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2440 Tue 14 Nov 2017 LESSON Tripitaka in 23) Classical English,94) Classical Tajik-Шветсия классикӣ,95) Classical Tamil-செம்மொழி தமிழ்,96) Classical Telugu- క్లాసికల్ తెలుగు,97) Classical Thai-ภาษาไทยคลาสสิก,98) Classical Turkish-Klasik Türk,99) Classical Ukrainian -Класична українська,100) Classical Urdu- کلاسیکی اردو 101) Classical Uzbek- klassik o’zbek,102) Classical Vietnamese-Tiếng Việt cổ điển,103) Classical Welsh-Cymraeg Clasurol,104) Classical Xhosa- IsiXhosa isiXhosa,105) Classical Yiddish- קלאסישע ייִדיש 106) Classical Yoruba-Yoruba Yoruba,107) Classical Zulu- I-Classical Zulu,
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2440 Tue 14  Nov 2017 LESSON

Tripitaka

in 23) Classical English,94) Classical Tajik-Шветсия классикӣ,95) Classical Tamil-செம்மொழி தமிழ்,96) Classical Telugu- క్లాసికల్ తెలుగు,97) Classical Thai-ภาษาไทยคลาสสิก,98) Classical Turkish-Klasik Türk,99) Classical Ukrainian -Класична українська,100) Classical Urdu- کلاسیکی اردو
101) Classical Uzbek- klassik o’zbek,102) Classical Vietnamese-Tiếng Việt cổ điển,103) Classical Welsh-Cymraeg Clasurol,104) Classical Xhosa- IsiXhosa isiXhosa,105) Classical Yiddish- קלאסישע ייִדיש

106) Classical Yoruba-Yoruba Yoruba,107) Classical Zulu- I-Classical Zulu,


The Tipitaka (Pali ti, “three,” + pitaka, “baskets”),
or Pali canon, is the collection of primary Pali language texts which
form the doctrinal foundation of Theravada Buddhism. The Tipitaka and
the
paracanonical Pali texts (commentaries, chronicles, etc.) together
constitute the complete body of classical Theravada texts.

The
Pali canon is a vast body of literature: in English translation the
texts add up to thousands of printed pages. Most (but not all) of the
Canon has already been published in English over the years. Although
only a small fraction of these texts are available on this website, this
collection can be a good place to start.

The three divisions of the Tipitaka are:

Vinaya Pitaka
   
The collection of texts concerning the rules of conduct governing the
daily affairs within the Sangha — the community of bhikkhus (ordained
monks) and bhikkhunis (ordained
    nuns). Far more than merely a list of rules, the Vinaya Pitaka also
    includes the stories behind the origin of each rule, providing a
    detailed account of the Buddha’s solution to the question of how to
    maintain communal harmony within a large and diverse spiritual
    community.
Sutta Pitaka
    The
    collection of suttas, or discourses, attributed to the Buddha and a few
    of his closest disciples, containing all the central teachings of
    Theravada Buddhism. (More than one thousand sutta translations are
    available on this website.) The suttas are divided among five nikayas (collections):

        Digha Nikaya — the “long collection”
        Majjhima Nikaya — the “middle-length collection”
        Samyutta Nikaya — the “grouped collection”
        Anguttara Nikaya — the “further-factored collection”
        Khuddaka Nikaya — the “collection of little texts”:
            Khuddakapatha
            Dhammapada
            Udana
            Itivuttaka
            Sutta Nipata
            Vimanavatthu
            Petavatthu
            Theragatha
            Therigatha
            Jataka
            Niddesa
            Patisambhidamagga
            Apadana
            Buddhavamsa
            Cariyapitaka
            Nettippakarana (included only in the Burmese edition of the Tipitaka)
            Petakopadesa (  ”   ”  )
            Milindapañha (  ”   ”  )

Abhidhamma Pitaka
    The
    collection of texts in which the underlying doctrinal principles
    presented in the Sutta Pitaka are reworked and reorganized into a
    systematic framework that can be applied to an investigation into the
    nature of mind and matter.


illustration,art,vertical,nature,tree,outdoors,people,printhttp://sarvajan.ambedkar.org

http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5790/

Silk Roads Sites in TajikistanAssumption Cathedral and Monastery of the town-island of Sviyazhsk (Russian Federation)




http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5790/
Silk Roads Sites in Tajikistan


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94) Classical Tajik

94) Шветсия классикӣ

2438 окт 12 Nov 2017 Дараҷа

Tipitaka

Тититака (Паллик, “се” + “питака”, “асп”),
ё Pali canon, маҷмӯи матнҳои ибтидоии Pali аст, ки
ки дар бораи дину мазҳаб ва мазҳаби ҳанафӣ Тититака ва
матнҳои порчаҳои порнографӣ (тафсирҳо, рӯзномаҳо ва ғайра) якҷоя бо матни пурраи матнҳои классикии Theravada.

Дар бораи мо
Пи-пиан як ҷисми зиёди адабиёт аст: тарҷумаи англисӣ
матнҳо ба ҳазорҳо саҳифаҳои чопшуда илова мекунанд. Аксари (вале на ҳама)
Канон аллакай дар давоми сол дар забони англисӣ чоп шудааст. Гарчанде
Ин танҳо як фраксияи хурди ин матнҳо дар ин вебсайт дастрас аст
ҷамъоварӣ метавонад ҷои хубе бошад.

Се қисмҳои Tipitaka инҳоянд:

Виня Питака
    
Ҷамъоварии матнҳо оид ба қоидаҳои рафтори ҳаррӯзаи идоракунии
рӯзона дар ҳудуди Сангаро - ҷамоати биҳиштҳо (репрессияҳо) ва bhikkhunis
    
нусхабардорӣ). Бештар аз рӯйхати қоидаҳо, Vinaya Pitaka низ бештар
    
Ҳикояҳои пас аз пайдоиши ҳар як қоида, таъмин намудани а
    
Чорабинии муфассали ҳалли Будда ба савол оиди чӣ гуна аст
    
ҳамоҳангии коммуналӣ дар дохили як рӯҳияи калон ва гуногун
    
ҷомеа.
Ситта Питака
    
Дар бораи мо
    
ҷамъоварии сутунҳо, ё феҳристҳо, ки ба Буддо ва чанд нафаре дода шудааст
    
аз шогирдони наздиктаре, ки таълимоти асосии марказиро дар бар мегирад
    
Буддизм аст. (Бештар аз як ҳазор сайти sutta мебошанд
    
ки дар ин саҳифа дастрас аст.) Саттҳо аз панҷ ниқоб (ҷамъоварӣ) тақсим мешаванд:

        Digha Nikaya - “ҷамъоварии тӯлонӣ”
        
Majjhima Nikaya - “ҷамъоварии миёна”
        
Саммита Никила - “ҷамъоварии гурӯҳӣ”
        
Ангушара Никаа - “ҷамъоварии минбаъда”
        
Ходдаки Никия - “маҷмӯи матнҳои хурд”:
            
Куддаппафа
            
Даммулада
            
Udana
            
Itivuttaka
            
Сутта Нипата
            
Лантанаватт
            
Петаватту
            
Тирагатон
            
Therigatha
            
Ҷатака
            
Niddesa
            
Patisambhidamagga
            
Apadana
            
Буддои
            
Кариёапитака
            
Nettippakarana (танҳо дар нашрияи Бурмеси Тититакаро дохил карда шудааст)
            
Petakopadesa (”")
            
Milindapañha (”")

Абхиёамма Питака
    
Дар бораи мо
    
ҷамъоварии матнҳо, ки дар он принсипҳои асосие,
    
ки дар Sutta Pitaka муаррифӣ шудаанд, аз нав кор мекунанд ва аз нав ташкил карда мешаванд
    
чаҳорчӯби системавӣ, ки метавонанд ба тафтишот истифода шаванд
    
табиати фикр ва мавзӯъ.



South Indian culture refers to the culture of the South Indian states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana…
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amazing fact about tamil culture


Facts about tamil natrajar temple….for more facts visit www.amazingfact.in
youtube.com

http://www.tamilnation.co/culture/index.htm



தமிழ்த் தேசியம்




TAMIL culture:
the Heart of
Tamil National Consciousness





Art



Architecture



Sculpture



Dance


Music


Cuisine


Caste


Women


Nadesan Satyendra



“There is no doubt that the culture of the Tamils belongs to
the great and immortal treasures of the world’s civilisation…”  Dr. Kamil.V. Zvelebil



“.. It is the fight for national
existence which sets culture moving and opens to it the doors of
creation…
It is at the heart of national consciousness that international
consciousness lives and grows. And this two-fold emerging is ultimately
the source of all culture…”

Frantz Fanon at the
Congress of Black African Writers, 1959

“..மொழியும் கலையும் கலாசாரமும் வளம் பெற்று வளர்ச்சியும் உயர்ச்சியும்
அடையும பொழுதே தேசிய இனக் கட்டமைப்பு இறுக்கம் பெறுகின்றது. பலம்
பெறுகின்றது. மனித வாழ்வும் சமூக உறவுகளும் மேன்மை பெறுகின்றது. தேசிய
நாகரிகம் உன்னதம் பெறுகின்றது..”

Velupillai Pirabakaran

 ”I do not want my
house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want
the cultures of all lands to be blown about my house as freely as
possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any of them. Mine is not
a religion of the prison house. It has room for the least among God’s
creatures, but is proof against the insolent pride of race, religion or
colour..”
Mahatma Gandhi




What is Tamil culture? The attempt
to define, often results in sweeping
generalisations - and sweeping generalisations end up as meaningless clichés.

In early 1996, in the Tamil Circle, a series of articles written by C.Kumarabharathy of
Wellington, New Zealand looked at Tamil culture from the standpoint of an expatriate Tamil
in an emerging post modern world. His reflections
provided food for thought.



“..We tend to think (implicitly), that culture is embodied in Bharatha Natyam, Film Songs,
Films, Dramas and having thus externalised “Culture”, we then send our children
to ’study’ them. This way, parents ‘make up’ for their supposed lack of culture, by the
alleged accomplishments of the children. It is generally, not clear to us, that behaviour,
our conflicts and relationships also form the bedrock of culture. The dance and songs are
external manifestations of this inwardness…”

The external manifestations of Tamil culture may be found in the songs and dances, in
the cuisine and dress forms, in the customs and rituals of the Tamil people. But, as
always, the external and the internal go together. The earliest literature that we have in
Tamil, the Eight Anthologies,
was itself classified into two main groups: ‘internal’ (aham) and ‘external’ (puram).


Ernest
Gellner remarks:


“Definitions of culture…. in the anthropological rather than the normative
sense, are notoriously difficult and unsatisfactory. It is probably best to approach this
problem by using this term without attempting too much in the way of formal definition,
and looking at what culture does.” (Professor Ernest Gellner, Cambridge
University - Nations and Nationalism, Basil Blackwell, 1983)

“…culture consists in the way analogies are drawn between
things; in the way certain thoughts are used to think others; in figure of speech, in
which a term is transferred to something it does not literally apply to… Culture
consists in the images that make imagination possible, in the media with which we mediate
experience. All the artefacts we make and the relationships we enter into, have in that
sense ‘cultural’ consequences, for they give form and shape to the way we think about
other artefacts, other relationships…”

If culture is the distilled essence of the way of life of a people, then, in the case
of the Tamil people, the distillation process has covered a time span of more than two
thousand years. And, today, the Tamil people, living in many lands and across distant seas
acquire strength from the richness of their own cultural heritage - not only because that
that culture has something to do with their own roots and their way of life but also
because they believe that that culture has a significant contribution to make to the
world.


Five decades ago, Czech
Professor Dr. Kamil.V. Zvelebil writing in
‘Tamil Culture’ made an appeal under the heading “The Tamil
Contribution to World’s Civilisation”. He said:



“There is no doubt that the culture of the Tamils belongs to the
great and immortal treasures of the world’s civilisation.

From my own experience,
however, I can say that even those who claim to have a wide outlook and deep education,
both Indians and Europeans, are not aware of this fact. And it is the task of the Tamils
themselves, and of those sympathetic mlecchas who try to interpret Tamil culture, to
acquaint the world’s cultural public with the most important contributions of Tamil
culture to the world’s civilisation.

As far as literary works are concerned, it is necessary before all to make them
accessible to a wide public of readers by means of artistic translations into the worlds
great languages; with regard to works of arts and architecture, it is necessary to make
them a common treasure of the world with the help of publications giving detailed and
perfect reproductions. This may be achieved through the UNESCO as well as through the work
of individual scholars and local Institutions; this should also be one of the main tasks
of the Academy of Tamil Culture.

The following works of art and literature are among the most remarkable contributions
of the Tamil creative genius to the world’s cultural treasure and should be familiar to
the whole world and admired and beloved by all in the same way as the poems of Homer, the
dramas of Shakespeare, the pictures of Rembrandt, the cathedrals of France and the
sculptures of Greece:

1. The ancient Tamil lyrical poetry compiled in ‘The Eight Anthologies’; this poetry is so
unique and vigorous, full of such vivid realism and written so masterfully that it can be
compared probably only with some of the pieces of ancient Greek lyrical poetry;

2. The Thirukural, one of the great books of the
world, one of those singular emanations of the human heart and spirit which preach
positive love and forgiveness and peace;

3. The epical poem
Cilappathikaram, which by
its “baroque splendour’, and by the charm and magic of its lyrical parts belongs to
the epic masterpieces of the world;

4. The school of
Bhakti both
Vaishnava
and Saiva, which is one of those most sincere
and passionate efforts of man to grasp the Absolute; and its supreme literary expression
in the works of
Manikkavasagar,
Tirugnana
Sambandar
,
Nammalwar and
Andal.


5. The philosophical system of
Saiva Sidhdhantha,
a system, which may be ranked among the most perfect and cleverest systems of human
thought;

6. The South Indian bronzes of the Chola period,
those splendid and amazing sculptures belonging to the best creations of humanity,

7. The Dravidian temple architecture, of which the
chief representatives are perhaps the temples of
Tanjore,
Chidambaram and
Madurai.

These seven different forms of contribution without which the
world would be definitely less rich and less happy, should engage the immediate attention
of all who are interested in Tamil culture; they should all dedicate their time and
efforts to make known (and well and intimately known) to the whole of the world these
heights of Tamil creative genius.” (Tamil Culture - Vol. V, No. 4. October,
1956)

To those contributions listed by Professor Zvelbil, may be added the Classical
Dance of the Ancient Tamils - the Bharatha Natyam
and the poetic works of 
Maha Kavi
Subramaniya Bharathy
and Kaviyarasu Kannadhasan, which
are
being recognised today as ranking with the best in the world. 

Professor Kamil Zvelebil’s words in 1956 that
“it is the task of the Tamils themselves… to acquaint the world’s cultural public
with the most important contributions of Tamil culture to the world’s civilisation”,
continue to retain their power to influence and inspire more than forty years later.


And, today, the internet and the world wide web have rendered that task,
hopefully, less difficult. The “Pongal-2000″ Project of the Institute of Asian Studies (Madras),
the Institute for
Indology and Tamil Studies of the University of Cologne
and the University of
California-Berkeley and Project Madurai
launched by Dr.Kalyanasundaram, serve as
examples of that which can be achieved on the web. 


But culture is not something from top to down.



 ”…I don’t believe culture can be done top down. You have to
have a really energetic, organic and powerful culture and to do that, the
only way is bottom up. If you try to encourage creativity through camps,
workshops and courses, you will get only technicians because that is how you
train technicians, not thinkers…”Cultivating culture from the bottom up, Lung Ying-tai,
2004

Again, Partha Chatterjee has pointed out the dilemma faced by the
nationalist:


“Nationalism denied the alleged inferiority of the colonised people; it also
asserted that a backward nation could ‘modernise’ itself while retaining its cultural
identity. It thus produced a discourse in which, even as it challenged the colonial claim
to political domination, it also accepted the very intellectual premises of ‘modernity’ on
which colonial domination was based. How are we to sort out these contradictory elements
in nationalist discourse?.. how does one accept what is valuable in another’s culture
without losing one’s own cultural identity?”. (Partha Chatterjee, Nationalist Thought & the Colonial World - A
Derivative Discourse
- UNU & Zed, 1986)

How does one accept what is valuable in another’s culture without losing one’s own
cultural identity? The cultural identity of a people and their political freedom go hand
in hand.

Frantz Fannon was right to point out in the
Reciprocal Bases of National Culture and the Fight for
Freedom

“The nation is not only the
condition of  culture, its fruitfulness, its continuous renewal, and
its deepening. It is also a necessity. It is the fight for national
existence which sets culture moving and opens to it the doors of
creation. Later on it is the nation which will ensure the conditions
and framework necessary to culture. The nation gathers together the
various indispensable elements necessary for the creation of a
culture, those elements which alone can give it credibility,
validity, life and creative power. In the same way it is its
national character that will make such a culture open to other
cultures and which will enable it to influence and permeate other
cultures. A non-existent culture can hardly be expected to have
bearing on reality, or to influence reality.”


It is only in freedom that the exchange between different cultures will remain
voluntary and not enforced.
In the longer term, it is true that the growth of
nationalism will lead to a voluntary pooling of sovereignties, in a regional, and
ultimately in a world context - but the crucial element must remain the voluntariness
of the process.


“Nationalism is first and foremost a state of mind, an act
of consciousness .. the mental life of man is as much dominated by an ego-consciousness as
it is by a group consciousness. Both are complex states of mind at which we arrive through
experiences of differentiation and opposition, of the ego and the surrounding world, of
the we group and those outside the group .

It is a fact often commented upon that this growth of nationalism
and of national sectionalisms happened at the very same time when international relations,
trade, and communications were developing as never before; that local languages were
raised to the dignity of literary and cultural languages just at the time when it seemed
most desirable to efface all differences of language by the spread of world languages.

This view overlooks the fact that that very growth of nationalism all over the earth,
with its awakening of the masses to participation in political and cultural life, prepared
the way for the closer cultural contacts of all the civilisations of mankind, at the same
time separating and uniting them.” (Hans Kohn: The Idea of
Nationalism
, A Study of its Origins and Background. New York. 1944)

The effort to acquaint the world of the important
contributions of Tamil culture, is not the expression of an exaggerated nationalism.
At the same time, we are not unmindful of Thomas Macaulay and
his notorious efforts at cultural imperialism
.



“The languages of Western Europe civilised Russia. I cannot doubt
that they will do for the Hindoo what they have done for the Tartar
… We must at present do our best to form a class who may be
interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern; a class of
persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions,
in morals, and in intellect.”
Thomas Macaulay - Minute on Indian Education,
1835

Frantz Fannon’s words in
Racism
and Culture
are apposite



 ”…nations that
undertake a
colonial war
have no concern for the confrontation of cultures. War is a
gigantic business and every approach must be governed by this datum. The
enslavement, in the strictest sense, of the native population is the prime
necessity…It is not possible to enslave men without logically making them
inferior through and through. And racism is only the emotional, affective, sometimes
intellectual explanation of this inferiorization…”


Tamil
culture is a culture of great antiquity and it has made, and will continue to make, a rich
contribution to world civilisation. That is not to say that Tamils do not need to address the
evils of the caste system that has divided
them
as a people. They do. And it is not to say that Tamils do not need to address
the evils perpetuated on women in their society.
They do. Professor
Hart was right to
point out in the Forum on Brahminism & the Tamil Nation

“..Yes, of course Brahmins have had their own political agenda to
push. They have been responsible for many things that I feel are
entirely unconscionable. But is this any different from the other
high castes? I have heard many many stories of high non-Brahmin castes
killing and abusing Dalits. You can’t blame the Brahmins for this. In
fact, the most pernicious example of the caste system was in the
Tamil areas of Sri Lanka, where there are virtually no Brahmins and never have been….Tamil culture has not suffered because of one group. It
has suffered because of the caste system and
because of its treatment of
women
… Let’s promote inter caste marriage,
let’s get rid of dowry
and give women independence and self-respect, and above all, let’s
avoid a victimization complex which only plays into the hands of those
who have a vested interest in continuing the inequities that exist in
Tamilnad. If every Brahmin were to disappear from Tamilnad, the Dalits
and others who are exploited would
benefited not one iota…”  


Tamils have gained, and continue to
gain, by their interaction with other peoples and other cultures - particularly those of
the Indian sub continent. No people are an island unto themselves. Chauvinism
does not advance the culture of a people. The words of the Tamil poet Kanniyan Poongundran in
Purananuru
(Poem 196), written two thousand years, serve as a useful
reminder of the truth of that which Frantz Fannon wrote - “..It is at the heart of national consciousness that international
consciousness lives and grows. And this two-fold emerging is ultimately
the source of all culture…”.






To us all towns are one, all men our kin.
Life’s good comes not form others’ gift, nor ill
Man’s pains and pains’ relief are from within.   
Death’s no new thing; nor do our bosoms thrill
When Joyous life seems like a luscious draught.   
When grieved, we patient suffer; for, we deem
This much - praised life of ours a fragile raft   
Borne down the waters of some mountain stream
That o’er huge boulders roaring seeks the plain   
Tho’ storms with lightnings’ flash from darken’d skies
Descend, the raft goes on as fates ordain.   
Thus have we seen in visions of the wise ! -
We marvel not at greatness of the great;
Still less despise we men of low estate.

- English Translation by Rev.
G.U.Pope in Tamil Heroic Poems:







Definitions of Culture - John H. Bodley
Topical: Culture consists of everything on a
list of topics, or categories, such as social
organization, religion, or economy
Historical: Culture is social heritage, or
tradition, that is passed on to future generations
Behavioral: Culture is shared, learned human
behavior, a way of life
Normative: Culture is ideals, values, or rules
for living
Functional: Culture is the way humans solve
problems of adapting to the environment or living
together
Mental: Culture is a complex of ideas, or
learned habits, that inhibit impulses and distinguish
people from animals
Structural: Culture consists of patterned and
interrelated ideas, symbols, or behaviors
Symbolic: Culture is based on arbitrarily
assigned meanings that are shared by a society



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95) Classical Tamil
95) செம்மொழி தமிழ்

2440 TUE 14 நவ 2017 லெஸ்சன்

Tipitaka

திபிக்டாக்கா (பாலி டி, “மூன்று”, + பட்டுகா, “கூடை”),
அல்லது பாலி கேனான், இது முதன்மை பாலி மொழி நூல்களின் தொகுப்பாகும்
த்ரவாடா புத்தமதத்தின் கோட்பாட்டு அடித்தளமாக அமைகிறது. திபிட்டா மற்றும்
பராகுவானிய பாலி நூல்கள் (வர்ணனைகள், நாளிதழ்கள், முதலியன) ஒன்றாகச் சேர்ந்து தெய்வராடா நூல்களின் முழு உடலமைப்பாகவும் உள்ளன.

தி
பாலி கேனான் என்பது ஒரு பரந்த இலக்கியம்: ஆங்கில மொழிபெயர்ப்பு
நூல்கள் ஆயிரக்கணக்கான அச்சிடப்பட்ட பக்கங்களுக்கு வரை சேர்க்கின்றன. பெரும்பாலான (ஆனால் அனைத்து இல்லை)
கேனான் ஏற்கனவே ஆண்டுகளில் ஆங்கிலத்தில் வெளியிடப்பட்டுள்ளது. என்றாலும்
இந்த நூல்களில் ஒரு சிறிய பகுதி மட்டுமே இந்த வலைத்தளத்தில் கிடைக்கிறது
சேகரிப்பு தொடங்க ஒரு நல்ல இடம் இருக்க முடியும்.

திப்புடகாவின் மூன்று பிரிவுகளும் பின்வருமாறு:

வினயா பிடாக்கா
    
Sangha க்குள் தினசரி விவகாரங்களை நிர்வகிக்கும் நடத்தை விதிகள் பற்றிய தொகுப்பு - பைக்கஸ் சமூகம் (ஆட்கடத்தல்) மற்றும் பைக்ஹூனிஸ்
    
சந்நியாசிகள்). வெறுமனே விதிகள் பட்டியலை விட, வினயா பிடாக்காவும் கூட
    
ஒவ்வொரு ஆட்சியின் தோற்றத்துக்கும் பின்னால் உள்ள கதைகள் அடங்கும், ஒரு
    
கேள்விக்கு பதில் புத்தரின் தீர்வு பற்றிய விரிவான கணக்கு
    
ஒரு பெரிய மற்றும் வேறுபட்ட ஆவிக்குள்ளான இனவாத இணக்கத்தை பராமரிக்க
    
சமூகம்.
சுட்டா பிடாக்கா
    
தி
    
புத்தர் மற்றும் ஒரு சிலருக்குக் கூறப்படும் சுடர்கள், அல்லது சொற்பொழிவுகளின் தொகுப்பு
    
அவரது நெருங்கிய சீடர்கள், அனைத்து மத்திய போதனைகள் அடங்கும்
    
தேரவாடா புத்தமதம். (ஆயிரம் க்கும் மேற்பட்ட சத்தா மொழிபெயர்ப்புகள்
    
இந்த வலைத்தளத்தில் கிடைக்கும்.) சுடசுகள் ஐந்து நிக்காக்களால் (தொகுப்புகள்) பிரிக்கப்படுகின்றன:

        டிகா நிகாயா - “நீண்ட சேகரிப்பு”
        
மஜ்ஜிஹிமா நிகாயா - “நடுத்தர நீளம் சேகரிப்பு”
        
Samyutta Nikaya - “குழுவாக சேகரிக்கப்பட்ட தொகுப்பு”
        
அங்கட்டுரா நிகாயா - “மேலும்-காரணமான சேகரிப்பு”
        
குடுக நிக்காயா - “சிறிய நூல்களின் தொகுப்பு”:
            
Khuddakapatha
            
தமம்பாதா
            
உதான
            
Itivuttaka
            
சுட்டா நிப்பாடா
            
Vimanavatthu
            
Petavatthu
            
Theragatha
            
Therigatha
            
ஜடாகா
            
Niddesa
            
Patisambhidamagga
            
Apadana
            
புத்தவம்ஷா
            
கரியாபிதாகா
            
நெட்டிப்பகாரன (டிபிகாக்கின் பர்மிய பதிப்பில் மட்டுமே உள்ளடக்கப்பட்டது)
            
பெட்ரோக்கோபாடா (”")
            
மிலிடப்பன்ஷா (”")

அபிதாம்மா பிடாக்கா
    
தி
    
நூல்களின் தொகுப்பு, இதில் அடிப்படை கோட்பாடுகள் உள்ளன
    
சுத்தா பிட்டாகாவில் வழங்கப்பட்ட ஒரு மறுசீரமைப்பு மற்றும் மறுசீரமைப்பு செய்யப்பட்டது
    
திட்டமிடப்பட்ட கட்டமைப்பானது ஒரு விசாரணைக்கு பயன்படுத்தப்படலாம்
    
மனது மற்றும் பொருளின் தன்மை.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_of_Andhra_Pradesh

Culture of Andhra Pradesh



  1. Culture of Andhra Pradesh state in India has many aspects to it.

    Andhra Pradesh’s cultural history can be summarised under the
    sections of Art, Architecture, Literature, Cuisine, Clothing, Religion /
    Philosophy and Language.

    Hanuman and Ravana in Tholu Bommalata, the shadow puppet tradition of Andhra Pradesh, India

    Contents

    Religion and philosophy

    These
    contributions can be classified into four distinct eras. Ancient Hindu
    traditions of Andhra Pradesh, Medieval Buddhist traditions, Modern
    Islamic-Hindu fusion traditions and the currently emerging
    Hindu-Christian fusion traditions. Dharanikota, Nagarjuna Konda
    monasteries and the associated literary contributions stand as a
    testaments to Andhra Pradesh’s central role in the evolution of Ashokan
    Buddhism. Tirupati, the associated religious traditions of Lord Venkateswara as a personification of the merger of various Shivite and Vaishavite Hindu traditions stands as a testament to the rich and progressive religious-philosophical schools of Andhra Pradesh. The contributions of Andhra Religious traditions to Bhakti Movement (Fusion movement for Islamic, Hindu and Buddhist Traditions) inspired numerous world-renowned modern secular philosophers like Jiddu Krishnamurti
    to draw on this rich and progressive intellectual tradition of religion
    and philosophy. A living history of this rich tradition is daily
    visible in the lives of the people of this region and historic snap
    shots are frozen into stone at various times on the walls of these
    temples: http://www.templenet.com/andhra.html. Telugu arts and literature are an embodiment of this vibrant philosophical tradition.

    Andhra Pradesh is home to Hindu saints of all castes. An important figure is, Sant Yogi Potuluri Veerabrahmam was a Viswa Brahmin that even had a Brahmin, Sudhra, Harijan and Muslim disciples.[1] Fisherman Raghu was also a Sudra.[2] Sant Kakkayya was a chura (cobbler) Harijan saint.

    Several important Hindu modern-day saint are from Andhra Pradesh. These include Nimbarka who founded Dvaitadvaita, Mother Meera who advocated Indian independence and Aurobindo Mission, Sri Sathya Sai Baba and Swami Sundara Chaitanyanandaji.

    His Holiness Swami Sundara Chaitanyanandaji was born on 25 December
    1947 in Kattubadipalem village, Nellore District, Andhra Pradesh.

    Pilgrimages in Andhra


    Sacred Tirumala Temple

    Tirupati or Tirumala
    is a very important pilgrimage for Hindus throughout India. It is the
    richest pilgrimage center in World. Its main temple is dedicated to the
    god Venkateswara.

    Simhachalam is another very popular pilgrimage of national importance. Simhachalam is said in mythology to be the abode of the savior-god Narasimha, who rescued Prahlada from abusive father Hiranyakasipu.

    Srisailam is another center is national importance. It is dedicated mainly to Lord Shiva. It is one of the locations of the various Jyotirlingams. The Skanda Purana
    has a chapter called “Srisaila Kandam” dedicated to it, which points to
    the ancient origin. This is confirmed also by the fact that Tamil
    saints of the past millennia have sung praises of this temple. It is
    said that Adi Sankara visited this temple and at that time he composed his “Sivananda Lahiri“. Shiva’s sacred bull Vrishabha is said to have performed penance at the Mahakali temple till Shiva and Parvati appeared before him as Mallikarjuna and Brahmaramba. The temple is one of the 12 hallowed jyotirlingas; Lord Rama himself installed the Sahasralinga, while the Pandavas lodged the Panchapandava lingas in the temple courtyard.

    Harikatha

    Harikatha
    (lit. “stories of the Lord”), otherwise called Katha Kalakshepa is a
    form of Hindu religious discourse, also known as Katha (storytelling)
    format, in which the story teller explores a religious theme, usually
    the life of a saint or a story from an Indian epic.

    Harikatha was originated in Harikatha Kalakshepam is most prevalent in Andhra Pradesh even now along with Burra katha. Haridasus going round villages singing devotional songs is an age-old tradition during Dhanurmaasam preceding Sankranti festival. Ajjada Adibhatla Narayana Dasu with his Kavyas and Prabandhas has made Harikatha a special art form.

    Festivals

    Cultural institutions

    Andhra Pradesh has many museums, including the Archaeological Museum at Amaravati near Guntur City that features relics of nearby ancient sites, the Salar Jung Museum in Hyderabad, which features a varied collection of sculptures, paintings, and religious artifacts, the Visakha Museum in Visakhapatnam, which displays the history of the pre-Independence Madras Presidency in a rehabilitated Dutch bungalow and Victoria Jubilee Museum in Vijayawada, which has a nice collection of ancient sculptures, paintings, idols, weapons, cutlery, and inscriptions.

    Other cultural elements


    Kondapalli toys at a house in Vijayawada

    Bapu’s paintings, Nanduri Subbarao’s Yenki Paatalu (Songs on/by a washerwoman called Yenki), mischievous Budugu (a character by Mullapudi), Annamayya’s songs, Aavakaaya (a variant of mango pickle in which the kernel of mango is retained), Gongura (a chutney from Roselle plant), Atla Taddi (a seasonal festival predominantly for teenage girls), banks of river Godavari, Dudu basavanna (The ceremonial ox decorated for door-to-door exhibition during the harvest festival Sankranti) have long defined Telugu culture. The village of Durgi is known for originating stone craft, carvings of idols in soft stone that must be exhibited in the shade because they are prone to weathering.

    Architecture

    There
    are two distinct and rich architectural traditions in Andhra Pradesh.
    The first traces back to the building of the city of Amaravathi under
    Satavahanas. This unique style of architecture emphasises the use of
    intricate and abstract sculpture with inspiration from religious themes.
    The second tradition draws on the enormous granite and lime stone
    reserves of the region and is reflected in the various temples and forts
    built over a very long period of time.

    Literature

    Main article: Telugu literature

    As an ancient language, Telugu has a rich and deep literary culture. Nannaya, Tikkana, Yerrapragada, Srinatha, Molla (poet), and Tarikonda Venkamamba
    made Telugu language “The Italian of the East” - lingua franca for
    religious, musical composition and philosophy. The contributions of Charles Phillip Brown, Vemana, Sri Sri (writer) and Viswanatha Satyanarayana
    made Telugu a vibrant and evolving modern language. The contributions
    of various Telugu/Tamil/Sanskrit grammarians to the formalisation of
    English Grammar gave Telugu Literary traditions a truly global reach.

    Telugu literature is highly influenced by Sanskrit literature and Hindu scriptures. Nannayya, Tikkana, and Yerrapragada form the trinity who translated the great epic Mahabharatha into Telugu. Bammera Potana is another great poet from vontimitta (kadapa dist) famous for his great classic Sri Madandhra Maha Bhagavatamu, a Telugu translation of ‘Sri Bhagavatam’ authored by Veda Vyasa in Sanskrit. Nannayya derived the present Telugu script (lipi) from the old Telugu-Kannada script. Emperor Krishna Deva Raya wrote and also made the famous statement : “Desha Bhashalandu Telugu lessa
    meaning “Telugu is the sweetest amongst all Indian languages”.
    Philosophical poems by Yogi-Vemana are quite famous. Modern writers
    include Jnanpith Award winners Sri Viswanatha Satya Narayana and Dr. C. Narayana Reddy. Revolutionary poets like SriSri and Gaddar are popular.

    Cuisine

    Main article: Andhra cuisine


    Mango Pickle Home Made Style

    Andhra Pradesh culinary traditions are some of the richest in the
    world. Bandhar Laddu, Avakaya, Gongura, Pulusu, pappu charu, jonna kudu,
    bobbattu, kaza, arisa ..etc. draw on the spices, fruit and vegetable
    harvests of the region. Various sauces and ancient bread making
    techniques that use a very diverse and rich variety of pulses are a
    testament to ancient Telugu culinary innovation. It is rumored that
    Roman king Nero lamented Romans paying more to the Chili farmers of
    Andhra Pradesh than to Roman treasury as taxes during the effort to
    rebuild Rome after the great fire. It is documented that he banned all
    imports from Andhra Pradesh during Rome rebuilding era. Andhra Pradesh
    spice traders and their ancient global trading traditions are considered
    the precursors to modern option-and-derivatives pricing models for
    commodities. Rich wine making traditions are evident in the Taati kallu
    and Etha Kallu produced by the region to this day.

    The cuisine of Andhra Pradesh is reputedly the spiciest of all Indian cuisine. There are many variations to the Andhra cuisine depending on caste, geographical regions, traditions etc. Pickles and chutneys, called pachadi in Telugu
    are particularly popular in Andhra Pradesh and many varieties of
    pickles and chutneys are unique to the state. Chutneys are made from
    practically every vegetable including tomatoes, brinjals, and roselle (Gongura). The mango pickle Aavakaaya is probably the best known of the Andhra pickles.

    Rice is the staple food
    and is used in a wide variety of ways. Typically, rice is either boiled
    and eaten with curry, or made into a batter for use in a crepe-like dish called attu (pesarattu) or dosas.

    Meat, vegetables, and greens
    are prepared with different masalas into a variety of strongly flavored
    dishes.The Indian Cuisine has its unique style and tradition.

    Performing arts

    Annamayya, Tyagaraja, Kuchipudi summarise the rich artistic traditions of Andhra Pradesh. Contributions of Annamacharya and Tyagaraja
    to the “grammar of sound” made Telugu language the preferred language
    of composition for Carnatic Music and made Andhra Pradesh the mother of
    all modern music. Their influence not only on Carnatic but global
    classical music and the organisation of sound as a medium of emotional
    resonance has no parallel in human history. Kuchipudi
    as a refinement of the ancient art of Bharathanatyam, and in the
    context of the unique religious and cultural traditions of Andhra
    Pradesh stands on par with all the great global traditions of Classical
    Dance.

    Dance

    Main article: Kuchipudi

    Kuchipudi, the traditional dance of Andhra Pradesh

    Jayapa Senani (Jayapa Nayudu) is the first person who wrote about the dances prevalent in Andhra Pradesh.[3]
    Both Desi and Margi forms of dances have been included in his Sanskrit
    treatise ‘Nritya Ratnavali’. It contains eight chapters. Folk dance
    forms like Perani, Prenkhana, Suddha Nartana, Carcari, Rasaka, Danda
    Rasaka, Shiva Priya, Kanduka Nartana, Bhandika Nrityam, Carana Nrityam,
    Chindu, Gondali and Kolatam are described. In the first chapter the
    author deals with discussion of the differences between Marga and Desi,
    Tandava and lasya, Natya and Nritta. In the 2nd and 3rd chapters he
    deals with Angi-kabhinaya, Caris, Sthanakas and Mandalas. In the 4th
    Chapter Karnas, angaharas and recakas are described. In following
    chapters he described the local dance forms i.e. Desi Nritya. In the
    last chapter he deals with art and practice of dance.

    Classical dance in Andhra can be performed by both men and women; however women tend to learn it more often. Kuchipudi is the state’s best-known classical dance forms of Andhra Pradesh. The various dance forms that existed through the states’ history are Chenchu Bhagotam, Kuchipudi, Bhamakalapam, Burrakatha, Veeranatyam, Butta bommalu, Dappu, Tappeta Gullu, Dhimsa, and Kolattam.

    Music

    Bobbili Veena is from Andhra Pradesh

    The state has a rich musical heritage. Many legends of the Carnatic music including two among Trinity of Carnatic music (Thyagaraja and Syama Sastri) were of Telugu descent. Other composers include Annamacharya, Kshetrayya, and Bhadrachala Ramadasu.

    Folk songs are also popular in the rural areas of the state.

    Movies

    Main article: Telugu Cinema

    Costume

    Andhra
    Pradesh is home to some of the finest historical cloth making/fashion
    and dying traditions of the world. Its rich cotton production, with its
    innovative plant dye extraction history stand next to its diamond
    mining, pearl
    harvesting and jewelry traditions to form an impressive fashion
    tradition that has stood the test of time. The ancient Golconda mine is
    the mother of the numerous legendary gems such as the Koh-i-Noor and Hope Diamond.
    Andhra Pradesh had a virtual monopoly in the global jewelry industry
    till 1826 (founding of the diamond mines in Rhodesia- Africa) and eight
    of the 10 most valuable jewelry pieces on earth today trace their
    history back to Andhra Pradesh. Langa-Voni (Half saree), Sarees made in
    Kalamkari, Bidri, Nirmal paintings, fascinating weaves from Pochampalli,
    Gadwal, Venkatagiri are the result of this time tested (3000 year)
    fashion tradition. Vaddaanam, Aravanke, Kashulahaaram, Buttalu and
    various standard gold jewelry designs are fine examples of this
    continuously evolving ancient tradition.

    References


  2. “Archived copy”. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2008-11-29.

  3. “Stories of Bhaktas - Fisherman Raghu - www.telugubhakti.com”.

  4. Ntitya Ratnavali http://www.telugupeople.com/discussion/article.asp?id=111
96) Classical Telugu
96) క్లాసికల్ తెలుగు

2440 TUE 14 Nov 2017 లెసన్

Tipitaka

ది టిపిటకా (పాలి టి, “మూడు,” + పిట్టాకా, “బాస్కెట్”),
లేదా పాలి కానన్, ప్రాధమిక పాలి భాషా గ్రంధాల సేకరణ
తెరవాడ బౌద్దమతం యొక్క సిద్ధాంత పునాదిని ఏర్పరుస్తుంది. ది టిపిటకా మరియు
పారాకోనానికల్ పాలి గ్రంథాలు (వ్యాఖ్యానాలు, గ్రంథాలు, మొదలైనవి) కలిసి శాస్త్రీయ తెరరడ గ్రంథాల యొక్క పూర్తి భాగం.

ది
పాలి కానన్ అనేది సాహిత్యంలోని ఒక విస్తారమైన భాగం: ఆంగ్ల అనువాదంలో
పాఠాలు వేల సంఖ్యలో ముద్రిత పేజీలను కలిగి ఉంటాయి. చాలా (కానీ అన్ని కాదు) యొక్క
కానన్ ఇప్పటికే సంవత్సరాల్లో ఆంగ్లంలో ప్రచురించబడింది. అయితే
ఈ వచనంలోని చిన్న భాగం మాత్రమే ఈ వెబ్సైట్లో అందుబాటులో ఉంది
సేకరణ ప్రారంభించడానికి ఒక మంచి ప్రదేశం.

టిపిటాకా యొక్క మూడు విభాగాలు:

వినయ పిటకా
    
Sangha లోపల రోజువారీ వ్యవహారాలపై ప్రవర్తన నియమావళికి సంబంధించి
పాఠాలు సేకరించడం - భిక్షస్ (ఆర్డినడ్ సన్యాసులు) మరియు భిక్ఖునిస్ సమాజం
    
సన్యాసినులు). నియమాల జాబితాకే కాకుండా, వినాయ పిటకా కూడా చాలా ఎక్కువ
    
ప్రతి నియమం యొక్క మూలం వెనుక ఉన్న కథలను కలిగి ఉంటుంది, ఇది ఒక
    
ప్రశ్నకు బుద్దుడి పరిష్కారం యొక్క వివరణాత్మక ఖాతా
    
ఒక పెద్ద మరియు విభిన్న ఆధ్యాత్మిక లోపల మత సామరస్యాన్ని సంరక్షించడానికి
    
సంఘం.
సుత్త పిటాకా
    
ది
    
బుద్ధుడికి మరియు కొంతమందికి ఆపాదించబడిన సంతకాలు, లేదా సంభాషణల సేకరణ
    
తన సన్నిహిత శిష్యుల యొక్క అన్ని కేంద్ర బోధనలను కలిగి ఉంది
    
తెరవాడ బౌద్ధమతం. (వెయ్యి కంటే ఎక్కువ సుత్త అనువాదాలు ఉన్నాయి
    
ఈ వెబ్ సైట్ లో లభ్యమవుతుంది.) సుటాలు ఐదు నికెలలో (సేకరణలు) విభజించబడ్డాయి:

        దిఘా నికాయ - “సుదీర్ఘ సేకరణ”
        
మజ్జిమ నికాయా - “మధ్య నిడివి సేకరణ”
        
Samyutta Nikaya - “గుంపు సేకరణ”
        
అంగటార నికాయ - “మరింత-కారణాల సేకరణ”
        
ఖుడ్కా నికాయ - “చిన్న గ్రంధాల సేకరణ”:
            
Khuddakapatha
            
Dhammapada
            
ఉదాన
            
Itivuttaka
            
సుత్తా నిపాత
            
Vimanavatthu
            
Petavatthu
            
Theragatha
            
Therigatha
            
జాతక
            
Niddesa
            
Patisambhidamagga
            
Apadana
            
Buddhavamsa
            
Cariyapitaka
            
నట్టిపకరాణ (టిపిటాకా యొక్క బర్మీస్ ఎడిషన్లో మాత్రమే చేర్చబడింది)
            
పెటాకోపెడా (”")
            
మిలిందాపంచ (”")

అభిధమ్మ పిటకా
    
ది
    
గ్రంధాల సేకరణలో అంతర్లీన సిద్దాంత సూత్రాలు
    
సుత్త పిటాకా లో సమర్పించబడినవి ఒక పునర్నిర్మాణం మరియు పునర్వ్యవస్థీకరించబడ్డాయి
    
విచారణకు వర్తింపజేసే క్రమబద్ధమైన ఫ్రేమ్వర్క్
    
మనస్సు మరియు పదార్థం యొక్క స్వభావం.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand

    Buddhism in Thailand is largely of the Theravada school, which is followed by 93.6 percent of the population. Buddhism in Thailand has also become integrated with folk religion[1] as well as Chinese religions from the large Thai Chinese population.[2] Buddhist temples in Thailand are characterized by tall golden stupas, and the Buddhist architecture of Thailand is similar to that in other Southeast Asian countries, particularly Cambodia and Laos, with which Thailand shares cultural and historical heritage.

    Buddhism is believed to have come to what is now Thailand as early as 250 BCE, in the time of Indian Emperor Ashoka. Since then, Buddhism has played a significant role in Thai culture and society. Buddhism and the Thai monarchy has often been intertwined, with Thai kings historically seen as the main patrons of Buddhism in Thailand. Although politics and religion were generally separated
    for most of Thai history, Buddhism’s connection to the Thai state would
    increase in the middle of the 19th century following the reforms of King Mongkut, that would lead to the development of a royally backed sect of Buddhism and increased centralization of the Thai Sangha under the state.

    Thai Buddhism is distinguished for its emphasis on short term ordination for every Thai man and its close interconnection with the Thai state and Thai culture. The two official branches, or Nikayas, of Thai Buddhism are the royally backed Dhammayuttika Nikaya and the larger Maha Nikaya.

    Contents

    Historical background


    Thai depiction of Maitreya Bodhisattva. 8th century CE

    Early traditions

    Some scholars believe that Buddhism must have been flowing into Thailand from India at the time of the Indian emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire and into the first millennium after Christ.[3] During the 5th to 13th centuries, Southeast Asian empires were influenced directly from India and followed Mahayana Buddhism. The Chinese pilgrim Yijing noted in his travels that in these areas, all major sects of Indian Buddhism flourished.[4] Srivijaya to the south and the Khmer Empire to the north competed for influence and their art expressed the rich Mahāyāna pantheon of bodhisattvas.
    From the 9th to the 13th centuries, the Mahāyāna and Hindu Khmer Empire
    dominated much of the Southeast Asian peninsula. Under the Khmer
    Empire, more than 900 temples were built in Cambodia and in neighboring
    Thailand.

    After the decline of Buddhism in India, missions of Sinhalese monks gradually converted the Mon people and the Pyu city-states from Ari Buddhism to Theravāda and over the next two centuries also brought Theravāda Buddhism to the Bamar people, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia, where it supplanted previous forms of Buddhism.[5] Theravada Buddhism was made the state religion only with the establishment of the Sukhothai Kingdom in the 13th century.[6]

    13th–19th centuries


    Thai novice monks

    The details of the history of Buddhism in Thailand from the 13th to
    the 19th century are obscure, in part because few historical records or
    religious texts survived the Burmese destruction of Ayutthaya, the capital city of the kingdom, in 1767. The anthropologist-historian S. J. Tambiah, however, has suggested a general pattern for that era, at least with respect to the relations between Buddhism and the sangha
    on the one hand and the king on the other hand. In Thailand, as in
    other Theravada Buddhist kingdoms, the king was in principle thought of
    as patron and protector of the religion (sasana) and the sangha, while
    sasana and the sangha were considered in turn the treasures of the
    polity and the signs of its legitimacy. Religion and polity, however,
    remained separate domains, and in ordinary times the organizational
    links between the sangha and the king were not close.[6]


    Replica of Ashok pillar
    at Wat Umong in Chiang Mai, Thailand, 13th century. Shows the
    establishment of Buddhism by Lanna Dynasty’s King Mangrai in northern
    Thailand

    Among the chief characteristics of Thai kingdoms and principalities
    in the centuries before 1800 were the tendency to expand and contract,
    problems of succession, and the changing scope of the king’s authority.
    In effect, some Thai kings had greater power over larger territories,
    others less, and almost invariably a king who sought successfully to
    expand his power also exercised greater control over the sangha. That
    control was coupled with greater support and patronage of the
    ecclesiastical hierarchy. When a king was weak, however, protection and
    supervision of the sangha also weakened, and the sangha declined. This
    fluctuating pattern appears to have continued until the emergence of the
    Chakri Dynasty in the last quarter of the 18th century.[6]

    Modern era


    Buddhist monk chants paritta to a group of Siamese women in 1900.

    By the 19th century, and especially with the coming to power in 1851 of King Mongkut, who had been a monk
    himself for twenty-seven years, the sangha, like the kingdom, became
    steadily more centralized and hierarchical in nature and its links to
    the state more institutionalized. As a monk, Mongkut was a distinguished
    scholar of Pali Buddhist scripture. Moreover, at that time the
    immigration of numbers of monks from Burma was introducing the more
    rigorous discipline characteristic of the Mon sangha. Influenced by the
    Mon and guided by his own understanding of the Tipitaka, Mongkut began a
    reform movement that later became the basis for the Dhammayuttika order
    of monks. Under the reform, all practices having no authority other
    than custom were to be abandoned, canonical regulations were to be
    followed not mechanically but in spirit, and acts intended to improve an
    individual’s standing on the road to nirvana but having no social value
    were rejected. This more rigorous discipline was adopted in its
    entirety by only a small minority of monasteries and monks. The Mahanikaya
    order, perhaps somewhat influenced by Mongkut’s reforms but with a less
    exacting discipline than the Dhammayuttika order, comprised about 95
    percent of all monks in 1970 and probably about the same percentage in
    the late 1980s. In any case, Mongkut was in a position to regularize and
    tighten the relations between monarchy and sangha at a time when the
    monarchy was expanding its control over the country in general and
    developing the kind of bureaucracy necessary to such control. The
    administrative and sangha reforms that Mongkut started were continued by
    his successor. In 1902 King Chulalongkorn (Rama V, 1868–1910) made the
    new sangha hierarchy formal and permanent through the Sangha Law of
    1902, which remained the foundation of sangha administration in modern
    Thailand.[6]
    While Buddhism in Thailand remained under state centralization in the
    modern era, Buddhism experienced periods of tight state control and
    periods of liberalization depending on the government at the time.

    Influences

    See also: Thai folklore


    Detail of the entrance gate of Wat Phra That Lampang Luang

    Three major forces have influenced the development of Buddhism in Thailand. The most visible influence is that of the Theravada school of Buddhism, imported from Sri Lanka.
    While there are significant local and regional variations, the
    Theravada school provides most of the major themes of Thai Buddhism. By
    tradition, Pāli is the language of religion in Thailand. Scriptures are recorded in Pāli, using either the modern Thai script or the older Khom
    and Tham scripts. Pāli is also used in religious liturgy, despite the
    fact that most Thais understand very little of this ancient language.
    The Pāli Tipiṭaka
    is the primary religious text of Thailand, though many local texts have
    been composed in order to summarise the vast number of teachings found
    in the Tipiṭaka. The monastic code (Pātimokkha) followed by Thai monks is taken from the Pāli Theravada Canon.

    The second major influence on Thai Buddhism is Hindu beliefs received from Cambodia, particularly during the Sukhothai Kingdom.
    Hinduism played a strong role in the early Thai institution of
    kingship, just as it did in Cambodia, and exerted influence in the
    creation of laws and order for Thai society as well as Thai religion.
    Certain rituals practiced in modern Thailand, either by monks or by
    Hindu ritual specialists, are either explicitly identified as Hindu in
    origin, or are easily seen to be derived from Hindu practices. While the
    visibility of Hinduism in Thai society has been diminished
    substantially during the Chakri Dynasty, Hindu influences, particularly shrines to the god Brahma, continue to be seen in and around Buddhist institutions and ceremonies.


    A bhikkhu chants evening prayers inside a monastery located near the town of Kantharalak, Thailand

    Folk religion—attempts to propitiate and attract the favor of local spirits known as phi—forms
    the third major influence on Thai Buddhism. While Western observers (as
    well as Western-educated Thais) have often drawn a clear line between
    Thai Buddhism and folk religious practices, this distinction is rarely
    observed in more rural locales. Spiritual power derived from the
    observance of Buddhist precepts and rituals is employed in attempting to
    appease local nature spirits. Many restrictions observed by rural
    Buddhist monks are derived not from the orthodox Vinaya, but from taboos derived from the practice of folk magic. Astrology, numerology, and the creation of talismans
    and charms also play a prominent role in Buddhism as practiced by the
    average Thai—practices that are censured by the Buddha in Buddhist texts
    (see Digha Nikaya 2, ff).

    Additionally, more minor influences can be observed stemming from contact with Mahayana
    Buddhism. Early Buddhism in Thailand is thought to have been derived
    from an unknown Mahayana tradition. While Mahayana Buddhism was
    gradually eclipsed in Thailand, certain features of Thai Buddhism—such
    as the appearance of the bodhisattva Lokeśvara
    in some Thai religious architecture, and the belief that the king of
    Thailand is a bodhisattva himself—reveal the influence of Mahayana
    concepts.

    Budai, Wat Don Phra Chao, Yasothon, Thailand

    The only other bodhisattva prominent in Thai religion is Maitreya, often depicted in Budai form, and often confused with Phra Sangkajai (Thai: พระสังกัจจายน์),
    a similar but different figure in Thai Buddhist folklore. Images of one
    or both can be found in many Thai Buddhist temples, and on amulets as
    well. Thai may pray to be reborn during the time of Maitreya, or
    dedicate merit from worship activities to that end.

    In modern times, additional Mahayana influence has stemmed from the presence of Overseas Chinese
    in Thai society. While some Chinese have “converted” to Thai-style
    Theravada Buddhism, many others maintain their own separate temples in
    the East Asian Mahayana tradition. The growing popularity of Guanyin, a form of Avalokiteśvara, may be attributed to the Chinese presence in Thailand.

    Government ties

    While Thailand is currently a constitutional monarchy, it inherited a strong Southeast Asian tradition of Buddhist kingship
    that tied the legitimacy of the state to its protection and support for
    Buddhist institutions. This connection has been maintained into the
    modern era, with Buddhist institutions and clergy being granted special
    benefits by the government, as well as being subjected to a certain
    amount of government oversight. Part of the Coronation of the Thai monarch includes the king proceeding to the chapel royal (the Wat Phra Kaew) to vow to be a “Defender of the Faith” in front of a chapter of monks including the Supreme Patriarch of Thailand.[citation needed]

    In addition to the ecclesiastic leadership of the sangha, a
    secular government ministry supervises Buddhist temples and monks. The
    legal status of Buddhist sects and reform movements has been an issue of
    contention in some cases, particularly in the case of Santi Asoke,
    which was legally forbidden from calling itself a Buddhist
    denomination, and in the case of the ordination of women attempting to
    revive the Theravada bhikkhuni lineage have been prosecuted for attempting to impersonate members of the clergy.[citation needed]

    To obtain a passport for travel abroad, a monk must have an official letter from Sangha Supreme Council
    granting the applicant permission to travel abroad; Buddhist monk
    identification card; a copy of House/Temple Registration; and submit any
    previous Thai Passport or a certified copy thereof.[7]

    In addition to state support and recognition—-in the form of formal
    gifts to monasteries made by government officials and the royal family
    (for example, Kathin)—-a
    number of special rights are conferred upon Buddhist monks. They are
    granted free passage on public transportation, and most train stations
    and airports have special seating sections reserved for members of the
    clergy. Conversely, ordained monastics are forbidden from standing for
    office or voting in elections.

    Calls for state establishment

    In
    2007, calls were made by some Thais for Buddhism to be recognized in
    the new national constitution as a state religion. This suggestion was
    initially rejected by the committee charged with drafting the new
    constitution.[8]
    This move prompted a number of protests from supporters of the
    initiative, including a number of marches on the capital and a hunger
    strike by twelve Buddhist monks.[9] Some critics of the plan, including scholar and social critic Sulak Sivaraksa,
    have claimed that the movement to declare Buddhism a national religion
    is motivated by political gain, and may be being manipulated by
    supporters of ousted Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra.[9]

    The Constitution Drafting Committee later voted against the special
    status of Buddhism, provoking the religious groups. The groups condemned
    the Committee and the constitution draft.[10] On August 11, Sirikit,
    the Queen of Thailand, expressed her concern over the issue. According
    to her birthday speech, Buddhism is beyond politics. Some Buddhist
    organizations announced a halt to the campaigns the next day.[11]

    Government service

    No
    law directly prohibits a member of the Buddhist institutions, such as a
    monk, a novice and a nun, from being a candidate in an examination for
    recruitment of government officers. Though both the Council of Ministers and the Sangha Supreme Council,
    the supervising body of the Thai Buddhist communities, have ordered
    such prohibition on grounds of appropriateness, according to the
    Memorandum of the Cabinet’s Administrative Department No. NW98/2501
    dated 27 June 1958 and the Order of the Sangha Supreme Council dated 17
    March 1995.[12]

    Elections

    The
    members of the Buddhist community and the communities of other
    religions are not entitled to elect or be elected as a holder of any
    government post. For instance, the 2007 constitution of Thailand disfranchises “a Buddhist monk, a Buddhist novice, a priest or a clergy member” (Thai: “ภิกษุ สามเณร นักบวช หรือนักพรต”).[13]

    The Sangha Supreme Council also declared the same prohibition, pursuant to its Order dated 17 March 1995.[14] At the end of the Order was a statement of grounds given by Nyanasamvara, the Supreme Patriarch. The statement said:

    The members of the Buddhist community are called samaṇa, one who is pacified, and also pabbajita,
    one who refrains from worldly activities. They are thus needed to
    carefully conduct themselves in a peaceful and unblamable manner, for
    their own sake and for the sake of their community. … The seeking of
    the representatives of the citizens to form the House of Representatives
    is purely the business of the State and specifically the duty of the
    laity according to the laws. This is not the duty of the monks and
    novices who must be above the politics. They are therefore not entitled
    to elect or be elected. And, for this reason, any person who has been
    elected as a Representative will lose his membership immediately after
    becoming a Buddhist monk or novice. This indicates that the monkhood and
    noviceship are not appropriate for politics in every respect.[14]

    When a monk or novice is involved in or supports an election of any
    person…, the monk or novice is deemed to have breached the unusual
    conduct of pabbajita and brought about disgrace to himself as
    well as his community and the Religion. Such a monk or novice would be
    condemned by the reasonable persons who are and are not the members of
    this Religion. A pabbajita is therefore expected to stay in
    impartiality and take a pity on every person…without discrimination.
    Moreover, the existence of both the monks and the Religion relies upon
    public respect. As a result, the monks and novices ought to behave in
    such a way that deserves respect of the general public, not merely a
    specific group of persons. A monk or novice who is seen by the public as
    having failed to uphold this rule would then be shunned, disrespected
    and condemned in various manners, as could be seen from many examples.[14]

    Under the NCPO

    Buddhism in Thailand came under significantly higher state control following the 2014 coup d’état. After seizing power the military junta, the National Council for Peace and Order
    (NCPO), set up a National Reform Council with a religious committee led
    by former Thai senator Paiboon Nititawan and former monk Mano Laohavanich. The calls for reform were spearheaded by right-wing activist monk Phra Buddha Issara, who had close ties with junta leader Prayut Chan-o-Cha,[15] and was known for leading the protests in Bangkok that led to the coup.[16][17][18]

    State influence over several aspects of Thai Buddhism increased under the NCPO. The NCPO has proposed requiring temples to open their finances to the public[19] and requiring monks to carry smart cards to identify their legal and religious backgrounds.[20][21] The junta’s new constitution also states that the Thai government is to directly support Theravada Buddhism specifically.[22][23]

    In 2016, Phra Buddha Issara requested the Department of Special Investigation (DSI) investigate the assets of Thailand’s leading monks, the Sangha Supreme Council.[16][24] This resulted in an alleged tax evasion scandal against Somdet Chuang, the most senior member of the council who was next in line to become Supreme Patriarch. Although prosecutors eventually decided not to charge Somdet Chuang,[25]
    the incident postponed his appointment and led to a change in the law
    that allowed the Thai government to bypass the Sangha Supreme Council
    and appoint the Supreme Patriarch directly.[26][27] This allowed the ruling junta to effectively handpick Thailand’s Supreme Patriarch.[28][29][26] In 2017, Somdet Chuang’s appointment was withdrawn, with a monk from the Dhammayuttika Nikaya appointed instead. The appointment was made by King Rama X, who chose the name out of one of five given to him by NCPO leader Prayut Chan-o-Cha.[30][26][28]

    In February 2017, the junta used article 44, a controversial section in the interim constitution, to replace the head of the National Office of Buddhism with a DSI official.[31]
    The DSI official, Pongporn Pramsaneh, vowed to reform Thailand’s more
    than 40,000 temples by forcing them to open their finances to the
    public. However, in August 2017, the junta removed him from the post
    after religious groups called on the government to fire him because of
    his reform plans.[32]

    Ordination and clergy


    A Buddhist monk reciting prayers in Thailand.


    Buddhist monk receiving food from villagers


    The funeral pyre at Wat Chedi Luang, Chiang Mai, for Chan Kusalo, the patriarch of northern Thailand

    Like in most other Theravada
    nations, Buddhism in Thailand is represented primarily by the presence
    of Buddhist monks, who serve as officiants on ceremonial occasions, as
    well as being responsible for preserving and conveying the teachings of
    the Buddha.

    During the latter half of the 20th century, most monks in Thailand began their careers by serving as temple boys (Thai: เด็กวัด dek wat, “children of the wat“).
    Temple boys are traditionally no younger than eight and do minor
    housework. The primary reason for becoming a temple boy is to gain a
    basic education,
    particularly in basic reading and writing and the memorization of the
    scriptures chanted on ritual occasions. Prior to the creation of
    state-run primary schools in Thailand, village temples served as the
    primary form of education for most Thai boys. Service in a temple as a
    temple boy was a necessary prerequisite for attaining any higher
    education, and was the only learning available to most Thai peasants.
    Since the creation of a government-run educational apparatus in
    Thailand, the number of children living as temple boys has declined
    significantly. However, many government-run schools continue to operate
    on the premise of the local village temple.

    Boys now typically ordain as a sāmaṇera or novitiate monks (Thai: สามเณร samanen, often shortened to nen Thai: เณร). In some localities, girls may become sāmaṇerī. Novices live according to the Ten Precepts but are not required to follow the full range of monastic rules found in the Pātimokkha. There are a few other significant differences between novices and bhikkhus.
    Novices often are in closer contact with their families, spending more
    time in the homes of their parents than monks. Novices do not
    participate in the recitation of the monastic code (and the confessions
    of violations) that take place on the uposatha
    days. Novices technically do not eat with the monks in their temple,
    but this typically only amounts to a gap in seating, rather than the
    separation observed between monks and the laity. Novices usual ordain
    during a break from secular schooling, but those intending on a
    religious life, may receive secular schooling at the wat.


    Child monks in Thailand

    Young men typically do not live as a novice for longer than one or two years. At the age of 20, they become eligible to receive upasampada,
    the higher ordination that establishes them as a full bhikkhu. A novice
    is technically sponsored by his parents in his ordination, but in
    practice in rural villages the entire village participates by providing
    the robes, alms bowl, and other requisites that will be required by the
    monk in his monastic life.

    Temporary ordination is the norm among Thai Buddhists. Most young men traditionally ordain for the term of a single vassa or rainy season (Thai phansa).
    Those who remain monks beyond their first vassa typically remain monks
    for between one and three years, officiating at religious ceremonies in
    surrounding villages and possibly receiving further education in reading
    and writing (possibly including the Khom or Tai Tham alphabets
    traditionally used in recording religious texts). After this period of
    one to three years, most young monks return to lay life, going on to
    marry and begin a family. Young men in Thailand who have undergone
    ordination are seen as being more suitable partners for marriage;
    unordained men are euphemistically called ‘unripe’, while those who have
    been ordained are said to be ‘ripe’. A period as a monk is a
    prerequisite for many positions of leadership within the village
    hierarchy. Most village elders or headmen were once monks, as were most
    traditional doctors, spirit priests, and some astrologists and fortune
    tellers.[citation needed]

    Monks who do not return to lay life typically specialize in either
    scholarship or meditation. Those who specialize in scholarship typically
    travel to regional education centers to begin further instruction in
    the Pāli language and the scriptures, and may then continue on to the
    major monastic universities located in Bangkok.
    The route of scholarship is also taken by monks who desire to rise in
    the ecclesiastic hierarchy, as promotions within the government-run
    system is contingent on passing examinations in Pāli and Dhamma studies.[citation needed]

    The Thai tradition supports laymen to go into a monastery, dress and
    act as monks, and study while there. The time line is based on threes,
    staying as a monk for three days, or three weeks, or three months or
    three years, or example of three weeks and three days. This retreat is
    expected of all male Thai, rich or poor, and often is scheduled after
    high school. Such retreat brings honor to the family and blessings
    (merit) to the young man. Thai make allowances for men who follow this
    practice, such as holding open a job.[citation needed]

    Controversies

    The Thai media often reports on Buddhist monks behaving in ways that
    are considered inappropriate. There have been reports of sexual assault,
    embezzlement, drug-taking, extravagant lifestyles, even murder.
    Thailand’s 38,000 temples, populated by 300,000 monks, are easy targets
    for corruption, handling between US$3 to 3.6 billion yearly in
    donations, mostly untraceable cash.[33]
    In a case that received much media attention, Luang Pu Nen Kham
    Chattiko was photographed in July 2013 wearing Ray-Ban sunglasses,
    holding a Louis Vuitton bag full of US dollars, and “…was later found
    to be a trafficker of methamphetamines, an abuser of women and the lover of a pregnant fourteen-year-old.”[34]

    There have been cases when influential monks were persecuted and
    jailed by the Thai government, through verdicts later declared moot or
    subject of controversy. The most well-known case in Thailand is that of
    Phra Phimontham, the then abbot of Wat Mahadhatu, well known in Thailand for having introduced the Burmese Satipatthana meditation method to Thailand. In 1962, during the Cold War, he was accused of collaboration with Communist rebels and being a threat to national security, and was fully defrocked
    and jailed. In fact, the government persecuted him because of his
    political views and promotion of changes in the Sangha. Phra Phimontham
    had a strong pro-democratic stance, which did not agree with the regime
    of that time, and the palace. Furthermore, Phra Phimontham was part of
    the Maha Nikaya fraternity, rather than the Dhammayuttika fraternity, which the government and monarchy historically have preferred. Phra Phimontham was likely to become the next Supreme Patriarch.[35][36] For this reason, his treatment has been described by Thai scholars as a ’struggle between patriarchs’ (Thai: ศึกสมเด็จ), referring to the political objective to disable him as a candidate.[37]
    After four years, when the country changed its government, Phra
    Phimontham was released from prison when a military court decided he had
    not been involved in collaboration with communists after all.
    Afterwards, he ordained again and eventually regained his former status,
    though he continued to be discredited.[38][39][35]

    Buddhadasa Bhikkhu was subject to similar allegations from the Thai government, and so was Luang Por Phothirak, the founder of Santi Asoke.
    Luang Por Pothirak was eventually charged of altering the Vinaya and
    defrocked. A recent example is Phra Prajak Kuttajitto, an environmentalist monk critical of government policies, who was arrested and defrocked.[35]

    In 1999[40][41] and again in 2002,[42][43] Luang Por Dhammajayo, the then abbot of Wat Phra Dhammakaya,
    was accused of charges of fraud and embezzlement by the Thai media and
    later some government agencies when donations of land were found in his
    name. Wat Phra Dhammakaya denied this, stating that it was the intention
    of the donors to give the land to the abbot and not the temple, and
    that owning personal property is common and legal in the Thai Sangha.[44][45][46] Widespread negative media coverage at this time was symptomatic of the temple being made the scapegoat for commercial malpractice in the Thai Buddhist temple community[47][48] in the wake of the 1997 Asian financial crisis.[49][50] The Sangha Supreme Council declared that Luang Por Dhammajayo had not broken any serious offenses against monastic discipline (Vinaya).[51] In 2006, the Thai National Office for Buddhism cleared the Dhammakaya Foundation and Luang Por Dhammajayo of all accusations[52] when Luang Por Dhammajayo agreed offer all of the disputed land to the name of his temple.[53]

    In March 2016, Thai police formally summoned then Acting Supreme
    Patriarch Somdet Chuang Varapunno, after he refused to answer direct
    questions about his vintage car, one of only 65 made. The car was part of a museum kept at Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen
    in Bangkok, but has now been seized by police investigating possible
    tax evasion. The Somdet reportedly transferred ownership of the vehicle
    to another monk after the scandal broke. He refused to answer police
    questions directly, insisting that written questions be sent to his
    lawyer. He did say that the car was a gift from a follower.[54]

    Analysts from different news outlets have pointed out that the
    actions of the Thai government towards Wat Paknam Bhasicharoen may have
    reflected a political need to control who should be selected as the next
    Supreme Patriarch, since the Somdet had already been proposed as a candidate by the Sangha Supreme Council. Selecting him would mean a Supreme Patriarch from the Maha Nikaya fraternity, rather than the Dhammayuttika fraternity, which historically has always been the preferred choice by the Thai government and the monarchy.[36]
    In fact, Somdet Chuang’s nomination was postponed and eventually
    withdrawn after the Thai government changed the law in December 2016 to
    allow King Vajiralongkorn to appoint the Supreme Patriarch directly,
    with Prime Minister Prayuth O Chan-o-cha countersigning, leading to the appointment of a monk from the Dhammayuttika fraternity instead.[55][56] The Thai government cited several reasons for this, including the car.[57][58]
    At the end of the same year, however, prosecutors decided not to charge
    Somdet Chuang, but to charge his assistant-abbot instead, and another
    six people who had part in importing the vintage car.[59]
    In February 2016, in a protest organized by the National Centre for the
    Protection of Thai Buddhism, a Red Shirt-oriented network, the example
    of Phra Phimontham was also cited as demands were made for the Thai
    government to no longer involve itself with the selection of the next
    leader of the Sangha.[60][61]

    Reform movements

  • The Dhammayuttika Nikaya (Thai: ธรรมยุตนิกาย) began in 1833 as a reform movement led by Prince Mongkut, son of King Rama II of Siam.
    It remained a reform movement until passage of the Sangha Act of 1902,
    which formally recognized it as the lesser of Thailand’s two Theravada
    denominations.[62]
    Mongkut was a bhikkhu under the name of Vajirañāṇo for 27 years
    (1824–1851) before becoming King of Siam (1851–1868). In 1836 he became
    the first abbot of Wat Bowonniwet Vihara.
    After the then 20-year-old prince entered monastic life in 1824, he
    noticed what he saw as serious discrepancies between the rules given in
    the Pāli Canon
    and the actual practices of Thai bhikkhus and sought to upgrade
    monastic discipline to make it more orthodox. Mongkut also made an
    effort to remove all non-Buddhist, folk religious, and superstitious elements which over the years had become part of Thai Buddhism.[63] Dhammayuttika monks were expected to eat only one meal a day (not two) that was to be gathered during a traditional alms round.
  • The Dhammakaya Movement is a Thai Buddhist tradition which was started by Luang Pu Sodh Candasaro in the early 20th century.[64] The tradition is revivalist in nature and practices Dhammakaya meditation.
    The movement opposes traditional magical rituals, superstition, folk
    religious practices, fortune telling and giving lottery numbers, and
    focuses on an active style of propagating and practicing meditation.
    Features of the tradition include teaching meditation in a group,
    teaching meditation during ceremonies, teaching meditation
    simultaneously to monastics and lay people, teaching one main meditation
    method and an emphasis on lifelong ordination.[38]
  • The Santi Asoke (Thai: สันติอโศก “Peaceful Asoka“)
    or Chao Asok (”People of Asoka”) was established by Phra Bodhirak after
    he “declared independence from the Ecclesiastical Council (Sangha) in
    1975″.[65]
    Santi Asoke has been described as “a transformation of the “forest
    monk” revival of [the 1920s and 1930s]” and “is more radical [than the
    Dhammakaya Movement] in its criticism of Thai society and in the details
    of its own vision of what constitutes a truly religiomoral community.”[64]
  • The Sekhiya Dhamma Sangha are a group of activist monks focusing on
    modern issues in Thailand (i.e.,deforestation, poverty, drug addiction,
    and AIDS). The group was founded in 1989 among a growth of Buddhist
    social activism in Thailand in the latter half of the 20th century.
    While criticized for being too concerned and involved with worldly
    issues, Buddhist social activists cite duty to the community as
    justification for participation in Engaged Buddhism[66]

Position of women


Although women in Thailand traditionally cannot ordain as bhikkhuni, they can choose to take part in quasi-monastic practices at temples and practice centers as maechi.

Unlike in Burma and Sri Lanka, the bhikkhuni
lineage of women monastics was never established in Thailand. Women
primarily participate in religious life either as lay participants in
collective merit-making rituals or by doing domestic work around
temples. A small number of women choose to become maechi, non-ordained religious specialists who permanently observe either the Eight or Ten Precepts.
Maechi do not receive the level of support given to bhikkhu and their
position in Thai society is the subject of some discussion.

Recently, there have been efforts to attempt to introduce a bhikkhuni
lineage in Thailand as a step towards improving the position of women
in Thai Buddhism. The main proponent of this movement has been Dhammananda Bhikkhuni.[67] Unlike similar efforts in Sri Lanka, these efforts have been extremely controversial in Thailand.[68]
Women attempting to ordain have been accused of attempting to
impersonate monks (a civil offense in Thailand), and their actions have
been denounced by many members of the ecclesiastic hierarchy.

In 1928 a secular law was passed in Thailand banning women’s full ordination in Buddhism. Varanggana Vanavichayen became the first female monk to be ordained in Thailand in 2002.[69] Some time after this the secular law was revoked. On 28 February 2003,[70] Dhammananda Bhikkhuni received full monastic ordination as a bhikkhuni of the Theravada tradition in Sri Lanka, making her the first modern Thai woman to receive full ordination as a Theravada bhikkhuni.[71][72][73] She is Abbess of Songdhammakalyani Monastery, the only temple in Thailand where there are bhikkhunis.[74] It was founded by her mother, Voramai, a Mahayana bhikkhuni, in the 1960s.[67]

No one denies that men and women have an equal chance to attain
enlightenment. In Mahayana Buddhism, practised in Taiwan, mainland
China, Hong Kong and Tibet, female ordinations are common, but in
countries that adhere to the Theravada branch of the religion, such as
Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Myanmar, women were banned from becoming
ordained about eight centuries ago, “for fear that women entering
monastic life instead of bearing children would be a disruption of
social order”, according to Kittipong Narit, a Buddhist scholar at
Bangkok’s Thammasat University.[34]

Most objections to the reintroduction of a female monastic role hinge
on the fact that the monastic rules require that both five ordained
monks and five ordained bhikkhunis be present for any new bhikkhuni
ordination. Without such a quorum, critics say that it is not possible
to ordain any new Theravada bhikkhuni. The Thai hierarchy refuses to
recognize ordinations in the Dharmaguptaka
tradition (the only currently existing bhikkhuni ordination lineage) as
valid Theravada ordinations, citing differences in philosophical
teachings and (more critically) monastic discipline.

See also

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    1. David N. Snyder, Ph.D. “Who’s Who in Buddhism”. Retrieved May 17, 2008.

    Sources

    • McCargo, Duncan (2012), “The Changing Politics of Thailand’s Buddhist Order”, Critical Asian Studies, Routledge, 44 (4), doi:10.1080/14672715.2012.738544, ISSN 1467-2715
    • Scott, Rachelle M. (2009), Nirvana for Sale? Buddhism, Wealth, and the Dhammakāya Temple in Contemporary Thailand, Albany: State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-1-4416-2410-9

    Further reading

  • Buswell, Robert E., ed. (2004). “Thailand”, in Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 830–836. ISBN 0-02-865718-7.
  • Jerryson, Michael K. (2012). Buddhist Fury: Religion and Violence in Southern Thailand. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-979329-7.
  • Kabilsingh, Chatsumarn (1991). Thai Women in Buddhism. Parallax Press. ISBN 0-938077-84-8.
  • Tambiah, Stanley (1970). Buddhism and the Spirit Cults in North-East Thailand. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-09958-7.
  • McCargo, D (2009). Thai Buddhism, Thai Buddhists and the southern conflict, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 40 (1), 1-10
  • McCargo, D (2012). The changing politics of Thailand’s buddhist order, Critical Asian Studies 44 (4), 627-642
  • Terwiel, B.J. (May 1976). “A Model for the Study of Thai Buddhism”. Journal of Asian Studies. 35 (3): 391–403. doi:10.2307/2053271. JSTOR 2053271.
  • Na-rangsi, Sunthorn (2002). “Administration of the Thai Sangha” (PDF). The Chulalongkorn Journal of Buddhist Studies. 1 (2): 59–74. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2012.
  • https://www.bangkokpost.com/lifestyle/social-and-lifestyle/1356703/thai-culture-goes-digital


    Thai culture goes digital

    https://www.bangkokpost.com/…/135…/thai-culture-goes-digital
    Thai culture goes digital

    Please credit and share this article with others using this link:https://www.bangkokpost.com/…/135…/thai-culture-goes-digital. View our policies at http://goo.gl/9HgTd and http://goo.gl/ou6Ip. © Post Publishing PCL. All rights reserved.
    Thai art and culture now available on a phone. (Photos courtesy of
    Fine Arts Department) Visiting historical museums and official cultural
    websites in Thailand was boring in the past, but not anymore….

    Please credit and share this article with others using this link:https://www.bangkokpost.com/…/135…/thai-culture-goes-digital. View our policies at http://goo.gl/9HgTd and http://goo.gl/ou6Ip. © Post Publishing PCL. All rights reserved.


    Visiting
    historical museums and official cultural websites in Thailand was
    boring in the past, but not anymore. In accordance with the government’s
    Thailand 4.0 policy, the Ministry of Culture has upgraded art and
    cultural learning sources, with Culture…
    bangkokpost.com

    97) Classical Thai
    97) ภาษาไทยคลาสสิก

    2440 TUE 14 พ.ย. 2017 บทเรียน

    พระไตรปิฎก

    พระไตรปิฎก (ปาลีที “สาม” + พิคากา “ตะกร้า”),
    หรือ Pali canon คือชุดของภาษาหลักของภาษาบาลีซึ่ง
    เป็นรากฐานหลักของพระพุทธศาสนาเถรวาท พระไตรปิฎกและ
    (พงศาวดาร, ฯลฯ ) ร่วมกันเป็นร่างที่สมบูรณ์ของตำราเถรวาทคลาสสิก


    บาลีแคนนอนเป็นวรรณกรรมที่กว้างใหญ่: แปลภาษาอังกฤษเป็นภาษาอังกฤษ
    ข้อความเพิ่มได้ถึงหลายพันหน้าพิมพ์ มากที่สุด (แต่ไม่ใช่ทั้งหมด) ของ
    Canon ได้รับการตีพิมพ์เป็นภาษาอังกฤษเป็นเวลาหลายปีแล้ว แม้ว่า
    มีเพียงส่วนเล็ก ๆ ของตำราเหล่านี้ที่มีอยู่ในเว็บไซต์นี้เท่านั้น
    คอลเลกชันอาจเป็นจุดเริ่มต้นที่ดี

    สามส่วนของ Tipitaka คือ:

    Vinaya Pitaka
        
    การเก็บรวบรวมตำราเกี่ยวกับหลักธรรมในการกำกับดูแลกิจวัตรประจำวันภายในภิกษุณี - ชุมชนของภิกษุสงฆ์และพระภิกษุสงฆ์
        
    แม่ชี) ไม่ใช่แค่กฎกติกาเท่านั้นที่ Vinaya Pitaka
        
    รวมถึงเรื่องราวเบื้องหลังต้นกำเนิดของแต่ละกฎการให้ a
        
    รายละเอียดเกี่ยวกับวิธีแก้ปัญหาของพระพุทธเจ้าต่อคำถาม
        
    รักษาความสามัคคีของชุมชนภายในจิตวิญญาณที่มีขนาดใหญ่และหลากหลาย
        
    ชุมชน.
    Sutta Pitaka
        

        
    การเก็บรวบรวมบทเทศน์หรือวาทกรรมโดยพระพุทธเจ้าและอีกสองสามข้อ
        
    ของสาวกที่สนิทที่สุดของเขาซึ่งประกอบด้วยคำสอนส่วนกลางทั้งหมดของ
        
    พุทธศาสนาเถรวาท (แปลสุลต่านมากกว่าหนึ่งพันคำ
        
    มีอยู่ในเว็บไซต์นี้) บทประพันธ์แบ่งออกเป็นห้ากลุ่ม (กลุ่ม) nikayas:

            Digha Nikaya - “คอลเลกชันยาว”
            
    Majjhima Nikaya - “คอลเลกชันขนาดกลาง”
            
    Samyutta Nikaya - “กลุ่มการเก็บรวบรวม”
            
    พระนครศรีอยุธยา - “สะสมเพิ่มเติม”
            
    Khuddaka Nikaya - “ชุดของตำราเล็ก ๆ น้อย ๆ “:
                
    Khuddakapatha
                
    Dhammapada
                
    Udana
                
    Itivuttaka
                
    Sutta Nipata
                
    Vimanavatthu
                
    Petavatthu
                
    Theragatha
                
    Therigatha
                
    ชาดก
                
    Niddesa
                
    Patisambhidamagga
                
    Apadana
                
    พุทธวงศ์
                
    Cariyapitaka
                
    Nettippakarana (รวมเฉพาะในฉบับภาษาพม่าของพระไตรปิฎก)
                
    เพชรบูรณ์ (”")
                
    Milindapañha (”")

    อภิสิทธิ์พิทากา
        

        
    คอลเลกชันของตำราที่หลักการพื้นฐานต้นแบบ
        
    นำเสนอใน Sutta Pitaka ถูกนำมาใช้ใหม่และจัดระเบียบใหม่ไว้ใน a
        
    กรอบระบบที่สามารถนำมาประยุกต์ใช้กับการตรวจสอบได้
        
    ลักษณะของจิตใจและสสาร

    http://www.turkishculture.org/music/classical-31.htm


    TURKISH CLASSICAL MUSIC

    Western
    influence had already begun to be felt in Ottoman music towards the
    middle of the 19th century. These increased towards the end of the
    century, and led to efforts to change Ottoman music from monodic to
    polyphonic.

    With the declaration of the republic in 1923, Cemal Reşid (REY), who
    was then studying music in Europe, returned to Turkey and began to teach
    at a music school established in Istanbul. At the same time, a number
    of talented young people were sent by the republic to various cities in
    Europe to study music. After they returned to Turkey, the group that
    would later be called ‘Türk Beşleri’ (The Turkish Five) and which
    prepared the groundwork for Modern Polyphonic Turkish Music, emerged.
    The common aim of the group was to use the traditional themes of
    traditional Turkish music together with the values of Western classical
    music that they had studied to produce a new polyphonic structure. In
    later stages, every composer who amed at a more contemporary sound
    interpreted the colours and mystery of popular melody in his own way,
    and instead of merely treating well-known popular melodies they began to
    achieve syntheses by means of abstraction.

    The Turkish Five consisted of; Cemal Reşit REY, Ulvi Cemal ERKİN,
    Hasan Ferit ALNAR, Ahmet Adnan SAYGUN and Necil Kazım AKSES. Later,
    others produced and are still producing works in the same field,
    including; Nuri Sami KORAL, Kemal İLERİCİ, Ekrem Zeki ÜN and Bülent
    TARCAN of the second generation, Sabahattin KALENDER, Nevit KODALLI,
    Ferit TÜZÜN, İlhan USMANBAş, Bülent AREL and İlhan MİMAROĞLU of the
    third, and Muammer SUN, Cenan AKIN, Cengiz TANÇ, Kemal SÜNDER, İlhan
    BARAN, Yalçın TURA and Ali Doğan SİNANGİL of the fourth. An increasing
    number of other composers after that last generation continue to write
    works. The current number has now reached around 60.

    Source: Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism


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    98) Classical Turkish
    98) Klasik Türk

    2440 Tue 14 Kasım 2017 DERS

    Tipitaka

    Tipitaka (Pali ti, “üç,” + pitaka, “sepet”),
    veya Pali canon, birincil Pali dil metinlerinin koleksiyonudur;
    Theravada Budizm’in doktrin temelini oluşturmaktadır. Tipitaka ve
    paracanonik Pali metinleri (yorumlar, tarih yazanları, vb.) birlikte klasik Theravada metinlerinin bütününü teşkil eder.


    Pali canon geniş bir edebiyat gövdesidir: İngilizce çeviri
    metinler binlerce basılı sayfaya kadar ekleyin. Çoğu (ancak hepsi değil)
    Canon, yıllardır İngilizce olarak zaten yayınlandı. olmasına rağmen
    Bu metinlerin sadece küçük bir kısmı bu sitede mevcuttur;
    Koleksiyon başlatmak için iyi bir yer olabilir.

    Tipitaka’nın üç bölümü vardır:

    Vinaya Pitaka
        
    Sangha’daki günlük meseleleri yöneten davranış kurallarına ilişkin
    metinlerin toplanması - bikik’te (vasiyetnameli rahipler) ve bikikimler
    (vasiyetnameler)
        
    rahibeler). Vinaya Pitaka, sadece bir kurallar listesi değil, aynı zamanda
        
    her kuralın kökeninin ardındaki hikayeleri içerir;
        
    Buda’nın çözümünün ayrıntılı hesabı nasıl sorulacağı sorusuna
        
    toplumsal uyumun geniş ve çeşitli bir maneviyat içinde korunması
        
    topluluk.
    Sutta Pitaka
        

        
    Buda’ya ve bir kaç kişiye atfedilen suttalar veya söylemlerin toplanması
        
    En yakın öğrencilerinden, tüm merkez öğretilerini içeren
        
    Theravada Budizmi. (Birden fazla binlerce sutta tercüme vardır.
        
    Bu suttalar beş nikayaya bölünmüştür (koleksiyonlar):

            Digha Nikaya - “uzun koleksiyon”
            
    Majjhima Nikaya - “orta boy koleksiyon”
            
    Samyutta Nikaya - “gruplanmış koleksiyon”
            
    Anguttara Nikaya - “daha ileri kalitede koleksiyon”
            
    Khuddaka Nikaya - “küçük metinler koleksiyonu”:
                
    Khuddakapatha
                
    Dhammapada
                
    Udana
                
    Itivuttaka
                
    Sutta Nipata
                
    Vimanavatthu
                
    Petavatthu
                
    Theragatha
                
    Therigatha
                
    Jataka
                
    Niddesa
                
    Patisambhidamagga
                
    Apadana
                
    Buddhavamsa
                
    Cariyapitaka
                
    Nettippakarana (yalnızca Tipitaka’nın Burma sürümünde yer almaktadır)
                
    Petakopadesa (”")
                
    Milindapañha (”")

    Abhidhamma Pitaka
        

        
    temel doktriner ilkelerin bulunduğu metinlerin toplanması
        
    Sutta Pitaka’da sunularak yeniden düzenlenip bir
        
    bir soruşturma için uygulanabilir sistematik çerçeve
        
    Zihin ve maddenin doğası.

    http://www.ukraine.com/culture/

    Ukraine.com - Ukraine Channel



    Since Ukraine is geographically located between Europe and Asia, much of
    its culture exhibits both Eastern and Western influences. Over the
    years it has been invariably influenced by movements such as those
    brought about during the Byzantine Empire and the Renaissance. Today,
    the country is somewhat culturally divided with the western regions
    bearing a stronger European influence and the eastern regions showing a
    strong Russian influence.


    It is interesting to note that Communist rule in Russia
    had quite a strong effect on the art and writing of Ukraine. During the
    late 1920s and early 1930s, the Soviet authorities began enforcing the
    socialist realism art style in Ukraine. This style dictated that all
    artists and writers glorify the Soviet Regime with their talents.
    However, it wasn’t long before the Soviet Union collapsed and artists
    and writers again became free to express themselves as they wanted.
    Unfortunately the collapse of the union also brought about a decrease in
    government subsidies. Writers chose to emulate the styles used in the
    11th and 13th centuries, while artists expanded their horizons trying new techniques, subject matters and styles.


    Ukrainian culture is richly embedded in ancient traditions. Even today
    many historical songs such as the dumy and the playing of the kobza –
    which was popular during the 16th century – is still enjoyed. However, music
    has also come a long way since then and Polissia magic pop and Kolomiya
    rap have gained popularity. The culture scene has also seen a
    resurgence of Cossack songs and song poetry. There are also a number of cultural festivals such as the Tavriya Games which are most popular.


    The Ukrainian people also enjoy their culture in the form of traditional
    dances and dance games. Many of these originated in rural Cossack
    villages and some of the oldest dances can be traced back to ancient
    cults. Traditionally many of these dances were performed only by males
    or females, but today both sexes sometimes mix and enjoy the dance
    together. Appreciation for these dances is usually kept alive by Ukrainian dance troupes.


    Many people do not know that the tradition of the Easter egg had it’s
    beginnings in the Ukraine. In times gone by (and still sometimes today)
    these eggs were drawn on with wax to create patterns. Dye was then added
    to give the eggs their delightful colors – the dye not affecting the
    wax coated parts of the egg. Once the whole egg was dyed, the wax was
    removed leaving only the colorful pattern. The tradition is thousands of
    years old and predates the arrival of Christianity in the country.
    While Christian interpretations of this practice abound, many Ukrainians
    still believe that the egg has immense power and releases the earth
    from the restraints of winter. Even the designs have meaning and the
    eggs are usually given as gifts or used as decorations.


    Ukrainians celebrate a number of holidays, namely Christmas, Easter,
    Whitsuntide, New Years and Ivana Kupala (St John’s Eve). They also hold
    a festival every autumn to celebrate the end of the harvest. While some
    of these festivals are celebrated world wide, Ukrainians have their
    very own way of observing them. Ukrainian culture is very interesting
    and there is so much to say on the matter that it cannot be discussed
    fully here. The best way to find out more is to visit the country and
    learn from the locals.


    99) Classical Ukrainian

    99) Класична українська

    2440 TUE 14.11.2010 УРОК

    Типітака

    Тіпітака (Паліті, “три”, “Пітака”, “кошики”),
    або Палі канон, являє собою сукупність первинних текстів мови Палі, які
    складають доктринальний фундамент буддизму Тіравади. Типітака і
    параканонічні тексти Палі (коментарі, літописи тощо) разом складають повне тіло класичних текстів Теревади.

    The
    Палі канон - це величезна кількість літератури: в англійському перекладі
    тексти додаються до тисяч друкованих сторінок. Більшість (але не всі)
    Канон уже кілька років публікується англійською мовою. Хоча
    лише невелика частка цих текстів доступна на цьому веб-сайті, це
    колекція може бути гарним місцем для початку.

    Три дивізії Типитака:

    Віная Пітака
        
    Збірник текстів, що стосуються правил поведінки, що регулює
    повсякденні справи всередині сангхи - спільноти бхікхусів (висвячених
    монахів) та бхікхуні (рукоположені
        
    черниці) Набагато більше, ніж просто список правил, також Віня Питака
        
    включає в себе історії походження кожного правила, забезпечуючи a
        
    докладний розповідь про рішення Будди питанням, як це зробити
        
    підтримувати комунальну гармонію в межах великого і різноманітного духовного
        
    спільнота
    Сутта Пітака
        
    The
        
    збір суттів або дискурсів, що відносяться до Будди та декількох
        
    з його найближчих учнів, що містять всі центральні вчення
        
    Теравадський буддизм. (Перекладено понад тисячу суттів
        
    доступні на цьому веб-сайті.) Сути діляться між п’ятьма нікавами (збірками):

            Діга Нікая - “довга колекція”
            
    Майжимі Нікія - “колекція середньої довжини”
            
    Самютта Ніка - “згрупована колекція”
            
    Ангутара Ніка - “далі-факторизована колекція”
            
    Худжак Ніка - це “збірка маленьких текстів”:
                
    Худдакапата
                
    Дхаммапада
                
    Удана
                
    Ітівтутка
                
    Сутта Ніпата
                
    Віманаватту
                
    Петаватту
                
    Терегата
                
    Терігата
                
    Джатака
                
    Ниддеса
                
    Патісамбідамагга
                
    Ападана
                
    Buddhavamsa
                
    Каріапітака
                
    Nettippakarana (включений тільки в бірманське видання Типітака)
                
    Петакопедеза (”")
                
    Міліндапанья (”")

    Абідхамма Пітака
        
    The
        
    збірник текстів, в яких лежать основні догматичні принципи
        
    представлені в Sutta Pitaka, переробляються і реорганізуються в a
        
    систематичні рамки, які можуть бути застосовані до розслідування в
        
    природа розуму і матерії.

    http://kitaabghar.com/bookbase/idara/UrduAdabKeMashhoorAfsanay.html



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    100) Classical Urdu

    100) کلاسیکی اردو

    2440 نمبر 14 نومبر 2017 سبق

    Tipitaka

    ٹپکٹکا (پال تے، “تین،” + pitaka، “ٹوکری”)،
    یا پالی کینن، بنیادی پالی زبان نصوص کا مجموعہ ہے
    تھراواڈا بدھ مت کے نظریاتی بنیاد تشکیل دیں. ٹپکٹکا اور
    paracanonical پال متن (تبصرے، تعریف، وغیرہ) ایک ساتھ ساتھ کلاسیکی تھراوا متن کے مکمل جسم کا قیام.

    The
    پالی کینن ادب کا ایک وسیع جسم ہے: انگریزی ترجمہ میں
    ہزاروں طباعت شدہ صفحات تک متن شامل ہیں. سب سے زیادہ (لیکن سب نہیں)
    کینن پہلے سے ہی سالوں میں انگریزی میں شائع کیا گیا ہے. اگرچہ
    ان نصوصوں کا صرف ایک چھوٹا سا حصہ اس ویب سائٹ پر دستیاب ہے
    مجموعہ شروع کرنے کے لئے ایک اچھی جگہ ہوسکتی ہے.

    ٹپٹکا کے تین حصے ہیں:

    ونیا پٹاکا
        
    سنگھ کے اندر روزانہ معاملات کو منظم کرنے کے طریقوں سے متعلق مضامین کا مجموعہ - بھیکخس (مختار راہ) اور بھیکخونیز (کمیونٹی)
        
    نون). صرف قوانین کی ایک فہرست سے زیادہ، Vinaya Pitaka بھی
        
    ہر قاعدہ کی اصل کے پیچھے کی کہانیاں شامل ہیں، ایک فراہم کرنے میں
        
    کس طرح کے سوال کے بوہھا کے حل کا تفصیلی اکاؤنٹ
        
    بڑے اور متنوع روحانی کے اندر سماجی ہم آہنگی برقرار رکھو
        
    برادری.
    سوٹا پٹاکا
        
    The
        
    سوٹ کا مجموعہ، یا حوصلہ افزائی، بھوہ اور چند افراد کو منسوب کیا گیا ہے
        
    ان کے قریبی شاگردوں میں سے، تمام مرکزی تعلیمات شامل ہیں
        
    تھراواڈا بدھ مت (ایک ہزار سے زائد سوٹ ترجمہ ہیں
        
    اس ویب سائٹ پر دستیاب ہے.) سوٹ پانچ نکایوں (مجموعہ) میں تقسیم کیے گئے ہیں:

            دوگا نککا - “طویل مجموعہ”
            
    مججما نککا - “درمیانی لمبائی کا مجموعہ”
            
    سامیوتا نکیا - “گروپ گروپ”
            
    Anguttara Nikaya - “مزید فکسڈ مجموعہ”
            
    کھڈکا نککا - “چھوٹا سا نصوصوں کا مجموعہ”:
                
    کھڈکاپاٹا
                
    ڈھامپاڈا
                
    اڈانا
                
    اسیوٹکا
                
    سوٹ نیپتا
                
    ویمیماوٹھو
                
    پیٹراوٹھو
                
    تھراگاتھ
                
    تھریگاتھ
                
    جٹکا
                
    ندیسا
                
    پتیسلمھماگگا
                
    اپادانا
                
    بدھاما
                
    Cariyapitaka
                
    نیٹپوکاکانا (صرف ٹپکٹکا کے برمی ایڈیشن میں شامل ہیں)
                
    Petakopadesa (”")
                
    ملندپنپن (”")

    ابھارہما پٹاکا
        
    The
        
    مضامین کا مجموعہ جس میں بنیادی عقیدہ اصول ہیں
        
    سوٹا پٹاکا میں پیش کیا گیا ہے اور پھر اس میں دوبارہ منظم کیا جاتا ہے
        
    ایک تحقیقاتی فریم ورک جو تحقیقات میں لاگو کیا جا سکتا ہے
        
    دماغ اور معاملہ کی نوعیت.



    https://www.advantour.com/uzbekistan/culture/music.htm

    Traditional Uzbek Music
    Uzbek Music

    Traditional Uzbek music has ancient sources. Folklore Uzbek music which came from the people is divided into many genres.


    Among them are lullabies and children’s songs as well as ritual,
    work, daily life songs, songs-dialogues, dancing and lyric fados.



    Uzbekistan musical instruments
    Uzbekistan musical instruments
    Uzbekistan musical instruments

    Classical Uzbek music is makom – a special musical genre, which is
    characterized by drawling touching performance. Many lines of the poets
    of the East (Jami, Navoi, Fuzuly, Hafiz, Uvaisi, Nadira, Mukimi Ogahi,
    etc.) were put to this music. The UNESCO has included “shashmakom”,
    traditional Uzbek and Tajik music in the List of masterpieces of oral,
    intangible cultural heritage of the mankind.


    The diversity of folk instruments also confirms the wealth of Uzbek
    musical tradition: bowed - gidjak, kobuz, setor and sato; fretted -
    dombra, dutar tanbur, ud and rubab; stringed hammered string - chang;
    wind-reed - sibizik, bulaman, surnay and koshnay; wind flute - nai and
    gadjir; brass - karnay; drums - doira, nagora,, chindaul, safail, koshuk
    etc.


    101) Classical Uzbek

    101) klassik o’zbek

    2440 TUE 14 Noyabr 2017 Dars

    Tipitaka

    Tipitaka (Pali ti, “uch,” + pitaka, “savat”),
    yoki Pali kanoni, asosiy Pali tilidagi matnlar to’plamidir
    Theravada buddizm ta’limotini tashkil etadi. Tipitaka va
    Paracanonical Pali matnlari (sharhlar, xronikalar va boshqalar) birgalikda klassik Theravada matnlarini to’liq tashkil etadi.

    Ushbu
    Pali kanonasi adabiyotning keng javharidir: inglizcha tarjimada
    matnlar minglab bosma nashrga qo’shiladi. Ko’p (lekin barchasining) ko’pi
    Kanon allaqachon ingliz tilida nashr etilgan. Garchi
    ushbu matnlarning faqat kichik qismini ushbu veb-saytda topishingiz mumkin
    to’plamni boshlash uchun yaxshi joy bo’lishi mumkin.

    Tipitakaning uchta bo’limi quyidagilardir:

    Vinaya Pitaka
        
    Sxaxadagi kunlik ishlarni tartibga soluvchi qoidalarga tegishli
    bo’lgan matnlar to’plami - bxikhus (tanlangan monaxlar) va bxixxunlar
        
    rohiblar). Faqatgina qoidalar ro’yxatidan ham ko’proq, Vinaya Pitaka ham
        
    har bir qoidaning kelib chiqishi ortidagi hikoyalarni o’z ichiga oladi
        
    Buddani qanday hal qilish masalasiga oid batafsil hisobotini
        
    keng va turli xil ma’naviy jihatdan kommunal uyg’unlikni saqlash
        
    jamoa.
    Sutta Pitaka
        
    Ushbu
        
    Sulton to’plamlari yoki Buddaga va bir necha kishilarga tegishli so’zlashuvlar
        
    Uning barcha eng muhim ta’limotlarini o’z ichiga olgan eng yaqin shogirdlari
        
    Theravada buddizm. (Bir mingdan ziyod sutta tarjimasi bor
        
    Ushbu saytda beshta nikayalar (to’plamlar) o’rtasida bo’linadi:

            Digha Nikaya - “uzoq kollektsiya”
            
    Majjima Nikaya - “o’rta o’lchov to’plami”
            
    Samyutta Nikaya - “guruhlangan to’plam”
            
    Anguttara Nikaya - “keyinchalik aniqlangan to’plam”
            
    Xuddaka Nikaya - “kichik matnlar to’plami”:
                
    Xuddakapatha
                
    Dhammapada
                
    Udana
                
    Itivuttaka
                
    Sutta Nipata
                
    Vimanavattu
                
    Petavatthu
                
    Theragatha
                
    Therigatha
                
    Jataka
                
    Niddesa
                
    Patisambhidamagga
                
    Apadana
                
    Buddhavamsa
                
    Cariyapitaka
                
    Nettippakarana (faqat Tipitakaning Birma nashriga kiritilgan)
                
    Petakopedia (”")
                
    Milindapañha (”")

    Abhidhamma Pitaka
        
    Ushbu
        
    asosiy tushunchalar asos bo’lgan matnlarni to’plash
        
    Sutta Pitakada namoyish etilgan va qayta ishlangan
        
    sistematik doirada tekshirish uchun qo’llanilishi mumkin
        
    ong va moddaning tabiati.

    http://www.vietnamtourism.com/disan/en/


     

     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     

    https://issuu.com/oivietnam/docs/oi_vietnam

    Start your first VM for free with Google Compute Engine. cloud.google.com/free-trial

    Oi Vietnam Issue #1 (March 2013)  

    Published on Feb 25, 2013  

    Oi
    is a high quality, glossy city magazine in English targeting expat
    residents, travellers and English speaking Vietnamese in Ho Chi Minh
    City.
    Content includes travel, fashion, food, dining out and features
    about life and people in Ho Chi Minh City.


    102) Classical Vietnamese
    102) Tiếng Việt cổ điển

    2440 TUE 14 tháng 11 năm 2017 LESSON

    Tipitaka

    Kinh Tipitaka (Pali ti, “ba”, “pitaka”, “giỏ hàng”),
    hay Pali canon, là bộ sưu tập các bản văn nguyên bản tiếng Pali
    hình thành nên nền tảng giáo lý của Phật giáo Nguyên Thủy. Tipitaka và
    các kinh văn Pali (parakaninical pali) (các bài bình luận, biên niên
    sử, v.v.) cùng nhau tạo thành toàn bộ cơ thể của các văn bản cổ điển
    Theravada.

    Các
    Pali canon là một bộ sách rộng lớn: trong bản dịch tiếng Anh
    văn bản thêm lên đến hàng ngàn trang in. Hầu hết (nhưng không phải tất cả)
    Canon đã được xuất bản bằng tiếng Anh qua nhiều năm. Mặc dù
    chỉ có một phần nhỏ các văn bản này có sẵn trên trang web này, điều này
    bộ sưu tập có thể là một nơi tốt để bắt đầu.

    Ba bộ phận của Tipitaka là:

    Vinaya Pitaka
        
    Bộ sưu tập các văn bản liên quan đến các quy tắc về công việc điều
    hành công việc hàng ngày trong Tăng đoàn - cộng đồng của các tỳ khưu và
    các tỳ khưu ni
        
    ni). Không chỉ đơn thuần là một quy tắc, Vinaya Pitaka cũng
        
    bao gồm các câu chuyện đằng sau nguồn gốc của mỗi quy tắc, cung cấp một
        
    giải thích chi tiết về giải pháp của Đức Phật cho câu hỏi làm thế nào để
        
    duy trì sự hài hòa của cộng đồng trong một tinh thần đa dạng và đa dạng
        
    cộng đồng.
    Sutta Pitaka
        
    Các
        
    tập hợp các kinh điển, hoặc các bài thuyết giảng, do Đức Phật và một số ít
        
    các môn đồ gần nhất của Ngài, chứa đựng tất cả các giáo lý trung tâm của
        
    Phật giáo Theravada. (Hơn một nghìn bản kinh là
        
    có trên trang web này). Các kinh điển được chia thành năm bộ nikayas (bộ sưu tập):

            Digha Nikaya - “bộ sưu tập dài”
            
    Majjhima Nikaya - bộ sưu tập “trung bình”
            
    Samyutta Nikaya - “bộ sưu tập tập hợp”
            
    Anguttara Nikaya - “bộ sưu tập thực tế hơn”
            
    Khuddaka Nikaya - “Bộ sưu tập các bài viết nhỏ”:
                
    Khuddakapatha
                
    Pháp pháp
                
    Udana
                
    Itivuttaka
                
    Kinh Nipata
                
    Vimanavatthu
                
    Petavatthu
                
    Theragatha
                
    Trị liệu
                
    Jataka
                
    Niddesa
                
    Patisambhidamagga
                
    Apadana
                
    Phật pháp
                
    Cariyapitaka
                
    Nettippakarana (chỉ có trong ấn bản Miến Điện của Tipitaka)
                
    Petakopadesa (”")
                
    Milindapañha (”")

    Abhidhamma Pitaka
        
    Các
        
    tập hợp các văn bản trong đó các nguyên tắc cơ bản
        
    được trình bày trong Sutta Pitaka được làm lại và tái tổ chức thành một
        
    khuôn khổ có hệ thống có thể được áp dụng cho một cuộc điều tra về
        
    bản chất của tâm và vật chất.

    http://www.visitwales.com/things-to-do/attractions/castles-heritage

    Castles & Welsh heritage


    Whichever bit of Wales you head for, you’ll find yourself within easy
    distance of the world’s finest castles and awe-inspiring landmarks.
    There are over 600 of them, from Roman times to millionaires’ follies of
    the 19th century, making Wales the castle capital of Europe. Each has its special story.



    What would you like to do?


    Click on an icon below for more information




    Laugharne Castle in the snow, Carmarthenshire

    10 walks through history

    Come for heritage and scenery on these ten short walks on the Wales Coast Path.






    Ffestiniog & Welsh Highland Railways

    Steam trains of Wales

    A journey on board a narrow gauge steam train is the best way to enjoy the landscape of Wales






    Young boy and girl at Llancaiach Fawr

    Llancaiach Fawr

    The Neale family from Saffron Walden in Essex, visit Llancaiach Fawr Manor and discover what family life was like in 1645.







    Pembroke Castle

    Traditions and history

    All about the traditions and history of the Welsh nation.






    Medieval fantasy

    King Arthur’s Wales

    Plan your own early medieval adventure by visiting our ancient hill forts and standing stones.






    The River Dee passing under the Pontcysyllte Aqueduct, Dee Valley

    Pontcysyllte Aqueduct

    The dramatic Pontcysyllte Aqueduct is an engineering marvel and a World Heritage Site.









    103) Classical Welsh

    103) Cymraeg Clasurol

    2440 TUE 14 Tach 2017 LESSON

    Tipitaka

    Y Tipitaka (Pali ti, “three,” + pitaka, “baskets”),
    neu Pali canon, yw’r casgliad o destunau iaith cynradd Pali sydd
    yn ffurfio sylfaen athrawiaethol Bwdhaeth Theravada. Y Tipitaka a
    mae’r testunau Pali paracanyddol (sylwebaeth, cronelau, ac ati) gyda’i
    gilydd yn ffurfio corff cyflawn testunau Theravada clasurol.

    Y
    Corff canolog o lenyddiaeth yw canali Pali: yn cyfieithu Saesneg y
    mae testunau’n ychwanegu at filoedd o dudalennau printiedig. Y rhan fwyaf (ond nid pob un) o’r
    Mae Canon eisoes wedi’i gyhoeddi yn Saesneg dros y blynyddoedd. Er
    dim ond ffracsiwn bach o’r testunau hyn sydd ar gael ar y wefan hon, mae hyn
    gall casglu fod yn lle da i ddechrau.

    Y tair rhanbarth o’r Tipitaka yw:

    Vinaya Pitaka
        
    Casgliad o destunau sy’n ymwneud â’r rheolau ymddygiad sy’n rheoli
    materion dyddiol yn y Sangha - cymuned bikkhus (mynachod ordeiniedig) a
    bhikkhunis (ordeiniwyd
        
    mynyddoedd). Yn llawer mwy na dim ond rhestr o reolau, y Vinaya Pitaka hefyd
        
    yn cynnwys y straeon y tu ôl i darddiad pob rheol, gan ddarparu a
        
    Rhowch fanylion manwl i ateb y Bwdha i’r cwestiwn o sut i
        
    cynnal cytgord gymunedol mewn ysbrydol mawr ac amrywiol
        
    cymuned.
    Sutta Pitaka
        
    Y
        
    casgliad o suttas, neu ddadleuon, sy’n cael eu priodoli i’r Bwdha ac ychydig
        
    o’i ddisgyblion agosaf, yn cynnwys holl ddysgeidiaeth canolog
        
    Bwdhaeth Theravada. (Mae mwy na mil o gyfieithiadau sutta
        
    ar gael ar y wefan hon.) Mae’r suttas wedi’u rhannu ymhlith pum nikayas (casgliadau):

            Digha Nikaya - y “casgliad hir”
            
    Majjhima Nikaya - y “casgliad hyd canol”
            
    Samyutta Nikaya - y “casgliad grŵp”
            
    Anguttara Nikaya - y “casgliad pellach”
            
    Khuddaka Nikaya - y “casgliad o destunau bach”:
                
    Khuddakapatha
                
    Dhammapada
                
    Udana
                
    Itivuttaka
                
    Sutta Nipata
                
    Vimanavatthu
                
    Petavatthu
                
    Theragatha
                
    Therigatha
                
    Jataka
                
    Niddesa
                
    Patisambhidamagga
                
    Apadana
                
    Buddhavamsa
                
    Cariyapitaka
                
    Nettippakarana (a gynhwysir yn unig yn rhifyn Burmese o’r Tipitaka)
                
    Petakopadesa (”")
                
    Milindapañha (”")

    Abhidhamma Pitaka
        
    Y
        
    casgliad o destunau lle mae’r egwyddorion athrawiaethol sylfaenol
        
    a gyflwynir yn y Sutta Pitaka yn cael eu hail-weithio a’u had-drefnu i mewn i
        
    Fframwaith systematig y gellir ei gymhwyso i ymchwiliad i’r
        
    natur meddwl a mater.

    http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/xhosa
    Inline image 1



    Culture of South Africa


    Xhosa

    The
    four major ethnic divisions among Black South Africans are the Nguni,
    Sotho, Shangaan-Tsonga and Venda. The Nguni represent nearly two thirds
    of South Africa’s Black population and can be divided into four distinct
    groups; the Northern and Central Nguni (the Zulu-speaking peoples), the
    Southern Nguni (the Xhosa-speaking peoples), the Swazi people from
    Swaziland and adjacent areas and the Ndebele people of the Northern
    Province and Mpumalanga. Archaeological evidence shows that the
    Bantu-speaking groups that were the ancestors of the Nguni migrated down
    from East Africa as early as the eleventh century.

    Language, culture and beliefs:

    The
    Xhosa are the second largest cultural group in South Africa, after the
    Zulu-speaking nation. The Xhosa language (Isixhosa), of which there are
    variations, is part of the Nguni language group. Xhosa is one of the 11
    official languages recognized by the South African Constitution, and in
    2006 it was determined that just over 7 million South Africans speak
    Xhosa as a home language. It is a tonal language, governed by the noun -
    which dominates the sentence.

    Missionaries introduced the Xhosa
    to Western choral singing. Among the most successful of the Xhosa hymns
    is the South African national anthem, Nkosi Sikele’ iAfrika (God Bless Africa). It was written by a school teacher named Enoch Sontonga
    in 1897. Xhosa written literature was established in the nineteenth
    century with the publication of the first Xhosa newspapers, novels, and
    plays. Early writers included Tiyo Soga, I. Bud-Mbelle, and John Tengo Jabavu.

    Stories
    and legends provide accounts of Xhosa ancestral heroes. According to
    one oral tradition, the first person on Earth was a great leader called
    Xhosa. Another tradition stresses the essential unity of the
    Xhosa-speaking people by proclaiming that all the Xhosa subgroups are
    descendants of one ancestor, Tshawe. Historians have suggested that
    Xhosa and Tshawe were probably the first Xhosa kings or paramount
    (supreme) chiefs.

    The Supreme Being among the Xhosa is called uThixo or uQamata.
    As in the religions of many other Bantu peoples, God is only rarely
    involved in everyday life. God may be approached through ancestral
    intermediaries who are honoured through ritual sacrifices. Ancestors
    commonly make their wishes known to the living in dreams. Xhosa
    religious practice is distinguished by elaborate and lengthy rituals,
    initiations, and feasts. Modern rituals typically pertain to matters of
    illness and psychological well-being.

    The Xhosa people have
    various rites of passage traditions. The first of these occurs after
    giving birth; a mother is expected to remain secluded in her house for
    at least ten days. In Xhosa tradition, the afterbirth and umbilical cord
    were buried or burned to protect the baby from sorcery. At the end of
    the period of seclusion, a goat was sacrificed. Those who no longer
    practice the traditional rituals may still invite friends and relatives
    to a special dinner to mark the end of the mother’s seclusion.

    Male and female initiation in the form of circumcision is practiced among most Xhosa groups. The Male abakweta
    (initiates-in-training) live in special huts isolated from villages or
    towns for several weeks. Like soldiers inducted into the army, they have
    their heads shaved. They wear a loincloth and a blanket for warmth, and
    white clay is smeared on their bodies from head to toe. They are
    expected to observe numerous taboos (prohibitions) and to act
    deferentially to their adult male leaders. Different stages in the
    initiation process were marked by the sacrifice of a goat.

    The
    ritual of female circumcision is considerably shorter. The intonjane
    (girl to be initiated) is secluded for about a week. During this period,
    there are dances, and ritual sacrifices of animals. The initiate must
    hide herself from view and observe food restrictions. There is no actual
    surgical operation.

    Origins:

    Although
    they speak a common language, Xhosa people belong to many loosely
    organized, but distinct chiefdoms that have their origins in their Nguni
    ancestors. It is important to question how and why the Nguni speakers
    were separated into the sub-group known today. The majority of central
    northern Nguni people became part of the Zulu kingdom, whose language
    and traditions are very similar to the Xhosa nations - the main
    difference is that the latter abolished circumcision.

    In order to
    understand the origins of the Xhosa people we must examine the
    developments of the southern Nguni, who intermarried with Khoikhoi and
    retained circumcision. For unknown reasons, certain southern Nguni
    groups began to expand their power some time before 1600. Tshawe founded
    the Xhosa kingdom by defeating the Cirha and Jwarha groups. His
    descendants expanded the kingdom by settling in new territory and
    bringing people living there under the control of the amaTshawe.
    Generally, the group would take on the name of the chief under whom they
    had united. There are therefore distinct varieties of the Xhosa
    language, the most distinct being isiMpondo (isiNdrondroza).
    Other dialects include: Thembu, Bomvana, Mpondimise, Rharhabe, Gcaleka,
    Xesibe, Bhaca, Cele, Hlubi, Ntlangwini, Ngqika, Mfengu (also names of
    different groups or clans). 

    Unlike the Zulu and the Ndebele in
    the north, the position of the king as head of a lineage did not make
    him an absolute king. The junior chiefs of the various chiefdoms
    acknowledged and deferred to the paramount chief in matters of ceremony,
    law, and tribute, but he was not allowed to interfere in their domestic
    affairs. There was great rivalry among them, and few of these leaders
    could answer for the actions of even their own councillors. As they
    could not centralise their power, chiefs were constantly preoccupied
    with strategies to maintain the loyalties of their followers.

    The
    Cape Nguni of long ago were cattle farmers. They took great care of
    their cattle because they were a symbol of wealth, status, and respect.
    Cattle were used to determine the price of a bride, or lobola, and they
    were the most acceptable offerings to the ancestral spirits. They also
    kept dogs, goats and later, horses, sheep, pigs and poultry. Their chief
    crops were millet, maize, kidney beans, pumpkins, and watermelons. By
    the eighteenth century they were also growing tobacco and hemp.

    At
    this stage isiXhosa was not a written language but there was a rich
    store of music and oral poetry. Xhosa tradition is rich in creative
    verbal expression. Intsomi (folktales), proverbs, and isibongo
    (praise poems) are told in dramatic and creative ways. Folktales relate
    the adventures of both animal protagonists and human characters. Praise
    poems traditionally relate the heroic adventures of ancestors or
    political leaders.

    As the Xhosa slowly moved westwards in groups,
    they destroyed or incorporated the Khoikhoi chiefdoms and San groups,
    and their language became influenced by Khoi and San words, which
    contain distinctive ‘clicks’.

    Europeans who came to stay in South
    Africa first settled in and around Cape Town. As the years passed, they
    sought to expand their territory. This expansion was first at the
    expense of the Khoi and San, but later Xhosa land was taken as well. The
    Xhosa encountered eastward-moving White pioneers or ‘Trek Boers’ in the
    region of the Fish River. The ensuing struggle was not so much a
    contest between Black and White races as a struggle for water, grazing
    and living space between two groups of farmers. 

    Nine Frontier Wars
    followed between the Xhosa and European settlers, and these wars
    dominated 19th century South African History. The first frontier war
    broke out in 1780 and marked the beginning of the Xhosa struggle to
    preserve their traditional customs and way of life.  It was a struggle
    that was to increase in intensity when the British arrived on the scene.

    The
    Xhosa fought for one hundred years to preserve their independence,
    heritage and land, and today this area is still referred to by many as
    Frontier Country. 

    During the Frontier Wars, hostile chiefs forced
    the earliest missionaries to abandon their attempts to ‘evangelise’
    them. This situation changed after 1820, when John Brownlee founded a
    mission on the Tyhume River near Alice, and William Shaw established a
    chain of Methodist stations throughout the Transkei.

    Other
    denominations followed suit. Education and medical work were to become
    major contributions of the missions, and today Xhosa cultural
    traditionalists are likely to belong to independent denominations that
    combine Christianity with traditional beliefs and practices. In addition
    to land lost to white annexation, legislation reduced Xhosa political
    autonomy. Over time, Xhosa people became increasingly impoverished, and
    had no option but to become migrant labourers. In the late 1990s, Xhosa
    labourers made up a large percentage of the workers in South Africa’s
    gold mines.

    The dawn of apartheid in the 1940s marked more changes
    for all Black South Africans. In 1953 the South African Government
    introduced homelands or Bantustans, and two regions ‘Transkei and
    Ciskei’ were set aside for Xhosa people. These regions were proclaimed
    independent countries by the apartheid government. Therefore many Xhosa
    were denied South African citizenship, and thousands were forcibly
    relocated to remote areas in Transkei and Ciskei.

    The homelands were abolished with the change to democracy in 1994 and South Africa’s first democratically elected president was African National Congress (ANC) leader, Nelson Mandela, who is a Xhosa-speaking member of the Thembu people.

    104) Classical Xhosa
    104) IsiXhosa isiXhosa

    2440 UKUBA 14 Novemba 2017 ISIFUNDO

    Tipitaka

    I-Tipitaka (Pali ti, “emithathu,” + pitaka, “iibhasikiti”),
    okanye i-canon ye-Pali, kukuqokelela kweetekisi zeelwimi zasePalami eziphambili
    yakha isiseko semfundiso yeTheravada Buddhism. ITipitaka kunye
    imibhalo yeParaconicalical (iincwadana, imibhalo, njl. njl) kunye kunye neqela elipheleleyo leetekisi zeTheravada.

    I
    I-canon ye-Pali ibininzi leencwadi: ngokuguqulela isiNgesi
    iindinyana zongeza kumawaka amaphepha apapashwe. Uninzi (kodwa akusiyo yonke)
    I-Canon sele ishicilelwe ngesiNgesi malunga neminyaka. Nangona
    Iqhezu elincinci lale mibhalo iyafumaneka kule website, oku
    ukuqokelela kungaba yindawo efanelekileyo yokuqala.

    Amacandelo amathathu eTipitaka:

    Vinaya Pitaka
        
    Ukuqokelela kweetekisi malunga nemithetho yokuziphatha elawula
    imicimbi yemihla ngemihla ngaphakathi kwe-Sangha - uluntu lwasebhikkhus
    (amagosa amiselweyo) kunye ne-bhikkhunis
        
    nondla). Kude ngaphezu kweluhlu lwemithetho, iVinaya Pitaka nayo
        
    iquka amabali emva komvelaphi wolawulo ngalunye, ukubonelela
        
    Inkcazo ecacileyo yesisombululo sikaBuddha kumbuzo wokuba njani
        
    kugcinana ngokuvisisana koluntu phakathi kwemeko enkulu kunye neyohlukeneyo yokomoya
        
    kuluntu.
    Sutta Pitaka
        
    I
        
    ukuqokelela i-suttas, okanye iintetho, ezibangelwa uBuddha kunye nabambalwa
        
    kubafundi bakhe abasondeleyo, equle yonke imfundiso ephakathi
        
    UbuBuddha beTheravada. (Iinguqu ezingaphezu kwewaka ze-sutta ziguqulelwe
        
    ziyafumaneka kule website.) I-suttas yahlula phakathi kwama-nikayas amahlanu (iqokelelo):

            I-Digha Nikaya - “iqoqo elide”
            
    Majjhima Nikaya - “ukuqokelela ubude obuphakathi”
            
    I-Samyutta Nikaya - “iqoqo leqoqo”
            
    I-Anguttara Nikaya - “ukuqokelela okuqhubekayo”
            
    Khuddaka Nikaya - “ukuqokelela kweetekisi ezincinane”:
                
    Khuddakapatha
                
    Dhammapada
                
    Udana
                
    Itivuttaka
                
    Sutta Nipata
                
    Vimanavatthu
                
    Petavatthu
                
    Theragatha
                
    Therigatha
                
    Jataka
                
    Niddesa
                
    Patisambhidamagga
                
    Apadana
                
    Buddhavamsa
                
    Cariyapitaka
                
    I-Nettippakarana (ifakwe kuphela kwisiNgesi saseBurma seTipitaka)
                
    I-Petakopadesa (”")
                
    IMilindapañha (”")

    Abhidhamma Pitaka
        
    I
        
    ukuqokelelwa kweetekisi apho imigaqo-siseko yemfundiso
        
    esetyenziswe kwi-Sutta Pitaka yenziwa kwakhona kwaye ihlelwa kwakhona kwi-a
        
    isakhelo esimiselweyo esingasetyenziselwa uphando kulo
        
    uhlobo lwengqondo nomba.

    105) Classical Yiddish
    105) קלאסישע ייִדיש

    2440 טו 14 נאוועמבער 2017 לעסאַן

    Tipitaka

    די טייפּיטהאַ (פּאַלי טי, “דרייַ,” + פלייש, “קערב”),
    אָדער פּאַלי קאַנאָן, איז די זאַמלונג פון ערשטע פּאַלי שפּראַך טעקסץ וואָס
    פאָרעם די דאָקטרינאַל יסוד פון טהעראַוואַדאַ בודדהיסם. די טיפּפי און
    די פּאַראַקאַנאַניקאַל פּאַלי טעקסץ (קאָממונאַריעס, כראָניקלעס, אאז”ו
    ו) צוזאַמען קאַנסטאַטוט די גאַנץ גוף פון קלאסישע טהעראַוואַדאַ טעקסץ.

    די
    פּאַלי קאַנאָן איז אַ וואַסט גוף פון ליטעראַטור: אין ענגליש איבערזעצונג די
    טעקסטן לייגן אַרויף צו טויזנטער פון געדרוקט בלעטער. רובֿ (אָבער ניט אַלע) פון די
    קאַנאָן האט שוין ארויס אין ענגליש איבער די יאָרן. כאָטש
    בלויז אַ קליין בראָכצאָל פון די טעקסטן זענען בנימצא אויף דעם וועבזייַטל, דאָס
    זאַמלונג קענען זיין אַ גוט פּלאַץ צו אָנהייבן.

    די דריי דיוויזשאַנז פון די Tipitaka זענען:

    Vinaya Pitaka
        
    די זאַמלונג פון טעקסטן וועגן די כּללים פון פירונג גאַווערנינג די
    טעגלעך ענינים אין די סאַנגהאַ - די קהל פון בהיקקהוס (אָרדיינד מאָנקס)
    און בהיקכיניס (אָרדיינד
        
    נאַנז). פיל מער ווי בלויז אַ רשימה פון כּללים, די ווינייַיאַ פּיטאַקאַ אויך
        
    כולל די געשיכטע הינטער דער אָנהייב פון יעדער הערשן, פּראַוויידינג אַ
        
    דיטיילד חשבון פון די בודאַ לייזונג צו די קשיא פון ווי צו
        
    טייַנען כלל האַרמאָניע ין אַ גרויס און דייווערס רוחניות
        
    קהילה.
    Sutta Pitaka
        
    די
        
    זאַמלונג פון סאַטאַס, אָדער דיסקאָורסעס, אַטריביאַטאַד צו די בודאַ און אַ ביסל
        
    פון זיין קלאָוסאַסט תלמידים, מיט אַלע די הויפט לערנונגען פון
        
    טהעראַוואַדאַ בודדהיסם. (מער ווי 1,000 סאַטאַ איבערזעצונגען זענען
        
    בנימצא אויף דעם וועבזייַטל.) די סאַטאַס זענען צעטיילט צווישן פינף ניקייאַס (זאַמלונגען):

            Digha Nikaya - די “לאַנג זאַמלונג”
            
    מאַדזשדזשהימאַ ניקאַדזשאַ - די “מיטל-לענג זאַמלונג”
            
    סאַמויטאַ ניקאַדזשאַ - די “גרופּט זאַמלונג”
            
    אַנגוטטאַראַ ניקייַאַ - די “ווייַטער-פאַקטאָרעד זאַמלונג”
            
    כודאַקאַ ניקאַדזשאַ - די “זאַמלונג פון קליין טעקסץ”:
                
    Khuddakapatha
                
    דהאַממאַפּאַדאַ
                
    Udana
                
    Itivuttaka
                
    Sutta Nipata
                
    וויכטיקייט
                
    פּעטאַוואַטטהו
                
    טהעראַגאַטהאַ
                
    טהעריגאַטהאַ
                
    דזשאַטאַנאַ
                
    נידז
                
    הצלחה
                
    Apadana
                
    בודדהאַמסאַמאַ
                
    Cariyapitaka
                
    נעטטיפּפּאַקאַראַנאַ (אַרייַנגערעכנט בלויז אין די בורמעסע אַדישאַן פון די טיפּיטהאַ)
                
    פּעטאַקאָפּאַדעסאַ (”")
                
    מילינדאַפּ () “

    Abhidhamma Pitaka
        
    די
        
    זאַמלונג פון טעקסטן אין וואָס די אַנדערלייינג דאָקטרינאַל פּרינציפּן
        
    דערלאנגט אין די סאַטטאַ פּיטאַקאַ זענען ריווערקט און ריאָרגאַנייזד אין אַ
        
    סיסטעמאַטיק פריימווערק וואָס קענען זיין געווענדט צו אַ ויספאָרשונג אין די
        
    נאַטור פון גייַסט און ענין.

    106) Classical Yoruba

    106) Yoruba Yoruba

    2440 TUE 14 Oṣu kọkanla 2017 Ọkọ

    Tipitaka

    Tipitaka (Pali ti, “mẹta,” + pitaka, “agbọn”),
    tabi Canon Pali, ni gbigba awọn ọrọ ede Gẹẹsi akọkọ ti
    bẹrẹ ipilẹṣẹ ẹkọ ti Theravada Buddhism. Tipitaka ati
    awọn ọrọ odi ti parakanonical (awọn asọtẹlẹ, awọn itan, ati be be lo) papọ jẹ ẹya pipe ti awọn ọrọ Theravada lasan.

    Awọn
    Pali Canon jẹ ẹya ara-iwe ti o tobi: ni itumọ ede Gẹẹsi
    awọn ọrọ fi kun si ẹgbẹẹgbẹrun awọn oju iwe ti a tẹjade. Ọpọ (ṣugbọn kii ṣe gbogbo) ti
    Canon ti tẹlẹ ṣe atejade ni ede Gẹẹsi lori awọn ọdun. Biotilejepe
    nikan ida diẹ ninu awọn ọrọ wọnyi wa lori aaye ayelujara yii, eyi
    gbigba le jẹ aaye ti o dara lati bẹrẹ.

    Awọn ipin mẹta ti Tipitaka ni:

    Vinaya Pitaka
        
    Awọn gbigba awọn ọrọ nipa awọn ofin ti iwa ti o n ṣakoso awọn
    igbesi aye ojoojumọ laarin Sangha - agbegbe ti awọn bhikkhus (awọn
    alakoso ti a ti paṣẹ ati bhikkhunis)
        
    Awọn ifiranṣẹ). Pelu diẹ sii ju awọn akojọ awọn ofin lọ, Vinaya Pitaka tun
        
    pẹlu awọn itan lẹhin ibẹrẹ ti ofin kọọkan, pese a
        
    alaye ti o jẹ alaye ti Buddha ká ojutu si ibeere ti bi o si
        
    ṣetọju isokan ni awujọ laarin ẹmi nla ti o yatọ
        
    agbegbe.
    Sutta Pitaka
        
    Awọn
        
    gbigba ti awọn suttas, tabi awọn apejuwe, ti a sọ si Buddha ati awọn diẹ
        
    ti awọn ọmọ-ẹhin rẹ to sunmọ julọ, ti o ni gbogbo awọn ẹkọ pataki ti
        
    Awọn Buddhist Theravada. (Ọpọlọpọ awọn iyatọ sutta jẹ
        
    wa lori oju-iwe ayelujara yii.) Awọn suttas ti pin si awọn mẹẹdọta marun (awọn akopọ):

            Digha Nikaya - “gbigba pipẹ”
            
    Majjhima Nikaya - awọn “agbedemeji ipari”
            
    Samyutta Nikaya - “akojọpọ akojọpọ”
            
    Anguttara Nikaya - awọn “afikun-factored collection”
            
    Khuddaka Nikaya - awọn “gbigba awọn ọrọ diẹ”:
                
    Khuddakapatha
                
    Dajudaju
                
    Udana
                
    Itivuttaka
                
    Sutta Nipata
                
    Vimanavatthu
                
    Petavatthu
                
    Theragatha
                
    Therigatha
                
    Jataka
                
    Niddesa
                
    Aabo oju-iwe
                
    Apadana
                
    Buddhavamsa
                
    Cariyambaka
                
    Nettippakarana (eyiti o wa ninu Tipitaka ti Burmese nikan)
                
    Petakopadesa (”")
                
    Milindapañha (”")

    Abhidhamma Pitaka
        
    Awọn
        
    gbigba ti awọn ọrọ inu eyiti awọn agbekalẹ doctrine doctrinal ti o wa labẹ
        
    gbekalẹ ni Sutta Pitaka ti wa ni atunṣe ati tunṣe sinu sinu
        
    ilana ti aifwyita ti a le lo si iwadi kan sinu
        
    iseda ti okan ati ọrọ.

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