, biometric scanner, Arduino Uno, EEPROM, LCD display, I2C bus.
1 Introduction
Voting is the most pivotal process of democratic
society through which voters determine and
reveal opinion on an issue that is under
consideration. For a democratic society voting is
a crucial and only legal constructional process of
determining its government. The term
“electronic voting” depicts to the use of some
electronic means or machinery that is more or
less computer supported in voting and ensures
better security, reliability and transparency.
Based on the promise of greater efficiency,
better scalability, faster speed, lower cost and
more reliability, voting process is currently
shifting from paper based manual process to
electronic based voting systems. Comparing to
traditional voting systems electronic voting
systems have many benefits such as ensuring
better accuracy by eliminating human error,
increased speed of computation and lower
operating cost through automated means.
Whether or not electronic voting is a necessary
replacement for the traditional paper-based
method, it is irrefutable that the conduct of
voting has been shifting to the use of electronic
medium. To date, electronic databases are used
to record voter information, computers are used
to count the votes and produce voting results and
Recent Advances in Circuits, Systems and Automatic Control ISBN: 978-1-61804-306-1 79
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Fig. 1 Proposed Electronic Voting Machine (EVM)
electronic voting machines have been used in
some national elections. The idea behind modern
EVM was illustrated by the London Working
Men’s Organization in 1838.
. However, a
number of recent studies have shown that most
of the electronic voting systems being used
today are fatally defective [1-3] and that their
quality does not match the importance of the
task that they are supposed to carry out. Flaws in
current voting systems, which were discovered
through testing and other analysis techniques,
have stimulated a number of research efforts to
mitigate the problems in deployed voting
systems. These efforts focused on ameliorating
security primitives, such as the storage of votes
[4-5] and auditing[6], and on formally assessing
and making procedures more effective [7-8].
Finally, the standards that set the functional and
performance requirements against which the
systems are developed, tested, and operated have
often been found to be inadequate [9]. Among
the reasons for concern, critics include vague
and incomplete security guidelines, insufficient
documentation requirements, and inadequate
descriptions of the configuration of commercial
software. In Bangladesh perspective, main
concerns for implementation of electronic voting
machine are cost, unfamiliarity with technology,
power and transportation. As most of the voters
of Bangladesh have little or no experience with
this technology, sequence of manual voting steps
are kept in tact, but electronic components have
been included in all steps.
Microcontroller based electronic voting machine
has been designed with various code protection
schemes specified by the manufacturer of the
microcontroller are used to prevent inadvertent
or deliberate reading and reproduction of the
code contained in the microcontroller. Individual
password has been introduced for id verification
as well as biometric detection has been used for
Recent Advances in Circuits, Systems and Automatic Control ISBN: 978-1-61804-306-1 80
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added protection. Both voting data and id
information are stored in external EEPROM.
Internal EEPROM of microcontroller is not used
to make sure that the microcontroller is not
overloaded. Multiple microcontrollers are
introduced within system to provide added
security and to distribute work pressure . The
whole system is divided into three sections;
control unit, ballot unit and power supply unit.
Control unit is for verification and counting as
well as controlling data flow from ballot unit.
Ballot unit is for vote casting and multiple units
can be connected with single control unit. Power
unit provides power to both control unit and
ballot unit. A battery is provided as power
backup in case if power is cut off.
Prior to the election, all voters are provided with
individual password that is to be kept secret and
data of voters have to be included in control
unit. On vote day voters will have to insert their
individual passwords and fingerprint in control
unit to be verified and only after successful
verification process a voter may cast vote/votes
in ballot unit. For the whole time of voting
process a separate microcontroller inside power
supply unit will monitor supply power as well as
battery charge condition. If main line fails, that
microcontroller will automatically connect
battery with supply and drain power from
battery. I2C communication method has been
used for communication between all the
microcontrollers and external EEPROM within
the system. As I2C is a two way communication
channel all the microcontrollers are aware about
the process and any tempering with the
electronic voting machine is very difficult and if
it happens it would be detected by election
authority.
2 Relevant Works
A comparative study of the voting techniques in
various countries was performed by Kumar et.
al[10]. According to the authors the electronic
voting device used in Belgium suffered from
power and computer failure. To solve the
problem of power failure we have used three
phase power back up scheme in our design.
Direct Recording Electronic Voting Machine
(DRE) is being used by UK which does not
address the risk of mobile e voting. While DRE
voting system can be helpful to the disabled
voters Claassenet et.al could not reach to a
conclusive statement whether the DRE voting
system improve election day voter confidence or
not [11]. Differences among the various voting
techniques are discussed in [2]. Although e- voting facilities are not incorporated in our
design, we plan to introduce e-voting facilities in
our proposed design in future. One problem of
the e-voting system is the poor verifiability
schemes [11] and Kusterset et.al also discuss
about the possible countermeasures in this
regard. Grewal and Ryan et.al also address those
issues in their paper and proposed the use of
coercion-evidence for remote voting systems
[12]. EVMs used in India do not have any
measure to perform the identification and
verification of voters. A lot of security schemes
are available to date .To avoid false voters we
have introduced biometric scanner in our design.
A similar effort can be observed in [13],
however other issues are ignored in their
proposed modification. A detailed discussion on
available biometric technologies and the merits
and demerits of those technologies can be found
in [14].While DRE voting systems can be
particularly useful to disabled voters, Bell et. al
proposes “STAR-Vote” scheme to ensure
security, transparency, audit ability and
reliability[15]. Considering Bangladesh
perspective, the same scheme can be
incorporated in our design to further strengthen
the security issues of EVMs. We also tried to
enhance the security of our code in this design.
Nevertheless, the importance of cryptography
for a secure and robust system cannot be denied.
Superficial use of cryptography can lead to a
disaster and two such incidents are reported by
Davtyanet et.al in [16].
Recent Advances in Circuits, Systems and Automatic Control ISBN: 978-1-61804-306-1 81
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3 System Architecture
3.1 System overview
This proposed design utilizes biometric scanner
which serves the purpose of voter registration
and identification. Voter identification numbers
and corresponding finger prints are stored in
database prior to the voting process. Once voter
identification number is provided by a voter
he/she will be asked to verify his/her finger
print. If the finger print and respective ID
number is matched, microprocessor will check
previous vote casting IDs. If present ID holder
doesn’t cast any vote before, he/she would be
allowed to cast a vote. Once a vote has been cast
microprocessor would store this ID to prevent
multiple vote casting. Every time when a vote is
cast, microprocessor would store every
candidate’s votes. To view results of the
election, poll authority must provide a specific
code which would be supplied by electoral
authority. Identification process is done by both
biometric scanner and keypad. For a specific
finger print respective password must be
matched. After every vote casting this system
always checks for finish command. Finish
command is basically result showing command.
When electoral authority provides this command
this device will show result and ask for clear its
EEPROM. Block diagram and system workflow
flowchart are depicted in Fig. 2 and Fig. 3
respectively.
3.2 System construction
The architecture of the developed EVM consists
of three segments. The segments are
1. Control Unit
2. Ballot Unit
3. Power Unit
Responsibilities of three segments are
summarized in Table 1.
Control Unit Ballot Unit Power Unit
1. Performs voter
registration.
2. Performs voter
verification.
3. Displays
information.
4. Controls ballot unit
operations.
5. Processes result.
6. Monitors power
level.
1. Displays
candidate’s
information.
2. Provides vote
casting options to
the voters.
3. Informs control
unit about vote
casting.
1. Monitors battery charge level as well
as main supply bus
2. Switches on charger if battery charge
level is not above the threshold level.
3. Connects with battery in case of
power failure.
4. Diodes are included to avoid reverse
flow of current.
Table 1 : Responsibilities are divided among the three units of the proposed EVM
Recent Advances in Circuits, Systems and Automatic Control ISBN: 978-1-61804-306-1 82
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Fig. 2 System Architecture
3.2.1 Control Unit
Control unit consists of two microcontrollers,
one biometric scanner, one keypad, one LCD
display and an external EEPROM. One of the
microcontrollers is connected to biometric
scanner and keypad, which transacts voter’s
identification and authorization. Another one is
connected to LCD to display necessary
information. To start and end voting process
electoral authority must provide a specific
password. Every time when a vote is cast
microcontroller adds a vote to the connected
EEPROM. The bi-directional communication
between EEPORM and microcontroller is
executed by I2C protocol. External EEPROM
restrains data even if power is switched off.
Hardware’s used in this segment are depicted
bellow.
1. Arduino Uno: Arduino is open source
software based on various 8-bit AVR
microcontroller or 32-bit ARM processor.
Operating voltage of Arduino is 5v. It has 14
digital I/O pins 6 analog pins and 16 MHz
crystal. Arduino Uno uses ATmega328 which is
8-bit AVR microcontroller. ATmega328 has 32
KB ISP flash memory, 1 KB EEPROM, 2 KB
SRAM, 23 general purpose I/O lines, 32 general
purpose working register. Maximum operating
frequency of this device is 20 MHz. This device
operates between 1.8 volts to 5.5 volts. In
control unit 2 Arduino Uno is used. One of these
Fig. 3 Workflow Flowchart
Power Supply
Control Unit
(MCU) I2C
Bus
Ballot Unit
(MCU)
Biometric
Scanner
Keypad
LCD
LCD Buttons
Start
Verificatio
n process
Cast vote & adds it
to respective
candidate
Finish
comman
d
Process result
End
Takes ID
No
Yes
No
Recent Advances in Circuits, Systems and Automatic Control ISBN: 978-1-61804-306-1 83
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Fig. 4 Block Diagram of Control Unit
Fig. 5 Control Unit Workflow
microcontrollers is connected with power unit
and another one is connected to ballot unit via
I2C bus. this microcontroller is also connected
with an external EEPROM.
2. Biometric scanner: In this design optical
biometric scanner is used. Optical scanner
creates image and stores it in a suitable memory
device. Finger print scanner GT-511C3 is used
in this design. It operates on 3.3v and it has a
built in CPU. It creates 202×258 pixels image
having resolution of 450dpi. Enrollment and
identification time of this device is respectively
less than 3s and less than 1s. Biometric scanner
in this device save finger prints as an encrypted
biometric key or mathematical representation
which is a series of number and this code is used
for verification.
3. EEPROM: Electrically Erasable Read-Only
Memory is a kind of non-volatile memory
commonly known as EEPROM. It is capable of
storing small amount of data when power is
removed. Within overall EEPROM family of
memory devices, there are two main types.
These are
1. Parallel EEPROM Memory
2. Serial EEPROM Memory
Parallel EEPROM is relatively faster than Serial
EEPROM. In this design Serial EEPROM is
utilized. Serial EEPROM is difficult to operate
because of pin limitation. It transfers data in
sequentially; therefore making the process
slower than parallel EEPROM. Serial EEPROM
is operated in two ways.
(i) 3- Wire Bus Operation Primer.
(ii) 2-Wire Bus Operation Primer.
3-Wire Bus Operation is omitted in this design.
A 2-wire bus is utilized where microcontroller
pins are limited, i2c bus and noise reduction are
needed.
Control
Unit
(MCU)
I2
C
Bu
s
Biometric
Scanner
Keypad
LCD
Authorization
switch
External
EEPROM
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4. Keypad: Membrane keypad is used in this
design. In 4×4 keypad there are 4 vertical wires
(column) and 4 horizontal wires (row). These 4
vertical wires and 4 horizontal wires make 16
open connections. When a button is pressed one
open vertical and one open horizontal wire
connects with each other and process a signal.
Block diagram and workflow flowchart are
depicted in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5 respectively.
3.2.2 Ballot Unit
Ballot unit carries ballot and necessary circuitry.
It contains ballot, microcontroller, push buttons
and LCD display. It is also connected with
control unit. Voting process is run and candidate
information is displayed through ballot unit.
Power option of this unit is always monitored by
control unit. When a vote is cast ballot unit
informs control unit and control unit adds this
vote to respective candidate. After every single
vote casting, power option of this unit is
removed by control unit. Hardwires used in this
segment are depicted bellow.
1. Arduino Uno: Performance of this
microcontroller is similar to control unit.
Arduino Uno of ballot unit is powered up only
when control unit has legitimate voter’s
identifications. This device display necessary
voting information. Communication between
ballot and control unit’s microcontroller is
operated by I2C.
2. LCD: Liquid Crystals are actually small thin
rod like molecules that like to move in unison
when a voltage is applied. LCD doesn’t emit
light instead it uses the ambient light in the
environment. LCD can operate in two ways 4
bit double operation and 8 bit single operation.
A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) consists of two
substrates that form a “flat bottle” that contains
the liquid crystal mixture. The inside surfaces of
the bottle or cell are coated with a polymer that
is buffed to align the molecules of liquid crystal.
The liquid crystal molecules align on the
surfaces in the direction of the buffing. For
Twisted Nematic devices, the two surfaces are
buffed orthogonal to one another, forming a 90
degree twist from one surface to the other.
Fig. 6 Block Diagram of Ballot Unit
Fig. 7 Ballot Unit Workflow
Ballot unit
(mcu)
Push buttons LCD
I2C
bus
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3.2.3 Power unit
Power supply provides us with 12 Volt DC
power from 220Volt 50Hz AC supply and
integrates built in battery backup. A
microcontroller is used for monitoring both
battery charge condition and DC supply voltage.
If battery is not fully charged, charging switch
will be turn on by MCU and supply switch will
be turned on provided that supply voltage is not
available. In both cases diodes are used for
reverse current flow protection.
Components used:
1. Arduino: Discussed in sub-section
3.2.1.
2. PC817: It’s an optocoupler, containing
an IRED optically coupled to a
phototransistor. We used for switching
purpose which provides us up to 5.0KV
isolation with an input current of 5mA.
Fig. 8 Power Unit Workflow
4 Research Contribution
Considering Bangladesh perspective, the most
crucial design consideration of Electronic
Voting Machine is reliable power options. In
Bangladesh load shedding is a common
phenomenon and power supply in Bangladesh
can exacerbate any time and thus it can affect
EVM operation badly. To combat against any
kind of power failure three ways back up is
provided in this design. Another crucial feature
of our design is security. Vote tampering and
booth capture is common issue in Bangladesh.
In this design multiple security options are
provided. Without secret password it is
impossible to manipulate result. If any furtive
attempt is initiated to tamper result it can be
prevented through control unit. To ensure a
transparent election it is necessary to secure
result. In this device external EEPROM is used
to retain result in case of power failure. Illiteracy
and unfamiliarity with technology are some very
important factors in the context of Bangladesh
that should be taken into consideration. In this
design ballot unit is separated from control unit
in order to make voting process similar to paper
based voting system and to make sure that the
device does not intimidate voters. In this design
voters simply press button instead of marking
ballot paper. The socio-economic structure of
Bangladesh also places some constraints in the
design process. The cost of the designed EVM
is approximately BDT15000 taka which is
approximately USD 188$ only.
5 Conclusion
In this project our principle concern was to
design a low cost, user friendly, scalable and
secure EVM. A new design is proposed that
includes unique verification process, three phase
power back up scheme and inalienable security
options. This design utilizes biometric
Recent Advances in Circuits, Systems and Automatic Control ISBN: 978-1-61804-306-1 86
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scanner and keypad for unique identification.
External EEPROM has been used along with
several microcontrollers to restrain the errors of
result. Intransigent security option has been
provided to militate against any kind of
manipulations. Simplicity, flexibility, scalability
and low cost make this design commensurate in
a developing country like Bangladesh.
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Appendix
Fig. 9 EVM Schematics
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