27) Classical Danish-Klassisk dansk,Klassisk dansk,28) Classical Dutch- Klassiek Nederlands,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zdg2GHVpbgc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3GvFaAu3sA
19) Classical Catalan-Català clàssic
19) Clàssic català-català clàssic
http://www.buddha-vacana.org/Tree
Buda Vacana
- Les paraules del Buda -
Apreneu a Pali de manera gratuïta i gratuïta.
Aquest lloc web està dedicat a aquells que desitgen comprendre millor
les paraules del Buda tot aprenent els aspectes bàsics del llenguatge
Pali, però que no tenen gaire temps disponible per a això. La idea és
que si el seu propòsit és simplement habilitar-se per llegir els textos
de Pali i tenir un sentiment just de comprendre’ls, fins i tot si
aquesta comprensió no cobreix tots els detalls minuciosos de les regles
gramaticals, realment no necessiten gastar gaire temps que lluita amb un
aprenentatge desalentador de la tediosa teoria gramatical que involucra
coses com nombroses declensions i conjugacions.
En aquest cas,
n’hi ha prou de limitar-se a aprendre el significat de les paraules Pali
més importants, perquè l’experiència repetida de la lectura proporciona
una comprensió empírica i intuïtiva de les estructures de frases més
comunes. D’aquesta manera, es converteixen en autodidactes, triant el
temps, la durada, la freqüència, els continguts i la profunditat del seu
propi estudi.
La seva comprensió del Buda Vacana es farà molt
més precisa ja que aprenen i memoritzen sense esforç les paraules i les
fórmules importants que són fonamentals en l’ensenyament de Buda, per
mitjà de la lectura habitual. El seu aprenentatge i la inspiració que
obtinguin s’incrementaran a mesura que millorin la seva receptivitat als
missatges del professor.
En el temps futur, hi haurà bhikkhus
que no escoltin l’expressió d’aquests discursos que són paraules del
Tathāgata, profunds, profunds en el significat, que van més enllà del
món, (constantment) connectats amb el buit, que no van a prestar sentit,
no aplicaran la seva ment al coneixement, no consideraran aquells
ensenyaments que siguin assumits i dominats.
Al contrari,
escoltaran l’expressió d’aquests discursos que són composicions
literàries fetes per poetes, paraules enginyoses, lletres enginyoses,
per persones de fora, o paraules de deixebles, que donaran sentit, que
aplicaran la seva ment en coneixement , consideraran aquells
ensenyaments que siguin assumits i dominats.
Així, els bhikkhus,
els discursos que són paraules de la Tathāgata, profunds, profunds en el
significat, que van més enllà del món, (constantment) connectats amb el
buit, desapareixeran.
Per tant, bhikkhus, hauríeu d’entrenar
així: “Escoltarem l’expressió d’aquests discursos que són paraules del
Tathāgata, profunds, profunds en el significat, que van més enllà del
món, (constantment) connectats amb el buit, anem a prestar atenció,
nosaltres aplicarem la nostra ment en el coneixement, considerarem
aquells ensenyaments que seran assumits i dominats “. Així és com,
bhikkhus, hauries d’entrenar-te.
- Āṇi Sutta -
22) Classical Chinese (Simplified)-古典中文(简体)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1d-hpMej9bQ&list=RD1d-hpMej9bQ&start_radio=1&t=3
The island was populated since the Mesolithic (Dame de Bonifacio) and the Neolithic by people who came from the Italian peninsula, especially the modern regions of Tuscany and Liguria.[8][9] An important megalithic tradition developed locally since the 4th millennium BC.[10] Reached, like Sardinia, by Polada culture influences in the Early Bronze Age,[11] in the 2nd millennium BC Corsica, the southern part in particular, saw the rise of the Torrean civilization, strongly linked with the Nuragic civilization.
The Corsican people are named after a people known by the Romans as Corsi. The Corsi, who gave their name to the island, also dwelt in Northeastern Sardinia (Gallura). The Corsi were formed by several tribes that dwelt in Corsica island (Ptolemy, Geography),
namely the Belatones (Belatoni), Cervini, Cilebenses (Cilibensi),
Cumanenses (Cumanesi), Licinini, Macrini, Opini, Subasani, Sumbri,
Tarabeni, Titiani, and the Venacini.[12] In the far north-east of the island of Sardinia there were tribes that also belonged to the Corsi, they dwelt at the extreme north-east of Sardinia
and were composed of the Lestricones / Lestrigones (Lestriconi /
Lestrigoni); Longonenses (Longonensi). These Corsi shared the island
with the Tibulati, who dwelt at the extreme north of Sardinia near the
ancient town of Tibula.
Further
research is needed to answer the question of the origin of the ancient
Corsi and that of the modern Corsican people. According to several
scholars they may have been a group of tribes of the Ligures, like the Ilvates in the neighboring Ilva island (today’s Elba), and spoken the old Ligurian language.[13] However, it is known that the Sardinians are genetically similar to the Corsican population.[14][15]
Corsica was later colonized by Etruscans from what is modern Tuscany, with some brief, localized colonies of Greeks and Carthaginians, until being taken over by the Romans. In subsequent centuries, Corsica was ruled and settled by Pisans and the Genoese, and the Corsican language today is itself a variant of the Tuscan language or dialect.[16] Corsica was part of the Republic of Pisa for over two centuries, from 1050 to 1295, and was then under the control of the Republic of Genoa for nearly five centuries, from 1285 to the creation of the Corsican Republic in 1755, and it is likely that these peoples have contributed to some degree to modern Corsican ancestry.
Population in CorsicaCorsica has a population of 322,120 inhabitants (Jan. 2013 estimate).[1] At the 2011 census, 56.3% of the inhabitants of Corsica were born on the island and 28.6% in Continental France, while 0.3% were natives of Overseas France and 14.8% hailed from foreign (non-French) countries.[2]
The majority of the foreign population in Corsica comes from the Maghreb (particularly Moroccans, who made up 33.5% of all immigrants in Corsica at the 2011 census), and from Southern Europe (particularly Portuguese, 22.7% of all immigrants, followed by the Italians, 13.7%).[17]
The Corsican diasporaDuring the 19th century and the first part of the 20th century, Corsican emigration
was significant. Large numbers of Corsicans left the island for the
French mainland or foreign countries. During the 19th century, the
favorite destinations of migrants were the French colonies and South America (for more details, see Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico and Corsican immigration to Venezuela). Then, between the 1920s and the 1950s, the major destination became the French mainland (primarily Marseille, today considered as the “first Corsican city of the world” with a number around 200,000). Causes of this emigration are various; poverty is the main reason (the French laws for restriction of exportations, the Second Industrial Revolution
and the agricultural crisis had an adverse effect on the local
economy). Later, the departures have become more considerable owing to
the demographic strain caused by First World War.
Census | Born in Corsica | Born inContinental France | Born inOverseas France | Born in foreigncountries with Frenchcitizenship at birth¹ | Immigrants2 | |||
2011 | 56.3% | 28.6% | 0.3% | 5.0% | 9.8% | |||
from the Maghreb3 | from Southern Europe4 | from the rest of the world | ||||||
4.3% | 3.8% | 1.7% | ||||||
1999 | 59.5% | 24.8% | 0.3% | 5.5% | 10.0% | |||
from the Maghreb3 | from Southern Europe4 | from the rest of the world | ||||||
5.3% | 3.3% | 1.4% | ||||||
1990 | 62.0% | 21.3% | 0.2% | 6.0% | 10.5% | |||
1982 | 61.6% | 20.4% | 0.2% | 6.0% | 11.8% | |||
¹Essentially Pieds-Noirs who resettled in Corsica after the independence of Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria, many of whom had Corsican ancestry.2An immigrant is by French definition a person born in a foreign country and who didn’t have French citizenship at birth. Note that an immigrant may have acquired French citizenship since moving to France, but is still listed as an immigrant in French statistics. On the other hand, persons born in France with foreign citizenship (the children of immigrants) are not listed as immigrants.3Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria4Portugal, Italy, Spain, Andorra, Gibraltar, Monaco |
||||||||
Source: INSEE[2][17][18] |
Alongside French (Français), the official language throughout France, Corsican (Corsu) is the other most widely spoken language on the island: it is a Romance language pertaining to the Italo-Dalmatian branch and akin to medieval Tuscan. Corsican was long the vernacular language besides Italian (Italiano), which retained official status in Corsica until 1859. Since then, it has been replaced by French due to the annexation of the island by France in 1768. Over the next two centuries, the use of French grew to the extent that, by the Liberation
in 1945, all islanders had a working knowledge of French. The twentieth
century saw a wholesale language shift, with islanders changing their
language practices to the extent that there were no monolingual Corsican
speakers left by the 1960s. By 1990, an estimated 50% of islanders had
some degree of proficiency in Corsican, and a small minority, perhaps
10%, used Corsican as a first language.[19] Fewer and fewer people speak also a Ligurian dialect in what has long been a language island, Bonifacio: it is locally known by the name of bunifazzin.[20]
Gallurese dialect is a variety of Corsican[21][22][23][24] spoken in the extreme north of Sardinia, including the region of Gallura and the archipelago of La Maddalena. In the Maddalena archipelago, the local dialect (called Isulanu, Maddaleninu, Maddalenino) was brought by shepherds from Alta Rocca and Sartène in southern Corsica
during immigration in the 17th to 18th centuries. Though influenced by
Gallurese, it has maintained the original characteristics of Corsican.
There are also numerous words of Genoese and Ponzese origin.[21][25]
The
January 2007 estimated population of the island was 281,000, while the
figure for the March 1999 census, when most of the studies – though not
the linguistic survey work referenced in this article – were performed,
was about 261,000 (see under Corsica).
Only a fraction of the population at either time spoke Corsican with
any fluency. The 2001 population of 341,000 speakers on the island given
by Ethnologue[26] exceeds either census and thus may be considered questionable, like its estimate of 402,000 speakers worldwide.
The
use of Corsican over French has been declining. In 1980 about 70% of
the population “had some command of the Corsican language.”[27]
In 1990 out of a total population of about 254,000 the percentage had
declined to 50%, with only 10% using it as a first language.[19]
The language appeared to be in serious decline when the French
government reversed its non-supportive stand and began some strong
measures to save it. Whether these measures will succeed remains to be
seen. No recent statistics on Corsican are available.
UNESCO
classifies the Corsican language as a potentially endangered language,
as it has “a large number of children speakers” but is “without an
official or prestigious status.”[28] The classification
does not state that the language is currently endangered, only that it
is potentially so. In fact it is being vigorously affirmed. Often acting
according to the current long-standing sentiment unknown Corsicans
cross out French roadway signs and paint in the Corsican names. The
Corsican language is a key vehicle for Corsican culture, which is
notably rich in proverbs and in polyphonic song.
From
the mountains to the plains and sea, many ingredients play a role. Game
such as wild boar (Cignale, Singhjari) is popular, and in old times mouflon
(muvra) were consumed. There also is seafood and river fish such as
trout. Delicatessen such as figatellu, coppa, ham (prizuttu), lonzu are
made from Corsican pork (porcu nustrale). Cheeses like Brocciu, casgiu
merzu (the Corsican version of the Sardinian casu marzu),
casgiu veghju are made from goat or sheep milk. Chestnuts are the main
ingredient in the making of pulenta. A variety of alcoholic drinks also
exist, ranging from aquavita (brandy), red and white Corsican wines
(Vinu Corsu), muscat (plain or sparkling), and the famous “cap corse”
produced by Mattei.
The Corsicans are a Romance people
24) Corso Corso Corso,
http://www.buddha-vacana.org/Tree
Buddha Vacana
- E parolle di u Boudou -
Amparate Pali in ligna per e libera è u modu fàciule.
Stu situ hè dedicatu à quelli chì vulete acquistà megliu e parolle di u
Bouddha per apprufittendu i punti fundamentali di a lingua Pali, ma chì
ùn sò micca assai tempu dispunibili. L’idea hè chì si u so propiu hè
solu da esse permessa di leghje i teste di Pali è avè un sensu imparu di
l’intelligenza, ancu s’ellu capisce micca micca tutti i minuti quantità
di reguli grammaticali, ùn deve micca bisognu di passà assai stà
bughjone per un discurizante studiu di a tesau ra grammatica chirriziosa
cù e cose cum’è assai diclinazioni è cunjugazioni.
In quellu
casu, hè abbastante per limità di stallà à apparinà u significatu di i
paroli più impurtanti di Pali, perchè l’experientia ripetuta di a leghje
furnisce una intreprissioni empirica è intuìbile di l’estrazioni
cumuzioni più cumuni. Sò cusì permettenu per esse autodidacti, sceglie u
tempu, durata, freccia, cuntenutu è a prufundità di u so studiu.
A so intelligenza di u Buddha Vacana diventerà più cusì pricisante per
quantu capisce e ricercheghja sta tutte e parolle è e formule impurtanti
chì sò fundamentali in l’insignamentu di u Budda, per modi di leghje
regula. U so appruvamentu è l’ispirazioni chì righjite da ellu hà
criscenu più in quantu a so ricivitezza à i missaghji di u Maestru avarà
megliurà.
In tempu di tempu avarà da esse bogies chì ùn eseguite
micca a parolla di i discursi chì sò parolle di u Tathāgata, prufonda,
in u significatu, chì guverna più di u mondu, (sempre) cunnessi cù u
vacu, ùn deve micca prestienti, ùn anu aduprà a so mente nantu à a
cunniscenza, ùn deveranu micca quelli esistini cusì à esse presciuti è
maestrati.
À u cuntrariu, esse eludendu a tistimunianza di i
discursi chì sò cumpuliteri littirarii fatte da poeta, parolle
intelligenti, cartelli witty, da persone da l’esterniu, o di i discorsi
di i discìpuli, prestu l’audizione, anu aduprà a so mente nantu à a
cunniscenza , vi cunsiderà quiddi insignamenti per esse presiutu è
maestru.
Cusì, bhikkhus, i discursi chì sò parolle di u
Tathāgata, profonda, profonda in significatu, chì guverna più di u
mondu, (sempre) cunnessi cù u vacu, desapareceranu.
Cusì, i
bhikkhus, pudete esse entrenatu cusì: “Avemu intesu a parola di i
discursi chì sò parolle di u Tathāgata, prufonda, in u significatu, chì
guverna da u mondu, (cunstante) in cunnessione cù u vacu, avemu da
prestu averete, applicà a nostra mente nantu à a cunniscenza, vi
cunsiderà quelli insignamenti per esse presciuti è maestru. Questu hè
cumu, bhikkhus, vi pudete aghjustà vi riguarda.
- Āṇi Sutta -
25) Classical Croatian-Klasična hrvatska,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtQTAMpAaZ4
Buddhism in Croatia - Padmasana Society, re-uploaded
01) Classical Magahi Magadhi,
02) Classical Chandaso language,
03) Classical Magadhi Prakrit
04) Classical Pali
05) Classical Hela Basa
06) Classical Deva Nagari,
07) Classical Cyrillic
08) Classical Afrikaans– Klassieke Afrikaans
09) Classical Albanian-Shqiptare klasike,
10) Classical Amharic-አንጋፋዊ አማርኛ,
11) Classical Arabic-اللغة العربية الفصحى
12) Classical Armenian-դասական հայերեն,
13) Classical Azerbaijani- Klassik Azərbaycan,
14) Classical Basque- Euskal klasikoa,
15) Classical Belarusian-Класічная беларуская,
16) Classical Bengali-ক্লাসিক্যাল বাংলা,
17) Classical Bosnian-Klasični bosanski,
18) Classical Bulgaria- Класически българск,
19) Classical Catalan-Català clàssic
20) Classical Cebuano-Klase sa Sugbo,
21) Classical Chichewa-Chikale cha Chichewa,
22) Classical Chinese (Simplified)-古典中文(简体),
23) Classical Chinese (Traditional)-古典中文(繁體),
24) Classical Corsican-Corsa Corsicana,
25) Classical Croatian-Klasična hrvatska,
26) Classical Czech-Klasická čeština,
27) Classical Danish-Klassisk dansk,Klassisk dansk,
28) Classical Dutch- Klassiek Nederlands,
29) Classical English,
30) Classical Esperanto-Klasika Esperanto,
31) Classical Estonian- klassikaline eesti keel,
32) Classical Filipino,
33) Classical Finnish- Klassinen suomalainen,
34) Classical French- Français classique,
35) Classical Frisian- Klassike Frysk,
36) Classical Galician-Clásico galego,
37) Classical Georgian-კლასიკური ქართული,
38) Classical German- Klassisches Deutsch,
39) Classical Greek-Κλασσικά Ελληνικά,
40) Classical Gujarati-ક્લાસિકલ ગુજરાતી,
41) Classical Haitian Creole-Klasik kreyòl,
42) Classical Hausa-Hausa Hausa,
43) Classical Hawaiian-Hawaiian Hawaiian,
44) Classical Hebrew- עברית קלאסית
45) Classical Hindi- शास्त्रीय हिंदी,
46) Classical Hmong- Lus Hmoob,
47) Classical Hungarian-Klasszikus magyar,
48) Classical Icelandic-Klassísk íslensku,
49) Classical Igbo,
50) Classical Indonesian-Bahasa Indonesia Klasik,
51) Classical Irish-Indinéisis Clasaiceach,
52) Classical Italian-Italiano classico,
53) Classical Japanese-古典的なイタリア語,
54) Classical Javanese-Klasik Jawa,
55) Classical Kannada- ಶಾಸ್ತ್ರೀಯ ಕನ್ನಡ,
56) Classical Kazakh-Классикалық қазақ,
57) Classical Khmer- ខ្មែរបុរាណ,
58) Classical Korean-고전 한국어,
59) Classical Kurdish (Kurmanji)-Kurdî (Kurmancî),
60) Classical Kyrgyz-Классикалык Кыргыз,
61) Classical Lao-ຄລາສສິກລາວ,
62) Classical Latin-LXII) Classical Latin,
63) Classical Latvian-Klasiskā latviešu valoda,
64) Classical Lithuanian-Klasikinė lietuvių kalba,
65) Classical Luxembourgish-Klassesch Lëtzebuergesch,
66) Classical Macedonian-Класичен македонски,
67) Classical Malagasy,
68) Classical Malay-Melayu Klasik,
69) Classical Malayalam-ക്ലാസിക്കൽ മലയാളം,
70) Classical Maltese-Klassiku Malti,
71) Classical Maori-Maori Maori,
72) Classical Marathi-क्लासिकल माओरी,
73) Classical Mongolian-Сонгодог Монгол,
74) Classical Myanmar (Burmese)-Classical မြန်မာ (ဗမာ),
75) Classical Nepali-शास्त्रीय म्यांमार (बर्मा),
76) Classical Norwegian-Klassisk norsk,
77) Classical Pashto- ټولګی پښتو
78) Classical Persian-کلاسیک فارسی
79) Classical Polish-Język klasyczny polski,
80) Classical Portuguese-Português Clássico,
81) Classical Punjabi-ਕਲਾਸੀਕਲ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ,
82) Classical Romanian-Clasic românesc,
83) Classical Russian-Классический русский,
84) Classical Samoan-Samoan Samoa,
85) Classical Scots Gaelic-Gàidhlig Albannach Clasaigeach,
86) Classical Serbian-Класични српски,
87) Classical Sesotho-Seserbia ea boholo-holo,
88) Classical Shona-Shona Shona,
89) Classical Sindhi,
90) Classical Sinhala-සම්භාව්ය සිංහල,
91) Classical Slovak-Klasický slovenský,
92) Classical Slovenian-Klasična slovenska,
93) Classical Somali-Soomaali qowmiyadeed,
94) Classical Spanish-Español clásico,
95) Classical Sundanese-Sunda Klasik,
96) Classical Swahili,
97) Classical Swedish-Klassisk svensk,
98) Classical Tajik-тоҷикӣ классикӣ,
99) Classical Tamil-பாரம்பரிய இசைத்தமிழ் செம்மொழி,
100) Classical Telugu- క్లాసికల్ తెలుగు,
101) Classical Thai-ภาษาไทยคลาสสิก,
102) Classical Turkish-Klasik Türk,
103) Classical Ukrainian-Класичний український,
104) Classical Urdu- کلاسیکی اردو
105) Classical Uzbek-Klassik o’zbek,
106) Classical Vietnamese-Tiếng Việt cổ điển,
107) Classical Welsh-Cymraeg Clasurol,
108) Classical Xhosa-IsiXhosa zesiXhosa,
109) Classical Yiddish- קלאסישע ייִדיש
110) Classical Yoruba-Yoruba Yoruba,
111) Classical Zulu-I-Classical Zulu
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