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06/02/18
100) Classical Uzbek-klassik o’zbek 102) Classical Welsh-Cymraeg Clasurol
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100) Classical Uzbek-
klassik o’zbek
102) Classical Welsh-Cymraeg Clasurol
100) Classical Uzbek

100) klassik o’zbek

Pali Canon Online

Buddaning asl nusxalari
Pali Canonining kelib chiqishi

“Birodarlar
rostdan:” Do’stlar, eshitdim va uni Rabbiyning og’zidan eshitdim: bu
Dhamma, bu tartib, mana bu Ustozning ta’limidir “, demak, rohiblar, siz
uni tasdiqlashingiz yoki uni ma’qullamasligingiz kerak.
so’zlar. Undan
keyin ma’qullanmasdan yoki ma’qullamasdan uning so’zlari va iboralari
diqqat bilan qayd qilinishi va Suttas bilan taqqoslanishi va intizom
asosida ko’rib chiqilishi kerak.
Agar
ular bunday taqqoslash va tekshiruvda Sulton yoki intizomga mos
kelmasa, unda quyidagilar bo’lishi kerak: “Albatta bu Buddaning so’zi
emas, bu rohib tomonidan noto’g'ri tushunilgan” va bu masala
rad qilinishi kerak. Ammo,
bu taqqoslash va qayta ko’rib chiqishda ular Sulton yoki intizomga mos
keladigan joyda xulosa bo’lishi kerak: “Bu Buddaning so’zidir, bu rohib
tomonidan to’g'ri tushunilgan”.

- DN 16 Mahฤparinibbranna Sutta - Buyuk o’tish, Buddaning oxirgi kunlari
Gotama-Buddaning haqiqiy ta’limoti saqlanib, bizga topshirildi va Tipiแนญakada topiladi. Piyli so’zi, “Tipiแนญaka” so’zining ma’nosini “uchta savat” (ti = uch + piแนญaka = oyatlar to’plamlari) degan ma’noni anglatadi. Buddaning barcha ta’limotlari uch qismga bo’lingan.

1.
Birinchi qism “Vinaya Piแนญaka” deb nomlanadi va u Budda rohiblar va
rohibalar uchun o’rnatgan barcha qoidalarni o’z ichiga oladi.
2. Ikkinchi qism Suttaแน…ta Piแนญaka deb ataladi va unda so’zlashuvlar mavjud.
3. Uchinchi qism “Abhidxamma Piแนญaka” deb nomlanadi va Buddaning psixologik-axloqiy ta’limotlarini o’z ichiga oladi.

Ma’lumki,
Budda o’zining buyuk shogirdlariga yoki yolg’iz izdoshlariga o’z
nutqini berganida yoki o’zining qirq besh yillik xizmati davomida,
o’zining sadoqatli va o’rgangan rohiblari bo’lganlarida, uning
ta’limotlarini zudlik bilan bajarishi ma’lum bo’lgan
so’zni xotiraga kiritish. Shunday qilib, Buddaning so’zlari to’g'ri saqlanib qolgan va o’qituvchidan shogirddan og’zaki ravishda o’tib ketgan. Buddiyni
shaxsan o’zi va’z qilganini eshitgan rohiblarning ba’zilari
“Arahantlar” edi, shuning uchun ta’rifga ko’ra, “pok odamlar”
ehtirosdan, xafagarchilikdan va aldanishlardan ozod bo’lib, Buddaning
so’zlarini mukammal saqlab qoldilar.
Shunday qilib, Buddaning ta’limoti nasl-nasabga sodiqlik bilan saqlanib qolinishini ta’minladi.

Hatto
Arahantaxudga erishmagan, lekin saintudning dastlabki uch bosqichiga
ko’tarilgan va qudratli, xotirjam bo’lgan xotiralar ham Buddaning nima
va’z qilgan va shu bilan Buddaning ta’limotiga layoqatli bo’lishi mumkin
bo’lgan so’zlarni eslab qolishlari mumkin edi.
Bunday
rohiblardan biri Anandada, uning so’nggi yigirma besh yillik hayotida
Buddaning tanlangan xizmatchisi va doimiy hamkori bo’lgan.
Ananda juda aqlli va iqtidorli, u nima bo’lganini eslash qobiliyatiga ega edi. Darhaqiqat,
bu Buddaning doimo barcha gaplarini unga aytib berishini va u hali
Arahanta bo’lmasa-da, u Buddaning rohiblar, rohibalar va uning
izdoshlari uchun da’vat etgan so’zlarini so’zma-so’z so’zma-so’z va’z
qilishni istagan edi.
Bu
iqtidorli va sodiq rohiblarning birgalikdagi sa’y-harakatlari,
Buddaning asl holida saqlanishi kerak bo’lgan Dhamma va Vinaya uchun
imkon yaratdi.

Pali
Tipiแนญaka va uning ittifoqdosh adabiyoti Buddaning Sof Dhammaning
olijanob va erkinlashadigan yo’li kashf qilinishi natijasida yuzaga
keladi.
Bu yo’l tinch va baxtli hayotga erishish uchun unga ergashadigan barcha kishilarga imkon yaratadi. Darhaqiqat,
ushbu kun va asrda, biz Buddaning haqiqiy ta’limotlarini kelajak
avlodlar uchun saqlab qo’yilgan, chunki uning yoshi past bo’lgan
shogirdlarining vijdon va izchil harakatlariga asoslangan.
Budda
shogirdlariga, endi ular orasida bo’lmaganida, Smangga Dhamma bilan
birgalikda uni o’qitganidek, birgalikda o’qish uchun bir joyga
to’planishlari muhim edi.
Ushbu
ko’rsatmalarga muvofiq, birinchi Oqsoqollar kengashni chaqirib,
muntazam ravishda Buddaning barcha nutqlari va monastir qoidalariga
buyurtma berishdi va keyin ularni so’zma-so’z so’z bilan so’zlab
berishdi.

Tipikatakadagi ta’limotlar, shuningdek, oqsoqollar doktrinasi deb ham nomlanadi [Theravฤda]. Bu
so’zlar bir necha yuz kishidan iborat bo’lib, Birinchi Kengash
yig’ilgandan buyon har doim ham so’z so’zlari tilovat qilingan.
Keyinchalik
Kengashlar bir nechta sabablarga ko’ra da’vat qilingan, biroq ularning
har birida Buddadan ta’lim berishning barcha jabhalari har doim Saแน…gha
ishtirokchilari tomonidan kontsert va so’z so’zlarida o’qilgan.
Birinchi
kengash, Buddaning Mahafarinbbฤnga erishganidan uch oy o’tgach bo’lib,
undan keyin yana o’n beshta kishi bo’lib, ulardan ikkisi o’n
to’qqizinchi va yigirmanchi asrlarda to’plandi.
Ushbu
Dhamma Kengashlarida rohiblar tomonidan olib borilgan bu jamoaviy
tushunchalar “Dhamma Segughitis”, “Dhamma Recitations” deb nomlanadi.
Ular
birinchi Dhamma kengashida o’rnatilgan pretsedentdan kelib chiqqan
holda, barcha ta’limotlarni birinchi navbatda Sangara oqsoqoli tomonidan
o’qib berilganda va yig’ilishda ishtirok etgan barcha rohiblarning
qo’shiqlari bilan yana bir bor qo’shiq aytishdi.
O’qish, Kengash a’zolari tomonidan bir ovozdan ma’qullangan paytda, qachon va qanoatlantirildi deb hisoblandi. Olti Kengashning qisqacha tarixi.

Birinchi kengash

Qirol Ajatasattu Birinchi Kengashga homiylik qildi. 544 B.C.da to’plandi. Budda vafotidan uch oy o’tgach, Rajoqaga tashqarida joylashgan Sattapaฤiy g’orida. Ushbu tarixiy yig’ilish haqida batafsil ma’lumotni Vina Piแนญaka shahridagi Cullavagga topishingiz mumkin. Ushbu
yozuvga ko’ra, Elder Mahachapa ismli kishining ushbu uchrashuvga
chaqirgan hodisasi rohiblar uchun qat’iy hayot qoidasi haqida noto’g'ri
gaplarni eshitish edi.
Bu shunday bo’ldi. Buddaning
muddati tugaganligini eshitib, hayotda kechiktirilgan sobiq sartarosh
ruhoniy Subhadda Budda tomonidan tayinlangan rohiblarning barcha
qoidalariga rioya qilishda o’z noroziligini ta’kidladi.
Ko’p rohib Buddaning og’rig’iga alam qildi va chuqur xafa bo’ldi. Biroq, Elder Mahokassapa Subhadda deganini eshitdi: “Sizning ulug’vorligingiz yetarli, qayg’urmang, qayg’urmang. Biz bu buyuk halokatdan (Buddani) qutulamiz. “Biz
sizga ruxsat beramiz, bu sizga ruxsat etilmaydi”, degan so’zlari bilan
biz azoblangan edik, ammo hozir biz o’zimiz xohlagan narsani qila olamiz
va biz yoqtirmaydigan narsalarni qilishimiz shart bo’lmaydi “.
Mahakasapa
o’z bayonotidan xavotirda edi va agar boshqa rohiblar Subhadda kabi
harakat qilishsa va Dhamma va Vinaya qoidalarini ular ma’qul
ko’rsatsalar, Dhamma va Vinaya buzilgan bo’lishi mumkin va ular omon
qolmaslikdan qo’rqishadi.
Bunga yo’l qo’ymaslik uchun Dhammaning saqlanib qolishi va himoya qilinishi kerakligiga qaror qildi. Smangg’ani roziligiga erishganidan so’ng, u besh yuzta arabxonni chaqirdi. Kengash yig’ilgan vaqtga kelib, Araxanesga erishgan taqdirda, Eunanda unga qo’shilishi kerak edi. Yigirma to’qqizinchi bobda Eldar Mahachassapa raisligida besh yuzta Arahon rohib majlisda uchrashdi. Mahakasapa
birinchi narsa, kunning Vinaya’sฤฑndaki eng muhim mutaxassisi, monastir
qoidaning xususiyatlari haqida shafqatsiz Upali’ye savol berish edi.
Bu rohib Buddaning o’ziga Vinaya o’zini o’zi o’rgatganidek topshiriq uchun yaxshi malakaga ega edi. Birinchidan,
Elder Mahokassapa unga mavzu, voqea, shaxs tomonidan kiritilgan taklif,
e’lon, takroriy takrorlash, jinoyatchilik va jinoyatchilik
to’g'risidagi ish bo’yicha birinchi jinoyatga oid [pฤrฤjika]
huquqbuzarlik. Ula’lilar bilimdon va munosib javoblar berganlar va uning fikrlari raislik qiladigan Sa’marga bir ovozdan ma’qullangan. Shunday qilib Vinaya rasman tasdiqlangan.

Keyinchalik
Elder Mahakasapa Anxana bilan bog’liq barcha masalalarda uning
e’tiborini tortadigan mutaxassisligi tufayli e’tiborini Ataga ko’rsatdi.
Yaxshiyamki, Kengash oldidan kechqurun uchrashish kerak edi. Ananda Oraliqqa erishdi va Kengashga qo’shildi. Shu
sababli, Elder Mahokassapa Dhamma haqidagi ishonch bilan ishonchli
ishonch bilan Buddaning va’zlari haqida batafsil ma’lumotga ega bo’lib,
uni so’roq qilish imkoniyatiga ega bo’ldi.
Dxamma
haqidagi bu so’roq barcha so’zlashuvlarning birinchi va’z qilinadigan
joyini va ularga murojaat qilgan shaxsni tekshirishga harakat qildi.
Ananda,
so’zining mukammal xotirasi bilan javob berishga to’g'ri javob bera
oldi va shuning uchun gaplar Sungga bir ovozdan ma’qullandi.
Birinchi
Kengash, shuningdek, kichik va kichik qoidalarga oid bo’limni yopish
uchun rasmiy ruxsati va ularning bajarilishiga rozilik bergan.
Ruhoniylarni
etti oy davomida Vinayani va Dhammani o’qib berish uchun olib bordilar
va o’sha monastirlar yaxshi o’qilgan xotiralar bilan o’qiganlarning
hammasini saqlab qolishdi.
Bu tarixiy birinchi kengash “Paasasatika” nomi bilan mashhur bo’lib, besh yuz to’la ravshan Arahant ishtirok etgan.

Ikkinchi Kengash

Ikkinchi kengash Buddaning Parinibbฤna’dan o’n yil keyin “o’n bal” ustidan jiddiy bahsni hal qilish uchun chaqirildi. Bu o’nta monaxlarning o’nta kichik qoidalarni buzganligiga ishora. ularga berildi:

1. Tuzni shoxga saqlash.
2. Tushlikdan keyin ovqat.
3. Bir marta ovqatlaning va keyin qaytib yana bir qishloqqa qaytib boring.
4. Uposatha marosimini o’sha erda yashaydigan rohiblar bilan o’tkazish.
5. Jamoat qurilishi tugallanmagan rasmiy hujjatlarni rasmiylashtirish.
6. Muayyan mashqdan so’ng, uni o’qituvchi yoki ustoz tomonidan bajarilgan.
7. Peshin ovqatidan so’ng qaynoq sutni iste’mol qilish.
8. Kuchli sharobni fermentatsiyadan oldin iste’mol qilish.
To’g'ri o’lchamdagi gilamdan foydalaning.
Oltin va kumushdan foydalanish.

Ularning
xatti-harakatlari masalaga aylandi va bu qoidalarni buzish Buddaning
asl ta’limotiga zid kelishi mumkin bo’lganligi sababli katta
tortishuvlarga sabab bo’ldi.
Qirol Kฤnamasoka Ikkinchi Kengashning homiysi bo’lib, uchrashuv Vesalikda quyidagi holatlarga bog’liq edi. Bir
kuni, Vearida Mahavvani Grovega tashrif buyurib, Elder Yaso
Vajjiyaliklar nomi bilan ma’lum bo’lgan rohiblarning katta guruhi
monkning oltin va kumushni qabul qilganlarini o’zlarining yolg’iz
ajdodlaridan ochiq so’rab, taqiqlashni taqiqlaganini bilishar edi.
U
darhol ularning xatti-harakatlarini tanqid qilar edi va ularning
javoblari u g’alaba qozonish umidida unga noqonuniy yutuqlar hissasini
taqdim etish edi.
Biroq, Yaso qonuni ularning xatti-harakatlaridan voz kechdi va ularga hurmatsizlik qildi. Ruhoniylar zudlik bilan unga yarashishning rasmiy harakati bilan shikoyat qildilar va uni aybdorlarni aybdor deb topdilar. Qadimgi
qonun qonuniy ravishda o’zini bag’ishlovchilar bilan yarashtirdi, ammo
ayni paytda Vijjyan monaxlari Buddaning oltin va kumushni qabul qilish
yoki berishni taqiqlash to’g'risidagi farmonini keltirib, noto’g'ri
qilganliklariga ishonch hosil qildi.
Lutmenlar
darhol Eldor Yosinni qo’llab-quvvatlab, Vajjyan raxlarini noto’g'ri ish
tutganlarga va bid’atchilarga e’lon qilib, “Faqatgina Yasin Yosin
haqiqiy rohib va โ€‹โ€‹Soqiy o’g'lidir”, deb e’lon qildi.
Barchalari soqiy o’g'illari emas, rohiblar emaslar “.

Keyinchalik
o’jar va tavba qilmaydigan Vajjyan monaxlari, o’zlarining
yolg’onlaridagi uchrashuvlari natijalarini bilish uchun, Smangga qolgan
qismining roziligisiz Venerable Yasha Thera-ni to’xtatishga harakat
qilishdi.
Biroq,
Elder Yasa ularning ayblovlaridan qochib, boshqa joylarda rohiblardan
yordam so’rab, o’zlarining pravoslav qarashlarini Vinaya ustidan
qo’llab-quvvatladi.
Pana
shahridan oltmish o’rmonli rohib va โ€‹โ€‹Avantining janubiy viloyatlaridan
sakkizta monax, xuddi shu nuqtai nazardan kelib chiqqan holda,
Vinayaning korruptsiyasini tekshirishga yordam berishni taklif qildi.
Birgalikda
ular Soreyya’ya Janobi oliylari bilan maslahatlashish uchun borishga
qaror qilishdi, chunki u juda hurmatli monax va Dhamma va Vinayada
mutaxassis edi.
Vajjyaning
raxmalari buni bilib olishlari bilanoq, ular o’zlarini darhol rad etgan
to’rtta rekvizitni taklif qilib, shon-shuhratli Revata-ni
qo’llab-quvvatlashdi.
Keyinchalik
bu rohiblar Venerable Revata ning xizmatdoshi - hurmatli Uttara ustidan
g’alaba qozonish uchun xuddi shu vositalardan foydalanishga harakat
qilishdi.
Avvaliga
u ham o’z taklifini rad etdi, ammo ular uni taklif qilishlarini
ishontirishdi. Ular Buddaga tegishli rekvizitlar tomonidan qabul
qilinmaganligini anglashganda, Ananda ularni qabul qilishlarini so’radi
va tez-tez bunga rozi bo’ldi.
Uttara o’z fikrini o’zgartirdi va rekvizitlarni qabul qildi. Ularga
murojaat qilib, u Vajjyan rohiblari Haqiqat va Dhamma tarafdorlari
ekanliklarini e’lon qilish uchun Venerable Revata’ya borishga va ishonch
hosil qilishga rozi bo’ldi.
Obro’li Revata ularning qo’llaridan kelganini ko’rdi va ularni qo’llab-quvvatlashni rad etdi. Keyin Uttaroni ishdan bo’shatdi. Ushbu
masalani bir marta va barchaga hal qilish uchun, Parvardigor Revata,
Vajunikara’da kengashni chaqirishni maslahat berdi va u kunning eng
katta oqsoqollaridan o’ntasi - Thera Sabbjakฤmi haqida savollar berishni
so’radi.
Uning
fikri berilganidan so’ng, u sakkiz raxiyning qo’mitasi tomonidan
tinglanishi kerak edi va ularning amal qilish muddati ularning ovozi
bilan belgilandi.
Sharqiy
va G’arbdagi to’rt rohib, Revata, Sambhuta-Sฤmangavsi, Yasa va Sumana
shaharlaridan bo’lgan Sha’bonlar Sabbakamiy, Sajxa, Xujjasobhita va
Vasabhagฤmika kabi masalalarni hukm qilish uchun chaqirilgan sakkiz
raxiy bor edi.
Ular bu masalani Revata bilan so’roqchi va sabbakamiy bilan batafsil muhokama qildilar. Munozara
eshitilgandan so’ng sakkiz raxiy Vajjyan monaxlariga qarshi qaror qabul
qildi va ularning qarorlari yig’ilishga e’lon qilindi.
Keyinchalik,
etti yuz monax Dhamma va Vinaya tilovat qildilar va bu ashulasi
Sattasatiy nomi bilan mashhur bo’ldi, chunki etti yuzta monax ishtirok
etdi.
Ushbu
tarixiy kengash, shuningdek, Yasattera Sangiti, Elder Yasaning bu rolni
o’ynashi va Vinaya himoyasi uchun g’ayrati sababli ham chaqiriladi.
Vajjyan
monastirlari Kengash qarorini qabul qilishdan qat’iy ravishda rad
etishdi va u erda “Mahaxsgigiti” deb nomlangan kengash deb nom olgan
qarshilik ko’rsatildi.
Uchinchi kengash

Uchinchi
kengash, birinchi navbatda, Suzgaga korruptsiya va bid’atchilik nuqtai
nazarini saqlaydigan soxta rohiblardan qutulish uchun o’tkazildi.
Kengash 326-yilda B.C. Asokarama shahrida Paแนญaliputta imperatori Asokaning homiyligida. Ularni Moggaliputta Tissa boshqargan va bu Kengashda mingta monax ishtirok etgan. An’anaga
ko’ra, Asokaning otasi o’g'li Kanning qonini to’kib solib, o’zining
taxtini qo’lga kiritgan, keyinchalik uning qarindoshi Tissa Kumaradan
voz kechib, “Araxantix” ga erishgan.

Asoka Buddaning Mahaparinibbadan keyin ikki yuz o’n sakkizinchi yilida taxtga o’tirdi. Dastlab
u Dhamma va Sag’giraga hurmat ko’rsatdi va otasi uning oldida
qilganidek, boshqa diniy guruh a’zolarini ham qo’llab-quvvatladi.
Biroq, bularning barchasi, u Appamada vaggasini va’z qiladigan dindor ruhoniy Nigrodani uchratganida o’zgardi. Keyinchalik, u boshqa diniy guruhlarni qo’llab-quvvatlashni to’xtatdi va Dhammaga bo’lgan qiziqishini kuchaytirdi. U
o’zining buyuk boyligini, sakson to’rt ming pagodas va viharalar qurish
va Bixxusni to’rtta rekvizit bilan qo’llab-quvvatlash uchun ishlatgan.
Uning o’g'li Mahinda va uning qizi Sinchghamittalar tayinlangan va Sangara ga qabul qilingan. Oxir-oqibat, uning saxiyligi Sinchga ichida jiddiy muammolarga sabab bo’ldi. Vaqt
o’tishi bilan bu buyruq ko’plab noloyiq kishilarning ichiga kirib
borgan, bularning barchasiga qarshilik ko’rsatgan va imperatorning
saxovatli yordami va qimmatbaho oziq-ovqat, kiyim-kechak, boshpana va
dori-darmonlar tufayli tartibga jalb qilingan.
Ko’pchilik
noto’g'ri fikrlarni qo’llab-quvvatlovchi ishonchsiz, ochko’z
odamlarning buyrug’iga qo’shilmoqchi bo’ldi, lekin ular tartibga
kelishga yaroqsiz deb hisoblandi.
Shunga
qaramasdan, ular imperatorning saxiyligini o’zlarining maqsadlari uchun
ishlatishgan, kiyimlarini kiyib olishgan va buyurtmani qat’iy tartibga
ega bo’lmagan holda qo’shilishgan.
Natijada, Sag’ngaga hurmat yo’qoldi. Bu
yorug’lik paydo bo’lganda, ba’zi haqiqiy monaxlar buzilgan, bid’atchil
rohiblarning kompaniyasida belgilangan tozalashni yoki Uposatha
marosimini o’tkazishni rad etishdi.

Imperator
bu haqda eshitgach, vaziyatni to’g'rilashga harakat qildi va marosimni
bajarish buyrug’i bilan monastirlarga vazirlaridan birining vakillarini
jo’natdi.
Biroq imperator o’z buyrug’ini bajarish uchun qanday vositalarni qo’llash kerakligi haqida vazirga aniq buyruq bergan edi. Ruhoniylar itoat qilishdan bosh tortishdi va marosimni yolg’onchi va “o’g'irlash” do’stlari [ular bilan] aloqada bo’lishgan. G’azabdagi
xizmatkor g’azablangan xizmatchi o’tirgan rohiblarning chizig’idan
pastga tushib, qilichini qoqib qo’ydi-da, shohning ukasi Tissaning
oldiga kelgunga qadar, ularning hammasini bir-biridan judo qildi.
Dahshatli
vazir qirg’inni to’xtatdi va zindondan qochib, imperator Asokaga xabar
berib, yuz bergan voqeadan qattiq norozi va xafa bo’ldi va qotilliklar
uchun o’zini aybladi.
U Thera Moggaliputta Tissaning maslahatini izlagan. U bid’atli rohiblarning buyruqdan chiqarib yuborilishini, uchinchi Kengash darhol yig’ilishini taklif qildi. Shunday qilib, imperatorning hukmronligining o’n yettinchi yili Uchinchi Keng chaqirildi. Thera
Moggaliputta Tissa ishni boshqarib, to’qqiz oy mobaynida Dhamma va
Vinaya an’anaviy o’qish uchun oltmish ming qatnashchidan mingta raxiyni
tanladi.
Imperator, u Buddaning ta’limoti haqida bir qancha monastirlardan rohiblarni so’roq qildi. Noqonuniy qarashlarga duch kelganlar darhol Sangara shahridan chiqarib tashlandi. Shu tarzda Bxixu Sag’nga bid’atchilar va soxta bxixxalardan tozalangan.
Bu kengash bir qator boshqa muhim narsalarga ham erishdi. Qadimgi
Moggaliputta Tissa, bir qator bid’atlarni inkor etish va Dhammalarni
kafolatlash uchun toza bo’lib, Kathฤvatthu deb nomlangan kengashda kitob
yozdi.
Ushbu
kitob yigirma uch bobdan iborat bo’lib, falsafiy masalalar bo’yicha
turli mazhablar tomonidan olib borilgan bahs-munozaralar to’plamidir.
Bu Abhidxamma Piแนญaka etti kitobining beshdan biri. Kengash a’zolari, shuningdek, Vudhjjavada, “Analiz doktrinasi” deb nomlangan Budda doktrinasiga shohona muhr bosdi. Bu tasdiqlangan Theravฤda doktrinasi bilan bir xildir. Ushbu
Dhamma majmuasining eng muhim yutuqlaridan biri va asrlar mobaynida
yetishtiradigan bir narsa imperatorning Buddaning Dhamma va Vinaya
shaharlarida o’qigan, uni o’qib beradigan monklarni yubordi.
to’qqiz xil mamlakatlarda. Bu Dhammaduta rohiblari Kashmir va Gandhara shaharlariga borgan Venerable Majjhantika Thera-ni o’z ichiga olgan. Unga Dhamma va’z qilish va rohiblarning buyrug’ini berish talab qilindi. Venerable
Mahadeva Mahinsakamaแน…แธaแธทa (zamonaviy Mysore) ga yuborildi va Voha
Rakkhita Thera Vanavasiga (Hindiston janubidagi shimoliy Kanara)
yuborildi. Yonaka Dhammarakkhita Thera Upper Aparantaka (shimoliy
Gujarat, Kathiawar, Kutch va Sindh)



Muvaffaqiyatli
Maharrakita Thera Yonaka-lokaga (lonislarning, Bactrians va
Yunonlarning erlarini) yo’lga chiqdi. Majhxim Thera Himalayaga
(Himoloylarga qo’shni bo’lgan joyga) bordi. Nufuzli Soแน‡a va Vaterful
Uttara Suvaแน‡แน‡abhumi [hozir
Myanma]. The
Venerable Mahinda Thera, The Venerable Ittiya Thera, The Venerable
Uttiya Thera, Vambar Sambala Thera va Vuenable Bhaddasฤla Thera
Tambapaแน‡แน‡i (hozir Shri Lanka) ga yuborildi.
Bu
rohiblarning Dhamma missiyalari muvaffaqiyatga erishdi va vaqt ichida
katta mevalar olib keldi va Dhamma sovg’asi bilan va ularning
madaniyatlari va madaniyatlariga ta’sir ko’rsatadigan bu erlarning
xalqlarini ko’paytirish uchun uzoq yo’lni bosib o’tdi.

Dhammaning Buddaning so’zlari bilan tarqalishi bilan, Hindiston Visvaguru deb nomlana boshladi.

To’rtinchi kengash

To’rtinchi kengash Tambapaแน‡แธi [Shri-Lanka] da 29-chi B.C.da bo’lib o’tdi. King Vaแนญแนญagฤmaแน‡i patronaj ostida. Uning
chaqirilishining asosiy sababi endi rohiblarning ko’pchiligi
xotiralaridagi barcha Tipiแนญakani saqlab qolishning imkoni yo’q edi,
chunki ilgari Venerable Mahinda va uning orqasidan ergashganlar uchun
bo’lgan.
Shu
sababli, yozma san’at asnosida, bu vaqt mobaynida sezilarli darajada
rivojlangan, Buddaning ta’limotining butun jismini yozib qo’yish
maqsadga muvofiq va kerakli bo’lgan.
King
Vaแนญแนญagฤmaแน‡i rohiblarning fikrini qo’llab-quvvatladi va Kengash butun
Tipiแนญaka’ni yozish uchun qisqartirish uchun maxsus o’tkazildi.
Shuning
uchun haqiqiy Dhamma doimiy saqlanib qolishi uchun, Vaxotiy Maharahita
va besh yuzta monax Buddaning so’zlarini o’qib, keyin ularni palma bargi
ustiga yozgan.
Ushbu ajoyib loyiha hozirgi Matale yaqinidagi qadimgi tog ‘po’stining yarmida joylashgan ร€loka lena, g’orda joylashgan. Shunday qilib, Kengashning maqsadi qo’lga kiritildi va uqubat Dhammaning yozilishiga erishildi. Keyinchalik, o’n sakkizinchi asrda shoh Vijayarฤjasฤซha bu g’orda yaratilgan Buddaning tasvirlariga ega edi.

Beshinchi kengash

Beshinchi Kengash Mindalayda bo’lib, 1871 yilda Myanma deb nomlanuvchi Birma shoh Mindon hukmronligi davrida edi. Ushbu
uchrashuvning asosiy maqsadi Buddaning barcha ta’limotlarini o’qib
chiqish va ularning har biri o’zgartirilgan, buzilgan yoki yo’q
qilinganligini tekshirish uchun ularni batafsil tekshirish edi.
Ulardan
uchtasi oqsoqollar, eng mahoratli Mahatira Jargarabiva’sa, aziz
Narindavixaga va ikki ming to’rt yuzta rohib (2,400) kompaniyasida eng
mashhur Mahatira Sumsmggalasamiy raislik qildi.
Ularning qo’shma Dhamma tilovati besh oy davom etdi. Ushbu
kengashning ishi, shuningdek, tilovat tugagan va bir ovozdan
ma’qullangandan so’ng Myanmar yozuvidagi etti yuz yigirma to’qqizta
marmar plastinka bo’yicha butun Tipiแนญakani naslga yozilishiga sabab
bo’ldi.
Ushbu
hayajonli topshiriqni ikki ming to’rt yuz qiroat monaxlari va ko’plab
malakali hunarmandlar amalga oshirgan, ular har bir plitani qurib
bitkazganlarida, ularni Mindalanning etagida joylashgan King Mindonning
Kuthodava Pagodasi hududida maxsus miniatyura ichida joylashgan ‘piแนญaka’
pagodasida joylashtirgan edi
“Dunyodagi eng katta kitob” deb nomlangan Hill, bugungi kungacha.

Oltinchi Kengash

Oltinchi
kengash Yangon shahrida, 1954 yilda Ranjonda, beshinchi Mandalayda
sakson uch yil o’tgach, Kamba-Aye shahrida chaqirildi.
U Bosh vazir boshchiligidagi Birma hukumati homiylik qildi, Hurmatli U Nu. Hindistonning
Sathapanni MaฤŸarasฤฑ - Dhamma Kengashining birinchi sayti kabi juda ko’p
yig’iladigan joy bo’lib xizmat qilish uchun u yerdan qurilgan katta
g’or Maha Pฤsฤna Gลซhฤ qurilishiga ruxsat berdi.
Kengash
1954 yil 17-mayda majlisini yakunladi. O’tgan kengashlarda bo’lgani
kabi, uning birinchi maqsadi ham asl Dhamma va Vinaya’ni tasdiqlash va
saqlab qolish edi.
Biroq, unda ishtirok etgan rohiblar sakkiz mamlakatdan kelib chiqqan. Bu ikki ming besh yuzta teravda rohiblari Myanma, Kambodja, Hindiston, Laos, Nepal, Shri-Lanka, Tailand va Vetnamdan kelgan. Muvaffaqiyatli
Makhaysi Sayadawga Vatanga qodir bo’lgan Bhadanta Vicittasฤrฤbhiva’sa
Tipiแนญakadhara Dhammabhaแน‡แธฤgฤrika dxamma haqida kerakli savollarni
berishdan iborat bo’lib, ularning barchasiga bilimdon va qoniqarli javob
berdi.
Ushbu
kengash yig’ilib turgan vaqtga kelib barcha ishtirokchi davlatlar
Hindistondan tashqari o’zlarining mahalliy skriptlariga kiritilgan Pali
Tipiแนญakaga ega edilar.

Dhamma
yozuvlarining an’anaviy o’qilishi ikki yil davom etgan bo’lib, unda
barcha yozuvlardagi Tipiแนญaka va uning ittifoqdosh adabiyoti qat’iy
tekshirildi.
Topilgan har qanday farqlar pastga qayd etilgan, kerakli tuzatishlar kiritilgan va keyinchalik barcha versiyalar to’plangan. Yaxshiyamki, biron bir matn mazmunan farq qilmaganligi aniqlandi. Nihoyat,
Kengash ularni rasman tasdiqlaganidan keyin, Tipiแนญaka va ularning
sharhlari barcha zamonaviy bosma nashrlar uchun tayyorlangan va Myanmada
(Burmese) skriptda nashr etilgan.
Ushbu
ulkan yutuq ikki ming besh yuzta monax va ko’plab qatlamli odamlarning
bag’ishlangan sa’y-harakatlari bilan amalga oshirildi.
Ularning ishi 1956 yil may oyida, Parvardigor Parinibbranaga erishgandan so’ng, ikki yarim ming yil o’tib tugadi. Ushbu kengash ishi butun Buddist olamining vakillarining noyob yutug’idir. Ishlab
chiqarishni o’z zimmasiga olgan Tipiแนญaka versiyasi Gotama Buddiyning
beg’ubor ta’limotlari va bugungi kunda ularning eng obro’li
ko’rsatuvlari sifatida tan olingan.

Oltinchi Segmentiya so’ng bosilgan jildlar Myanmar yozuvida chop etildi. Vipassana
Tadqiqot Instituti Hindiston xalqiga jildlarni kiritish uchun loyihani
1990 yilda Devanagari shahridagi Tipแนญแนญaka va แนญikas bilan bosib
chiqarishni boshladi.

5 ta so’zda Buddaning ta’limotlari bilan ogohlantirildi
Doim doim xayrixoh bo’ling!

To’liq tushuntirish uchun

Iltimos, tashrif buyuring:
Analitik
tushuncha aniq - bepul onlayn tipiแนญaka Tadqiqot va amaliyot
universiteti va http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org orqali 105 ta klassik tilda
Kimdan:
http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org

Ushbu Google tilini o’z ona tilingizda tarjima qiling
https://translate.google.com

Bu sizning darsingiz

E-pochta:
buddhasaid2us@gmail.com
http://www.palicanon.org/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FeCvMOAS_l4
Uzbekistan life: The Buddhist legacy of Termez
euronews Discover
Published on Dec 2, 2015
At the southern-most tip of Uzbekistan, Termez has a long and rich
history. It was once at the heart of Buddhism in Central Asia and also
one of the stops on the ancient Silk Road.


Importantly it is home to the Fayaz Tepa temple a marvel of its
Buddhist past. This monastery dates back more than 2,000 years to the
Kushan dynasty. It was one of the most multicultural empires of its time
and the region played a key role in the spread of the Buddhist
religion.

Many wall paintings and sculptures dโ€ฆ
READ MORE : http://www.euronews.com/2015/12/14/uz


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At the southern-most tip of Uzbekistan, Termez has a long and rich history. It was once at the heart ofโ€ฆ

101) Classical Vietnamese
101) Tiแบฟng Viแป‡t cแป• ฤ‘iแปƒn

Pali Canon trแปฑc tuyแบฟn

Nhแปฏng tแปซ gแป‘c cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt
Nguแป“n gแป‘c cแปงa Pali Canon

‘Giแบฃ
sแปญ mแป™t tu sฤฉ nรณi: “Bแบกn bรจ, tรดi nghe vร  nhแบญn ฤ‘iแปu nร y tแปซ ฤ‘รดi mรดi cแปงa
chรญnh Chรบa: ฤ‘รขy lร  Phรกp, ฤ‘รขy lร  mรดn hแปc, ฤ‘รขy lร  giรกo lรฝ cแปงa Sฦฐ Phแปฅ”,
rแป“i, cรกc nhร  sฦฐ, bแบกn khรดng nรชn chแบฅp thuแบญn hay khรดng chแบฅp nhแบญn
tแปซ ngแปฏ. Sau
ฤ‘รณ, nแบฟu khรดng chแบฅp thuแบญn hoแบทc khรดng tรกn thร nh, cรกc tแปซ ngแปฏ vร  biแปƒu thแปฉc
cแปงa รดng cแบงn ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc lฦฐu รฝ cแบฉn thแบญn vร  so sรกnh vแป›i cรกc Kinh ฤ‘iแปƒn vร  ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc xem
xรฉt trong รกnh sรกng cแปงa kแปท luแบญt.
Nแบฟu
hแป, trรชn sแปฑ so sรกnh vร  xem xรฉt ฤ‘รณ, ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc tรฌm thแบฅy khรดng phรน hแปฃp vแป›i Kinh
ฤ‘iแปƒn hoแบทc kแปท luแบญt, kแบฟt luแบญn phแบฃi lร : “Chแบฏc chแบฏn ฤ‘รขy khรดng phแบฃi lร  lแปi
cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt, nรณ ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc hiแปƒu sai bแปŸi nhร  sฦฐ nร y”, vร  vแบฅn ฤ‘แป
sแบฝ bแป‹ tแปซ chแป‘i. Nhฦฐng
khi so sรกnh vร  xem xรฉt chรบng ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc tรฌm thแบฅy ฤ‘แปƒ phรน hแปฃp vแป›i Kinh ฤ‘iแปƒn
hoแบทc kแปท luแบญt, kแบฟt luแบญn phแบฃi lร : “Chแบฏc chแบฏn ฤ‘รขy lร  lแปi cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt, nรณ
ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc nhร  sฦฐ nร y hiแปƒu ฤ‘รบng.”

- DN 16 Mahฤparinibbฤna Sutta - ฤแบกi Vฦฐแปฃt Qua, Nhแปฏng Ngร y Cuแป‘i Cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt
Nhแปฏng giรกo lรฝ ฤ‘รญch thแปฑc cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt Gotama ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc bแบฃo tแป“n vร  truyแปn lแบกi cho chรบng ta vร  ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc tรฌm thแบฅy trong Tipiแนญaka. Chแปฏ Pฤli, ‘Tipiแนญaka’, theo nghฤฉa ฤ‘en cรณ nghฤฉa lร  ‘ba giแป’ (ti = ba + piแนญaka = bแป™ sฦฐu tแบญp thรกnh thฦฐ). Tแบฅt cแบฃ cรกc giรกo lรฝ cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc chia thร nh ba phแบงn.

1. Phแบงn ฤ‘แบงu tiรชn ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปi lร  Pi Vinaka Vinaya vร  nรณ chแปฉa tแบฅt cแบฃ cรกc quy tแบฏc mร  Phแบญt ฤ‘แบทt ra cho cรกc nhร  sฦฐ vร  ni cรด.
2. Phแบงn thแปฉ hai ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปi lร  Suttaแน…ta Piแนญaka vร  nรณ chแปฉa cรกc bร i giแบฃng.
3. Phแบงn thแปฉ ba ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปi lร  Pi Abaka Abhidhamma vร  bao gแป“m cรกc giรกo lรฝ tรขm lรฝ-ฤ‘แบกo ฤ‘แปฉc cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt.

ฤฦฐแปฃc
biแบฟt, bแบฅt cแปฉ khi nร o ฤแปฉc Phแบญt ฤ‘ฦฐa ra mแป™t bร i diแป…n vฤƒn cho cรกc ฤ‘แป‡ tแปญ
hoแบทc nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi theo phong tแปฅc cแปงa mรฌnh hoแบทc quy ฤ‘แป‹nh mแป™t quy tแบฏc tu
viแป‡n trong suแป‘t bแป‘n mฦฐฦกi lฤƒm nฤƒm chแปฉc vแปฅ cแปงa mรฌnh,
tแปซ cho bแป™ nhแป›. Do ฤ‘รณ nhแปฏng lแปi cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc bแบฃo tแป“n mแป™t cรกch chรญnh xรกc vร  dฤฉ nhiรชn lร  ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc truyแปn miแป‡ng tแปซ giรกo viรชn sang hแปc trรฒ. Mแป™t
sแป‘ tu sฤฉ ฤ‘รฃ nghe ฤแปฉc Phแบญt thuyแบฟt giแบฃng trแปฑc tiแบฟp lร  nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi A La
Hรกn, vร  theo ฤ‘แป‹nh nghฤฉa, ‘nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi thuแบงn khiแบฟt’ khรดng cรณ ฤ‘am mรช, bแป‡nh
tแบญt vร  แบฃo tฦฐแปŸng vร  do ฤ‘รณ, khรดng nghi ngแป gรฌ cรณ thแปƒ giแปฏ lแบกi, hoร n toร n
lแปi cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt.
Vรฌ vแบญy, hแป ฤ‘แบฃm bแบฃo rแบฑng giรกo lรฝ cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt sแบฝ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc bแบฃo tแป“n trung thแปฑc cho hแบญu thแบฟ.

Ngay
cแบฃ nhแปฏng tu sฤฉ tแบญn tแปฅy chฦฐa ฤ‘แบกt tแป›i Arahantahood nhฦฐng ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘แบกt tแป›i ba
giai ฤ‘oแบกn ฤ‘แบงu tiรชn cแปงa thรกnh thiแป‡n vร  cรณ nhแปฏng kแปท niแป‡m mแบกnh mแบฝ, nhแป› lแบกi
cลฉng cรณ thแปƒ kรชu gแปi tรขm trรญ lแปi lแบฝ cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt ฤ‘รฃ thuyแบฟt giแบฃng vร  cรณ
thแปƒ lร  nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi trรดng coi xแปฉng ฤ‘รกng nhแปฏng giรกo lรฝ cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt.
Mแป™t
tu sฤฉ nhฦฐ vแบญy lร  ฤ€nanda, ngฦฐแปi tiแบฟp viรชn ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc chแปn vร  bแบกn ฤ‘แป“ng hร nh
liรชn tแปฅc cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt trong suแป‘t hai mฦฐฦกi nhฤƒm nฤƒm cuแป‘i cแปงa cuแป™c ฤ‘แปi
mรฌnh.
ฤ€nanda rแบฅt thรดng minh vร  cรณ nฤƒng khiแบฟu vแป›i khแบฃ nฤƒng nhแป› bแบฅt cแปฉ ฤ‘iแปu gรฌ anh ฤ‘รฃ nghe. Thแบญt
vแบญy, ฤ‘รณ lร  mong muแป‘n cแปงa รดng rแบฑng ฤแปฉc Phแบญt luรดn luรดn liรชn hแป‡ tแบฅt cแบฃ cรกc
bร i giแบฃng cแปงa รดng vแป›i รดng vร  mแบทc dรน รดng khรดng phแบฃi lร  mแป™t Arahanta รดng
cแป‘ รฝ cam kแบฟt tแปซ ngแปฏ cho tแบฅt cแบฃ cรกc bร i giแบฃng cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt mร  รดng
exhorted monks, nแปฏ tu vร  nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi theo รดng.
Nhแปฏng
nแป— lแปฑc kแบฟt hแปฃp cแปงa cรกc nhร  sฦฐ cรณ nฤƒng khiแบฟu vร  tแบญn tuแปต nร y ฤ‘รฃ lร m cho
Giรกo Phรกp vร  Vinaya cรณ thแปƒ lร m ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc, nhฦฐ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc ฤแปฉc Phแบญt dแบกy ฤ‘แปƒ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc bแบฃo
tแป“n trong trแบกng thรกi nguyรชn thแปงy cแปงa nรณ.

Pฤli
Tipiแนญaka vร  cรกc tร i liแป‡u liรชn minh cแปงa nรณ tแป“n tแบกi nhฦฐ lร  kแบฟt quแบฃ cแปงa sแปฑ
khรกm phรก cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt vแป con ฤ‘ฦฐแปng cao quรฝ vร  giแบฃi thoรกt cแปงa Giรกo Phรกp
thuแบงn khiแบฟt.
Con ฤ‘ฦฐแปng nร y cho phรฉp tแบฅt cแบฃ nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi theo dรตi nรณ ฤ‘แปƒ sแป‘ng mแป™t cuแป™c sแป‘ng yรชn bรฌnh vร  hแบกnh phรบc. Thแบญt
vแบญy, trong thแปi ฤ‘แบกi ngร y nay, chรบng ta may mแบฏn cรณ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc nhแปฏng giรกo lรฝ
ฤ‘รญch thแปฑc cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc bแบฃo tแป“n cho cรกc thแบฟ hแป‡ tฦฐฦกng lai thรดng qua
nhแปฏng nแป— lแปฑc tแบญn tแปฅy vร  phแป‘i hแปฃp cแปงa cรกc ฤ‘แป‡ tแปญ xuแบฅt gia cแปงa ngร i qua cรกc
thแปi ฤ‘แบกi.
ฤแปฉc
Phแบญt ฤ‘รฃ nรณi vแป›i cรกc ฤ‘แป‡ tแปญ cแปงa รดng rแบฑng khi รดng khรดng cรฒn แปŸ giแปฏa hแป nแปฏa,
rแบฑng ฤ‘iแปu cแบงn thiแบฟt lร  ngฦฐแปi Saแน…gha nรชn ฤ‘แบฟn vแป›i nhau vแป›i mแปฅc ฤ‘รญch ฤ‘แปc
chung Giรกo Phรกp, chรญnh xรกc nhฦฐ รดng ฤ‘รฃ dแบกy nรณ.
Phรน
hแปฃp vแป›i hฦฐแป›ng dแบซn nร y, nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi cao tuแป•i ฤ‘แบงu tiรชn ฤ‘รฃ gแปi mแป™t hแป™i
ฤ‘แป“ng vร  ra lแป‡nh cho tแบฅt cแบฃ cรกc bร i giแบฃng cแปงa Phแบญt vร  cรกc quy tแบฏc tu viแป‡n
vร  sau ฤ‘รณ trung thร nh trรฌ tแปฅng lแปi cแปงa hแป trong buแป•i hรฒa nhแบกc.

Nhแปฏng giรกo lรฝ cรณ trong Tipiแนญaka cรฒn ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปi lร  Giรกo lรฝ cแปงa nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi lแป›n tuแป•i [Theravฤda]. Nhแปฏng bร i diแป…n vฤƒn nร y cรณ sแป‘ vร i trฤƒm vร  luรดn luรดn ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc ฤ‘แปc tแปซ tแปซng chแปฏ kแปƒ tแปซ khi Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng ฤ‘แบงu tiรชn ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc triแป‡u tแบญp. Sau
ฤ‘รณ, nhiแปu Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc kรชu gแปi vรฌ mแป™t sแป‘ lรฝ do nhฦฐng แปŸ mแป—i ngฦฐแปi
trong sแป‘ hแป toร n bแป™ cฦก thแปƒ giแบฃng dแบกy cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt luรดn luรดn ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc ฤ‘แปc bแปŸi
nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi tham gia Saแน…gha, trong buแป•i hรฒa nhแบกc vร  lแปi nรณi.
Hแป™i
ฤ‘แป“ng ฤ‘แบงu tiรชn diแป…n ra ba thรกng sau khi ฤแปฉc Phแบญt ฤ‘แบกt ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc
Mahฤparinibbฤแน‡a vร  ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc tiแบฟp nแป‘i thรชm nฤƒm lแบงn nแปฏa, hai trong sแป‘ ฤ‘รณ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc
triแป‡u tแบญp vร o thแบฟ kแปท thแปฉ mฦฐแปi chรญn vร  hai mฦฐฦกi.
Nhแปฏng
sแปฑ trรฌ tแปฅng tแบญp thแปƒ nร y ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc thแปฑc hiแป‡n bแปŸi cรกc nhร  sฦฐ tแบกi tแบฅt cแบฃ cรกc
Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng Giรกo phรกp nร y ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปi lร  ‘Dhamma Saแน…gฤซtis’, cรกc Lแปi Nguyแป‡n
Phรกp.
Hแป
ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc chแป‰ ฤ‘แป‹nh nhฦฐ vแบญy bแปŸi vรฌ tiแปn lแป‡ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc thiแบฟt lแบญp tแบกi Hแป™i ฤแป“ng Giรกo
Phรกp Thแปฉ Nhแบฅt, khi tแบฅt cแบฃ cรกc Giรกo Lรฝ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc ฤ‘แปc bแปŸi mแป™t Anh Cแบฃ cแปงa Saแน…gha
vร  sau ฤ‘รณ lแบกi hรด vang mแป™t lแบงn nแปฏa trong tแบฅt cแบฃ cรกc tu sฤฉ tham dแปฑ hแป™i
thรกnh.
Viแป‡c ฤ‘แปc ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc ฤ‘รกnh giรก lร  ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc xรกc thแปฑc, khi nร o vร  chแป‰ khi nร o, nรณ ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc cรกc thร nh viรชn cแปงa Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng nhแบฅt trรญ chแบฅp thuแบญn. Sau ฤ‘รขy lร  mแป™t lแป‹ch sแปญ ngแบฏn gแปn cแปงa Six Council.

Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng ฤ‘แบงu tiรชn

Vua Ajฤtasattu tร i trแปฃ cho Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng ฤ‘แบงu tiรชn. Nรณ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc triแป‡u tแบญp vร o nฤƒm 544 trฦฐแป›c Chรบa trong Sattapaฤฤฤซ Cave nแบฑm bรชn ngoร i Rฤjagaha ba thรกng sau khi Phแบญt ฤ‘รฃ qua ฤ‘แปi. Mแป™t tร i khoแบฃn chi tiแบฟt cแปงa cuแป™c hแปp lแป‹ch sแปญ nร y cรณ thแปƒ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc tรฌm thแบฅy trong Cลซllavagga cแปงa Piaya Piaya. Theo
ghi chรฉp nร y, vแปฅ viแป‡c khiแบฟn ngฦฐแปi cao tuแป•i Mahฤkassapa gแปi ฤ‘iแป‡n cho
cuแป™c hแปp nร y lร  phiรชn xแปญ cแปงa รดng lร  mแป™t nhแบญn xรฉt khรกc biแป‡t vแป quy tแบฏc
nghiรชm ngแบทt cแปงa cuแป™c sแป‘ng cho cรกc nhร  sฦฐ.
ฤรขy lร  nhแปฏng gรฌ ฤ‘รฃ xแบฃy ra. Nhร 
sฦฐ Subhadda, mแป™t cแปฑu thแปฃ cแบฏt tรณc, ngฦฐแปi ฤ‘รฃ thแป giแป›i muแป™n, khi nghe rแบฑng
ฤแปฉc Phแบญt ฤ‘รฃ hแบฟt hแบกn, ฤ‘รฃ bร y tแป sแปฑ oรกn giแบญn cแปงa mรฌnh vรฌ phแบฃi tuรขn thแปง
tแบฅt cแบฃ cรกc quy tแบฏc dร nh cho cรกc tu sฤฉ do ฤแปฉc Phแบญt ฤ‘แบทt ra.
Nhiแปu nhร  sฦฐ than thแปŸ sแปฑ ฤ‘i qua cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt vร  rแบฅt ฤ‘au buแป“n. Tuy nhiรชn, Anh Cแบฃ Mahฤkassapa nghe Subhadda nรณi: ‘’ ฤแปง Reverence cแปงa bแบกn, ฤ‘แปซng buแป“n, ฤ‘แปซng than thแปŸ. Chรบng ta cลฉng loแบกi bแป ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc แบฉn dแบญt vฤฉ ฤ‘แบกi nร y (ฤแปฉc Phแบญt). Chรบng
tรดi ฤ‘รฃ dร y vรฒ khi anh แบฅy nรณi, ‘ฤ‘iแปu nร y cho phรฉp bแบกn, ฤ‘iแปu nร y khรดng
ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc cho phรฉp bแบกn’ nhฦฐng bรขy giแป chรบng tรดi sแบฝ cรณ thแปƒ lร m theo รฝ muแป‘n vร 
chรบng tรดi sแบฝ khรดng phแบฃi lร m nhแปฏng gรฌ chรบng tรดi khรดng thรญch ‘’.
Mahฤkassapa
ฤ‘รฃ hoแบฃng hแป‘t trฦฐแป›c lแปi nhแบญn xรฉt cแปงa mรฌnh vร  lo sแปฃ rแบฑng Phรกp vร  Vinaya
cรณ thแปƒ bแป‹ hฦฐ hแปng vร  khรดng cรฒn sแป‘ng sรณt nแบฟu cรกc tu sฤฉ khรกc cฦฐ xแปญ nhฦฐ
Subhadda vร  giแบฃi thรญch Giรกo Phรกp vร  luแบญt lแป‡ cแปงa Vinaya khi hแป hร i lรฒng.
ฤแปƒ trรกnh ฤ‘iแปu nร y, รดng quyแบฟt ฤ‘แป‹nh rแบฑng Giรกo Phรกp phแบฃi ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc bแบฃo tแป“n vร  bแบฃo vแป‡. ฤแปƒ kแบฟt thรบc nร y sau khi ฤ‘แบกt ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc sแปฑ chแบฅp thuแบญn cแปงa Saแน…gha, รดng kรชu gแปi hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng nฤƒm trฤƒm ngฦฐแปi A La Hรกn. ฤ€nanda ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc ฤ‘ฦฐa vร o ฤ‘iแปu nร y vแป›i ฤ‘iแปu kiแป‡n lร  รดng ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘แบกt ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc Arahanthood vร o thแปi ฤ‘iแปƒm hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng triแป‡u tแบญp. Vแป›i vแป‹ chแปง tแป‹ch cแปงa tแป™c trฦฐแปŸng Mahฤkassapa, nฤƒm trฤƒm nhร  sฦฐ A La hรกn gแบทp nhau trong hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng trong mรนa mฦฐa. ฤiแปu
ฤ‘แบงu tiรชn mร  Mahฤkassapa lร m lร  ฤ‘แบทt cรขu hแปi cho chuyรชn gia quan trแปng
nhแบฅt vแป ngร y Vinaya trong ngร y, Thฦฐแปฃng tแปa Upฤli vแป nhแปฏng ฤ‘iแปu cแปฅ thแปƒ
cแปงa quy tแบฏc tu viแป‡n.
Vแป‹ tแปณ kheo nร y ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘แปง ฤ‘iแปu kiแป‡n cho cรดng viแป‡c vรฌ ฤแปฉc Phแบญt ฤ‘รฃ dแบกy cho ngร i toร n bแป™ bแบฃn thรขn Vinaya. Trฦฐแป›c
hแบฟt, ngฦฐแปi cao tuแป•i Mahฤkassapa hแปi รดng cแปฅ thแปƒ vแป phรกn quyแบฟt vแป tแป™i ฤ‘แบงu
tiรชn [pฤrฤjika], liรชn quan ฤ‘แบฟn chแปง ฤ‘แป, nhรขn dแป‹p, cรก nhรขn ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc giแป›i
thiแป‡u, cรดng bแป‘, sแปฑ lแบทp lแบกi cแปงa tuyรชn bแป‘, hร nh vi phแบกm tแป™i vร  trฦฐแปng hแปฃp
khรดng
xรบc phแบกm. Nร y
Upฤli ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐa ra nhแปฏng cรขu trแบฃ lแปi cรณ kiแบฟn โ€‹โ€‹thแปฉc vร  ฤ‘แบงy ฤ‘แปง vร  nhแปฏng
phรกt biแปƒu cแปงa รดng ฤ‘รฃ gแบทp sแปฑ ฤ‘แป“ng thuแบญn nhแบฅt trรญ cแปงa chแปง tแป‹ch Saแน…gha.
Do ฤ‘รณ, Vinaya ฤ‘รฃ chรญnh thแปฉc ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc phรช duyแป‡t.

Anh
Cแบฃ Mahฤkassapa sau ฤ‘รณ chuyแปƒn sแปฑ chรบ รฝ cแปงa mรฌnh ฤ‘แบฟn ฤ€nanda nhแป vร o
chuyรชn mรดn cรณ uy tรญn cแปงa mรฌnh trong mแปi vแบฅn ฤ‘แป liรชn quan ฤ‘แบฟn Giรกo Phรกp.
Hแบกnh phรบc, ฤ‘รชm trฦฐแป›c khi Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng gแบทp nhau, ฤ€nanda ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘แบกt ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc Arahantship vร  gia nhแบญp Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng. Do
ฤ‘รณ, Ngฦฐแปi Giร  Mahฤkassapa ฤ‘รฃ cรณ thแปƒ ฤ‘แบทt cรขu hแปi vแป chiแปu dร i vแป›i sแปฑ tแปฑ
tin hoร n toร n vแป Giรกo Phรกp vแป›i sแปฑ tham chiแบฟu cแปฅ thแปƒ ฤ‘แบฟn cรกc bร i giแบฃng
cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt.
Viแป‡c
thแบฉm vแบฅn nร y vแป Giรกo Phรกp tรฌm cรกch xรกc minh nฦกi mร  tแบฅt cแบฃ cรกc bร i giแบฃng
ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc rao giแบฃng lแบงn ฤ‘แบงu tiรชn vร  ngฦฐแปi mร  hแป ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc giแบฃi quyแบฟt.
ฤ€nanda,
ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc hแป— trแปฃ bแปŸi trรญ nhแป› hoร n hแบฃo cแปงa mรฌnh ฤ‘รฃ cรณ thแปƒ trแบฃ lแปi mแป™t cรกch
chรญnh xรกc vร  do ฤ‘รณ cรกc bร i giแบฃng ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc sแปฑ ฤ‘แป“ng thuแบญn cแปงa Saแน…gha.
Hแป™i
ฤ‘แป“ng ฤ‘แบงu tiรชn cลฉng ฤ‘รฃ cรณ con dแบฅu chรญnh thแปฉc cแปงa sแปฑ chแบฅp thuแบญn cho viแป‡c
ฤ‘รณng cแปญa cแปงa chฦฐฦกng vแป cรกc quy ฤ‘แป‹nh nhแป hฦกn vร  รญt hฦกn, vร  phรช duyแป‡t cho
sแปฑ tuรขn thแปง cแปงa hแป.
Phแบฃi
mแบฅt cรกc nhร  sฦฐ bแบฃy thรกng ฤ‘แปƒ tแปฅng toร n bแป™ Giรกo Phรกp vร  Phรกp vร  nhแปฏng tu
sฤฉ nร y ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc ban cho ฤ‘แบงy ฤ‘แปง nhแปฏng kแปท niแป‡m tแป‘t ฤ‘รฃ giแปฏ lแบกi tแบฅt cแบฃ nhแปฏng gรฌ
ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc ฤ‘แปc.
Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng ฤ‘แบงu tiรชn lแป‹ch sแปญ nร y ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปi lร  Paฤcasatika bแปŸi vรฌ nฤƒm trฤƒm ngฦฐแปi A La Mรฃ khai ngแป™ hoร n toร n ฤ‘รฃ tham gia vร o nรณ.

Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng thแปฉ hai

Hแป™i
ฤ‘แป“ng thแปฉ hai ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปi lร  mแป™t trฤƒm nฤƒm sau khi ฤแปฉc Phแบญt Parinibbฤแน‡a ฤ‘แปƒ
giแบฃi quyแบฟt mแป™t tranh chแบฅp nghiรชm trแปng vแป ‘mฦฐแปi ฤ‘iแปƒm’.
ฤรขy lร  mแป™t รกm chแป‰ ฤ‘แบฟn mแป™t sแป‘ tu sฤฉ vi phแบกm mฦฐแปi nguyรชn tแบฏc nhแป. hแป ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc trao cho:

1. Bแบฃo quแบฃn muแป‘i bแบฑng sแปซng.
2. ฤ‚n sau buแป•i trฦฐa.
3. ฤ‚n mแป™t lแบงn vร  sau ฤ‘รณ ฤ‘i ฤ‘แบฟn mแป™t ngรดi lร ng ฤ‘แปƒ bแป‘ thรญ.
4. Tแป• chแปฉc Lแป… Uposatha vแป›i cรกc nhร  sฦฐ แปŸ cรนng mแป™t ฤ‘แป‹a phฦฐฦกng.
5. Thแปฑc hiแป‡n cรกc hoแบกt ฤ‘แป™ng chรญnh thแปฉc khi hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng chฦฐa hoร n thร nh.
6. Theo mแป™t thแปฑc hร nh nhแบฅt ฤ‘แป‹nh bแปŸi vรฌ nรณ ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc thแปฑc hiแป‡n bแปŸi mแป™t gia sฦฐ hoแบทc giรกo viรชn.
7. ฤ‚n sแปฏa chua sau khi cรณ mแป™t bแปฏa ฤƒn trฦฐa.
8. Tiรชu thแปฅ ฤ‘แป“ uแป‘ng mแบกnh trฦฐแป›c khi nรณ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc lรชn men.
9. Sแปญ dแปฅng mแป™t tแบฅm thแบฃm khรดng ฤ‘รบng kรญch cแปก.
10. Sแปญ dแปฅng vร ng vร  bแบกc.

Nhแปฏng
sai lแบงm cแปงa hแป ฤ‘รฃ trแปŸ thร nh mแป™t vแบฅn ฤ‘แป vร  gรขy ra mแป™t tranh cรฃi lแป›n khi
phรก vแปก nhแปฏng quy tแบฏc nร y ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc cho lร  mรขu thuแบซn vแป›i giรกo lรฝ nguyรชn thแปงy
cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt.
Vua Kฤแธทฤsoka lร  ngฦฐแปi bแบฃo trแปฃ cแปงa Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng thแปฉ hai vร  cuแป™c hแปp diแป…n ra tแบกi Vesฤli do nhแปฏng hoร n cแบฃnh sau ฤ‘รขy. Mแป™t
ngร y nแป, khi viแบฟng thฤƒm Mahฤvana Grove tแบกi Veฤsli, Anh Cแบฃ Yasa biแบฟt
rแบฑng mแป™t nhรณm lแป›n cรกc nhร  sฦฐ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปi lร  ngฦฐแปi Vajjia ฤ‘รฃ vi phแบกm quy tแบฏc
cแบฅm cรกc nhร  sฦฐ chแบฅp nhแบญn vร ng vร  bแบกc bแบฑng cรกch cรดng khai yรชu cแบงu nรณ tแปซ
nhแปฏng tรญn ฤ‘แป“ cแปงa hแป.
ร”ng
ngay lแบญp tแปฉc chแป‰ trรญch hร nh vi cแปงa hแป vร  phแบฃn แปฉng cแปงa hแป lร  ฤ‘แปƒ cung cแบฅp
cho anh ta mแป™t phแบงn lแปฃi รญch bแบฅt hแปฃp phรกp cแปงa hแป vแป›i hy vแปng rแบฑng anh sแบฝ
thแบฏng.
Anh Cแบฃ Yasa, tuy nhiรชn tแปซ chแป‘i vร  khinh miแป‡t hร nh vi cแปงa hแป. Cรกc nhร  sฦฐ ngay lแบญp tแปฉc kiแป‡n anh ta vแป›i mแป™t hร nh ฤ‘แป™ng chรญnh thแปฉc hรฒa giแบฃi, buแป™c tแป™i anh ta ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘แป• lแป—i cho nhแปฏng tรญn ฤ‘แป“ cแปงa hแป. Anh
Cแบฃ Yasa ฤ‘รฃ hรฒa giแบฃi vแป›i nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi sรนng ฤ‘แบกo, nhฦฐng ฤ‘แป“ng thแปi, thuyแบฟt
phแปฅc hแป rแบฑng cรกc nhร  sฦฐ Vijjian ฤ‘รฃ lร m sai bแบฑng cรกch trรญch dแบซn lแปi tuyรชn
bแป‘ cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt vแป viแป‡c cแบฅm chแบฅp nhแบญn hoแบทc kรชu gแปi vร ng vร  bแบกc.
Cรกc
giรกo dรขn ngay lแบญp tแปฉc bร y tแป sแปฑ แปงng hแป™ cแปงa hแป ฤ‘แป‘i vแป›i Anh Cแบฃ Yasa vร 
tuyรชn bแป‘ cรกc nhร  sฦฐ Vajjian cho nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi lร m sai vร  dแป‹ giรกo, nรณi rแบฑng
‘’ Anh Cแบฃ Yasa mแป™t mรฌnh lร  tu sฤฉ thแบญt vร  con trai Sฤkyan.
Tแบฅt cแบฃ nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi khรกc khรดng phแบฃi lร  tu sฤฉ, khรดng phแบฃi lร  nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi con trai Sฤkyan ‘’.

Cรกc
nhร  sฦฐ Vajjian cแปฉng ฤ‘แบงu vร  khรดng ฤƒn nฤƒn sau ฤ‘รณ chuyแปƒn ฤ‘แบฟn ฤ‘รฌnh chแป‰ Hรฒa
thฦฐแปฃng Yasa Thera mร  khรดng cรณ sแปฑ chแบฅp thuแบญn cแปงa phแบงn cรฒn lแบกi cแปงa Saแน…gha
khi hแป ฤ‘แบฟn ฤ‘แปƒ biแบฟt kแบฟt quแบฃ cแปงa cuแป™c gแบทp gแปก cแปงa รดng vแป›i nhแปฏng tรญn ฤ‘แป“ giรกo
dรขn cแปงa hแป.
The
Elder Yasa, tuy nhiรชn ฤ‘รฃ thoรกt khแปi sแปฑ chแป‰ trรญch cแปงa hแป vร  ฤ‘i tรฌm kiแบฟm
sแปฑ hแป— trแปฃ cแปงa cรกc nhร  sฦฐ แปŸ nhแปฏng nฦกi khรกc, nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi ฤ‘รฃ tรดn trแปng quan
ฤ‘iแปƒm chรญnh thแป‘ng cแปงa mรฌnh trรชn Vinaya.
Sรกu
mฦฐฦกi nhร  sฦฐ rแปซng แปŸ Pฤvฤ vร  tรกm mฦฐฦกi tu sฤฉ tแปซ cรกc vรนng phรญa nam cแปงa
Avanti, nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi cรนng quan ฤ‘iแปƒm, ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘แป nghแป‹ giรบp รดng kiแปƒm tra sแปฑ tham
nhลฉng cแปงa Vinaya.
Hแป
cรนng nhau quyแบฟt ฤ‘แป‹nh ฤ‘i ฤ‘แบฟn Soreyya ฤ‘แปƒ tham khแบฃo Hรฒa thฦฐแปฃng Revata khi
รดng lร  mแป™t nhร  sฦฐ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc kรญnh trแปng vร  lร  mแป™t chuyรชn gia trong Giรกo Phรกp
vร  Vinaya.
Ngay
sau khi cรกc nhร  sฦฐ Vajjian ฤ‘แบฟn ฤ‘แปƒ biแบฟt ฤ‘iแปu nร y hแป cลฉng ฤ‘รฃ tรฌm kiแบฟm sแปฑ
แปงng hแป™ cแปงa Hรฒa thฦฐแปฃng Revata bแบฑng cรกch cung cแบฅp cho รดng bแป‘n ฤ‘iแปu kiแป‡n
tiรชn quyแบฟt mร  รดng ฤ‘รฃ tแปซ chแป‘i ngay lแบญp tแปฉc.
Cรกc
tu sฤฉ nร y sau ฤ‘รณ ฤ‘รฃ tรฌm cรกch sแปญ dแปฅng cรนng mแป™t phฦฐฦกng tiแป‡n ฤ‘แปƒ giร nh
chiแบฟn thแบฏng trรชn thแป‹ giแบฃ cแปงa Hรฒa thฦฐแปฃng Revata, ฤแบกi ฤ‘แปฉc Uttara.
Lรบc
ฤ‘แบงu, anh cลฉng tแปซ chแป‘i lแปi ฤ‘แป nghแป‹ cแปงa hแป nhฦฐng hแป ฤ‘รฃ thuyแบฟt phแปฅc anh
chแบฅp nhแบญn lแปi ฤ‘แป nghแป‹ cแปงa hแป, nรณi rแบฑng khi nhแปฏng ฤ‘iแปu kiแป‡n cแบงn thiแบฟt
dร nh cho ฤแปฉc Phแบญt khรดng ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc anh chแบฅp nhแบญn, ฤ€nanda sแบฝ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc yรชu cแบงu chแบฅp
nhแบญn vร  thฦฐแปng ฤ‘แป“ng รฝ lร m nhฦฐ vแบญy.
Uttara ฤ‘แป•i รฝ vร  chแบฅp nhแบญn nhแปฏng ฤ‘iแปu kiแป‡n tiรชn quyแบฟt. ฤฦฐแปฃc
thรบc giแปฅc bแปŸi hแป, รดng ฤ‘แป“ng รฝ ฤ‘i vร  thuyแบฟt phแปฅc Hรฒa thฦฐแปฃng Revata tuyรชn
bแป‘ rแบฑng cรกc nhร  sฦฐ Vajjian thแปฑc sแปฑ lร  nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi nรณi vแป Chรขn lรฝ vร 
nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi แปงng hแป™ Giรกo phรกp.
Hรฒa thฦฐแปฃng Revata ฤ‘รฃ chแปฉng kiแบฟn โ€‹โ€‹sแปฑ nguyแปn rแปงa cแปงa hแป vร  tแปซ chแป‘i แปงng hแป™ hแป. Sau ฤ‘รณ anh ta ฤ‘uแป•i Uttara. ฤแปƒ
giแบฃi quyแบฟt vแบฅn ฤ‘แป mแป™t lแบงn vร  cho tแบฅt cแบฃ, Hรฒa thฦฐแปฃng Revata khuyรชn rแบฑng
mแป™t hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng nรชn ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปi tแบกi Vฤแธทikฤrฤma vแป›i chรญnh mรฌnh ฤ‘แบทt ra cรกc cรขu
hแปi vแป mฦฐแปi tแป™i cแปงa cแบฅp cao nhแบฅt cแปงa nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi lแป›n tuแป•i trong ngร y,
Thera Sabbjakฤmi.
Mแป™t
khi รฝ kiแบฟn โ€‹โ€‹cแปงa รดng ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc ban cho nรณ lร  ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc nghe bแปŸi mแป™t แปงy ban gแป“m
tรกm tu sฤฉ, vร  giรก trแป‹ cแปงa nรณ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc quyแบฟt ฤ‘แป‹nh bแปŸi lรก phiแบฟu cแปงa hแป.
Tรกm
tu sฤฉ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc kรชu gแปi ฤ‘แปƒ phรกn xรฉt vแบฅn ฤ‘แป nร y lร  cรกc Venerables Sabbakฤmi,
saแธทha, Khujjasobhita vร  Vฤsabhagฤmika, tแปซ phฦฐฦกng ฤรดng vร  bแป‘n tu sฤฉ tแปซ
phฦฐฦกng Tรขy, cรกc Venerables Revata, Sambhuta-Sฤแน‡avฤsฤซ, Yasa vร  Sumana.
Hแป tranh luแบญn kแปน lฦฐแปกng vแบฅn ฤ‘แป vแป›i Revata lร  ngฦฐแปi hแปi vร  sabbakฤmฤซ trแบฃ lแปi cรกc cรขu hแปi cแปงa mรฌnh. Sau
khi cuแป™c tranh luแบญn ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc nghe, tรกm nhร  sฦฐ ฤ‘รฃ quyแบฟt ฤ‘แป‹nh chแป‘ng lแบกi cรกc
nhร  sฦฐ Vajjian vร  bแบฃn รกn cแปงa hแป ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc thรดng bรกo cho hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng.
Sau
ฤ‘รณ, bแบฃy trฤƒm tu sฤฉ ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘แปc Kinh Phรกp vร  Vinaya vร  bแบฃn tแปฅng nร y ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปi
lร  Sattasatฤซ bแปŸi vรฌ bแบฃy trฤƒm tu sฤฉ ฤ‘รฃ tham gia vร o nรณ.
Hแป™i
ฤ‘แป“ng lแป‹ch sแปญ nร y cลฉng ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปi lร , Yasatthera Sangฤซti vรฌ vai trรฒ chรญnh
cแปงa Anh Cแบฃ Yasa chฦกi trong ฤ‘รณ vร  lรฒng nhiแป‡t thร nh cแปงa รดng ฤ‘แปƒ bแบฃo vแป‡
Vinaya.
Cรกc
nhร  sฦฐ Vajjian categorically tแปซ chแป‘i chแบฅp nhแบญn quyแบฟt ฤ‘แป‹nh cแปงa Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng
vร  trong thรกch thแปฉc ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปi lร  mแป™t hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng cรณ sแปŸ hแปฏu ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปi lร 
Mahฤsaแน…giti.
Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng thแปฉ ba

Hแป™i
ฤ‘แป“ng thแปฉ ba ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc tแป• chแปฉc chแปง yแบฟu ฤ‘แปƒ loแบกi bแป Saแน…gha cแปงa cรกc nhร  sฦฐ tham
nhลฉng vร  khรดng cรณ thแบญt, nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi ฤ‘รฃ giแปฏ quan ฤ‘iแปƒm dแป‹ giรกo.
Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc triแป‡u tแบญp vร o nฤƒm 326 trฦฐแป›c Chรบa Tแบกi Asokฤrฤma แปŸ Paแนญaliputta dฦฐแป›i sแปฑ bแบฃo trแปฃ cแปงa Hoร ng ฤ‘แบฟ Asoka. Nรณ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc chแปง trรฌ bแปŸi Anh Cแบฃ Moggaliputta Tissa vร  mแป™t ngร n tu sฤฉ ฤ‘รฃ tham gia vร o Hแป™i ฤแป“ng nร y. Truyแปn
thแป‘ng kแปƒ rแบฑng Asoka ฤ‘รฃ giร nh ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc ngai vร ng cแปงa mรฌnh bแบฑng cรกch ฤ‘แป• mรกu
cแปงa con trai cแปงa ngฦฐแปi cha ฤ‘แปƒ cแปฉu anh trai mรฌnh, Tissa Kumฤra, ngฦฐแปi
cuแป‘i cรนng ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc thแปฅ phong vร  ฤ‘แบกt ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc Arahantship.

Asoka ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc trao vฦฐฦกng miแป‡n trong hai trฤƒm mฦฐแปi tรกm nฤƒm sau Mahaparinibbฤna cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt. Lรบc
ฤ‘แบงu, รดng chแป‰ tแป lรฒng tรดn kรญnh ฤ‘แป‘i vแป›i Giรกo Phรกp vร  Saแน…gha vร  cลฉng แปงng
hแป™ cรกc tรญn hแปฏu cแปงa cรกc giรกo phรกi tรดn giรกo khรกc nhฦฐ cha รดng ฤ‘รฃ lร m trฦฐแป›c
รดng.
Tuy
nhiรชn, tแบฅt cแบฃ nhแปฏng ฤ‘iแปu nร y ฤ‘รฃ thay ฤ‘แป•i khi รดng gแบทp ngฦฐแปi mแป›i tu sฤฉ
ฤ‘แบกo ฤ‘แปฉc Nigrodha, ngฦฐแปi ฤ‘รฃ thuyแบฟt giแบฃng cho รดng ta vแป‹ Appamฤda-vagga.
Sau ฤ‘รณ, รดng ฤ‘รฃ ngแปซng hแป— trแปฃ cรกc nhรณm tรดn giรกo khรกc vร  sแปฑ quan tรขm vร  tแบญn tแปฅy cแปงa รดng ฤ‘แป‘i vแป›i Giรกo Phรกp sรขu sแบฏc hฦกn. Ngร i
ฤ‘รฃ sแปญ dแปฅng tร i sแบฃn khแป•ng lแป“ cแปงa mรฌnh ฤ‘แปƒ xรขy dแปฑng, ngฦฐแปi ta nรณi rแบฑng,
tรกm mฦฐฦกi bแป‘n ngร n ngรดi chรนa vร  vihฤras vร  ฤ‘แปƒ giรบp ฤ‘แปก cรกc tแปณ khฦฐu vแป›i bแป‘n
ฤ‘iแปu kiแป‡n tiรชn quyแบฟt.
Con trai รดng Mahinda vร  con gรกi รดng Saแน…ghamittฤ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc thแปฅ phong vร  ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc nhแบญn vร o Saแน…gha. Cuแป‘i cรนng, sแปฑ hร o phรณng cแปงa รดng lร  gรขy ra nhแปฏng vแบฅn ฤ‘แป nghiรชm trแปng trong Saแน…gha. Trong
thแปi gian trแบญt tแปฑ ฤ‘รฃ bแป‹ xรขm nhแบญp bแปŸi nhiแปu ngฦฐแปi ฤ‘ร n รดng khรดng xแปฉng
ฤ‘รกng, giแปฏ quan ฤ‘iแปƒm dแป‹ giรกo vร  nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi ฤ‘รฃ bแป‹ thu hรบt theo thแปฉ tแปฑ vรฌ
sแปฑ hแป— trแปฃ hร o phรณng cแปงa Hoร ng ฤ‘แบฟ vร  cung cแบฅp tแป‘n kรฉm cแปงa thแปฑc phแบฉm, quแบงn
รกo, nฦกi trรบ แบฉn vร  y hแปc.
Sแป‘
lฦฐแปฃng lแป›n nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi ฤ‘ร n รดng khรดng cรณ lรฒng trung thร nh, tham lam tรกn
thร nh quan ฤ‘iแปƒm sai lแบงm ฤ‘รฃ cแป‘ gแบฏng tham gia vร o trแบญt tแปฑ nhฦฐng ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc coi
lร  khรดng phรน hแปฃp ฤ‘แปƒ thแปฅ phong.
Mแบทc
dรน vแบญy, hแป ฤ‘รฃ nแบฏm lแบฅy cฦก hแป™i ฤ‘แปƒ khai thรกc sแปฑ hร o phรณng cแปงa hoร ng ฤ‘แบฟ cho
kแบฟt thรบc cแปงa riรชng hแป vร  mแบทc รกo choร ng vร  tham gia vร o trแบญt tแปฑ mร  khรดng
ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc phong chแปฉc ฤ‘รบng cรกch.
Do ฤ‘รณ, sแปฑ tรดn trแปng Saแน…gha giแบฃm ฤ‘i. Khi
ฤ‘iแปu nร y ฤ‘แบฟn vแป›i รกnh sรกng, mแป™t sแป‘ tu sฤฉ chรขn chรญnh ฤ‘รฃ tแปซ chแป‘i giแปฏ lแป…
thanh tแบฉy theo quy ฤ‘แป‹nh hoแบทc lแป… Uposatha trong cรดng ty cแปงa cรกc nhร  sฦฐ dแป‹
giรกo, hฦฐ hแปng.

Khi
Hoร ng ฤ‘แบฟ nghe vแป ฤ‘iแปu nร y, รดng ฤ‘รฃ tรฌm cรกch sแปญa chแปฏa tรฌnh hรฌnh vร  cแปญ mแป™t
trong cรกc bแป™ trฦฐแปŸng cแปงa mรฌnh ฤ‘แบฟn cรกc nhร  sฦฐ vแป›i lแป‡nh rแบฑng hแป thแปฑc hiแป‡n
buแป•i lแป….
Tuy
nhiรชn, Hoร ng ฤ‘แบฟ ฤ‘รฃ ban cho Bแป™ trฦฐแปŸng khรดng cรณ lแป‡nh cแปฅ thแปƒ nhฦฐ nhแปฏng gรฌ
cรณ nghฤฉa lร  ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc sแปญ dแปฅng ฤ‘แปƒ thแปฑc hiแป‡n lแป‡nh cแปงa mรฌnh.
Cรกc
nhร  sฦฐ tแปซ chแป‘i tuรขn theo vร  tแป• chแปฉc buแป•i lแป… trong cรดng ty cแปงa nhแปฏng
ngฦฐแปi bแบกn ฤ‘แป“ng hร nh giแบฃ vร  ‘trแป™m cแบฏp’ cแปงa hแป [theyyasinivฤsaka].
Trong
tuyแป‡t vแปng, bแป™ trฦฐแปŸng tแปฉc giแบญn tiแบฟn xuแป‘ng dรฒng cแปงa cรกc vแป‹ sฦฐ ngแป“i vร 
rรบt kiแบฟm cแปงa mรฌnh, chแบทt ฤ‘แบงu tแบฅt cแบฃ trong sแป‘ hแป mแป™t cho ฤ‘แบฟn khi รดng ฤ‘แบฟn
vแป›i anh trai cแปงa nhร  vua, Tissa ngฦฐแปi ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc thแปฅ phong linh mแปฅc.
Bแป™
trฦฐแปŸng kinh hoร ng ฤ‘รฃ ngแปซng viแป‡c giแบฟt mแป• vร  chแบกy trแป‘n khแปi hแป™i trฦฐแปng vร 
bรกo cรกo lแบกi cho Hoร ng ฤ‘แบฟ Asoka rแบฅt ฤ‘au buแป“n vร  buแป“n bรฃ bแปŸi nhแปฏng gรฌ ฤ‘รฃ
xแบฃy ra vร  ฤ‘แป• lแป—i cho chรญnh mรฌnh vรฌ nhแปฏng vแปฅ giแบฟt ngฦฐแปi.
Ngร i tรฌm lแปi khuyรชn cแปงa Thera Moggaliputta Tissa. ร”ng ฤ‘แป nghแป‹ rแบฑng cรกc nhร  sฦฐ dแป‹ giรกo bแป‹ ฤ‘uแป•i khแปi รกn lแป‡nh vร  mแป™t Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng thแปฉ ba ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc triแป‡u tแบญp ngay lแบญp tแปฉc. Vรฌ vแบญy, ฤ‘รณ lร  vร o nฤƒm thแปฉ mฦฐแปi bแบฃy cแปงa triแปu ฤ‘แบกi cแปงa Hoร ng ฤ‘แบฟ, Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng thแปฉ ba ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปi. Thera
Moggaliputta Tissa ฤ‘แปฉng ฤ‘แบงu cรกc thแปง tแปฅc tแป‘ tแปฅng vร  chแปn mแป™t nghรฌn tu sฤฉ
tแปซ sรกu mฦฐฦกi ngร n ngฦฐแปi tham dแปฑ cho viแป‡c trรฌ tแปฅng truyแปn thแป‘ng cแปงa Phรกp
vร  Vinaya, ฤ‘รฃ diแป…n ra trong chรญn thรกng.
Hoร ng ฤ‘แบฟ, tแปฑ hแปi cรกc tu sฤฉ tแปซ mแป™t sแป‘ tu viแป‡n vแป giรกo lรฝ cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt. Nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi nแบฏm giแปฏ quan ฤ‘iแปƒm sai lแบงm ฤ‘รฃ bแป‹ phฦกi bร y vร  trแปฅc xuแบฅt khแปi Saแน…gha ngay lแบญp tแปฉc. Bแบฑng cรกch nร y, Tแปณ khฦฐu Sa wasgha ฤ‘รฃ bแป‹ thanh tแปฅy vร  cรกc tแปณ kheo giแบฃ.
Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng nร y cลฉng ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘แบกt ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc mแป™t sแป‘ ฤ‘iแปu quan trแปng khรกc. Anh
Cแบฃ Moggaliputta Tissa, ฤ‘แปƒ bรกc bแป mแป™t sแป‘ giรกo phรกi vร  ฤ‘แบฃm bแบฃo Giรกo Phรกp
ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc giแปฏ trong sแบกch, tuรขn theo mแป™t cuแป‘n sรกch trong hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng gแปi lร 
Kathฤvatthu.
Cuแป‘n
sรกch nร y bao gแป“m hai mฦฐฦกi ba chฦฐฦกng, vร  lร  mแป™t bแป™ sฦฐu tแบญp cรกc cuแป™c thแบฃo
luแบญn (kathฤ) vร  nhแปฏng lแปi tiรชn tri cแปงa cรกc quan ฤ‘iแปƒm dแป‹ giรกo ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc tแป•
chแปฉc bแปŸi cรกc giรกo phรกi khรกc nhau vแป cรกc vแบฅn ฤ‘แป triแบฟt hแปc.
Nรณ lร  thแปฉ nฤƒm trong bแบฃy cuแป‘n sรกch cแปงa Abhidhamma Piแนญaka. Cรกc
thร nh viรชn cแปงa Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng cลฉng ฤ‘รฃ ban mแป™t con dแบฅu cแปงa hoร ng gia phรช chuแบฉn
cho giรกo lรฝ cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt, ฤ‘แบทt tรชn nรณ lร  Vibhajjavฤda, Giรกo lรฝ Phรขn
tรญch.
Nรณ giแป‘ng hแป‡t vแป›i hแปc thuyแบฟt Theravฤda ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc phรช chuแบฉn. Mแป™t
trong nhแปฏng thร nh tแปฑu quan trแปng nhแบฅt cแปงa hแป™i nghแป‹ Phแบญt phรกp nร y vร  mแป™t
thร nh quแบฃ trong nhiแปu thแบฟ kแปท tแป›i, lร  viแป‡c Hoร ng ฤ‘แบฟ gแปญi cรกc tu sฤฉ, thร nh
thแบกo trong Phแบญt phรกp vร  Vinaya, nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi cรณ thแปƒ ฤ‘แปc thuแป™c lรฒng nรณ,
ฤ‘แปƒ dแบกy nรณ
แปŸ chรญn quแป‘c gia khรกc nhau. Nhแปฏng nhร  sฦฐ Dhammadลซta nร y bao gแป“m Thฦฐแปฃng tแปa Majjhantika Thera, ngฦฐแปi ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘แบฟn Kashmir vร  Gandhฤra. Ngร i ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc yรชu cแบงu giแบฃng Phรกp vร  thiแบฟt lแบญp mแป™t tu sฤฉ แปŸ ฤ‘รณ. Hรฒa
thฦฐแปฃng Mahฤdeva ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปญi ฤ‘แบฟn Mahinsakamaแน‡แธaแธทa (Mysore hiแป‡n ฤ‘แบกi) vร 
Thฦฐแปฃng tแปa Rakkhita Thera ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc phรกi ฤ‘แบฟn Vanavฤsฤซ (miแปn bแบฏc Kanara แปŸ miแปn
nam แบคn ฤแป™.) Tรดn giแบฃ Yonaka Dhammarakkhita Thera ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปญi ฤ‘แบฟn Thฦฐแปฃng
Aparantaka (miแปn bแบฏc Gujarat, Kathiawar, Kutch vร  Sindh]
.Hรฒa
thฦฐแปฃng Mahฤrakkhita Thera ฤ‘แบฟn Yonaka-loka (vรนng ฤ‘แบฅt cแปงa ngฦฐแปi thแป• dรขn,
ngฦฐแปi Bactrians vร  ngฦฐแปi Hy Lแบกp.) Thฦฐแปฃng tแปa Majjhima Thera ฤ‘i ฤ‘แบฟn
Himavanta (nฦกi tiแบฟp giรกp vแป›i dรฃy Himalaya.) Hรฒa thฦฐแปฃng Soji vร  Thฦฐแปฃng
tแปa ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปญi ฤ‘แบฟn Suvaแน‡แน‡abhลซmi [bรขy giแป
Myanmar]. Hรฒa
thฦฐแปฃng Mahinda Thera, Hรฒa thฦฐแปฃng Ittiya Thera, Hรฒa thฦฐแปฃng Uttiya Thera,
Hรฒa thฦฐแปฃng Sambala Thera vร  Hรฒa thฦฐแปฃng Bhaddasฤla Thera ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปญi ฤ‘แบฟn
Tambapaแน‡แน‡i (nay lร  Sri Lanka).
Nhiแป‡m
vแปฅ cแปงa cรกc tu sฤฉ nร y ฤ‘รฃ thร nh cรดng vร  mang nhแปฏng trรกi cรขy vฤฉ ฤ‘แบกi trong
suแป‘t thแปi gian vร  ฤ‘i mแป™t chแบทng ฤ‘ฦฐแปng dร i trong viแป‡c chiแบฟm ฤ‘รณng cรกc dรขn
tแป™c cแปงa nhแปฏng vรนng ฤ‘แบฅt nร y vแป›i mรณn quร  cแปงa Giรกo Phรกp vร  แบฃnh hฦฐแปŸng ฤ‘แบฟn
nแปn vฤƒn minh vร  vฤƒn hรณa cแปงa hแป.

Vแป›i sแปฑ truyแปn bรก Giรกo Phรกp qua nhแปฏng lแปi cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt, dฤฉ nhiรชn, แบคn ฤแป™ ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc biแบฟt ฤ‘แบฟn nhฦฐ Visvaguru, vแป‹ Thแบงy cแปงa thแบฟ giแป›i.

Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng thแปฉ tฦฐ

Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng lแบงn thแปฉ tฦฐ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc tแป• chแปฉc tแบกi Tambapaแน‡แน‡i [Sri Lanka] vร o 29 TCN. dฦฐแป›i sแปฑ bแบฃo trแปฃ cแปงa vua Vaแนญแนญagฤmaแน‡i. Lรฝ
do chรญnh cho viแป‡c triแป‡u tแบญp cแปงa nรณ lร  viแป‡c nhแบญn ra rแบฑng bรขy giแป khรดng
thแปƒ cho ฤ‘a sแป‘ cรกc nhร  sฦฐ giแปฏ lแบกi toร n bแป™ Tipiแนญaka trong kรฝ แปฉc cแปงa hแป nhฦฐ
ฤ‘รฃ tแปซng lร  trฦฐแปng hแปฃp trฦฐแป›c ฤ‘รขy cho Hรฒa Thฦฐแปฃng Mahinda vร  nhแปฏng ngฦฐแปi
ฤ‘i theo รดng ta ngay sau ฤ‘รณ.
Do
ฤ‘รณ, nhฦฐ nghแป‡ thuแบญt viแบฟt, vร o thแปi ฤ‘iแปƒm nร y ฤ‘รฃ phรกt triแปƒn ฤ‘รกng kแปƒ, nรณ ฤ‘รฃ
ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc suy nghฤฉ cแบงn thiแบฟt vร  cแบงn thiแบฟt ฤ‘แปƒ cรณ toร n bแป™ cฦก thแปƒ giแบฃng dแบกy cแปงa
ฤแปฉc Phแบญt ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc viแบฟt ra.
Vua Vaแนญแนญagฤmaแน‡i แปงng hแป™ รฝ tฦฐแปŸng cแปงa nhร  sฦฐ vร  mแป™t hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc tแป• chแปฉc ฤ‘แบทc biแป‡t ฤ‘แปƒ giแบฃm toร n bแป™ Tipiแนญaka ฤ‘แปƒ viแบฟt. Do
ฤ‘รณ, ฤ‘แปƒ cho Giรกo Phรกp ฤ‘รญch thแปฑc cรณ thแปƒ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc bแบฃo tแป“n lรขu dร i, Hรฒa thฦฐแปฃng
Mahฤrakhita vร  nฤƒm trฤƒm nhร  sฦฐ ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘แปc nhแปฏng lแปi cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt vร  sau ฤ‘รณ
viแบฟt chรบng xuแป‘ng lรก cแป.
Dแปฑ รกn ฤ‘รกng chรบ รฝ nร y ฤ‘รฃ diแป…n ra trong mแป™t hang ฤ‘แป™ng ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปi lร  ฤ€loka lena, nแบฑm แปŸ khe hแปŸ cแปงa mแป™t sแบกt lแปŸ ฤ‘แบฅt cแป• xฦฐa gแบงn Matale. Vรฌ vแบญy, mแปฅc tiรชu cแปงa Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘แบกt ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc vร  viแป‡c bแบฃo tแป“n bแบฑng vฤƒn bแบฃn cแปงa Phรกp thแปฑc ฤ‘รญch ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc ฤ‘แบฃm bแบฃo. Sau nร y, trong thแบฟ kแปท 18, vua Vijayarฤjasฤซha ฤ‘รฃ cรณ nhแปฏng hรฌnh แบฃnh cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc tแบกo ra trong hang ฤ‘แป™ng nร y.

Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng thแปฉ nฤƒm

Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng thแปฉ nฤƒm diแป…n ra tแบกi Mฤndalay, Miแบฟn ฤiแป‡n giแป ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปi lร  Myanmar vร o nฤƒm 1871 trฦฐแป›c Cรดng nguyรชn dฦฐแป›i thแปi Vua Mindon. Mแปฅc
ฤ‘รญch chรญnh cแปงa cuแป™c hแปp nร y lร  ฤ‘แปƒ ฤ‘แปc thuแป™c lรฒng tแบฅt cแบฃ cรกc giรกo lรฝ cแปงa
ฤแปฉc Phแบญt vร  kiแปƒm tra chรบng chi tiแบฟt tแปซng phรบt ฤ‘แปƒ xem liแป‡u cรณ bแบฅt kแปณ mแป™t
trong sแป‘ chรบng ฤ‘รฃ bแป‹ thay ฤ‘แป•i, mรฉo mรณ hay bแป‹ vแปฉt bแป hay khรดng.
Nรณ
ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc chแปง trรฌ bแปŸi ba ngฦฐแปi lแป›n tuแป•i, Hรฒa thฦฐแปฃng Mahฤthera
Jฤgarฤbhivaแนƒsa, ฤแบกi ฤ‘แปฉc Narindฤbhidhaja, vร  Hรฒa thฦฐแปฃng Mahฤthera
Sumaแน…galasฤmi trong cรดng ty khoแบฃng hai nghรฌn bแป‘n trฤƒm tu sฤฉ (2.400).
Sแปฑ trรฌ tแปฅng giรกo phรกp chung cแปงa hแป kรฉo dร i trong nฤƒm thรกng. Nรณ
cลฉng lร  cรดng viแป‡c cแปงa hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng nร y ฤ‘แปƒ khiแบฟn toร n bแป™ Tipiแนญaka ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc ghi
vร o รกp phรญch trรชn bแบฃy trฤƒm hai mฦฐฦกi chรญn phiแบฟn ฤ‘รก cแบฉm thแบกch trong kแป‹ch
bแบฃn Myanmar sau khi sแปฑ trรฌ tแปฅng cแปงa nรณ ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc hoร n thร nh vร  ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc nhแบฅt
trรญ chแบฅp thuแบญn.
Nhiแป‡m
vแปฅ hoร nh trรกng nร y ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc thแปฑc hiแป‡n bแปŸi khoแบฃng hai ngร n bแป‘n trฤƒm nhร  sฦฐ
Erudite vร  nhiแปu thแปฃ thแปง cรดng lร nh nghแป sau khi hoร n thร nh mแป—i phiแบฟn hแป
ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘แบทt trong nhแปฏng ngรดi chรนa ‘piแนญaka’ thu nhแป xinh ฤ‘แบนp trรชn mแป™t ฤ‘แป‹a ฤ‘iแปƒm
ฤ‘แบทc biแป‡t trong khuรดn viรชn Chรนa Kuthodaw cแปงa Vua Mindon dฦฐแป›i chรขn
Mฤndalay.
Hill nฦกi ฤ‘รขy ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปi lร  ‘cuแป‘n sรกch lแป›n nhแบฅt thแบฟ giแป›i’, ฤ‘แปฉng cho ฤ‘แบฟn ngร y nay.Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng thแปฉ sรกu

Hแป™i
ฤ‘แป“ng thแปฉ sรกu ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc gแปi tแบกi Kaba Aye แปŸ Yangon, trฦฐแป›c ฤ‘รขy lร  Rangoon vร o
nฤƒm 1954, tรกm mฦฐฦกi ba nฤƒm sau khi Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng thแปฉ nฤƒm ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc tแป• chแปฉc tแบกi
Mandalay.
Nรณ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc tร i trแปฃ bแปŸi Chรญnh phแปง Miแบฟn ฤiแป‡n do Thแปง tฦฐแป›ng Chรญnh phแปง, Ngร i danh dแปฑ. Ngร i
cho phรฉp xรขy dแปฑng Mahฤ Pฤsฤna Gลซhฤ, hang ฤ‘แป™ng vฤฉ ฤ‘แบกi ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc xรขy dแปฑng tแปซ
ฤ‘แบงu, ฤ‘แปƒ phแปฅc vแปฅ nhฦฐ lร  nฦกi tแบญp hแปฃp giแป‘ng nhฦฐ hang Sattapฤnni cแปงa แบคn ฤแป™ -
ฤ‘แป‹a ฤ‘iแปƒm cแปงa Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng Giรกo Phรกp ฤ‘แบงu tiรชn.
Sau
khi hoร n thร nh, Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng ฤ‘รฃ gแบทp nhau vร o ngร y 17 thรกng 5 nฤƒm 1954. Nhฦฐ
trong trฦฐแปng hแปฃp cแปงa cรกc hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng trฦฐแป›c, mแปฅc tiรชu ฤ‘แบงu tiรชn cแปงa nรณ lร  xรกc
nhแบญn vร  bแบฃo tแป“n Giรกo Phรกp vร  Vinaya chรขn chรญnh.
Tuy nhiรชn nรณ lร  duy nhแบฅt cho ฤ‘แบฟn nay nhฦฐ cรกc nhร  sฦฐ tham gia vร o nรณ ฤ‘แบฟn tแปซ tรกm quแป‘c gia. Hai ngร n nฤƒm trฤƒm tu sฤฉ nร y ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘แบฟn tแปซ Myanmar, Campuchia, แบคn ฤแป™, Lร o, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thรกi Lan vร  Viแป‡t Nam. Vแป‹
Hรฒa thฦฐแปฃng Mahฤsi Sayadaw ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc bแป• nhiแป‡m lร m nhiแป‡m vแปฅ cao thฦฐแปฃng
trong viแป‡c hแปi nhแปฏng cรขu hแปi cแบงn thiแบฟt vแป Giรกo Phรกp cแปงa Hรฒa Thฦฐแปฃng
Bhadanta Vicittasฤrฤbhivaแนƒsa Tipiแนญakadhara Dhammabhaแน‡แธฤgฤrika, ngฦฐแปi ฤ‘รฃ
trแบฃ lแปi tแบฅt cแบฃ chรบng mแป™t cรกch hแปc hแปi vร  thแปa ฤ‘รกng.
Vร o
thแปi ฤ‘iแปƒm hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng nร y gแบทp nhau, tแบฅt cแบฃ cรกc nฦฐแป›c tham gia ฤ‘แปu cรณ chแปฏ
Pฤli Tipiแนญaka xuแบฅt hiแป‡n trong cรกc kแป‹ch bแบฃn bแบฃn ฤ‘แป‹a cแปงa hแป, ngoแบกi trแปซ แบคn
ฤแป™.

Sแปฑ
trรฌ tแปฅng truyแปn thแป‘ng cแปงa Kinh ฤ‘iแปƒn ฤ‘รฃ mแบฅt hai nฤƒm, trong ฤ‘รณ Tipiแนญaka
vร  vฤƒn chฦฐฦกng ฤ‘แป“ng minh cแปงa nรณ trong tแบฅt cแบฃ cรกc kแป‹ch bแบฃn ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc kiแปƒm
tra cแบฉn thแบญn.
Bแบฅt
kแปณ sแปฑ khรกc biแป‡t nร o ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc tรฌm thแบฅy ฤ‘แปu ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc ghi lแบกi, cรกc sแปญa ฤ‘แป•i cแบงn
thiแบฟt ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc thแปฑc hiแป‡n vร  tแบฅt cแบฃ cรกc phiรชn bแบฃn sau ฤ‘รณ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc ฤ‘แป‘i chiแบฟu.
Hแบกnh phรบc, nรณ ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc tรฌm thแบฅy rแบฑng khรดng cรณ nhiแปu sแปฑ khรกc biแป‡t trong nแป™i dung cแปงa bแบฅt kแปณ vฤƒn bแบฃn. Cuแป‘i
cรนng, sau khi Hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng ฤ‘รฃ chรญnh thแปฉc phรช chuแบฉn, tแบฅt cแบฃ cรกc tแบญp cแปงa
Tipiaka vร  Bรฌnh luแบญn cแปงa hแป ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc chuแบฉn bแป‹ ฤ‘แปƒ in trรชn cรกc mรกy รฉp hiแป‡n
ฤ‘แบกi vร  ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc xuแบฅt bแบฃn trong kแป‹ch bแบฃn Myanmar (Miแบฟn ฤiแป‡n).
Thร nh tแปฑu ฤ‘รกng chรบ รฝ nร y ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc thแปฑc hiแป‡n thรดng qua nhแปฏng nแป— lแปฑc tแบญn tแปฅy cแปงa hai ngร n nฤƒm trฤƒm nhร  sฦฐ vร  nhiแปu cฦฐ sฤฉ. Cรดng viแป‡c cแปงa hแป kแบฟt thรบc vร o thรกng 5 nฤƒm 1956, hai nฤƒm rฦฐแปกi sau khi Chรบa ฤ‘แบกt ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc Parinibbฤna. Cรดng viแป‡c cแปงa hแป™i ฤ‘แป“ng nร y lร  thร nh tแปฑu duy nhแบฅt cแปงa ฤ‘แบกi diแป‡n tแปซ toร n bแป™ thแบฟ giแป›i Phแบญt giรกo. Cรกc
phiรชn bแบฃn cแปงa Tipiแนญaka mร  nรณ thแปฑc hiแป‡n ฤ‘แปƒ sแบฃn xuแบฅt ฤ‘รฃ ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc cรดng nhแบญn lร 
ฤ‘รบng vแป›i giรกo lรฝ nguyรชn sฦก cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt Gotama vร  dแปฑng hรฌnh cรณ thแบฉm
quyแปn nhแบฅt cแปงa hแป cho ฤ‘แบฟn nay.

Nhแปฏng quyแปƒn sรกch ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc in sau khi Sa thegฤyana thแปฉ Sรกu ฤ‘ฦฐแปฃc in trong kแป‹ch bแบฃn Myanmar. ฤแปƒ
ฤ‘ฦฐa khแป‘i lฦฐแปฃng cho ngฦฐแปi dรขn แบคn ฤแป™, Viแป‡n Nghiรชn cแปฉu Vipassana bแบฏt ฤ‘แบงu
dแปฑ รกn ฤ‘แปƒ in Tipiaka vแป›i Aแนญแนญhakathฤs vร  แนญikas แปŸ Devanagari vร o nฤƒm 1990.

ฤรกnh thแปฉc mแป™t vแป›i nhแบญn thแปฉc cแปงa ฤแปฉc Phแบญt trong 5 tแปซ
Luรดn luรดn lร m tแป‘t Hรฃy chรบ รฝ!

ฤแปƒ giแบฃi thรญch ฤ‘แบงy ฤ‘แปง

Vui lรฒng truy cแบญp:
Analytic
Insight Net - Miแป…n phรญ trแปฑc tuyแบฟn Tipiแนญaka nghiรชn cแปฉu vร  thแปฑc hร nh ฤแบกi
hแปc vร  TIN TแปจC liรชn quan thรดng qua http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org trong
105 NGร”N NGแปฎ LแปšP HแปŒC
Tแปซ:
http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org

Dแป‹ch Google Dแป‹ch nร y bแบฑng tiแบฟng mแบน ฤ‘แบป cแปงa bแบกn bแบฑng
https://translate.google.com

ฤรณ lร  LESSON cแปงa bแบกn

E-mail:
buddhasaid2us@gmail.com
http://www.palicanon.org/

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WimAW_TKYPs
THE COLLECTION OF SONGS ABOUT BUDDHISM IN VIETNAMESE
N PL
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102) Classical Welsh
102) Cymraeg Clasurol

Pali Canon Ar-lein

Geiriau Gwreiddiol y Bwdha
The Origin of the Canon Pali

‘Peidiwch
รข mynegi i ddweud: “Ffrindiau, clywais a derbyniodd hyn o wefusau’r
Arglwydd: dyma’r Dhamma, dyma’r ddisgyblaeth, dyma’r athrawes Feistr”,
yna, mynachod, ni ddylech chi gymeradwyo nac anghytuno ei
geiriau. Yna,
heb gymeradwyo neu anghymeradwyo, dylai ei eiriau a’i ymadroddion gael
eu nodi’n ofalus a’u cymharu รข’r Suttas a’u hadolygu yng ngoleuni’r
ddisgyblaeth.
Os
byddant, ar gymhariaeth ac adolygiad o’r fath, yn dod o hyd i beidio รข
chydymffurfio รข’r Suttas neu’r ddisgyblaeth, mae’n rhaid i’r casgliad
fod: “Yn sicr, nid dyma’r gair y Bwdha, mae wedi ei ddeall yn anghywir
gan y dyn hwn”, a’r mater
i’w wrthod. Ond
lle mae cymhariaeth ac adolygiad o’r fath yn dod o hyd i gydymffurfio
รข’r Suttas neu’r ddisgyblaeth, mae’n rhaid i’r casgliad fod: “Yn sicr
dyma’r gair y Bwdha, mae’r mynach hon wedi ei ddeall yn iawn.”

- DN 16 Mahฤparinibbฤna Sutta - Y Pasio Mawr, Diwrnodau Diwethaf y Bwdha
Mae dysgeidiaethau dilys Gotama y Bwdha wedi cael eu cadw a’u rhoi i ni ac maent i’w gweld yn y Tipiแนญaka. Mae’r gair Pฤli, ‘Tipiแนญaka’, yn llythrennol yn golygu ‘y tri basgedi’ (ti = three + piแนญaka = casgliadau o ysgrythurau). Rhannwyd holl ddysgeidiaeth y Bwdha yn dair rhan.

1. Gelwir y rhan gyntaf yn y Vinaya Piแนญaka ac mae’n cynnwys yr holl reolau a osododd Bwdha ar gyfer mynachod a mynyddoedd.
2. Yr ail ran yw’r enw Suttaแน…ta Piแนญaka ac mae’n cynnwys y Discourses.
3. Gelwir y trydydd rhan yn Abhidhamma Piแนญaka ac mae’n cynnwys dysgeidiaeth seicolegol y Bwdha.

Mae’n
hysbys, pryd bynnag y rhoddodd y Bwdha ddwrs i’w ddisgyblion
ordeiniedig neu ddilynwyr neu ragnodwyd rheol mynachaidd yn ystod ei
weinidogaeth bedair blynedd ar bymtheg, y rhai oedd yn ei fynachod a’i
fynachod, ac yna byddai’r presennol yn cyflawni ei ddysgeidiaeth.
gair am air i gof. Felly cafodd geiriau’r Bwdha eu cadw’n gywir ac fe’u pasiwyd i lawr yn fuan gan athro / athrawes i’r disgybl. Roedd
rhai o’r mynachod a glywsant y Bwdha yn pregethu yn bersonol yn
Arahants, ac felly yn รดl diffiniad, ‘rhai pur’ yn rhydd o angerdd,
anwylidrwydd a thwyllod, ac felly, roedd yn sicr yn gallu cadw geiriau’r
Bwdha yn berffaith.
Felly gwnaethant sicrhau y byddai dysgeidiadau’r Bwdha yn cael eu cadw’n ffyddlon am y dyfodol.

Hyd
yn oed hyd yn oed y mynachod neilltuol hynny nad oeddent wedi cyrraedd
Arahantahood ond wedi cyrraedd y tri cham cyntaf o sainthood ac roedd
ganddynt atgofion pwerus, atgoffa hefyd alw i gof am air yr hyn yr oedd y
Bwdha wedi ei bregethu ac felly gallai fod yn warchodwyr o
ddysgeidiaeth y Bwdha.
Un mynach o’r fath oedd ฤ€nanda, y cynorthwy-ydd a chyda’r cudd yn Bwdha yn ystod pum mlynedd ar hugain ei oes. Roedd ฤ€nanda yn hynod ddeallus ac yn dda gyda’r gallu i gofio beth bynnag a glywodd. Yn
wir, ei ddymuniad mynegi fod y Bwdha bob amser yn cysylltu ei holl
ddadleuon iddo ac er nad oedd yn Arahanta eto, fe wnaeth ef ymroddedig
yn fwriadol i eiriau cof am eiriau ym mhob bregeth y Bwdha, a bu’n
gefnogol i fynachod, ferchod a’i ddilynwyr lleyg.
Gwnaeth
ymdrechion cyfun y mynachod dawnus a neilltuol hyn ei gwneud yn bosibl
i’r Dhamma a Vinaya, fel y dysgir gan y Bwdha i’w gadw yn ei chyflwr
gwreiddiol.

Mae’r
Tipiแนญaka Pฤli a’i lenyddiaeth gysylltiedig yn bodoli o ganlyniad i
ddarganfyddiad y Bwdha o lwybr nobel a rhyddhau’r Dhamma pur.
Mae’r llwybr hwn yn galluogi pawb sy’n ei ddilyn i arwain bywyd heddychlon a hapus. Yn
wir, yn y dydd hwn ac yn yr oes, rydym yn ffodus i gael y dysgeidiaeth
ddilys o’r Bwdha a gadwyd ar gyfer cenedlaethau’r dyfodol trwy
ymdrechion cydwybodol a chydgofiadol ei ddisgyblion ordeinio i lawr
trwy’r oesoedd.
Roedd
y Bwdha wedi dweud wrth ei ddisgyblion, pan nad oedd bellach yn eu
plith, ei bod yn hanfodol bod y Saแน…gha yn dod at ei gilydd er mwyn
adrodd y Dhamma ar y cyd, yn union fel y dysgodd.
Yn
unol รข’r cyfarwyddyd hwn, dywedodd yr Henoed cyntaf y byddai’n briodol
yn galw cyngor ac yn trefnu holl ddadleuon y Bwdha a rheolau mynachaidd
ac yn eu hadrodd yn ffyddlon i air am eiriau mewn cyngerdd.

Mae’r dysgeidiaeth a gynhwysir yn y Tipiแนญaka hefyd yn cael ei alw’n Doctrin y Henoed [Theravฤda]. Mae’r
cyrsiau hyn yn nifer o gannoedd ac maent bob amser wedi cael eu hadrodd
am eiriau erioed ers i’r Cyngor Cyntaf gael ei alw.
Yn
dilyn hynny, cafodd mwy o Gynghorau eu galw am nifer o resymau ond ym
mhob un ohonynt mae corff cyfan o ddysgu’r Bwdha wedi cael ei hadrodd
bob amser gan y cyfranogwyr Saแน…gha, yn gyngherddau a gair ar gyfer gair.
Cynhaliwyd
y cyngor cyntaf dri mis ar รดl cyrhaeddiad y Bwdha o Mahฤparinibbฤแน‡a, ac
fe’i dilynwyd gan bum mwy, dau ohonynt wedi’u cynnull yn y bedwaredd
ganrif ar bymtheg a’r ugeinfed ganrif.
Gelwir
y datganiadau cyfunol hyn a berfformiwyd gan y mynachod ym mhob un o’r
Cynghorau Dhamma hyn yn ‘Dhamma Saแน…gฤซtis’, y Dathma Recitations.
Maent
wedi eu dynodi felly oherwydd y cynsail a osodwyd yng Nghyngor First
Dhamma, pan gafodd yr holl Dysgeidiaeth eu hadrodd yn gyntaf gan Elder
of the Saแน…gha ac yna santio unwaith eto mewn corws gan yr holl fynachod
sy’n mynychu’r cynulliad.
Barnwyd bod y dyfarniad wedi bod yn ddilys, pryd a dim ond pan gafodd ei gymeradwyo’n unfrydol gan aelodau’r Cyngor. Yr hyn sy’n dilyn yw hanes byr o’r Chwe Chyngh.

Y Cyngor Cyntaf

Noddodd King Ajฤtasattu y Cyngor Cyntaf. Fe’i cynullwyd yn 544 B.C. yn yr Ogof Sattapaฤฤฤซ, y tu allan i Rฤjagaha, tri mis ar รดl i’r Bwdha farw. Mae cyfrif manwl o’r cyfarfod hanesyddol hwn i’w weld yn Cลซllavagga o’r Vinaya Piแนญaka. Yn
รดl y cofnod hwn, y digwyddiad a ysgogodd yr Elder Mahฤkassapa i alw’r
cyfarfod hwn oedd ei wrandawiad yn rhyfeddod am reolaeth fyw llym
mynachod.
Dyma beth ddigwyddodd. Roedd
y mynach, Subhadda, cyn-barber, a ordeiniodd yn hwyr yn ei fywyd, wrth
glywed bod y Bwdha wedi dod i ben, wedi mynegi ei ofid am orfod cadw at
yr holl reolau ar gyfer mynachod a osodwyd gan y Bwdha.
Roedd llawer o fynachod yn poeni am basio’r Bwdha ac roeddent yn teimlo’n llwyr. Fodd bynnag, clywodd yr Elder Mahฤkassapa, Subhadda: ‘’ Digon eich Reverences, peidiwch รข chladdu, peidiwch รข chladdu. Rydyn ni’n cael gwared o’r addewid mawr hwn (y Bwdha). Fe
wnaethom ni dwyllo pan ddywedodd, ‘mae hyn yn ganiataol i chi, nid yw
hyn yn ganiataol i chi’ ond nawr fe wnawn ni wneud yr hyn yr ydym yn ei
hoffi ac ni fydd yn rhaid i ni wneud yr hyn nad ydym yn ei hoffi ‘’.
Cafodd
ei feirniadu gan Mahฤkassapa a’i ofni y gellid llygru’r Dhamma a’r
Vinaya a pheidio รข goroesi yn gyfan gwbl pe bai mynachod eraill yn
ymddwyn fel Subhadda ac yn dehongli rheolau Dhamma a Vinaya fel y maent
yn falch.
Er mwyn osgoi hyn, penderfynodd y dylid cadw a diogelu Dhamma. I’r perwyl hwn ar รดl ennill cymeradwyaeth Saแน…gha, galwodd i’r cyngor bum cant Arahants. Roedd ฤ€nanda i’w chynnwys yn hyn o beth, ar yr amod ei fod wedi cyrraedd Arahanthood erbyn yr adeg y cynghynnwyd y cyngor. Gyda llywydd yr Henoed Mahฤkassapa, cwrddodd y cant cant o fynachod Arahant yn y cyngor yn ystod y tymor glawog. Y
peth cyntaf oedd Mahฤkassapa oedd cwestiynu’r arbenigwr mwyaf blaenllaw
ar Vinaya y dydd, Venerable Upฤli ar fanylion y rheol mynachaidd.
Roedd gan y dyn hwn gymwysterau da ar gyfer y dasg gan fod y Bwdha wedi dysgu’r cyfan o’r Vinaya ei hun iddo. Yn
gyntaf, gofynnodd yr Elder Mahฤkassapa iddo yn benodol am y dyfarniad
ar y tramgwydd cyntaf [pฤrฤjika], o ran y pwnc, yr achlysur, yr unigolyn
a gyflwynwyd, y cyhoeddiad, ailadrodd y cyhoeddiad, y drosedd ac achos
di-
trosedd. Rhoddodd Upฤli atebion gwybodus a digonol a chyfarfu ei sylwadau gyda chymeradwyaeth unfrydol y llywydd Saแน…gha. Felly, cymeradwywyd y Vinaya yn ffurfiol.

Yna rhoddodd yr Elder Mahฤkassapa ei sylw i ฤ€nanda yn rhinwedd ei arbenigedd enwog ym mhob mater sy’n gysylltiedig รข’r Dhamma. Yn ffodus, y noson cyn i’r Cyngor gyfarfod, ร‚nanda wedi cyrraedd Arahantship ac ymunodd รข’r Cyngor. Felly,
roedd yr Henoed Mahฤkassapa yn gallu ei holi’n ddidrafferth gyda hyder
llawn am y Dhamma gan gyfeirio’n benodol at bregethau’r Bwdha.
Roedd
yr ymholiad hwn ar y Dhamma yn ceisio gwirio’r lle lle cafodd yr holl
gyrsiau eu pregethu yn gyntaf a’r person y cawsant sylw iddo.
ฤ€nanda,
gyda chymorth ei gof berffaith, yn gallu ateb yn gywir ac felly roedd y
Discourses yn cyfarfod รข chymeradwyaeth unfrydol y Saแน…gha.
Hefyd,
rhoddodd y Cyngor Cyntaf ei sรชl gymeradwyaeth swyddogol ar gyfer cau’r
bennod ar y rheolau bach a lleiaf, a chymeradwyaeth i’w dilyn.
Cymerodd
y mynachod saith mis i adrodd bod y Vinaya cyfan a’r Dhamma a’r
mynachod hynny a gafodd eu hadeiladu’n ddigonol gydag atgofion da yn
cadw’r holl a gafodd ei adrodd.
Daeth y Paฤcasatika i’r cyngor cyntaf hanesyddol hwn gan fod pump cant o Arahants goleuedig wedi cymryd rhan ynddo.Yr Ail Gyngor

Galwyd yr Ail Gyngor gan gant o flynyddoedd ar รดl Parinibbฤแน‡a’r Bwdha er mwyn setlo anghydfod difrifol dros y ‘deg pwynt’. Mae hwn yn gyfeiriad at rai mynachod sy’n torri deg o reolau bach. rhoddwyd iddynt:

1. Storio halen mewn corn.
2. Bwyta ar รดl hanner dydd.
3. Bwyta unwaith ac yna mynd eto i bentref am alms.
4. Cynnal Seremoni Uposatha gyda mynachod yn yr un ardal.
5. Cyflawni gweithredoedd swyddogol pan nad oedd y cynulliad yn gyflawn.
6. Yn dilyn ymarfer penodol oherwydd ei fod wedi’i wneud gan diwtor neu athrawes un.
7. Bwyta laeth laeth ar รดl iddo gael ei bryd bwyd dydd.
8. Defnyddio diod cryf cyn iddo gael ei eplesu.
9. Defnyddio ryg nad oedd y maint priodol.
10. Defnyddio aur ac arian.

Daeth
eu camdriniaeth yn broblem a achosodd ddadl fawr wrth i dorri’r rheolau
hyn feddwl ei fod yn gwrth-ddweud dysgeidiaeth wreiddiol y Bwdha.
Y Brenin Kฤแธทฤsoka oedd noddwr yr Ail Gyngor a chynhaliwyd y cyfarfod yn Vesฤli oherwydd yr amgylchiadau canlynol. Un
diwrnod, wrth ymweld รข Mahavana Grove yn Veฤsli, daeth yr Elder Yasa i
wybod bod grลตp mawr o fynachod a elwir yn y Vajjiaid yn torri’r rheol a
oedd yn gwahardd menywod yn derbyn aur ac arian trwy ofyn amdano’n
agored gan ei devotees lleyg.
Beirniadodd
ei ymddygiad ar unwaith a’u hymateb oedd cynnig cyfran iddo o’i
enillion anghyfreithlon yn y gobaith y byddai’n cael ei ennill drosodd.
Fodd bynnag, gwrthododd yr Henoed Yasa, eu hymddygiad. Roedd
y mynachod yn ymosod arno ar unwaith gyda chamau ffurfiol o gymodi, gan
eu cyhuddo o beidio รข’u beichio ar eu devotees lleyg.
Yn
unol รข hynny, cytunodd Y Elder Yasa ei hun gyda’r devotees lleyg, ond
ar yr un pryd, yn eu hargyhoeddi bod y mynachod Vijjian wedi gwneud yn
anghywir trwy ddyfynnu datganiad y Bwdha ar y gwaharddiad rhag derbyn
neu ofyn am aur ac arian.
Mynegodd
y lainwyr eu cefnogaeth ar unwaith i’r Elder Yasa a datganodd y
mynachod Vajjian i’r anghyfreithwyr a’r heretigiaid, gan ddweud ‘’ Y
Elder Yasa yn unig yw’r mynach go iawn a mab Sฤkyan.
Nid yw’r holl bobl eraill yn fynachod, nid meibion โ€‹โ€‹Sฤkyan ‘’.

Yna,
symudodd y mynachod Vajjian Stwnben ac anffodus i atal y Yasa Thera
Hynafol heb gymeradwyaeth gweddill y Saแน…gha pan ddaethon nhw i wybod am
ganlyniad ei gyfarfod รข’u devotees lleyg.
Fodd
bynnag, daeth y The Elder Yasa i ddiffyg eu syniad ac aeth i chwilio am
gefnogaeth gan fynachod mewn mannau eraill, a oedd yn cadarnhau ei
golygfeydd union ar y Vinaya.
Cynigiodd
chwe deg o fynachod annedd coedwig o Pฤvฤ ac wyth deg o fynachod o
ranbarthau deheuol Avanti a oedd o’r un farn, i’w helpu i wirio llygredd
y Vinaya.
Gyda’i
gilydd fe benderfynon nhw fynd i Soreyya i ymgynghori รข’r Parch
Adnewyddadwy gan ei fod yn fynach hynod barchus ac yn arbenigwr yn y
Dhamma a’r Vinaya.
Cyn
gynted ag y daw’r mynachod Vajjian i wybod hyn, fe wnaethon nhw geisio
cefnogaeth yr Urdd Revata trwy gynnig y pedwar cais iddo a wrthododd yn
brydlon.
Yna ceisiodd y mynachod hyn ddefnyddio’r un modd i ennill dros y cynorthwy-ydd Adfer Bregus, yr Henebid Uttara. Yn
y lle cyntaf hefyd, gwrthododd y cynnig yn gywir, ond fe wnaethon nhw
eu perswadio i dderbyn eu cynnig, gan ddweud na fyddai ฤ€nanda yn gofyn
iddynt dderbyn y rhain ac y byddai’n aml yn cytuno i wneud hynny pan na
fyddai’r gofynion ar gyfer y Bwdha yn cael eu derbyn ganddo.
Newidiodd Uttara ei feddwl a derbyniodd y gofynion. Wedi
eu hannog ar eu cyfer, fe gytunodd i fynd a darbwyllo’r Parch
Adnewyddadwy i ddatgan bod y mynachod Vajjian yn wir yn siaradwyr
Gwirionedd a deiliaid y Dhamma.
Gwelodd yr Heneb Revata trwy eu rhuthro a gwrthododd eu cefnogi. Yna, gwrthododd Uttara. Er
mwyn setlo’r mater unwaith ac am byth, cynghorodd yr Henebion Revata y
dylid galw cyngor yn Vฤแธทikฤrฤma gyda’i hun yn gofyn cwestiynau am y deg
trosedd yn hลทn, sef Thera Sabbjakฤmi.
Unwaith y rhoddwyd ei farn ef oedd pwyllgor o wyth mynachod i’w glywed, a phenderfynwyd ei ddilysrwydd gan eu pleidlais. Yr
wyth mynachod a alwyd i farnu’r mater oedd y Venerables Sabbakฤmi,
saแธทha, Khujjasobhita a Vฤsabhagฤmika, o’r Dwyrain a phedwar mynach o’r
Gorllewin, y Venerables Revata, Sambhuta-Sฤแน‡avฤsฤซ, Yasa a Sumana.
Buont yn trafod y mater รข Phrosesata yn drylwyr fel y cwestiynwr a sabbakฤmฤซ yn ateb ei gwestiynau. Ar
รดl i’r ddadl gael ei glywed, penderfynodd yr wyth fynachod yn erbyn y
mynachod Vajjian a chyhoeddwyd eu dyfarniad i’r cynulliad.
Wedi
hynny adroddodd saith cant o fynachod y Dhamma a Vinaya a daeth y
datganiad hwn i gael ei adnabod fel y Satasatฤซ oherwydd bod saith cant o
fynachod wedi cymryd rhan ynddi.
Gelwir
y cyngor hanesyddol hwn hefyd, y Yasatthera Sangฤซti oherwydd y rรดl
bwysig y bu’r Elder Yasa yn ei chwarae ynddo a’i wraig am ddiogelu’r
Vinaya.
Gwrthododd
y mynachod Vajjiaidd yn bendant dderbyn penderfyniad y Cyngor ac yn
ddiffygiol a elwir yn gyngor ohono ei hun a elwir yn Mahฤsaแน…giti.
Y Trydydd Cyngor

Cynhaliwyd y Trydydd Gyngor yn bennaf i gael gwared รข’r Saแน…gha o lygredd a mynachod ffug a oedd รข golygfeydd heretigaidd. Cynhaliwyd y Cyngor yn 326 B.C. Yn Asokฤrฤma yn Paแนญaliputta o dan nawdd yr Ymerawdwr Asoka. Fe’i llywyddwyd gan yr Elder Moggaliputta Tissa a chymerodd 1,000 o fynachod ran yn y Cyngor hwn. Yn
รดl traddodiad, roedd Asoka wedi ennill ei orsedd trwy ddileu gwaed holl
fab ei dad yn achub ei frawd ei hun, Tissa Kumฤra, a gafodd ordeinio yn
y pen draw a chyflawni Arahantship.

Coronwyd Asoka yn y ddau gant a’r ddeunawfed flwyddyn ar รดl Mahaparinibbฤna y Bwdha. Ar
y dechrau, dim ond homage token oedd ei dalu i’r Dhamma a’r Saแน…gha a
chefnogodd aelodau o sectau crefyddol eraill fel y gwnaeth ei dad o’i
flaen.
Fodd bynnag, newidiodd hyn oll pan gyfarfu รข Nigrodha newydd-ddyfodiaid pious a oedd yn pregethu iddo yr Appamฤda-vagga. Wedi hynny, peidiodd รข chefnogi grwpiau crefyddol eraill a dwysรกu ei ddiddordeb yn y Dhamma a’i ddirprwyo iddo. Defnyddiodd
ei gyfoeth enfawr i’w adeiladu, dywedir, wyth deg pedwar mil pagodas a
vihฤras ac yn gefnogol iawn i’r Bhikkhus gyda’r pedwar gofyniad.
Ordeiniwyd ei fab Mahinda a’i ferch Saแน…ghamittฤ a’u cyfaddef i’r Saแน…gha. Yn y pen draw, ei haelioni oedd achosi problemau difrifol yn y Saแน…gha. Mewn
pryd, roedd y gorchymyn yn cynnwys llawer o ddynion annigonol, gan gadw
golygfeydd heretigaidd a phwy oedd yn cael eu denu i’r gorchymyn
oherwydd cefnogaeth hael yr Ymerawdwr a chynnig costus o fwyd, dillad,
cysgod a meddygaeth.
Ceisiodd
nifer fawr o ddynion ffyddlon a hyfryd a oedd yn rhoi golwg ar
ymosodiadau anghywir ymuno รข’r gorchymyn ond roeddent yn cael eu
hystyried yn anaddas ar gyfer eu trefnu.
Er
gwaethaf hyn, cawsant y cyfle i fanteisio ar haelioni’r Ymerawdwr am eu
pennau eu hunain a chodi dillad ac ymuno รข’r gorchymyn heb ordeinio’n
iawn.
O ganlyniad, cwblhawyd parch i’r Saแน…gha. Pan
ddaeth hyn i oleuo rhai o’r mynachod dilys yn gwrthod dal y puriad
rhagnodedig neu seremoni Uposatha yng nghwmni’r mynachod llygredig,
heretigaidd.

Pan
glywodd yr Ymerawdwr am hyn, roedd yn ceisio cywiro’r sefyllfa ac
anfonodd un o’i weinidogion i’r mynachod gyda’r gorchymyn eu bod yn
perfformio’r seremoni.
Fodd
bynnag, nid oedd yr Ymerawdwr wedi rhoi gorchmynion penodol i’r
gweinidog ynghylch pa ddulliau i’w defnyddio i gyflawni ei orchymyn.
Gwrthododd y mynachod ufuddhau a chynnal y seremoni yng nghwmni eu cydymaith ffug a ‘thieving’ [theyyasinivฤsaka]. Mewn
anobaith, fe wnaeth y gweinidog ddigio i lawr y mynachod eistedd a
thynnu ei gleddyf, a phennu pob un ohonynt ar รดl y llall nes iddo ddod i
frawd y Brenin, Tissa a ordeiniwyd.
Gwnaeth
y gweinidog arswydus rwystro’r lladd a ffoiodd y neuadd ac adroddodd yn
รดl i’r Ymerawdwr Asoka ei fod yn drist iawn ac yn ofidus gan yr hyn a
ddigwyddodd ac yn beio’i hun am y lladdiadau.
Gofynnodd am gyngor Thera Moggaliputta Tissa. Cynigiodd fod y mynachod heretigaidd yn cael eu diddymu o’r gorchymyn a throsglwyddo’r trydydd Cyngor ar unwaith. Felly, yn yr unfed ganrif ar bymtheg o deyrnasiad yr Ymerawdwr, cafodd y Trydydd Gyngor ei alw. Daeth
Thera Moggaliputta Tissa i’r casgliad a dewisodd fil o fynachod o’r
chwe deg mil o gyfranogwyr am y draddodiad traddodiadol o’r Dhamma a’r
Vinaya, a aeth ymlaen am naw mis.
Gofynnodd yr Ymerawdwr, ei hun, fynachod o nifer o fynachlogydd am ddysgeidiaeth y Bwdha. Datgelwyd y rhai a gafodd farn anghywir a’u diddymu o’r Saแน…gha ar unwaith. Yn y modd hwn pwrpaswyd y Bhikkhu Saแน…gha o heretegau a bhikkhus ffug.
Cyflawnodd y cyngor hwn nifer o bethau pwysig eraill hefyd. Roedd
yr Elder Moggaliputta Tissa, er mwyn gwrthod nifer o heresรฏau a sicrhau
bod y Dhamma’n cael ei gadw’n pur, wedi cydymffurfio รข llyfr yn ystod y
cyngor o’r enw y Kathฤvatthu.
Mae’r
llyfr hwn yn cynnwys ugain o bapurau ar hugain, ac mae’n gasgliad o
drafodaeth (kathฤ) ac yn gwrthgyffred y golygfeydd heretigaidd a ddelir
gan wahanol sectau ar faterion athronyddol.
Dyma’r pumed o saith llyfr yr Abhidhamma Piแนญaka. Hefyd,
rhoddodd aelodau’r Cyngor sรชl gymeradwyaeth frenhinol i athrawiaeth y
Bwdha, gan ei enwi yn Vibhajjavฤda, y Doctriniaeth Dadansoddi.
Mae’n union yr un fath รข’r athrawiaeth Theravฤda a โ€‹โ€‹gymeradwywyd. Un
o gyflawniadau mwyaf arwyddocaol y cynulliad hwn Dhamma ac un a oedd yn
dwyn ffrwyth ers canrifoedd i ddod oedd yr Ymerawdwr yn anfon allan o
fynachod, a oedd yn gyfoethog yn Dhamma a Vinaya y Bwdha a allai ei
adrodd yn รดl gan ei galon, i’w haddysgu
mewn naw gwlad wahanol. Roedd y mynachod Dhammadลซta hyn yn cynnwys yr Annibynadwy Majjhantika Thera a aeth i Kashmir a Gandhฤra. Gofynnwyd iddo bregethu’r Dhamma a sefydlu gorchymyn mynachod yno. Anfonwyd
yr Anrhydeddus Mahฤdeva i Mahinsakamaแน‡แธaแธทa (Mysore modern) a anfonwyd
yr Henebion Rakkhita Thera i Vanavฤsฤซ (Kanara ogleddol yn ne’r India).
Anfonwyd Y Henebion Yonaka Dhammarakkhita Thera i Upper Aparantaka
(Gujarat gogleddol, Kathiawar, Kutch a Sindh]
.Aeth
yr Henebion Mahฤrakkhita Thera i Yonaka-loka (tir y lonwyr, y Bactriaid
a’r Groegiaid). Aeth yr Henebion Majjhima Thera i Himavanta (y lle wrth
ymyl yr Himalaya). Anfonwyd yr Henebion Soแน‡a a’r Henebid Uttara i
Suvaแน‡แน‡abhลซmi [nawr
Myanmar]. Anfonwyd
yr Henebion Mahinda Thera, The Venerable Ittiya Thera, yr Uchel-Uttiya
Thera, yr Annibynadwy Sambala Thera a’r Bhaddasฤla Thera Henebion i
Tambapaแน‡แน‡i (Sri Lanka erbyn hyn).
Llwyddodd
teithiau Dhamma’r mynachod hyn i lwyddo a chreu ffrwythau mawr yn ystod
amser ac aeth yn bell i ennoblu pobl y tiroedd hyn gyda rhodd y Dhamma a
dylanwadu ar eu gwareiddiadau a’u diwylliannau.

Gyda lledaeniad Dhamma trwy eiriau’r Bwdha, maes o law daeth yr enw i India fel Visvaguru, athro’r byd.

Y Pedwerydd Cyngor

Cynhaliwyd y Pedwerydd Cyngor yn Nhambapaแน‡แน‡i [Sri Lanka] yn 29 B.C. dan nawdd y Brenin Vaแนญแนญagฤmaแน‡i. Y
prif reswm dros ei gynullio oedd y sylweddoli nad yw bellach yn bosibl
i’r rhan fwyaf o fynachod gadw’r Tipiแนญaka cyfan yn eu hatgofion fel yr
oedd yn flaenorol i’r Henebion Mahinda a’r rhai a ddilynodd yn fuan
wedyn.
Felly,
gan fod y celf ysgrifennu, wedi datblygu’n sylweddol, erbyn hyn wedi ei
ystyried yn hwylus ac yn angenrheidiol er mwyn i’r corff cyfan o
ddysgu’r Bwdha gael ei ysgrifennu i lawr.
Cefnogodd
y Brenin Vaแนญแนญagฤmaแน‡i syniad y mynach a chynhaliwyd cyngor yn benodol i
leihau’r Tipiแนญaka yn ei gyfanrwydd i ysgrifennu.
Felly,
fel y gellid cadw’r Dhamma dilys yn barhaol, adroddodd yr Henebion
Mahฤrakhita a phum cant cant o eiriau’r Bwdha ac yna ysgrifennodd nhw i
lawr ar ddail palmwydd.
Cynhaliwyd
y prosiect rhyfeddol hwn mewn ogof a elwir yn ฤ€loka ei, sydd wedi’i
lleoli wrth gipio tirlithriad hynafol ger yr hyn sydd bellach yn Fatal.
Felly, cyflawnwyd nod y Cyngor a sicrhawyd cadwraeth yn ysgrifenedig o’r Dhamma dilys. Yn ddiweddarach, yn y Deunawfed Ganrif, roedd gan King Vijayarฤjasฤซha ddelweddau o’r Bwdha a grรซwyd yn yr ogof hon.

Y Pumed Cyngor

Cynhaliwyd y Pumed Cyngor yn Mฤndalay, Burma a elwir bellach yn Myanmar yn 1871 A.D. yn nheyrnasiad King Mindon. Prif
amcan y cyfarfod hwn oedd adrodd holl ddysgeidiaeth y Bwdha a’u
harchwilio mewn manylion munud i weld a oedd unrhyw un ohonynt wedi cael
ei newid, ei ystumio neu ei ollwng.
Fe’i
gorchmynnwyd gan dri henoed, yr Hyfryd Mahฤthera Jฤgarฤbhivaแนƒsa, yr
Heneb Arindฤbhidhaja, a’r Hyfryd Mahฤthera Sumaแน…galasฤmi yng nghwmni dwy
fil pedwar cant o fynachod (2,400).
Daliodd eu cyflwyniad Dhamma ar y cyd am bum mis. Gwaith
y cyngor hwn hefyd oedd gwneud i’r Tipiแนญaka gyfan gael ei enysgrifio ar
gyfer y dyfodol ar saith sรชn ar hugain o slabiau marmor yn y sgript
Myanmar ar รดl i’r cyflwyniad gael ei gwblhau a’i gymeradwyo’n unfrydol.
Gwnaethpwyd
y dasg goffa hon gan tua dwy fil pedwar cant o fynachod erudit a llawer
o grefftwyr medrus a oedd wedi eu gosod mewn pagodas piแนญaka ‘bach
bychan ar safle arbennig ar dir Pagoda Kuthodaw y Brenin Mindon ar
waelod Mฤndalay
Hill lle mae’r hyn a elwir yn ‘llyfr mwyaf yn y byd’, yn sefyll hyd heddiw.Y Chweched Cyngor

Gelwir
y Chweched Cyngor yn Kaba Aye yn Yangon, a oedd gynt yn Rangoon ym
1954, wyth deg tri ar รดl i’r pumed un gael ei chynnal yn Mandalay.
Fe’i noddwyd gan Lywodraeth Burmese dan arweiniad y Prif Weinidog, Anrhydeddus U Nu. Awdurdoddodd
y gwaith o adeiladu Mahฤ Pฤsฤna Gลซhฤ, yr ogof wych a adeiladwyd o’r
llawr i fyny, i wasanaethu fel y man casglu yn debyg iawn i Ogof
Sattapฤnni India - safle’r Cyngor Dhamma cyntaf.
Wedi
iddo gael ei chwblhau, cyfarfododd y Cyngor ar 17 Mai, 1954. Fel yn
achos y cynghorau blaenorol, ei amcan cyntaf oedd cadarnhau a chadw’r
Dhamma a Vinaya dilys.
Fodd bynnag, roedd yn unigryw i’r graddau bod y mynachod a gymerodd ran ynddi yn dod o wyth gwlad. Daeth
y ddwy fil o bum cant o fynachod Theravฤda a โ€‹โ€‹ddysgwyd o Myanmar,
Cambodia, India, Laos, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Gwlad Thai a Fietnam.
Penodwyd
yr Henebwr hwyr Mahฤsi Sayadaw yn dasg amlwg o ofyn y cwestiynau
gofynnol am Dhamma yr Henebion Bhadanta Vicittasฤrฤbhivaแนƒsa
Tipiแนญakadhara Dhammabhaแน‡แธฤgฤrika a atebodd pob un ohonynt yn ddysgedig
ac yn foddhaol.
Erbyn
i gyfarfod y cyngor hwn, roedd gan yr holl wledydd sy’n cymryd rhan y
Pฤli Tipiแนญaka a gyflwynwyd yn eu sgriptiau brodorol, ac eithrio India.

Cymerodd
y draddodiad traddodiadol o Ysgrythyrau Dhamma ddwy flynedd yn ystod yr
astudiaeth bendant yr oedd Tipiแนญaka a’i llenyddiaeth gysylltiedig yn yr
holl sgriptiau.
Nodwyd unrhyw wahaniaethau a ganfuwyd, gwnaed y cywiriadau angenrheidiol a chasglwyd yr holl fersiynau wedyn. Yn ffodus, canfuwyd nad oedd llawer o wahaniaeth yng nghynnwys unrhyw un o’r testunau. Yn
olaf, ar รดl i’r Cyngor eu cymeradwyo’n swyddogol, roedd holl gyfrolau’r
Tipiแนญaka a’u Sylwadau’n barod ar gyfer eu hargraffu ar wasgiau modern
a’u cyhoeddi yn y sgript Myanmar (Burmese).
Gwnaed y llwyddiant nodedig hwn trwy ymdrechion penodedig y ddwy fil o bump cant o fynachod a nifer o bobl leyg. Daeth eu gwaith i ben ym Mai, 1956, ddwy flynedd a hanner ar รดl i’r Arglwydd gyrraedd Parinibbฤna. Gwaith y cyngor hwn oedd cyflawniad unigryw cynrychiolwyr o’r byd Bwdhaidd cyfan. Mae
fersiwn y Tipiแนญaka a gynhaliodd i gynhyrchu wedi’i gydnabod fel rhai
sy’n wir i ddysgeidiaeth brwdineb Gotama y Bwdha a’r rhai mwyaf
awdurdodol i’w cyflwyno hyd yn hyn.

Argraffwyd y cyfrolau a argraffwyd ar รดl y Chweched Saแน…gฤyana yn sgript Myanmar. Er
mwyn gwneud y cyfrolau i bobl India, dechreuodd y Sefydliad Ymchwil
Vipassana y prosiect i argraffu’r Tipiแนญaka gyda’i Aแนญแนญhakathฤs a แนญikas yn
Devanagari yn y flwyddyn 1990.

Awakened One Gyda Ymwybyddiaeth Buddha Bwdha mewn 5 Gair
Gwnewch yn Dda Da Byddwch yn Ofalgar!

Am eglurhad llawn

Ewch i:
Analytic
Insight Net - RHAD AC AM DDIM ar-lein Cyngor Ymchwil ac Ymarfer
Tipiแนญaka a NEWYDDION cysylltiedig drwy http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org mewn
105 IAITH CLOSIANTOL
O:
http://sarvajan.ambedkar.org

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https://www.youtube.com/watchโ€ฆ
Calon Lรขn(Welsh Traditional) - Hymn Lyrics & Music Video
Rod Smith
Published on Oct 29, 2016
Calon Lรขn(Welsh Traditional)- Song Lyrics with Orchestral backing music.

LYRICS:
Calon Lรขn
Welsh Traditional
CCLI Song Number: 3122176 P.D.

I ask not for ease and riches
Nor earth’s jewels for my part
But I have the best of wishes
For a pure and honest heart.

Chorus
Oh, pure heart so true and tender
Fairer than the lilies white
The pure heart alone can render
Songs of joy both day and night.

Should I cherish earthly treasure
It would fly on speedy wings
The pure heart a plenteous measure
Of true pleasure daily brings.

Chorus

Eve and morn my prayers ascending
To God’s heaven on wings of song
Seek the joy that knows no ending
The pure heart that knows no wrong.

Chorus

Welsh:

Nid wy’n gofyn bywyd moethus
Aur y byd na’i berlau mรขn
Gofyn rwyf am calon hapus
Calon onest, calon lรขn.

Cytgan:
Calon lรขn yn llawn daioni
Tecach yw na’r lili dlos
Does ond calon lรขn all ganu
Canu’r dydd a chanu’r nos.

Pe dymunwn olud bydol
Chwim adenydd iddo sydd
Golud calon lรขn rinweddol
Yn dwyn bythol elw fydd.

Cytgan:

Hwyr a bore fy nymuniad
Esgyn ar adenydd cรขn
Ar i Dduw, er mwyn fy Ngheidwad
Roddi imi galon lรขn.

Cytgan:

For singers: where possible, these recordings are mostly formatted as follows:
Centre: Soprano (piccolo/flute), Bass (Acoustic Bass/Contrabass)
Right 100% Alto (clarinet), Left 100% Tenor (oboe/tuba/trombone)


This video is part of the Collection of 500+ of the Most Sung Christian
Church Songs & Hymns, with Lyrics, PDF and PowerPoints(PPTX) for
use in worship settings.You can visit the webpage for this collection
and download the original PowerPoint files(PPTX) and lyrics from
following URL.
http://www.traditionalmusic.co.uk/cor
Also see our Christmas music collections on the above site from whence
originate the Christmas carols and songs found on this YouTube channel.
The display is formatted like the sort of projection you might see in a
church, thus I hope, making them useful in a worship setting, perhaps
also for choir practice as most of the arrangements are based on the
SATB model.
I have mostly used the original or traditional version
of the song but there are also some contemporary or modern versions.
Copyright and author information including the CCLI song number (where
available) are provided on the first screen of the video.

Most of
the lyrics and tunes are public domain, my music performance of the
tune mentioned (sound recording) is copyrightยฉ Rod Smith, but permission
is granted for free non-commercial, personal worship and education
purposes.
In the case of an item that is still in copyright this
video should be considered a โ€œcover versionโ€ and will likely be subject
to YouTubeโ€™s and the authorโ€™s copyright.

Please let me know if you have any problems with them, particularly as regard speed or music or other errors.
Updates & corrections: Some of the songs have 2nd or even 3rd
versions to handle some problem or deficiency, in these cases a link to
the new version of the video will be provided from the original.

Please help make more of these videos possible by clicking the like button and subscribing to my channel.
Thanks Rod
Category
Music


youtube.com
Calon Lรขn(Welsh Traditional)- Song Lyrics with Orchestral backing music. LYRICS: Calon Lรขnโ€ฆ
103) Classical Xhosa

103) IsiXhosa isiXhosa

Pali Canon Online

Amazwi okuqala aseBuddha
Imvelaphi yeCan Canon

‘Masithi
indela Ngaba bathi: “Abahlobo, ndeva kwaye wafumana esta evela umlomo
kaNdikhoyo wakowawo lo Dhamma, lo ingqeqesho, le mfundiso yeNkosi” Emva
koko, neemonki, Kufuneka kananjalo lokuvuma okanye emelene bakhe
magama. Emva
koko, ngaphandle kokuvuma okanye ukungavumi, amazwi akhe namazwi
kufuneka aqwalaselwe ngokucophelela aze afaniswe ne-Suttas kwaye
ahlaziywe ngokukhanya koqeqesho.
Ukuba,
xa kuthelekiswa kunye ngokutsha ezinjalo, zifumaneka ukuba zingqinelane
Suttas okanye ingqeqesho, I Isiphelo kufuneka: “Ngokuqinisekileyo oku
ilizwi Buddha, kuye-iye yanikelwa iqondwe Le oyimonki”, yaye lo mbandela
kufuneka lithathwe Kodwa
phi uthelekiso ngokutsha enjalo zifumaneka ukuze zingqinelane Suttas
okanye ingqeqesho, Isiphelo kufuneka: “Ngokuqinisekileyo lo ilizwi
Buddha, kuye-ngokufanele iqondwe Le indela.”

- DN 16 Mahฤparinibbฤna Sutta - Ukunyuka Okukhulu, Iintsuku Zokugqibela zeBuddha
Iimfundiso eziqinisekileyo zeGorama iBuddha zigcinwe kwaye zinikezelwa kuthi kwaye ziyafumaneka kwiTipiแนญaka. Igama
elithi Pฤli, elithi ‘Tipiแนญaka’, ngokoqobo lithetha ‘iibhasiki
ezintathu’ (ti = ezintathu + piแนญaka = iziqokelelo zezibhalo).
Zonke iimfundiso zikaBuddha zahlula zibe ziingxenye ezintathu.

1.
Inxalenye yokuqala iyaziwa ngokuba nguVinaya Piแนญaka kwaye iqulethe
yonke imithetho uBuddha ebekwe kuyo iidonks kunye namadonsi.
2. Inxalenye yesibini ibizwa ngokuba nguSuttaแน…ta Piแนญaka kwaye iqulethe iintetho.
3. Inxalenye yesithathu yaziwa ngokuba yi-Abhidhamma Piแนญaka yaye iqulethe imfundiso ye-psycho-ethical ethi Buddha.

Yaziwa,
ukuba Nanini na Buddha wanikela intetho kubafundi bakhe abamiselweyo
okanye abeke-abalandeli okanye omiselweyo ukuze ulawulo emishini apha
ekuhambeni ulungiselelo lwaKhe kunyaka wamashumi amane anesihlanu, Abo
ziimonki bakhe ozinikeleyo Wafunda, ngoko kwakuya nangoko benze
iimfundiso zakhe
igama ngelizwi kwimemori. Ngako oko amazwi kaBuddha awagcinwa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ngokukhawuleza adluliselwa ngomlomo evela kumfundisi ukuya kumfundi. Ezinye
lendela ababebuvile Abalishumayela Buddha buqu Ngaba Arahants, kwaye
ngokunjalo Ngokwengcaciso, ‘abo ehlambulukileyo’ simahla ukususela
inkanuko, babaphatha ukuthanda kunye ulahlekiso olusebenza kunye NGOKO,
waba ngaphandle kwamathandabuzo ekwaziyo ukugcina, amagama Buddha
kaThixo ngokugqibeleleyo.
Ngaloo ndlela baqinisekisa ukuba iimfundiso zikaBuddha ziza kugcinwa ngokuthembeka ngenxa yokuzalwa.

Nkqu
Abo iimonki abazinikeleyo Ngubani abazange bade attained Arahantahood
kodwa ubefike amanqanaba amathathu okuqala sainthood kunye adh
enamandla, iinkumbulo nenkumbulo Ngaba Kwakhona masikhumbule igama
elithi oko Buddha uvakalise ngoko Mhlawumbi umgcini ufanelwe iimfundiso
Buddha kaThixo.
Omnye
unjalo u-ฤ€nanda, umlindi okhethiweyo kunye naye rhoqo uBuddha ngexesha
lokugqibela iminyaka engamashumi amabini anesihlanu ebomini bakhe.
U-ฤ€nanda wayenengqiqo kwaye wayenelungelo lokukhumbula konke ayekuvile. Eneneni,
ke umnqweno wakhe okucacileyo Ukuba Buddha kusoloko zinxulumene zonke
Iintetho bakhe kuye, Nangona mna andikanyuki i Arahanta ababenzayo
ngabom kwinkumbulo igama elithi zonke iintshumayelo Buddha LikaThixo
Zeziphi I neemonki, siniyala, oonongendi walala abalandeli bakhe.
Imizamo
edibanisiweyo yale mionki enezipho neyezinikezele yenza ukuba i-Dhamma
neVinaya, njengoko yafundiswa yiBuddha ukuba igcinwe kwisimo sayo
sokuqala.

I-Pฤli
Tipiแนญaka kunye neencwadi zayo ezidibeneyo zikhoyo ngenxa ye-Buddha
ukufumanisa indlela ehloniphekileyo nenkululeko yokuhlambulula iDhamma.
Le ndlela inceda bonke abo balandela ukukholisa ubomi obunokuthula nolonwabileyo. Enyanisweni,
kulo suku nosuku sinelungelo lokufumana iimfundiso eziqinisekisiweyo
zeBuddha ezigcinwe kwizizukulwana ezizayo ngokusebenzisa iinzame zomculo
zabamiselweyo kwixesha elide.
The
Buddha kwafuneka kubafundi bakhe Ethi Xa kwakungekho elide phakathi
kwabo, ukuba kwakubalulekile i Sangha Oko Ukuba nihlangene ndawonye
ngenjongo becengceleza bebonke Dhamma, ndiya kugqiba unyaka Impela
njengoko Ukufundiswa kuyo.
Ngokuthobela
le myalelo wokuqala obizwa ngokuba yibhunga kwaye yalela ngokucacileyo
zonke iintetho zeBuddha kunye nemithetho ye-monastic waza wabuyela
ngokwethembeka igama ngekhonsathi.
Iimfundiso eziqulethwe kwi-Tipiแนญaka nazo ziyaziwa ngokuba yi-Doctrine of Elders [Theravฤda]. Le ncwadana inenani inani elinamanci kwaye lihlale lifundwa igama ngelizwi ukususela ekubeni iBhunga LokuQala lidibene. Emva
koko, iiBhunga ezingaphezulu zibizelwe izizathu ezimbalwa kodwa kuzo
zonke izifundo zeBuddha zihlala zifundwa ngababathathi-nxaxheba be
Sazitagha, kwi-concert kunye negama ngelizwi.
Ibhunga
lokuqala lenzeke emva kweenyanga ezintathu emva kokufika kukaBuddha
kweMahฤparinibbฤแน‡a kwaye yalandelwa ngamanye amahlanu, amabini awo
ahlanganiswa ngekhulu leshumi elinesithoba elinesixhenxe.
Ezi
zihlandlo ezihlangeneyo ezenziwa ngama-monks kuwo onke la mabhunga
eDhamma ayaziwa ngokuthi ‘iDhamma Saแน…gฤซtis’, i-Dhamma Recitations.
Ziye
zonyulwa ngenxa yembali ebekwe kwiBhunga le-First Dhamma, xa zonke
iimfundiso zafundwa kuqala ngu-Elder of Sazitagha waza wabuya waphinda
wabuya kwi-chorus ngabo bonke oothixo ababeya kwindibano.
Ukuphindaphinda kwagwetywa ukuba kuyinyani, nini kwaye kuphela xa ivunyiwe ngokumanyeneyo ngamalungu eBhunga. Oku kulandelayo yimbali emfutshane yeBhunga leMithandathu.

IBhunga lo kuqala

UKumkani uAjaratattu uxhasa iBhunga lokuQala. Yayihlanganiswa ngo-544 B.C. KwiSaveti yeSattapaฤฤฤซ engaphandle kweRajagaha inyanga ezintathu emva kokuba uBuddha eswele. Ingxelo epheleleyo yale nganiso yembali ingasetyenziswa kwiCullavagga yeVinaya Piแนญaka. Ngokwale
ngxelo isiganeko esasenza ukuba uMdala Mahฤkassapa abize le ntlanganiso
yayiyiva ukuthetha okuphazamisayo ngokubhekiselele kumgaqo oqinileyo
wobomi kwiimonki.
Oku kwenzeka. Umonki
u-Subhadda, owayengumngqingili, owayemiselwe ngokukhawuleza ebomini,
ekuva ukuba uBuddha uphelelwe yisikhathi, wavakalisa ukucaphukisa kwakhe
ukuba ahlale kuyo yonke imigaqo yeentloko ezibekwe nguBuddha.
Amaninzi amaninzi ayelila ukugqithiswa kukaBuddha kwaye wayebuhlungu gqitha. Nangona kunjalo, i-Elder Mahฤkassapa yayiva i-Subhadda ithi: ‘’ Yanele iNgxelo yakho, ungakhathazeki, ungahlali. Siphelile kakuhle oku kuhamba phambili (uBuddha). Sasihlushwa
xa uthe, ‘oku kuvumelekile kuwe, oku akuvumelekanga kuwe’ kodwa ngoku
siyakwazi ukwenza njengoko sifuna kwaye asiyi kuyenza into
esingayithandiyo ‘’.
I-Mahฤkassapa
yaxatyiswa yinto yakhe kwaye yayesaba ukuba i-Dhamma kunye neVinaya
ingonakaliswa kwaye ayiyi kuphila ifanelekileyo ukuba ezinye iidonki
zifanele ziphathe njenge-Subhadda kwaye ziguqule i-Dhamma kunye neVinaya
njengoko ifuna.
Ukuze agweme le nto wagqiba ekubeni iDhamma kufuneka igcinwe kwaye ikhuselwe. Ukuze kuphele emva kokufumana imvume kaSawulogha wabiza ibhunga ngamakhulu amahlanu ama-Arahants. I-ฤ€nanda yayiza kubandakanywa kulokhu kuhlinzekwa ukuba ifike i-Arahanthood ngelixa ibhunga lidibene. Ngomdala ophethe i-Mahฤkassapa, ama-five hundred Arahant monks bahlangana kwibhunga ngexesha lemvula. Into
yokuqala e-Mahฤkassapa yenzelwe ukubuza umbuzo ophezulu kwi Vinaya
yosuku, i-Venerable Upฤli kwiinkcukacha zolawulo lwama-monastic.
Esi sikhulu sasifaneleka kakuhle umsebenzi njengoko uBuddha wayemfundise yonke iVinaya ngokwakhe. Okokuqala
kuyo yonke i-Elder Mahฤkassapa yambuza ngokucacileyo ngesigwebo
kwisenzo sokuqala [pฤrฤjika], ngokubhekisele kweso sifundo, eso
sihlandlo, umntu owamiselwayo, isimemezelo, ukuphindaphinda
kokumenyezelwa, umthetho kunye necala lokungenzi
mthetho. U-Upฤli
wanikela iimpendulo ezinolwazi nezifanelekileyo kunye namazwi akhe
adibana nokuvumelaniswa ngokungafaniyo kweSajiligha owayengumongameli.
Ngaloo ndlela iVinaya yavunywa ngokusemthethweni.

I-Elder Mahฤkassapa yabukela ingqalelo kwi-ฤ€nanda ngenxa yobuchule bayo obuhloniphekileyo kuyo yonke imiba enxulumene neDhamma. Okuvuyisayo kukuba, ngobusuku ngaphambi kokuba iBhunga lihlangabezane, u-ฤ€nanda wafumana u-Arahantship kwaye wajoyina iBhunga. Ngako-ke
uMdala waseMahฤkassapa, wakwazi ukumbuza ngokude ngokuzithemba
ngokupheleleyo ngeDhamma ngokubhekisele ngqo kwiintshumayelo zikaBuddha.
Le ngxaki kwiDhamma yafuna ukuqinisekisile indawo apho zonke iintetho zazishunyayelwa kuqala kunye nomntu ayebanjelwe kuyo. U-ฤ€nanda,
wayexhaswa yizwi lakhe-imemori epheleleyo yayikwazi ukuphendula
ngokuchanekileyo kwaye ngoko iintetho zadibana nokuvumelaniswa
kweSaแน…gha.
IQumrhu
lokuQala liye lanika uphawu lokusemthethweni lokuvunywa kokuvalwa
kwesahluko kwimithetho emincinci nemincinci, kunye nokuvunyelwa
ukugcinwa kwazo.
Kwathatha
iinqununu iinyanga eziyisixhenxe ukuba ziphinde ziphinde zithethe zonke
iVinaya kunye neDhamma kunye nazo iindonki ezaneleyo ezikhunjulwayo
zigcinwe zonke izinto eziye zafundwa.
Le
bhansela yokuqala yembali yaziwa ngokuba yiPaascasatika ngenxa yokuba
amahlanu ama-Arahants ayekhanyiswe ngokupheleleyo ayenayo inxaxheba.

IBhunga lesiBini

Ibhunga
lesiBili labizwa ngokuba likhulu leminyaka emva kweBuddha’s Parinibbฤแน‡a
ukuze kulungiswe imbambano enzulu malunga ‘neengongoma ezilishumi’.
Oku kubhekisela kwezinye iimonki eziphula imithetho emine. banikwa:

1. Ukugcina ityuwa ephondo.
2. Ukutya emva kwemini.
3. Ukutya kanye kunye nokubuyela kwidolophana ukuze uncedo.
4. Ukugcina i-Uposatha Ceremony kunye neendwendwe ezihlala kwindawo enye.
5. Ukuqhuba izenzo ezisemthethweni xa ibandla lingaphelelanga.
6. Ukulandela isenzo esithile kuba senziwa ngumfundisi okanye uthisha.
7. Ukutya ubisi obomuncu emva kokutya kwakhe kwemini.
8. Ukusela isiselo esinxilisayo ngaphambi kokucinywa.
9. Ukusebenzisa umbhoxo ongeyena ubungakanani obufanelekileyo.
Ukusebenzisa igolide nesiliva.

Ukungalunganga
kwabo kwaba ngumcimbi kwaye kwabangela ingxabano enkulu njengoko
ukuphula le mithetho kwakucatshangelwa ukuba iyaphikisana nemfundiso
yokuqala yaseBuddha.
UKum Kฤแธทฤsoka wayengumphathiswa weBili yeBhunga kwaye intlanganiso yenzeka kwiVesฤli ngenxa yeemeko ezilandelayo. Ngenye
imini, ngelixa ehambela i-Mahฤvana Grove eVesli, i-Elder Yasa yaza yazi
ukuba iqela elikhulu lamakholi elalibizwa ngokuba yiAvajjians laliphula
umthetho owenqabela umonki ukwamkela igolide nesiliva ngokuzibuza
ngokucacileyo ukuba zivela kwiindawo zabo.
Ngokukhawuleza
wagxeka indlela abaziphatha ngayo kwaye impendulo yabo yayikumnika
isabelo semali yabo engekho mthethweni ngethemba lokuba uya kuphumelela.
Umdala uYasa, nangona kunjalo wayenqabile kwaye wagculela ukuziphatha kwabo. Iimonki zamshesha zammangalela ngesenzo esisemthethweni sokuxolelana, esimangalela ngokubeka iimbopheleleko zabo. Umdala
uYasa ngokuvisisana naye wadibanisa nabaxhasi bakhe, kodwa ngelo xesha,
wabaqinisekisa ukuba iindwendwe zaseVijjian zenzile kakubi ngokucaphula
isimemezelo sikaBuddha ngokuthintela ukuvuma okanye ukucela igolide
nesiliva.
Abantu
abakhe bakhawuleza bavakalisa inkxaso yabo kwi-Elder Yasa baze
bavakalisa iindwendwe ezimbi kunye namaqhinga, esithi ‘’ Umdala uYasa
yedwa umonki kunye noSanyan son.
Zonke ezinye azikho iinkokheli, kungekhona oonyana bakaSฤkyan ‘’.

Iimonkco
zakwaVajjian ezinenkani kunye nezingaphenduki zathi zatshintshela
ukumisa i-Yener Thera ehloniphekileyo ngaphandle kokuvunyelwa kwabo
bonke abaseSaแน…gha xa beza kuziwa ngesiphumo sokudibana kwakhe kunye
nabahlali babo.
Umdala
uYasa, nangona kunjalo wabalekela ukugxekwa kwawo waza waya kukhangela
inkxaso evela kwiimonki kwenye indawo, owamkela imibono yakhe
ye-orthodox kwiVinaya.
Amanqatha
ama-60 asemahlathini asePฤvฤ kunye nama-monks angamashumi asibhozo
ukusuka kwimimandla esezantsi ye-Avanti ababenombono ofanayo, anikezela
ukumnceda ukuba ahlole ukukhohlakala kweVinaya.
Baye
banquma ukuya eSoreyya ukuba baxoxe no-Revenerable Revata njengoko
wayeyi-monk ehloniphekileyo kunye nengcali eDhamma naseVinaya.
Ngokukhawuleza
ukuba ama-monjeni aseVajjian ayazi le nto afuna inkxaso ye-Revener’s
Revata ngenkxaso ngokumnika iimfuno ezine ezifunyenwe ngokukhawuleza.
Laba bonki bazama ukusebenzisa iindlela ezifanayo ukunqoba umlindi ohloniphekileyo we-Revata, u-Uttara ohloniphekileyo. Ekuqaleni
naye, ngokufanelekileyo wenqaba ukunikela kwabo kodwa baqhoqhozela
ukuba bamkele isipho sabo, besithi xa iikhishithi ezibhekiselele
kuBuddha zazingamkelwanga nguye, u-ฤ€nanda wayeya kucelwa ukuba amkele
kwaye uya kuvuma ukwenza njalo.
U-Uttara watshintsha ingqondo yakhe waza wamkela iimfuno ezifunekayo. Wakhuthazwa
ngabo ke wavuma ukuba ahambe aze akhombise i-Revata ehloniphekileyo
ukuvakalisa ukuba ii-monjeni zaseVajjian zinyanisekileyo zeNyaniso kunye
nabalondolozi be-Dhamma.
I-Revata ehloniphekileyo yabona ngokuqhatha kwabo kwaye engafuni ukuxhaswa. Emva koko wamgxotha u-Uttara. Ukuze
kulungiswe le nto kanye kunye nabo bonke, uReatable Revata wacebisa
ukuba ibhunga kufuneka libizwe eVฤแธทikฤrฤma kunye naye ekubuzeni imibuzo
malunga neentyala ezilishumi zabaphathi abaphezulu bemihla, iThera
Sabbjakฤmi.
Emva
kokuba umbono wakhe unikezwe kwakuza kuvezwa yikomiti yezihlwele
ezisibhozo, kwaye ukuqinisekiswa kwayo kugqitywe ngokuvota.
Iimonki
ezisibhozo ezibizwa ukuba zigwebe le nto ziyiVenerables Sabbakฤmi,
saแธทha, Khujjasobhita kunye neVฤsabhagฤmika, ukusuka eMpuma kunye
neendloki ezine ezivela eNtshona, iVenerables Revata,
iSambhuta-Sฤแน‡avฤsฤซ, i-Yasa neSumana.
Baxubusha ngokucacileyo le nto ngo-Revata njengoko umbuzo kunye ne-sabbakฤmฤซ phendula imibuzo yakhe. Emva
kokuba ingxoxo yavakala iinqununu ezisibhozo zagqiba ngokumelene
namonki aseVajjian kunye nesigwebo sabo saziswa kwindibano.
Emva
koko iinqununu ezingamakhulu asixhenxe zatsho iDhamma neVinaya kwaye
eli libali laziwa ngokuba yiTattasatฤซ kuba iinqununu ezilikhulu
ezisixhenxe zithathe inxaxheba kuyo.
Le
bhunga lembali libizwa nangokuthi, uJasatthera Sangฤซti ngenxa yendima
enkulu uMdala Yasa edlala kuyo kunye nenzondelelo yokulondoloza iVinaya.
Abahlali
be-Vajjian banqwenela ngokukwamkelekileyo ukuba bamkele isigqibo
seBhunga kunye nokuchaswa kuthiwa ibhunga lalo libizwa ngokuba
yi-Mahฤsaแน…giti.

IBhunga lesiThathu

I-Third Council ibanjwe ngokuyinhloko ukulahla iSajiligha yorhwaphilizo kunye neenkohlakalo ezizithembekileyo ezazingaboniyo. Ibhunga labizelwa ngo-326 B.C. E-Asokฤrฤma ePaแนญaliputta phantsi kolawulo lukaKumkani uAsoka. Kwakuphethwe ngu-Elder Moggaliputta Tissa kunye nama-monks ayiwaka athathe inxaxheba kule Bhunga. Inkolelo
inokuba uAsoka wayedonsa itrone yakhe ngokuphalaza igazi layo yonke
inyana kayise ukuba asindise umntakwabo, uTissa Kumฤra ekugqibeleni
wamiselwa kwaye wazuza i-Arahantship.

U-Asoka wathweswa umqhele kwimihla emakhulu mabini anesibhozo emva koBuddha’s Mahaparinibbฤna. Ekuqaleni
wahlawula kuphela ukuthobela isibonakaliso kwiDhamma naseSaแน…gha kwaye
waxhasa namanye amalungu enkolo njengoko uyise wayeyenzile phambi
kwakhe.
Nangona kunjalo, konke oku kwatshintsha xa wadibana nomnumzane-moneki uNigrodha owamshumayeza i-Appamฤda-vagga. Emva koko wayeka ukuxhasa amanye amaqela enkolo kunye nomdla wakhe kunye nokuzinikela kwiDhamma. Wasebenzisa
ubuncwane bakhe obukhulu ukwakha, kuthiwa, amawaka angama-80
ama-pagodas kunye ne-vihฤras kunye nokuxhasa ngokukhawuleza iBhikkhus
kunye neerikhwizishini ezine.
Indodana yakhe i-Mahinda kunye nentombi yakhe uSafaghamittฤ yamiselwa kwaye yavunyelwa eSaแน…gha. Ekugqibeleni, ukupha kwakhe kwaba kukudala iingxaki ezinkulu eSaแน…gha. Ngethuba
ixesha lo myalelo wawungenwa ngamadoda amaninzi angenakufaneleka,
abambe imibono yezobuxoki kunye nabathandwayo kumyalelo ngenxa
yokuxhaswa kukaMperisi kunye neminikelo eyindleko yokutya, izambatho,
indawo yokuhlala kunye neyeza.
Amaninzi
amakhulu amadoda angenalukholo, abanobukrakra abanikela imibono
engalunganga bazama ukujoyina umyalelo kodwa babonwa bengakufanelekanga
ukulungiswa.
Nangona
kunjalo bathatha ithuba lokuba basebenzise ububele baKumkani ngenxa
yeemfuno zabo baze bafake izambatho baze bajoyine umyalelo ngaphandle
kokuba bamiselwe ngokufanelekileyo.
Ngenxa yoko, inhlonipho yeSajiligha iyancipha. Xa
oku kubakho ukukhanya kwabanye abahlonipheki benqaba ukugcina
ukuhlanjululwa okumiselweyo okanye umkhosi we-Uposatha kwiinkampani
ezikhohlakeleyo.

Xa
u-Emperor weva ngale nto wazama ukulungisa imeko kwaye wathumela omnye
wabalungiseleli bakhe kwiimonki kunye nomyalelo wokuba bawenze umcimbi.
Nangona
kunjalo, uMlawuli wayinike umphathiswa akukho myalelo othe ngqo malunga
nokuba yeyiphi indlela eya kufuneka isetyenziswe ukufeza umyalelo
wakhe.
Iimonki zange zithobele kwaye zibambe umcimbi kwiinkampani zabo zobuxoki kunye ‘nabaphanga’ [theyyasinivฤsaka]. Ngesiphithiphithi
umfundisi onomsindo waphuma ngaphantsi komgca wee-monks waza wakrazula
ikrele lakhe, wanqumla bonke emva komnye kwada kwafika kumntakwabo
kaKumkani, uTissa owayemiselwe.
Umfundisi
onyantsileyo wayeka ukuxhela waza wagijima ehholo waza wabuyela kumbusi
u-Asoka wayebuhlungu kakhulu kwaye wayicasulwa yilokho okwenzekile waza
wazitsho ngenxa yokubulala.
Wafuna isiluleko sikaTra Moggaliputta Tissa. Wacetyisa ukuba abahlaziyi bamatyala baxoshwe kumyalelo kwaye iBhunga lesithathu lidibene ngokukhawuleza. Kwaye kwakunjalo ngomnyaka weshumi elinesixhenxe we-Emperor ukubusa kweBhunga lesiThathu. I-Moggaliputta
Tissa iholele inkqubo kwaye yanyula iinqununu eziliwaka ukusuka
kumawaka angamashumi ama-60 abathathi-nxaxheba kwi-recitation yendabuko
yeDhamma kunye neVinaya, eyaqhubeka iinyanga ezilisithoba.
U-Emperor, ngokwakhe wababuza abathathu kwiimonasteri malunga neemfundiso zeBuddha. Abo babambe imibono engafanelekanga bavezwa baze baxoshwa eSaแน…gha ngokukhawuleza. Ngaloo ndlela iBhikkhu Saแน…gha yahlanjululwa ngabantu abakhohlisayo kunye ne-bhikkhus.
Leli bhunga lafikelela kwezinye izinto ezibalulekileyo ngokunjalo. Umdala
uMaggaliputta Tissa, ukwenzela ukuphikisana nenani lamatyala kunye
nokuqinisekisa ukuba iDhamma igcinwe ihlambulukile, ilandelelwe incwadi
ngexesha lebhunga elibizwa ngokuba yiKatharthuthu.
Le
ncwadi iqulethe izahluko ezingamashumi amabini anantathu, kwaye iqoqo
leengxoxo (kathฤ) kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweembono zecawa ezenziwa
ngamacandelo ahlukeneyo kwizinto zefilosofi.
Yesihlanu kweencwadi ezisixhenxe ze-Abhidhamma Piแนญaka. Amalungu eBhunga anika ubungqina bombuso wokuvunywa kwimfundiso kaBuddha, ekuthiwa yiVibhajjavฤda, iMfundiso yoHlolo. Kuyafana nemfundiso evumelekileyo yaseTheravฤda. Enye
yeempumelelo eziphambili kule nhlangano yeDhamma kwaye enye yayiza
kuveliswa iziqhamo ngeenkulungwane ezizayo, yayingumlawuli woMlawuli,
owazi kakuhle kwiBuddha’s Dhamma kunye neVinaya abangakwazi ukuyifunda
yonke ngentliziyo, ukuyifundisa
kumazwe asithoba ahlukeneyo. Lawa maDhammadลซta abahlali babequka uMhlonishwa Majjhantika Thera owaya eKashmir naseGandhฤra. Wacelwa ukuba ashumayele iDhamma aze amise umyalelo weeentloko apho. I-Mahฤdeva
ehloniphekileyo yathunyelwa ku-Mahinsakamaแน‡แธaแธทa (i-Mysore yamanje)
kwaye iRakkhita Thera ehloniphekileyo yathunyelwa kuvanavฤsฤซ (enyakatho
yeKaraara eningizimu yeNdiya.) Ohloniphekileyo Yonaka Dhammarakkhita
Thera wathunyelwa e-Upper Aparantaka (enyakatho yeGujarat, eKathiawar,
Kutch naseSindh]
.

Indoda
ehloniphekileyo i-Mahฤrakkhita Thera yaya eYonaka-loka (ilizwe
lamaLoniya, amaBactrians kunye namaGrike.) I-Majjhima Thera
ehloniphekileyo iya kwi-Himavanta (indawo ehambelana ne-Himalaya.)
I-Soenera ehloniphekileyo kunye ne-Venerable Uttara yathunyelwa
eSuแน‡แน‡แน‡abhลซmi [ngoku
Miyanimar]. I-Mahinda
Thera ehloniphekileyo, i-Venerable Ittiya Thera, i-Venerable Uttiya
Thera, i-Venerable Sambala Thera kunye neVenerable Bhaddasฤla Thera
zathunyelwa eTambapaแน‡แน‡i (ngoku eyiSri Lanka).
ImiSebenzi
ye-Dhamma yaphumelela kwaye yavelisa iziqhamo ezininzi ngexesha elide
kwaye yahamba indlela ende ekuxhaseni abantu bala mazwe ngesipho
seDhamma kunye nefuthe kwimpucuko yabo kunye neenkcubeko.

Ngokusasazeka kweDhamma ngamazwi kaBuddha, ekugqibeleni iIndiya yaziwa ngokuba yiVisguru, utitshala wehlabathi.

IBhunga lesine

IBhunga lesine laqhutyelwa eTambapaแน‡แน‡i [iSri Lanka] ngo-29 B.C. phantsi kolawulo lukaKumkani Vaแนญแนญagฤmaแน‡i. Isizathu
esona sizathu sokuhlanganiswa kwayo kwakukuqonda ukuba akunakwenzeka
ukuba uninzi lwabahlali bahlale begcina i-Tipiแนญaka kwizinto
abazikhumbulayo njengoko kwakunjalo kwi-Mahinda ehloniphekileyo kunye
nalabo bamlandela emva kwangoko.
Ngako
oko, njengokuba ubugcisa bokubhala bekunjalo, ngeli xesha liye lakhula
ngokubanzi, kwacatshulwa ukuba kuyimfuneko kwaye kuyimfuneko ukuba
umzimba wonke we-Buddha ufundiswe phantsi.
U-King
Vaแนญแนญagฤmaแน‡i wayesekela ingcamango yomloki kwaye ibhunga lagcinwa
ngokukhethekileyo ukunciphisa iTipiแนญaka ngokupheleleyo ukuba ibhale.
Ngoko
ke, ukuze i-Dhamma yangempela ihlale igcinwe, i-Mahฤrakhita
ehloniphekileyo kunye nama-monks angamakhulu amahlanu ifunde amagama
kaBuddha aze abhale phantsi kwamagqabi esundu.
Le
projekthi ephawulekayo yenzeka emqolombeni obizwa ngokuthi, i-ฤ€loka
lena, ehlala kwi-eclipse ye-landslip yangaphambili kufuphi noko ngoku
i-Matale.
Ngaloo ndlela injongo yeBhunga yafezekiswa kwaye ukugcinwa ngokubhaliweyo kwe-Dhamma eyiyo yaqinisekiswa. Kamva, ngeXesha leshumi elinesibhozo, uKumkani Vijayarฤjasฤซha wayenemifanekiso yeBuddha eyadalwa kulo mqolomba.

IQumrhu lesihlanu

Ibhunga lesihlanu lenzeke eMฤndalay, eBurma ngoku eyaziwa ngokuba yiMyanmar ngo-1871 A.D. ekulawulweni kukaKumkani Mindon. Injongo
ephambili yale ntla nganiso yayiwukuba uphinde ufundise yonke imfundiso
kaBuddha kwaye uhlolisise ngcaciso encinci ukuze ubone ukuba nayiphi na
enye yazo yayitshintshiwe, iphosakele okanye idibene.
Kwakuphethwe
ngabadala abathathu, i-Mahrithera Jฤgarฤbhivaแนƒsa, inhlonipho
yeNarindฤbhidhaja, kunye neNkcubeko yeMahฤthara Sumaแน…galasฤmi
kwiinkampani ezingamawaka amabini anamakhulu amane (2,400).
Ukudibanisa kwabo kunye neDhamma kubambe iinyanga ezintlanu. Kwakunomsebenzi
weli bhunga ukwenza ukuba yonke iTipiแนญaka ibhalwe phantsi kwi-posterity
kuma-slabs angama-700 anamashumi amabini anesithoba kwi-script
yaseMyanmar emva kokugqitywa kwayo ukugqitywa kunye nokuvunywa
ngokuvumelana.
Umsebenzi
omkhulu kakhulu wenziwa ngamanye amawaka amabini anamakhulu amane kunye
neengcibi zeengcali kunye nabaninzi abaneengcali eziqingqiweyo
ezazigqibelele ukuba zihlale kwindawo ekhethekileyo ‘piแนญaka’ pagodas
kwiindawo ezikhethekileyo kwiindawo zikaMongi Mindon’s Kuthodaw Pagoda
ngaseMฤndalay
Intaba apho okubizwa ngokuba ‘yincwadi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni’, ikhona nanamhla.

IBhunga lesithandathu

Ibhunga
lesithandathu labizwa ngokuba yiKaba Aye eYangon, eyayisakuba yiRangoon
ngo-1954, iminyaka engamashumi asibhozo anesithathu emva kokuqala
kwesihlanu e-Mandalay.
Kwaxhaswa nguRhulumente waseBurma okhokelwa nguNdunankulu, ohloniphekileyo U Nu. Ugunyazisile
ukwakhiwa kweMahฤ Pฤsฤna Gลซhฤ, umhume omkhulu owakhiwe ukusuka
emhlabathini, ukukhonza njengendawo yokuqokelela ngokufana neSango
leTattapฤnni laseIndiya-isayithi ye-Dhamma Council yokuqala.
Ekugqityweni
kwalo, iBhunga ladibana ngomhla we-17 kaMeyi, ngo-1954. Njengokuba
kunjalo kumabhunga aphelileyo, injongo yalo yokuqala kukuqinisekisa
nokugcina u-Dhamma noVinaya.
Nangona kunjalo kwakuhlukile kwii-monks ezithatha inxaxheba kuwo zivela kumazwe asibhozo. La
mawaka amabini anamakhulu amahlanu afunda ama-monks aseTheravฤda avela
eMyanmar, eCambodia, eIndiya, eLaos, eNepal, eSri Lanka, eThailand
naseVietnam.
Umva
ohloniphekileyo we-Mahฤsi Sayadaw wamiselwa umsebenzi ohloniphekileyo
wokubuza imibuzo efunekayo malunga neDhamma yeBeranta Bhavanta
Vicittasฤrฤbhivaแนƒsa Tipiแนญakadhara Dhammabhaแน‡แธฤgฤrika owaphendula yonke
into ngokufunda nangokwanelisayo.
Ngeli
xesha lebhunga lidibana, onke amazwe athatha inxaxheba ayenayo i-Pฤli
Tipiแนญaka eyabhalwa kwiincwadi zabo zangaphandle, ngaphandle kwe-Indiya.

Ukuphindaphinda
kwimiBhalo yeDhamma kwathatha iminyaka emibini apho iTiแนญaka kunye
neencwadi zayo ezihlanganyelweyo kuzo zonke iincwadi zeempendulo
zazihlolwa.
Nakuphi na ukungafani okufunyenweyo kuye kwaphawulwa, izilungiso ezifunekayo zenziwe kwaye zonke iinguqulelo zahlanganiswa. Okuvuyisa kukuba, kwafunyaniswa ukuba akukho mfahluko omkhulu kumxholo weliphi leetekisi. Ekugqibeleni,
emva kokuba iBhunga livumile ngokusemthethweni, yonke imiqulu
yePippiแนญaka kunye neeNkcazo zabo zazilungiselelwe ukushicilela
kwiimveliso zanamhlanje kwaye zanyatheliswa kwisiNgesi saseMyanmar
(isiBurma).
Le
mpumelelo ephawulekayo yenziwa ngempumelelo ngemizamo ezinikeleyo
yamakhulu amabini amahlanu amonki kunye nabantu abaninzi abalalayo.
Umsebenzi wabo waphela ngoMeyi, 1956, ezimbini neyesigidi emva kokuba iNkosi ifike eParinibbฤna. Umsebenzi wale bhunga wawuyimpumelelo ekhethekileyo yabameli belizwe lonke lamaBuddha. Inguqulelo
yeTipyแนญaka eyayiqala ukuvelisa ibonakaliswe njengeyinyani kwiimfundiso
eziqingqiweyo zeGorama iBuddha kunye nokunikezelwa okusemthethweni
kwazo.

Iimpapasho eziprintwe emva kweSithupha Sazitagฤyana zanyatheliswa kwisiNgesi saseMyanmar. Ukuze
benze imilinganiselo kubantu baseIndiya, i-Vipassana Research Institute
yaqalisa le projekthi ukuprinta iTiแนญaka kunye ne-Aแนญแนญhakathฤs kunye
ne-แนญikas kwi-Devanagari ngonyaka we-1990.

Wavusa One Ngokuqwashisa Imfundiso kaBuddha kwi-5 Words
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104) Classical Yiddish

104) ืงืœืืกื™ืฉืข ื™ื™ึดื“ื™ืฉ

ืคึผืึทืœื™ ืงืึทื ืึธืŸ ืึธื ืœื™ื™ืŸ

ื“ื™ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท
ื“ื™ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทืœื™ ืงืึทื ืึธืŸ

‘ืจืขื›ืŸ
ืึท ืžืึธื ืง ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: “Friends, ืื™ืš ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืงื•ืžืขืŸ esta ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™
ื”ืืจ ืก ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืœื™ืคึผืก: ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคึผืœื™ืŸ, ื“ืึธืก
ืื™ื– ื“ื™ ื”ืืจ ืก ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ” ื“ืขืจื ืืš, ืžืึธื ืงืก, ืื™ืจ ื–ืึธืœ ื ื™ื˜ ืึทืคึผืจื•ื•ื• ืื“ืขืจ
ื“ื™ืกืึทืคึผืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ
ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ. ื“ืขืจื ืืš,
ืึธืŸ ืึทืคึผืจื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืึทืคึผืคึผืจืึธื•ื•ื™ื ื’, ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื•ืงืŸ
ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ Carefully ืื ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืขืจื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื˜ื˜ืึทืก ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ื•ื“
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคึผืœื™ืŸ.
ืื•ื™ื‘
ื–ื™ื™, ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ, ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•
ืงืึธื ืคืึธืจื ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกื•ื˜ื˜ืึทืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคึผืœื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืžืกืงื ื ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ:
“ืึทืกืกื•ืจืขื“ืœื™ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื ื™ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท, ืขืก ื”ืื˜-ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืึธื ื’ืœื™
ื•ื ื“ืขืจืกื˜ืึธืึธื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืžืึธื ืง”, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ
ืื™ื– ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื•ื•ืืจืคืŸ ืื‘ืขืจ
ื•ื•ื• ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึทื–ืึท ืคืึทืจื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืืจื™ื›ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื•ื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืึธื ืคืึธืจื
ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกื•ื˜ื˜ืึทืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ืกืฆื™ืคึผืœื™ืŸ, ื“ื™ ืงืึธื ืงืœื•ืกื™ืึธืŸ ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ:
“ืึทืกืกื•ืจืขื“ืœื™ ื“ืขื ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท, ืขืก ื”ืื˜-ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจื™ื™ื˜ืœื™
ื•ื ื“ืขืจืกื˜ืึธืึธื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื ืžืึธื ืง.”

- ื“ืŸ 16 ืžืึทื”ืึทืจืขืคึผื™ื ื™ื‘ื‘ ฤ ืกืึท ืกืึทื˜ื˜ืึท - ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคึผืึทืกื˜ืฉืึทื–, ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ืก ืœืขืฆื˜ืข ื˜ืขื’
ื“ื™
ืขื›ื˜ ืœืขืจื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืึธื˜ืึทืžืึท ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ ืืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืึธื ื’ืขื ืขื
ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืฆื• ืื•ื ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ืึทืœืึทื˜ืึท.
ื“ื™ ืคึผฤืœื™ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜, ‘ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืงืึท’, ืžืžืฉ ืžื™ื˜ืœ ‘ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื™ึท ืงืขืจื‘’ (ื˜ื™ = + ืคึผื™แนญืึทืงืึท = ื“ืจื™ื™ึท ื–ืืžืœื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืกืงืจื™ืคึผื˜ืฉืขืจื–). ืึทืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ืก ืœืขืจื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืฆืขื˜ื™ื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ.

1.
ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ึทืึท ืคึผื™ืกื˜ืึทืึทืงืึท ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื›ึผื•ืœืœ
ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ื•ื•ืึธืก ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึธื ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื ืึทื ื–.
2. ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื•ื˜ื˜ืึทืขื ื˜ืึท ืคึผ ื™ื™ื˜ืืงืึท ืื•ืŸ ืขืก ื›ึผื•ืœืœ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืจืขืกืขืก.
3. ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ืขืจ ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืึทื‘ื”ื™ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืคึผื™ืึทืฆืึทืงืึท ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืžืคึผืจื™ื™ื–ื™ื– ื“ื™ ืกื™ื™ืงืึธื•-ืขื˜ื™ืฉืข ืœืขืจื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท.

ืขืก
ืื™ื– ื‘ืืงืื ื˜, ืื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ื“ื™ืกืงืึธืจืก ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ื™ื™ื ื“
ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ-ืื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจืก ืึธื“ืขืจ ืคึผืจื™ืกืงืจื™ื™ื‘ื“ ืฆื• ืžืึทื ืึทืกื˜ื™ืง ื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ืื™ืŸ
ื“ื™ ืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ 45 ื™ืึธืจ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจื™ื•ื, ื™ืขื ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ึท ืื•ืŸ
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืžืึธื ืงืก, ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึท ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื’ืœื™ื™ืš ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืฉื™ื ื’ืก
ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ. ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืื”ืื ื“ืœื˜ ืึทืงื™ืขืจืึทื˜ืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืงื•ืจืก ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืึธืจืึทืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืฆื• ื˜ืึทืœืžื™ื“. ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข
ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื•ื•ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืคึผืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ืื™ืŸ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ
ืึทืจืึทื”ืึทื ืฅ, ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืคึฟื™ื ื™ืฆื™ืข, ‘ืจื™ื™ืŸ ืึธื ืขืก’ ืคึผืึธื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ
ืœื™ื™ึทื“ื ืฉืึทืคื˜, ืงืจืึทื ืง-ื•ื•ืขื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืœื•ื–ืฉืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึธืŸ
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ืคืœ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืขื•ื•ื“ื™ืง ืคื•ืŸ ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื’, ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ‘ืก ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืœื™ื™ืžืขืก.
ืื–ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื– ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ืก ืœืขืจื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ ืืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ืืžืขืŸ.

ืึทืคึฟื™ืœื•
ื™ืขื ืข ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ึท ืžืึธื ืงืก ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ื ืึธืš ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ ืึทืจืึทื”ืึทื ื˜ืึทื”ืึธืึธื“
ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืจื™ื˜ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื™ึท ืกื˜ืึทื’ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ืกืึทื™ื ื˜ื”ืึธืึธื“ ืื•ืŸ ADH ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง,
ืจืขื˜ืขื ื˜ื™ื•ื•ืข ืžืขืžืขืจื™ื– ืงืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ืจื•ืคืŸ ืฆื• ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก
ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ื”ืื˜ ืคึผืจืขืึทื˜ืฉืขื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืงืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ ืงื•ืกื˜ืึธื“ื™ืึทื ืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ
ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ืก ืœืขืจื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ.
ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืื ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืึทื ื“ืึท, ื“ื™ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ืข ื‘ืึทื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืื•ืŸ
ืงืขืกื™ื™ื“ืขืจื“ื™ืง ื‘ืึทื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืฆื˜ืข 25 ื™ืืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ.
ืึทื ืึทื ื“ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื™ื ื˜ืขืœื™ื’ืขื ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ื™ื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื“ืขื ืงืขืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜. ื˜ืืงืข,
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืจื™ืงืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ
ืึทืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงืึธื•ืจืกืขืก ืฆื• ืื™ื ืื•ืŸ, ื›ืึธื˜ืฉ ืื™ืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื ืึธืš
ืึท ืึทืจืึทื”ืึทื ื˜ืึท ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ืœื™ื‘ืจืึทื˜ืœื™ ื‘ืื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื–ื™ืงืึธืจืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ
ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ืก ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืžื™ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ืš ืžืึธื ืงืก ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ืกื˜, ื ืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ
ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืื ื”ืขื ื’ืขืจืก.
ื“ื™
ืงืึทืžื‘ื™ื™ื ื“ ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ึท ืžืึธื ืงืก ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ืขืก
ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ึทืึท, ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ืฆื•
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืจืขืกืขืจื•ื•ืขื“ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ืจ ืืจื’ื™ื ืขืœืŸ ืžืฆื‘.

ื“ื™
ืคึผฤืœื™ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ื˜ืึทืงืึท ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืœื™ื™ื“ ืœื™ื˜ืขืจืึทื˜ื•ืจ ื™ื’ื–ื™ืกืฅ ื•ื•ื™ ืึท ืจืขื–ื•ืœื˜ืึทื˜
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ืก ื•ืคื“ืขืงื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื ืึธื•ื‘ืœื™ืกื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ืจืš ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™
ืจื™ื™ืŸ ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท.
ื“ืขื ื“ืจืš ื™ื ื™ื™ื‘ืึทืœื– ืึทืœืข ื™ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ื ืึธื›ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืขืก ืฆื• ืคื™ืจืŸ ืฆื• ืคืจื™ื“ืœืขืš ืื•ืŸ ื’ืœื™ืงืœืขืš ืœืขื‘ืŸ. ื˜ืืงืข,
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’ ืื•ืŸ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืžืึทื–ืœื“ื™ืง ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขื›ื˜ ื˜ืขืึทื˜ืฉื™ื ื’ืก
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ืคึผืจืขืกืขืจื•ื•ืขื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืฆื•ืงื•ื ืคึฟื˜ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืงืึทื ืฉื™ืขื ืฉืึทืก ืื•ืŸ
ืงืึธื ืกืขืจื˜ืขื“ ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึธืจื“ื™ื™ื ื“ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช.
ื“ืขืจ
ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ื”ืื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืš ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขืจ
ืฆื•ื•ื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ื™, ืึทื– ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ืงืขืจื“ื™ืง ื“ื™ Sangha ืึทื– ื–ืึธืœ ืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ
ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืฆื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึทืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื•ืœื™ ืจื™ืกื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท, ืื™ืš ื”ืื˜ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ื•ื•ื™
ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืขืก.
ืื™ืŸ
ื”ืขืกืงืขื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ืขื ืœื™ืžืขื“ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื–ืงื ื™ื ื“ื•ืœื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืคึฟืŸ ืฆื• ืจืึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ
ืกื™ืกื˜ืึทืžืึทื˜ื™ืงืœื™ ืึธืจื“ืขืจื“ ืึทืœืข ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ืก ื“ื™ืกืงืึธื•ืจืกืขืก ืื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ืึทืกื˜ื™ืง
ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืึท ื’ืขื˜ืจื™ื™ ืจืึทืกื™ื™ื˜ืึทื“ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ
ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜.

ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื˜ื™ืคื™ืงืืงื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ [ื˜ื”ืขืจืึทื•ื•ืึทื“ืึท]. ื“ื™
ื“ื™ืกืงืึธืจืกืขืก ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืจืึทื˜ืขื“ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜
ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืืœืฅ ื–ื™ื ื˜ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืงืึทื ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜.
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš,
ืžืขืจ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึท ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ
ื–ื™ื™ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ื•ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ‘ืก ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื”ืื˜ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš
ื“ื™ ืกืึทืคื”ืึท ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืกืึทืคึผืึทื ืฅ, ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธื ืฆืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜.
ื“ืขืจ
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจืึทื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืจื™ื™ึท ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ืึท ืก ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื” ืคื•ืŸ
ืžืึทื”ืึทืจืคึผื™ื ื™ื‘ื‘ รกแน‡ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื ืื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคื™ื ืฃ ืžืขืจ, ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ
ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืงืึทื ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 19 ืื•ืŸ 20 ืกื˜ืขืจ.
ื“ื™
ืงืึธืœืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืจืขืกื™ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื‘ื™ื™ึท ืึทืœืข ื“ื™
ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ‘ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืกืึทืคึผื’ื™ื˜ื™ืก’, ื“ื™
ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืจืขืกื™ื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก.
ื–ื™ื™
ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขื–ื™ื’ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขืกื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ
ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท
ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืคื˜ื”ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทืŸ ื˜ืฉืึทื ื˜ื™ื“ ืึทืžืึธืœ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ืŸ ืงืึธืจืึทืกืึทื–
ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืžืึธื ืงืก ืึทื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’.
ื“ื™
ืจืขืฆื™ื˜ื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืžืฉืคื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขื›ื˜, ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ,
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ืึทื ืึทื ื™ืžืึทืกืœื™ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ.
ื•ื•ืึธืก ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจ ืื™ื– ืึท ืงื•ืจืฅ ื’ืขืฉื™ื›ื˜ืข ืคึฟื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืงืก ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœืก.

ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ

ืžืœืš ืึทื“ืžื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื˜ืจืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงืึทื ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 544 ื‘.ืก. ืื™ืŸ ืกืึทื˜ื”ืึทืคึผืึทืึทื™ ืงืึทื•ื•ืข ืกื™ื˜ืฉื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืึทืจื•ื™ืก ืจืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทื’ืึทื’ืึท ื“ืจื™ื™ึท ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ื”ืื˜ ื“ื•ืจื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง. ื ื“ื™ื˜ื™ื™ืœื“ ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืŸ ื–ื™ืฆื•ื ื’ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืคื•ื ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ Cลซllavagga ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ Vinaya Piacaka. ืœื•ื™ื˜
ื“ืขื ืจืขืงืึธืจื“ ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื ืฆื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึทืžืคึผื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžืึทื”ืึทืงืึทืกืึทืคึผืึท
ืฆื• ืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืึท ื“ื™ืกืคึผืึทืจืึทื’ื™ื ื’
ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฉื˜ืจืขื ื’ ืœืขื”ืจื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึธื ืงืก.
ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืืคืŸ. ื“ื™
ืžืึธื ื›ื™ ืกื•ื‘ื”ืึทื“ื“ืึท, ืึท ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื‘ืึทืจื‘ืขืจ, ื•ื•ืืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทืจืขืกื˜ื™ืจื˜ ืฉืคึผืขื˜
ืื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ืŸ, ืื•ื™ืฃ ื’ืขื”ืขืจ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ, ื•ื•ื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ
ืคืึทืจื“ืจืึธืก ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ืคึฟืึทืจ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืึทื•ื•ืขืง
ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท.
ืคื™ืœืข ืžืึธื ืงืก ืœื™ื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ื™ื™ื˜ ืคืืจื‘ื™ื™ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ื™ืฃ ื’ืขืคืจื•ืื•ื•ื˜. ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžืึทื›ืึทืงืึทืกืึทืคึผืึท ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืกื•ื‘ื”ืึทื“ื“ืึท ื–ืึธื’ืŸ: ‘’ ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืจืขื•ื•ืขืจืขื ืกืขืก, ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื˜ืจื•ื™ืขืจืŸ, ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ืงืœืึธื’ืŸ. ืžื™ืจ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื™ึทืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืจืขืงืœืึทืกืข (ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท). ืžื™ืจ
ื–ื™ื™ึทื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืึธืจืŸ, ืึทื– ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ื™ื’ื ื˜ืœืขืš
ืžืขื’ืœืขืš, ื“ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ืื™ื™ืš. ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ืงืขื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืจ
ื–ื™ื™ึทื ืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืžื™ืจ ื•ื•ืขืœืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ืจ ื˜ืึธืŸ ื ื™ื˜.
ืžืึทื”ืืงืึทืกืกืึทืคึผืึท
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจืฉืจืึธืงืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืžืขืจืงื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืžื•ืจื ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืื•ืŸ
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ึทืึท ื–ืืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืืจื“ืืจื‘ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืฉืึธืœืขื ืื•ื™ื‘ ืื ื“ืขืจืข
ืžืึธื ืงืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื–ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ Subhadda ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ืฉืŸ ื“ื™ Dhamma ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™
Vinaya ื›ึผืœืœื™ื.
ืฆื• ื•ื™ืกืžื™ื™ึทื“ืŸ ื“ืขื, ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืžื•ื–ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืคึผืจืึธื˜ืขืงื˜ืขื“. ืฆื•ืœื™ื‘ ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืึธื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื˜ืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืคื”ื”ืึท ืขืจ ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืึทืจืึทื”ืึทื ืฅ. ืŸื ืึทื ื“ืึท ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื•ื’ืขืฉื˜ืขืœื˜ ืขืจ ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื˜ Arahanthood ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ื“ื™ ืจืึทื˜ ืงืึทื ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜. ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžืึทื›ืึทืงืึทืกืึทืคึผืึท ืคึผืจื™ื–ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’, ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืึทืจืึทื”ืึทื ื˜ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืจืึทื˜ ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ื™ ืจืขื’ื ื“ื™ืง ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜. ื“ื™
ืขืจืฉื˜ืข ื–ืึทืš ืžืึทื›ืึทืงืึทืกืกืึทืคึผืึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืื•ื™ืฃ
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ึทืึท ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ื•ื•ืขืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ื•ืคึผ ฤ ืœื™ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื–ื•ื ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™
ืžืึทื ืึทืกื˜ื™ืฉ ื”ืขืจืฉืŸ.
ื“ืขื ืžืึธื ืง ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืงื•ื•ืึทืœืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขืœืขืจื ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ึทืึท ื–ื™ืš. ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ
ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžืึทื›ืึทืงืึทืกืกืึทืคึผืึท ื’ืขืคืจืขื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืกืคึผืึทืกื™ืคื™ืงืœื™ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™
ื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขืจ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื”ืขื˜ [ืคึผืึทืจืึทื“ื–ืฉื“ื–ืฉื™ืงืึท], ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืขืžืข, ื“ื™
ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ึทื˜, ื“ืขื ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื™ื ื˜ืจืึธื•ื“ื•ืกื˜, ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืึทืžืึทืฆื™ืข, ื“ื™ ื™ื‘ืขืจื›ืึทื–ืขืจื•ื ื’
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืึธืงืœืึทืžืึทืฆื™ืข, ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืกืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคืึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื ื™ื˜-
ื˜ื•ื™ื˜. ืขืจ
ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื ืึทืœืึทื“ื–ืฉืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ืžืึทืจืงื– ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜
ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืึทื ืึทืžืึทืก ื”ืึทื›ืœืึธื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืคึผืจื™ื–ื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’ ืกืึทืคื˜ื”ืึท.
ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ึทืึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคืึธืจืžืึทืœื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืงื˜.

ื“ื™
ืขืœื˜ืกื˜ืข ืžืึทื›ืึทืงืึทืกืึทืคึผืึท ื“ืึทืŸ ื”ืึธื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืจื™ื™ื ื’ืขื–ืขืฆื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืึทื ื“ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ
ืจืขืคึผื™ืึทื˜ืึทื‘ืึทืœ ืขืงืกืคึผืขืจื˜ื™ื– ืื™ืŸ ืึทืœืข ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท.
ืฆื•ืž ื’ืœื™ืง, ื“ื™ ื ืึทื›ื˜ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืขืคืŸ, ฤ€ ื ืึทื ื“ืึท ื”ืื˜ ืขืจื™ื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื“ ืึทืจื”ืึทื ืฉื™ืคึผ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ. ื“ืขืจ
ืืœื˜ืขืจ ืžืึทื”ืืงืึทืกืกืึทืคึผืึท, ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืคืจืขื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืœืึทื ื’
ืžื™ื˜ ืคื•ืœืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ื‘ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืžื™ื˜ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ื“ืขืจืžืึธื ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™
ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ืก ื“ืจืึธื–.
ื“ื™
ื™ื ื˜ืขืจืจืึธื’ืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืžืžืึท ื’ืขื–ืึธื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฉื˜ืขื˜ื™ืงืŸ ื“ืขื ืึธืจื˜ ื•ื•ื•
ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกืงืึธืจืกืขืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ื’ืขืจื•ื“ืคื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืžืขื ื˜ืฉ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™
ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜.
ืืคึฟืฉืจ,
ืึทื™ื™ื“ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืจื˜ - ื’ืื ืฅ ื–ื›ึผืจื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฆื• ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจืŸ
ืึทืงื™ืขืจืึทื˜ืœื™ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื“ื™ืกืงืึธื•ืจืกืขืก ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื™ื•ื ืึทื ืึทืžืึทืก
ื”ืึทืกืงืึธืžืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืกืึทืคื˜ื”ืึท.
ื“ืขืจ
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื‘ืึทืึทืžื˜ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึธืžื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืึทืกืงืึธืžืข
ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงืœืึธื•ื–ื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึทืคึผื™ื˜ืœ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื“ืขืจื™ืงืขืจ
ื›ึผืœืœื™ื, ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืกืงืึธืžืข ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทื‘ื–ืขืจื•ื•ืึทื ืก.
ืขืก
ื”ืึธื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืฉื˜ืขืœืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™
ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ึทืึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื’ืขื ื•ื’ ืขื ื“ืึธื•ื•ื“ ืžื™ื˜ ื’ื•ื˜ืข ืžืขืžืขืจื™ื–
ืจื™ื˜ื™ื™ื ื“ ืึทืœืข ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜.
ื“ืขื
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ ืจืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึท ฤ ืงืึทืกืึทื ื™ืงืึท,
ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื’ืึธืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขืงืœืขืจื˜ืข ืึทืจืึทื”ืึทื ืฅ ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืื™ื.

ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ

ื“ื™
ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืึท ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ื”ืก ืื™ืŸ
ืคึผืึทืจื™ื ื™ื‘ื‘ื™ืึทื”ืึท ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื™ึทืขืŸ ืึท ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืคึผืึธืœืขืžื™ืง ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ‘ืฆืขืŸ ืคื•ื ืงื˜ืŸ’.
ื“ืืก ืื™ื– ืึท ืจืขืคึฟืขืจืขื ืฅ ืฆื• ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืžืึธื ืงืก ื‘ืจื™ื™ืงื™ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆืขืŸ ืžื™ื ืขืจื•ื•ืขืจื˜ื™ืง ื›ึผืœืœื™ื. ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืฆื•:

1. ืกื˜ืึธืจื™ื ื’ ื–ืึทืœืฅ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื”ืึธืจืŸ.
2. ืขืกืŸ ื ืึธืš ื”ืึทืœื‘ื ืึทื›ื˜.
3. ืขืกืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื“ืขืจ ืฆื• ืึท ื“ืึธืจืฃ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืœืžืก.
4. ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ืคึผืึธืกืึทื˜ื”ืึท ืกืขืจืขืžืึธื ื™ ืžื™ื˜ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ื’ืขื’ื ื˜.
5. ืงืึทืจื™ืขืจืข ืื•ื™ืก ื‘ืึทืึทืžื˜ืขืจ ืืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื ืงืึทืžืคึผืœื™ื˜ื™ื“.
6. ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทื˜ืขืจื“ื™ืง ืึท ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ืกืข ืคื™ืจืขืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืก ื˜ื•ื˜ืึธืจื™ืึทืœ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ.
7. ืขืกืŸ ื–ื•ื™ืขืจ ืžื™ืœืš ื ืึธืš ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื‘ืขืจ ื˜ืึธื’ ืžืึธืœืฆื™ื™ึทื˜.
8. ืงืึทื ืกื•ืžื™ื ื’ ืฉื˜ืึทืจืง ื˜ืจื™ื ืงืขืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ืคืขืจืžืขื ื˜ืขื“.
9. ื ื™ืฆืŸ ืึท ื˜ืขืคึผืขืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื ื™ืฉื˜ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื’ืจื™ื™ืก.
10. ื ื™ืฆืŸ ื’ืึธืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ.

ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ
ืžื™ืกื“ื™ื“ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขื ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขืคึฟื™ืจื˜ ืึท ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืกื™ื›ืกืขืš ื•ื•ื™
ื‘ืจื™ื™ืงื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื›ึผืœืœื™ื ืื™ื– ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืฆื• ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืกื–ืึธื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึธืจื™ื’ื™ื ืขืœ ืœืขืจื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ
ืคื•ืŸ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท.
ืžืœืš
ืงืืงืืกืึธืงืึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ื˜ืข ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ืก ืคึผืึทื˜ืจืึธืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ
ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ืึธืจื˜ ื‘ื™ื™ึท ื•ื•ืขืก ฤ ื™ืœ ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคืืœื’ืขื ื“ืข ืฆื•ืฉื˜ืื ื“ืŸ.
ืื™ื™ืŸ
ื˜ืึธื’, ื‘ืฉืขืช ื‘ืื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื”ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ืึท ื’ืจืึธื•ื•ืข ืื™ืŸ Veฤsli, ื“ื™ ืขืœื“ืขืจ ื™ืึทืกืึท
ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืึทื– ืึท ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ื’ืจื•ืคึผืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืžืึธื ืงืก ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™
ื•ื•ืึทื“ื–ืฉื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทื ืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ื ืคืจื™ื ื“ื–ืฉื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืฉืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืคึผืจืึธื•ื›ื™ื‘ืึทื˜ืึทื“ ืžืึธื ืง ืก
ืึทืงืกืขืคึผื˜ื™ื ื’ ื’ืึธืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึธืคืŸ ืึทืกืงื™ื ื’ ืขืก ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื“ื™ื ื’
ื“ืขื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื–.
ืขืจ
ืžื™ื“ ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ืงื™ืจื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึธืคึผืคื™ืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืขื ื˜ืคืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื•
ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’ืŸ ืื™ื ืึท ื˜ื™ื™ืœืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื•ืžืœืขื’ืึทืœ ื’ื™ื™ื ื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื”ืึธืคืขื ื•ื ื’ ืึทื–
ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ.
ื“ื™ ืขืœื“ืขืจ ื™ืึทืกืึท, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึธืคึผื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ื ืึทื˜ื•ืจ. ื“ื™ ืžืึธื ืงืก ืžื™ื“ ืกื•ืžื“ ืื™ื ืžื™ื˜ ืึท ืคืึธืจืžืึทืœ ืงืึทืžืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืกื’ืœื™ื™ึทืš, ืึทืงื™ื•ื–ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืื˜ ื‘ืœื™ื™ืžื“ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื–. ื“ื™
ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึทืกืึท ืึทืงืึธืจื“ื™ื ื’ืœื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื–, ืึธื‘ืขืจ
ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื–ืขืœื‘ื™ืงืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜, ืงืึทื ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื“ื–ืฉืขื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทืŸ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื”ืื˜
ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ืคืึทืœืฉ ื“ื•ืจืš ืงื•ื•ืึธื˜ืขื“ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทื“ืึท ืก ื•ื™ืกืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ืขื ืคืึทืจื•ื•ืขืจ ืงืขื’ืŸ
ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืกืึทืœื™ืกื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื’ืึธืœื“ ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืœื‘ืขืจ.
ื“ื™
ืœื™ื™ืžืขื ืข ืžื™ื“ ืื•ื™ืกื’ืขื“ืจื™ืงื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึทืกืึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™
ื•ื•ืึทื“ื–ืฉื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทืŸ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืื•ืžืจืขื›ื˜-ื“ืึธืขืจืก ืื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช, ืื•ืŸ
ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ ‘’ ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึทืกืึท ืึทืœื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืขืก ืžืึธื ืง ืื•ืŸ ื–ืึทืงื™ืึทืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ.
ืึทืœืข ื“ื™ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืžืึธื ืงืก, ื ื™ื˜ ืก ฤ ื™ืงืข ืงื™ื ื“ืขืจ ‘’.

ื“ื™
ืกื˜ื•ื‘ื‘ืึธืจืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื ืจื™ืคึผืขื ื˜ืึทื ื˜ ื•ื•ืึทื“ื–ืฉื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทืŸ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืืจื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขืคืืจืŸ
ืฆื• ื•ืคื”ืขื ื’ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ื™ืึทืกืึท ื˜ื”ืขืจืึท ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืึทืกืงืึธืžืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืจืขืฉื˜
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืคื˜ื”ืึท ื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื•ื˜ืงืึทื ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ
ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ืขื•ื•ืึทื˜ื™ื–.
ื“ื™
ืขืœื“ืขืจ ื™ืึทืกืึท, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืื ื˜ืจื•ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฆืขืฉื˜ืขืจื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืŸ
ืคื•ืŸ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื ืงืก ืื ื“ืขืจืฉ, ื•ื•ืืก ืึทืคึผื›ืขืœื“ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืึธืจื˜ืึธื“ืึธืงืกื™ืฉ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ึทืึท.
ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง
ื•ื•ืึทืœื“ ื•ื•ื•ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืžืื ืงื™ ืคื•ืŸ ืคึผืึธื•ื•ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืึทื›ืฆื™ืง ืžืึทื ื’ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืจืขืžื“ื™ืง
ื’ืขื’ื ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ื™ ื•ื•ืืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’, ื’ืขืคึฟื™ื ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืขืœืคืŸ
ืื™ื ืฆื• ืงืึธื ื˜ืจืึธืœื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธืจื•ืคึผืฆื™ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ึทืึท.
ืฆื•ื–ืึทืžืขืŸ,
ื–ื™ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืฆื• ืกืึธืจื™ื™ืึท ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืจืึทื˜ื  ื–ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข
ืจืขื•ื•ืึทื˜ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ื”ืขื›ืกื˜ ืจื™ื•ื•ื™ืจื“ ืžืึธื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืžื•ืžื—ื” ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™
ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ึทืึท.
ื•ื•ื™
ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทื“ื–ืฉื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทืŸ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื•ื•ื™ืกืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ืจืขื•ื•ืึทื˜ืึท ืก ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ ืจืขืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื– ื•ื•ืึธืก
ืขืจ ืคึผื•ื ืงื˜ ืืคื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜.
ื“ื™ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื ื•ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขืœื‘ืข ืžื™ื˜ืœ ืฆื• ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ืจืขื•ื•ืึทื˜ืึท ืก ื‘ืึทื’ืœื™ื™ื˜ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ื•ื˜ื˜ืึทืจืึท. ืื™ืŸ
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืื•ื™ืš ืจืขื›ื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ื–ื™ื™
ืงืจืึทืคื˜ืึทืœื™ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืื™ื ืฆื• ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึธืจืฉืœืึธื’, ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ ืึทื– ื•ื•ืขืŸ
ื“ื™ ืจืขืงื•ื•ื™ืกื™ื˜ืขืก ืžืขื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื ื™ืฉื˜ ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืื™ื, ืŸืึทื ื“ืึท
ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืœื˜ ืึธืคื˜ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืึธืŸ
ืึทื–ื•ื™.
ื•ื˜ื˜ืึทืจืึท ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื•ืŸ ืื ื’ืขื ื•ืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืงื•ื•ืึทื–ื™ื˜ืขืก. ืขืจื“ื–ืฉื“
ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ืžืกื›ื™ื ืฆื• ื’ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจืฆื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข
ืจืขื•ื•ืึทื˜ืึท ืฆื• ื“ืขืจืงืœืขืจืŸ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทื“ื–ืฉื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทืŸ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื˜ืึทืงืข ืกืคึผื™ืงืขืจื–
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืืžืช ืื•ืŸ ืึทืคึผื˜ืึธื•ืœืขืจื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืžืžืึท.
ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ืจืขื•ื•ืึทื˜ืึท ื’ืขื–ืขืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืจื•ื– ืื•ืŸ ืืคื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื–ื™ื™. ืขืจ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื“ื™ืกืคึผืœื™ื™ื– ื•ื˜ื˜ืึทืจืึท. ืื™ืŸ
ืกื“ืจ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื™ึทืขืŸ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืึทืžืึธืœ ืื•ืŸ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึทืœืข, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข
ืจืขื•ื•ืึทื˜ืึท ืึทื“ื•ื•ื™ื™ื–ื“ ืึทื– ืึท ืจืึทื˜ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื•ื• ฤ ืึธื™ืงื™ืงืึทืจืžืึท
ืžื™ื˜ ื–ื™ืš ืึทืกืงื™ื ื’ ืคืจืื’ืขืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืŸ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’, ื“ื™ ื˜ื”ืขืจืึท ืกืึทื‘ื‘ื“ื–ืฉืึทื“ื–ืฉื™.
ืึทืžืึธืœ
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื ื•ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืึท ืงืืžื™ื˜ืขื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื›ื˜
ืžืึธื ืงืก, ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื’ื™ืœื˜ื™ืงื™ื™ึทื˜ ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉื˜ื™ืžืขืŸ.
ื“ื™
ืึทื›ื˜ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืจื™ื›ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ื–ืึทืš ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืขืจืึทื‘ืœืขืก ืกืึทื‘ื‘ืึทืงืึทืžื™,
ืกืึท รค ื”ืึท, ื›ื•ื“ื–ืฉื“ื–ืฉืึทืกืึธื‘ื™ื˜ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืึทืกืึทื‘ื”ืึทื’ืึทืžื™ืงืึท, ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ืื•ืŸ
ืคื™ืจ ืžืึธื ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื‘, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืขืก ืจืขื•ื•ืึทื˜ืึท, ืกืึทืžื‘ื”ื•ื˜ืึท-ืก รฆ
ื™ืกื˜ืึทื•ื•ืึทืกื™, ื™ืึทืกืึท ืื•ืŸ ืกื•ืžืึทื ืึท.
ื–ื™ื™ ื•ื  ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืขื‘ืึทื˜ืขื“ ื“ืขื ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื˜ ืจืขื•ื•ืึทื˜ืึท ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ื˜ืฉืึทืœืขืจืžืึทืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืกืึทื‘ื‘ืึทืงืึทืžื™ ืขื ื˜ืคึฟืขืจืก ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืจืื’ืขืก. ื ืึธืš
ื“ื™ ื“ืขื‘ืึทื˜ืข ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื“ื™ ืึทื›ื˜ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื‘ืึทืฉืœืึธืกืŸ ืงืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืึทื“ื–ืฉื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทืŸ
ืžืึธื ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืึทืคึผืขืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื ื’ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืžื•ื“ื™ืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืคึฟืึทืจื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’.
ื“ืขืจื ืึธืš
ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ึทืึท, ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขื
ืงืึธื ืงื•ืจืขื ื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืกืึทื˜ื˜ืึทืกืึทื˜ื™, ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ-ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜
ืžืึธื ืงืก ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืึธื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ื ืขืžืขืŸ.
ื“ืขื
ื”ื™ืกื˜ืืจื™ืฉืŸ ืจืึทื˜ ืื™ื– ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื™ืึทืกืึทื˜ื”ืขืจืึท ืกืึทื ื’ื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืจืึธืœืข ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ื™ืึทืกืึท ื’ืขืฉืคื™ืœื˜ ืื™ืŸ ืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ ืคึฟืึทืจ
ื‘ืึทื•ื•ืึธืจืขื ื™ืฉ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ึทืึท.
ื“ื™
ื•ื•ืึทื“ื–ืฉื“ื–ืฉื™ืึทืŸ ืžืึธื ืงืก ืงืึทื˜ืึทื’ืขืจืœื™ ืืคื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืึธื ื ืขืžืขืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืฉืœื•ืก ืคื•ืŸ
ื“ืขื ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฆืขืœืึธื–ืŸ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ืึท ืงืึธื•ื ืกืขืœ ืคื•ืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื–
ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึทื”ืึท ลผ g ื’ื™ื˜ื™.

ื“ืขืจ ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ

ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื‘ืคึฟืจื˜ ืฆื• ื‘ืึทืคืจื™ื™ึทืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืคื˜ื”ืึท ืคื•ืŸ ืงืึธืจื•ืคึผืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืœืฉ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื•ื•ืืก ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืจืขื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ืงื•ืงืŸ. ื“ื™ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ืื™ื– ืงืึทื ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ 326 ื‘.ืก. ืื™ืŸ ืึทืกืึธืงืึทืจืึทืžืึท ืื™ืŸ ืคึผืึทื”ืึทืœื™ืคึผื•ื˜ื˜ืึท ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ื™ ืคึผืึทื˜ืจืึธื ืึทื’ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึธืจ ืึทืกืึธืงืึท. ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ืขืœื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธื’ื’ืึทืœื™ืคึผื•ื˜ื˜ืึท ื˜ื™ืกืกืึท ืื•ืŸ 1000 ืžืึธื ืงืก ืื ื˜ื™ื™ืœ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ. ื“ื™
ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืข ื”ืื˜ ืขืก ืึทื– ืึทื–ืึธืงืึท ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื•ื•ืื•ื ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืฉื˜ื•ืœ ื“ื•ืจืš ืฉืขื“ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™
ื‘ืœื•ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืœืข ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ืก ื–ื•ืŸ ืก ืจืึทื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื˜ื™ืกืกืึท
ืงื•ืžืึทืจืึท ื•ื•ืืก ื™ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™ ื’ืึทื˜ ืึธืจื“ื™ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื˜ืฉื™ื•ื•ื“ ืึทืจื”ืึทื ืฉื™ืคึผ.

ืึทืกืึธืงืึท ืื™ื– ืงืจื•ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆื•ื•ื™ื™ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ eighteenth ื™ืึธืจ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ืก ืžืึทื”ืึทืคึผืึทืจื™ื ื™ื‘ื‘ื ืึท. ืื™ืŸ
ืขืจืฉื˜ืขืจ, ืขืจ ื‘ืึทืฆืึธืœื˜ ื‘ืœื•ื™ื– ื˜ืึธืงืฉืึทื ื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืคื˜ื”ืึท ืื•ืŸ
ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ืกืขืงืฅ ื•ื•ื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืคืื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื˜
ื’ืขื˜ืืŸ ืื™ื™ื“ืขืจ ืื™ื.
ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ืึทืœืข ื“ืขื ื’ืขื‘ื™ื˜ืŸ ื•ื•ืขืŸ ืขืจ ื‘ืื’ืขื’ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคืจื•ื ืึธื ื”ื™ื™ื‘ืขืจ-ืžืึธื ืง ื ื™ื’ืจืึธื“ื”ืึท ื•ื•ืืก ื’ืขืจืขื“ื˜ ืื™ื ื“ื™ ืึทืคึผืคึผืึทืžืึทื“ื–ืฉืึท-ื•ื•ืึทื’ื’ืึท. ื“ืขืจื ืึธื›ื“ืขื ื”ืึธื˜ ืขืจ ืื•ื™ืคื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ืฆื• ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ืจืขืœื™ื’ื™ืขื–ืข ื’ืจื•ืคึผืขืก ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ืขืจืขืก ืื™ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื‘ืขืจื’ืขื’ืขื‘ื ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื•ื ื“ื”ืžื”ืžืึท. ืขืจ
ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื ื•ืฆื˜ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืจื™ื–ื™ืง ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฆื• ื‘ื•ื™ืขืŸ, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜, ืคื™ืจ-ืคื•ืคืฆื™ืง ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜
ืคึผืึทื’ืึธื•ื“ื– ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื”ืึทืจืึทืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆื• ืœืึทื•ื•ื™ืฉืœื™ ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืงืงื”ื•ืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจ
ืจืขืงื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื˜ื™ื–.
ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื ื“ื™ื ื“ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ืึธื›ื˜ืขืจ ืกืึทืคื˜ื”ืึทืžื™ื˜ื˜ื ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ืึธืจื“ื™ื™ื ื“ ืื•ืŸ ืึทื“ืžื™ื˜ืึทื“ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกืึทืคื˜ื”ืึท. ื™ื•ื•ืขื ื˜ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทืœื™, ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื‘ืจื™ื™ื˜ื”ืึทืจืฆื™ืงื™ื™ื˜ ืื™ื– ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ ืขืจื ืกื˜ ืคึผืจืึธื‘ืœืขืžืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืคื˜ื”ืึท. ืื™ืŸ
ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ืกื“ืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื™ื ืคื™ืœื˜ืจื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคื™ืœืข ื•ืžื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื˜ืœืขืš
ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ, ื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื”ืขืจืขื˜ื™ืฉ ืงื•ืงืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ืืก ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฆื•ื™ื’ืŸ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืกื“ืจ ื•ื•ื™ื™ึทืœ ืคื•ืŸ
ื“ื™ ื™ืžืขืจืึธื•ืก ืฉื˜ื™ืฆืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื˜ื™ื™ึทืขืจ ืึธืคืจื™ื ื’ื– ืคื•ืŸ ืขืกื ื•ื•ืึทืจื’, ืงืœื™ื™ื“ืขืจ, ื‘ืึทืฉื™ืฆืŸ
ืื•ืŸ ืžืขื“ื™ืฆื™ืŸ.
ื’ืจื•ื™ืกืข
ื ื•ืžืขืจืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื’ืœื•ื™ื‘ืŸ, ื–ืฉืขื“ื ืข ืžืขื ื˜ืฉืŸ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืคืึทืœืฉ ืคืึทืœืฉ ื’ืขืคืจื•ืื•ื•ื˜
ืฆื• ืคืึทืจื‘ื™ื ื“ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื“ืจ, ืึธื‘ืขืจ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืึธืจื“ืึทื ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ.
ื˜ืจืึธืฅ
ื“ืึธืก, ื–ื™ื™ ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื›ืืคื˜ ื“ื™ ื’ืขืœืขื’ื ื”ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืฆื• ื’ืขื•ื•ื™ื ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึธืจ ‘ืก
ื•ื•ืึทื˜ืจืึธื ืขืก ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืขื ื“ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ืึทื ื“ ืจืึธื•ื‘ื– ืื•ืŸ ื–ื™ืš ืื™ื™ื ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ
ื“ื™ ืกื“ืจ ืึธืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜.
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืจืขืกืคึผืขืงื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืคื”ื”ืึท ื“ื™ืžื™ื ื™ืฉื˜. ื•ื•ืขืŸ
ื“ืึธืก ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ืœื™ื›ื˜ ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ืขื›ื˜ ืžืึธื ืงืก ืืคื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ ืฆื• ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™
ืคึผืจื™ืกืงืจื™ื™ื‘ื“ ืจื™ื™ื ื™ืงื•ื ื’ ืึธื“ืขืจ ืึธืกืคึผืึทื˜ื”ืึท ืฆืขืจืขืžืึธื ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™
ืคืึทืจื“ืึธืจื‘ืŸ, ื”ืขืจืขื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ืžืึธื ืงืก.

ื•ื•ืขืŸ
ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึธืจ ื’ืขื”ืขืจื˜ ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ืขื ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ืฆื• ืจืขืงื˜ืึทืคื™ื™ ื“ื™ ืกื™ื˜ื•ืึทืฆื™ืข ืื•ืŸ
ื“ื™ืกืคึผืึทื˜ืฉื˜ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื™ื ืขืจ ืฆื• ื“ื™ ืžืึธื ืงืก ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ ืึทื– ื–ื™ื™
ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืจืขืžืึธื ื™ืข.
ืึธื‘ืขืจ, ื“ื™ ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึธืจ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืคื™ืฉ ืึธืจื“ืขืจืก ื•ื•ื™ ืฆื• ื•ื•ืึธืก ืžื™ื˜ืœ ื–ืึธืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ืขื ื™ืฆื˜ ืฆื• ื“ื•ืจื›ืคื™ืจืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืึทืคึฟืขืœ. ื“ื™
ืžืึธื ืงืก ืืคื’ืขื–ืื’ื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึธืœื’ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื”ืึทืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื™ ืฆืขืจืขืžืึธื ื™ืข ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืคื•ืŸ
โ€‹โ€‹ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืคืึทืœืฉ ืื•ืŸ ‘ื˜ื™ื•ื•ื™ื ื’’ ืงืึทืžืคึผืึทื ื™ืึทื ื– [ื˜ื”ื™ื™ื™ืึทืกื™ื ื™ื•ื• ฤ ืกืึทืงืึท].
ืื™ืŸ
ื“ืขืกืคึผืขืจืึทื˜ื™ืึธืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื™ื– ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ื“ื™ ืฉื•ืจื” ืคื•ืŸ ืกื™ื˜ื™ื“
ืžืึธื ืงืก ืื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ื›ืขื ื•ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื•ืขืจื“, ื‘ื™ื›ื™ื“ื™ื“ ืึทืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ื™ืŸ ื ืึธืš ื“ื™
ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื‘ื™ื– ืขืจ ื’ืขืงื•ืžืขืŸ ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืžืœืš ืก ื‘ืจื•ื“ืขืจ, ื˜ื™ืกืกืึท ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื˜ ืฉื•ื™ืŸ
ืึธืจื“ื™ื™ื ื“.
ื“ื™
ื›ืึธืจืึทืคื™ื™ื“ ืžื™ื ื™ืกื˜ืขืจ ื”ืื˜ ืคืืจืฉื˜ืืคื˜ ื“ื™ ืฉื—ื™ื˜ื” ืื•ืŸ ืื ื˜ืœืืคืŸ ื“ืขื ื–ืึทืœ ืื•ืŸ
ื’ืขืžืืœื“ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืง ืฆื• ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึธืจ ืึทื–ืึธืงืึท ืื™ื– ื˜ื™ืคืœื™ ืžื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืื•ืŸ ื™ื‘ืขืจืงืขืจืŸ
ื“ื•ืจืš ื•ื•ืึธืก ื’ืขื˜ืจืืคืŸ ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืœืึทืžื“ ื–ื™ืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืงื™ืœื™ื ื’ื–.
ืขืจ ื’ืขื–ื•ื›ื˜ ื˜ื”ืขืจืึท ืžืึธื’ื’ืึทืœื™ืคึผื•ื˜ื˜ืึท ื˜ื™ืกืึท ืก ืึทื“ื•ื•ืึธืงืึทื˜. ืขืจ ืคืืจื’ืขืœื™ื™ื’ื˜ ืึทื– ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืขื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื•ื•ืขืจืŸ ื™ืงืกืคึผืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกื“ืจ ืื•ืŸ ืึท ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืงืึทื ื•ื•ื™ื ืกื˜ ืžื™ื“. ืื–ื•ื™ ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื– ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ 17 ื™ืึธืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึธืจ ‘ืก ืจื™ื™ื ื– ื“ื™ ื“ืจื™ื˜ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ. ื˜ื”ืขืจืึท
ืžืึธื’ื’ืึทืœื™ืคึผื•ื˜ื˜ืึท ื˜ื™ืกืึท ื›ืขื“ืึทื“ ื“ื™ ืคืจืื™ืขืงื˜ืŸ ืื•ืŸ ืื•ื™ืกื“ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืœื˜ 1,000
ืžืึธื ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื–ืขื›ืฆื™ืง ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืคึผืึทืจื˜ื™ืกืึทืคึผืึทื ืฅ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื˜ืจืื“ื™ืฆื™ืื ืขืœืŸ
ืจืขืฆืขืคึผื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ึทืึท, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคึฟืึทืจ
ื ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื.
ื“ืขืจ ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึธืจ, ื–ื™ืš ื’ืขืคืจื•ืื•ื•ื˜ ืžืึธื ืงืก ืคื•ืŸ ืึท ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ืึทืกื˜ืขืจื™ื– ื•ื•ืขื’ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืขืจื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท. ื™ืขื ืข ื•ื•ืืก ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืคืึทืœืฉ ืงื•ืงืŸ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื™ืงืกืคึผืึธื•ื–ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื™ืงืกืคึผืขืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืกืึทืคื˜ื”ืึท ืžื™ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื•ื•ืขื’ ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืงื›ื• ืกืึทืคื˜ื”ืึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคื™ื™ืœื“ ืคื•ืŸ ืืคื™ืงื•ืจืกื•ืช ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืึธื’ื•ืก ื‘ื”ื™ืงื›ื•ืก.
ื“ืขื ืจืึทื˜ ืึทื˜ืฉื™ื•ื•ื“ ืึท ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืื ื“ืขืจืข ื•ื•ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ื–ืื›ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜. ื“ื™
ืขืœื˜ืขืจืŸ ืžืึธื’ื’ืึทืœื™ืคึผื•ื˜ื˜ืึท ื˜ื™ืกืึท, ืื™ืŸ ืกื“ืจ ืฆื• ืจื™ืคื™ื•ื˜ ืึท ื ื•ืžืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื”ืขืจืขืกื™ืขืก
ืื•ืŸ ืขื ืฉื•ืจ ื“ื™ ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืจื™ื™ืŸ, ืงืึทืžืคึผืœื™ื™ื“ ืึท ื‘ื•ืš ื‘ืขืฉืึทืก ื“ืขื
ืจืึทื˜ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึทื˜ื”ืึทื˜ื”ื˜ื”ื•.
ื“ืขืจ
ื‘ื•ืš ื‘ืืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ 23 ืงืืคื™ื˜ืœืขืŸ, ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ืึท ื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืกืงื•ืกื™ืข (ืงืึทื˜ื”ืึท)
ืื•ืŸ ืจื™ืคืึทื•ื˜ื™ื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื”ืขืจืขื˜ื™ืงืึทืœ ืงื•ืงืŸ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ื“ื•ืจืš ืคืืจืฉื™ื™ื“ืขื ืข ืกืขืงืฅ
ืื•ื™ืฃ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืคื™ืœืึธืกืึธืคื™ืงืึทืœ.
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ื“ื™ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื‘ื™ื›ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืื‘ื”ื™ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืคึผื™ืงื˜ืึทืงืึท. ื“ื™
ืžื™ื˜ื’ืœื™ื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ืื•ื™ืš ื’ืขื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืึท ืจื•ื™ืึทืœ ืคึผืœืึธืžื‘ืข ืคื•ืŸ
โ€‹โ€‹ื”ืึทืกืงืึธืžืข ืฆื• ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท, ื ืึทืžื™ื ื’ ืขืก ื“ื™
ื•ื•ื™ื‘ื”ืึทื“ื–ืฉื“ื–ืฉืึทื•ื•ืึทื“ืึท, ื“ื™ ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทื ืึทืœื™ืกื™ืก.
ืขืก ืื™ื– ื™ื™ื“ืขื ื™ืงืึทืœ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืงื˜ ื˜ื”ืขืจืึทื•ื•ืึทื“ื–ืฉืึท ื“ืึธืงื˜ืขืจื™ืŸ. ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจืกื˜ ื‘ืึทื˜ื™ื™ึทื˜ื™ืง ื“ืขืจื’ืจื™ื™ื›ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืคึฟืึทืจื–ืึทืžืœื•ื ื’
ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื™ื ืขืจ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื˜ืจืึธื’ืŸ ืคืจื•ื›ื˜ ืคึฟืึทืจ ืกืขื ื˜ืฉืขืจื™ื– ืฆื• ืงื•ืžืขืŸ,
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืขืžืคึผืขืจืึธืจ ืก ืึทืจื•ื™ืกื’ืขื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื ืงืก, ื’ืขื–ื•ื ื˜ ื•ื•ืขืจืกื˜ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™
ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ืก ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ื™ึทืึท ื•ื•ืืก ืงืขืŸ ืคืึธืจื•ื™ืก ืึทืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืขืก ื“ื•ืจืš
ื”ืึทืจืฅ, ืฆื• ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ืขืก
ืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืคืึทืจืฉื™ื“ืขื ืข ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ. ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืžืึทืžืึทื“ื•ื˜ืึท ืžืึธื ืงืก ืึทืจื™ื™ึทื ื’ืขืจืขื›ื ื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉื“ื–ืฉืึทื ื˜ื™ืงืึท ื˜ื”ืขืจืึท ื•ื•ืืก ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืงืึทืฉืžื™ืจ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืึทื ื“ื”ืึทืจืึท. ืขืจ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืขื˜ืŸ ืฆื• ืคึผืจื™ื™ื“ื™ืงืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืึทืžืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ืคืึทืจืœื™ื™ื’ืŸ ืึท ืกื“ืจ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื“ืึธืจื˜. ื“ื™
ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ืžืึทื”ืึทื“ืขื•ื•ืึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืžืึทื”ื™ื ืกืึทืงืึทืžืึท’ื•ื ื“ืึทืึท แธทืึท
(ืžืึธื“ืขืจืŸ ืžื™ืกืึธืจืข) ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ืจืึทืงื›ื™ื˜ืึท ื˜ื”ืขืจืึท ืื™ื– ื“ื™ืกืคึผืึทื˜ืฉื˜ ืฆื•
ื•ื•ืึทื ืึทื•ื• ฤ ืกื™ (ืฆืึธืคื ื“ื™ืง ืงืึทื ืึทืจืึท ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ืจื•ื ืคื•ืŸ ื™ื ื“ื™ืึท.) ื“ื™
ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ื™ืึธื ืึทืงืึท ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึทืจืึทืงื”ื™ื˜ืึท ื˜ื”ืขืจืึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ืึทืคึผืขืจ
ืึทืคึผืึทืจืึทื ื˜ืึทืงืึท (ืฆืึธืคื ื“ื™ืง ื’ื•ื“ื–ืฉืึทืจืึทื˜, ืงืึทื˜ื”ื™ืึทื•ื•ืึทืจ, ืงื•ื˜ื˜ืฉ ืื•ืŸ ืกื™ื ื“ื”]
.

ื“ื™
ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ืžืึทื”ืึทืจืึทืงื”ื™ื˜ืึท ื˜ื”ืขืจืึท ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื™ืึธื ืึทืงืึท ืœืึธืงืึท (ื“ื™
ืœืึทื ื“ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืœืึธื ืึทื ืก, ื‘ืึทืงื˜ืจื™ืึทื ืก ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจื™ื›ืŸ.) ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข
ืžืึทื“ื–ืฉื“ื–ืฉื”ื™ืžืึท ื˜ื”ืขืจืึท ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืฆื• ื”ื™ืžืึทื•ื•ืึทื ื˜ืึท (ื“ื™ ืึธืจื˜ ืึทื“ื–ืฉื•ื™ื ื™ื ื’ ื“ื™
ื”ื™ืžืึทืœื™ื™ึทืึทืก.) ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ืกืึธแน‡ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ื•ื˜ื˜ืึทืจืึท ื–ืขื ืขืŸ
ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• Suvaแน‡แน‡abhลซmi [ืื™ืฆื˜
ืžื™ืึทื ืžืึทืจ]. ื“ื™
ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ืžืึทื”ื™ื ื“ืึท ื˜ื”ืขืจืึท, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ื™ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืึท ื˜ื”ืขืจืึท, ื“ื™
ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ื•ื˜ื˜ื™ื™ืึท ื˜ื”ืขืจืึท, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ืกืึทืžื‘ืึทืœืึท ื˜ื”ืขืจืึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™
ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ื‘ื”ืึทื“ื“ืึทืก ฤ ื˜ื”ืึท ื˜ื”ืขืึท ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉื™ืงื˜ ืฆื• ื˜ืึทืžื‘ืึทืคึผืึท แน‡ื”ืึทื™
(ืื™ืฆื˜ ืกืจื™ ืœืึทื ืงืึท).
ื“ื™
ื“ืึทืžืžืึท ืžื™ืฉืึทื ื– ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื ืงืก ืกืึทืงืกื™ื“ื™ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื’ืขื‘ืจืื›ื˜ ื’ืจื•ื™ืก ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™
ืœื•ื™ืฃ ืคื•ืŸ ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ืื•ืŸ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึท ืœืึทื ื’ ื•ื•ืขื’ ืื™ืŸ ืขื ื ืึธื‘ืœื™ื ื’ ื“ื™ ืคืขืœืงืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ
ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื“ืขืจ ืžื™ื˜ ื“ื™ ื˜ืึทืœืึทื ื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืื•ืŸ ื™ื ืคืœื•ืึทื ืกื™ื ื’ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ
ืกื™ื•ื•ื™ืœื™ื–ืึทื˜ื™ืึธื ืก ืื•ืŸ ืงืึทืœื˜ืฉืขืจื–.

ืžื™ื˜
ื“ื™ ืคืึทืจืฉืคึผืจื™ื™ื˜ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท, ืื™ืŸ ืจืขื›ื˜
ืงื•ืจืก ื™ื ื“ื™ืึท ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ Visvaguru, ื“ืขืจ ืœืขืจืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜.

ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ

ื“ืขืจ ืคืขืจื˜ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื˜ืึทืžื‘ืึทืคึผืึท Ari’แน‡i [ืกืจื™ ืœืึทื ืงืึท] ืื™ืŸ 29 B.C. ืื•ื ื˜ืขืจ ื“ืขืจ ืฉืึทืคื•ื ื’ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ื•ื•ืึท รฎ ื ืื’ืึทื’ืึทืžื™ืึท. ื“ื™
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ืงืึทื ื•ื•ื™ื ื™ืึทื ืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™ ืจืขืึทืœื™ื–ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืฆื˜ ื ื™ื˜ ืžืขื’ืœืขืš ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ืžืขืจื”ื™ื™ึทื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึธื ืงืก ืฆื• ืจืึทื˜ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ื™
ื’ืื ืฆืข ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ แนญืึทืงืึท ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืžืขืžืขืจื™ื– ื•ื•ื™ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคืึทืœ ืึทืžืึธืœ
ืคึฟืึทืจ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ืžืึทื”ื™ื ื“ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืืก ื ืื›ื’ืขื’ืื ื’ืขืŸ ืื™ื ื‘ืึทืœื“ ื ืึธืš.
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ,
ื•ื•ื™ ื“ื™ ืงื•ื ืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ึทื‘ืŸ ื”ืื˜, ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ืฆื™ื™ึทื˜ ื“ืขื•ื•ืขืœืึธืคึผืขื“
ืกืึทื‘ืกื˜ืึทื ืฉืึทืœื™, ืขืก ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขื“ื™ื›ื˜ื™ืง ืื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ื˜ื™ืง ืฆื• ื”ืึธื‘ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข ื’ื•ืฃ
ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ‘ืก ืœืขืจื ืขืŸ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ.
ืžืœืš
ื•ื•ืึทื™ื˜ื”ืึทื’ืึทื’ืžืึทื™ ื’ืขืฉื˜ื™ืฆื˜ ื“ื™ ืžืึธื ืง ‘ืก ื’ืขื“ืึทื ืง ืื•ืŸ ืึท ืจืึทื˜ ื”ืื˜ ื’ืขื”ืืœื˜ืŸ
ืกืคึผืึทืกื™ืคื™ืงืœื™ ืฆื• ืจืขื“ื•ืฆื™ืจืŸ ื“ื™ ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ แนญืึทืงืึท ืื™ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ ื™ื ื˜ื™ื™ืขืจื˜ื™ ืฆื• ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ.
ื“ืขืจื™ื‘ืขืจ,
ืึทื–ื•ื™ ืึทื– ื“ืขืจ ืืžืช ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ื–ืืœ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื˜ืขื ื“ื™ืง ืืคื’ืขื”ื™ื˜, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข
ืžืึทืึทื”ืึทืจืึทืงื™ื˜ืึท ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืžืึธื ืงืก ื‘ืื–ื™ืจื˜ ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท
ืื•ืŸ ื“ืขืžืึธืœื˜ ื’ืขืฉืจื™ื‘ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืึทืจืึธืคึผ ืื•ื™ืฃ ืคืืœื ื‘ืœืขื˜ืขืจ.
ื“ืขื
ืžืขืจืงื•ื•ื™ืจื“ื™ืง ืคึผืจื•ื™ืขืงื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืึท ื”ื™ื™ืœ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ, ื“ื™ ืึธืœืึธืงืึท ืœืขื ืึท,
ืกื™ื˜ืฉื•ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืœืขืคึผืกื˜ ืคื•ืŸ ืึทืŸ ืืœื˜ืข ืœืึธืกืกืœื™ืคึผืข ืœืขื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื™ื– ืื™ืฆื˜
ืžืึทื˜ืึทืœืข.
ืื–ื•ื™ ื“ืขืจ ืฆื™ืœ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืึทื˜ืฉื™ื•ื•ื“ ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืคึผืจืขื–ืขืจื•ื•ื™ื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื™ื‘ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ืึทื˜ื”ืœืขื˜ื™ืง ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืื™ื– ื™ื ืฉื•ืจื“. ืฉืคึผืขื˜ืขืจ, ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ eighteenth ื™ืึธืจื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜, King Vijayarฤjasฤซha ื”ืื˜ ื‘ื™ืœื“ืขืจ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ื‘ืืฉืืคืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขื ื”ื™ื™ืœ.

ื“ื™ ืคื™ื ืคื˜ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ

ื“ื™ ืคื™ืคื˜ ืงืึธื•ื ืกื™ืœ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžืึทื ื“ืึทืœื™ื™ึท, ื‘ื•ืจืžืึท ืื™ืฆื˜ ื‘ืืงืื ื˜ ื•ื•ื™ ืžื™ืึทื ืžืึทืจ ืื™ืŸ 1871 ืึท.ื“. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืขืžืฉืึธืœืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืžืœืš ืžื™ื ื“ืึธืŸ. ื“ื™
ื”ื•ื™ืคึผื˜ ืึธื‘ื™ืขืงื˜ื™ื•ื• ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ื‘ืึทื’ืขื’ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืฆื• ืคืึธืจืŸ ืึทืœืข ื“ื™
ืœืขืจื ื•ื ื’ืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื“ื™ ื‘ื•ื“ืึท ืื•ืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืขืจื–ื•ื›ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื•ื˜ ื“ืขื˜ืึทืœ ืฆื• ื–ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ื‘
ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื™ ื–ืขื ืขืŸ ื’ืขื•ื•ืืจืŸ ืึธืœื˜ืขืจื“, ืคืึทืจืงืจื™ืžื˜ ืึธื“ืขืจ ื’ืขืคืืœืŸ.
ืขืก
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืคึผืจืขื–ื™ื“ืขื ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ื“ืจื™ื™ึท ืขืœื“ืขืจืก, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ืžืึทื”ืึทื˜ื”ืขืจืึท
ื“ื–ืฉืึทืจืึทืจืึทื‘ื”ื™ื•ื•ืึท ืึธื ืกืึท, ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ื ืึทืจื™ื ื“ืึทื‘ื”ื™ื“ื”ืึทื“ื–ืฉืึท, ืื•ืŸ ื“ื™
ื•ื•ืขื ืขืจืึทื‘ืœืข ืžืึทื”ืึทื˜ื”ืขืจืึท ืกื•ืžืึท ื•ื ื˜ืึทืœืึทืกืึทืžื™ ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ืคื™ืจืžืข ืคื•ืŸ โ€‹โ€‹ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข
2000 ื˜ืึธื ืก ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ืขืจ ืžืึธื ืงืก (2,400).
ื–ื™ื™ืขืจ ืฉืœืึธืก ื“ื”ืึทืžืžืึท ืจืขืกื™ื˜ืึทื˜ื™ืข ื“ื•ื™ืกื˜ ืคื™ื ืฃ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื. ืขืก
ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ืื•ื™ืš ื“ื™ ื•ื•ืขืจืง ืคื•ืŸ ื“ืขื ืจืึทื˜ ืฆื• ืคืึทืจืฉืึทืคืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืื ืฆืข
ื˜ื™ืคึผื™ื™ืงืึทืงืึท ืฆื• ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ื™ื ืกืงืจื™ื™ื‘ื“ ืคึฟืึทืจ ื–ืืžืขืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื–ื™ื‘ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื“ืขืจื˜ ืื•ืŸ
ืฆื•ื•ืึทื ืฆื™ืง ื ื™ืกืŸ ืžื™ืจืžืœืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืขืก ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžื™ืึทื ืžืึทืจ ืฉืจื™ืคื˜ ื ืึธืš ื–ื™ื™ึทืŸ
ืจืขืฆืขืคึผื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขื•ื•ืขืŸ ื’ืขืขื ื“ื™ืงื˜ ืื•ืŸ ื™ื•ื ืึทื ืึทืžืึทืกืœื™ ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืœื™ืงื˜.
ื“ื™
ืžืึธื ื•ืžืขื ื˜ืึทืœ ืึทืจื‘ืขื˜ ืื™ื– ื’ืขืžืื›ื˜ ื“ื•ืจืš ืขื˜ืœืขื›ืข 2000 ื˜ื•ื™ื–ื ื˜ ืขืจื•ื“ื™ื˜ืข ืžืึธื ืงืก
ืื•ืŸ ืคื™ืœืข ื‘ืึธืงืข ืงืจืึทืคืกืžืขืŸ, ื•ื•ืึธืก ืื•ื™ืฃ ืงืึทืžืคึผืœื™ืฉืึทืŸ ืคื•ืŸ ื™ืขื“ืขืจ ืคึผืœืึทื˜ืข ื”ืื˜
ื–ื™ื™ ื›ืึทื•ื–ื“ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื™ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ื™ืึทื˜ื•ืจืข ‘ืคึผืึทแนญืึทืงืึท’ ืคึผืึทื’ืึธื•ื“ืึทื– ืื•ื™ืฃ ืึท
ืกืคึผืขืฆื™ืขืœ ืคึผืœืึทืฅ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ ื’ืจืึธื•ื ื“ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ืžื™ื ื“ืึธืŸ ‘ืก ืงื•ื˜ื”ืึธื“ืึทื•ื•
ืคึผืึทื’ืึธื“ืึท ื‘ื™ื™ึท ื“ื™ ืคึฟื™ืก ืคื•ืŸ ืžืึทื ื“ืึทืœื™ื™ึท
ื”ื™ืœืœ ื•ื•ื• ื“ืึธืก ืึทื–ื•ื™ ื’ืขืจื•ืคืŸ ‘ื’ืจืขืกื˜ืข ื‘ื•ืš ืื™ืŸ ื“ืขืจ ื•ื•ืขืœื˜’, ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื˜ ืฆื• ื“ืขื ื˜ืึธื’.


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