The Buddha had gone beyond all worldly affairs, but still gave advice on good government.
The
Buddha came from a warrior caste and was naturally brought into
association with kings, princes and ministers. Despite His origin and
association, He never resorted to the influence of political power to
introduce His teaching, nor allowed His Teaching to be misused for
gaining political power. But today, many politicians try to drag the
Buddha’s name into politics by introducing Him as a communist,
capitalist, or even an imperialist. They have forgotten that the new
political philosophy as we know it really developed in the West long
after the Buddha’s time. Those who try to make use of the good name of
the Buddha for their own personal advantage must remember that the
Buddha was the Supremely Enlightened One who had gone beyond all worldly
concerns.
There
is an inherent problem of trying to intermingle religion with politics.
The basis of religion is morality, purity and faith, while that for
politics is power. In the course of history, religion has often been
used to give legitimacy to those in power and their exercise of that
power. Religion was used to justify wars and conquests, persecutions,
atrocities, rebellions, destruction of works of art and culture.
When
religion is used to pander to political whims, it has to forego its
high moral ideals and become debased by worldly political demands.
The
thrust of the Buddha Dhamma is not directed to the creation of new
political institutions and establishing political arrangements.
Basically, it seeks to approach the problems of society by reforming the
individuals constituting that society and by suggesting some general
principles through which the society can be guided towards greater
humanism, improved welfare of its members, and more equitable sharing of
resources.
There
is a limit to the extent to which a political system can safeguard the
happiness and prosperity of its people. No political system, no matter
how ideal it may appear to be, can bring about peace and happiness as
long as the people in the system are dominated by greed, hatred and
delusion. In addition, no matter what political system is adopted, there
are certain universal factors which the members of that society will
have to experience: the effects of good and bad kamma, the lack of real
satisfaction or everlasting happiness in the world characterized by
dukkha (unsatisfactoriness), anicca (impermanence), and anatta
(egolessness). To the Buddhist, nowhere in Samsara is there real
freedom, not even in the heavens or the world of Brahama.
Although
a good and just political system which guarantees basic human rights
and contains checks and balances to the use of power is an important
condition for a happy in society, people should not fritter away their
time by endlessly searching for the ultimate political system where men
can be completely free, because complete freedom cannot be found in any
system but only in minds which are free. To be free, people will have to
look within their own minds and work towards freeing themselves from
the chains of ignorance and craving. Freedom in the truest sense is only
possible when a person uses Dhamma to develop his character through
good speech and action and to train his mind so as to expand his mental
potential and achieve his ultimate aim of enlightenment.
While
recognizing the usefulness of separating religion from politics and the
limitations of political systems in bringing about peace and happiness,
there are several aspects of the Buddha’s teaching which have close
correspondence to the political arrangements of the present day.
Firstly, the Buddha spoke about the equality of all human beings long
before Abraham Lincoln, and that classes and castes are artificial
barriers erected by society. The only classification of human beings,
according to the Buddha, is based on the quality of their moral conduct.
Secondly, the Buddha encouraged the spirit of social -co-operation and
active participation in society. This spirit is actively promoted in the
political process of modern societies. Thirdly, since no one was
appointed as the Buddha’s successor, the members of the Order were to be
guided by the Dhamma and Vinaya, or in short, the Rule of Law. Until
today very member of the Sangha is to abide by the Rule of Law which
governs and guides their conduct.
Fourthly,
the Buddha encouraged the spirit of consultation and the democratic
process. This is shown within the community of the Order in which all
members have the right to decide on matters of general concern. When a
serious question arose demanding attention, the issues were put before
the monks and discussed in a manner similar to the democratic
parliamentary system used today. This self-governing procedure may come
as a surprise to many to learn that in the assemblies of Buddhists in
India 2,500 years and more ago are to be found the rudiments of the
parliamentary practice of the present day. A special officer similar to
‘Mr. Speaker’ was appointed to preserve the dignity of the Parliamentary
Chief Whip, was also appointed to see if the quorum was secured.
Matters were put forward in the form of a motion which was open to
discussion. In some cases it was done once, in others three times, thus
anticipating the practice of Parliament in requiring that a bill be read
a third time before it becomes law. If the discussion showed a
difference of opinion, it was to be settled by the vote of the majority
through balloting.
The
Buddhist approach to political power is the moralization and the
responsible use of public power. The Buddha preached non-violence and
peace as a universal message. He did not approve of violence or the
destruction of life, and declared that there is no such thing as a
‘just’ war. He taught: ‘The victor breeds hatred, the defeated lives in
misery. He who renounces both victory and defeat is happy and peaceful.’
Not only did the Buddha teach non-violence and peace, He was perhaps
the first and only religious teacher who went to the battlefield
personally to prevent the outbreak of a war. He diffused tension between
the Sakyas and the Koliyas who were about to wage war over the waters
of Rohini. He also dissuaded King Ajatasattu from attacking the Kingdom
of the Vajjis.
The
Buddha discussed the importance and the prerequisites of a good
government. He showed how the country could become corrupt, degenerate
and unhappy when the head of the government becomes corrupt and unjust.
He spoke against corruption and how a government should act based on
humanitarian principles.
The
Buddha once said, ‘When the ruler of a country is just and good, the
ministers become just and good; when the ministers are just and good,
the higher officials become just and good; when the higher officials are
just and good, the rank and file become just and good; when the rank
and file become just and good, the people become just and
good.’(Anguttara Nikaya)
In
the Cakkavatti Sihananda Sutta, the Buddha said that immorality and
crime, such as theft, falsehood, violence, hatred, cruelty, could arise
from poverty. Kings and governments may try to suppress crime through
punishment, but it is futile to eradicate crimes through force.
In
the Kutadanta Sutta, the Buddha suggested economic development instead
of force to reduce crime. The government should use the country’s
resources to improve the economic conditions of the country. It could
embark on agricultural and rural development, provide financial support
to entrepreneurs and business, provide adequate wages for workers to
maintain a decent life with human dignity.
In
the Jataka, the Buddha had given to rules for Good Government, known as
‘Dasa Raja Dharma’. These ten rules can be applied even today by any
government which wishes to rule the country peacefully. The rules are as
follows:
1) be liberal and avoid selfishness,
2) maintain a high moral character,
3) be prepared to sacrifice one’s own pleasure for the well-being of the subjects,
4) be honest and maintain absolute integrity,
5) be kind and gentle,
6) lead a simple life for the subjects to emulate,
7) be free from hatred of any kind,
exercise non-violence,
9) practise patience, and
10) respect public opinion to promote peace and harmony.
Regarding the behavior of rulers, He further advised:
- A good ruler should act impartially and should not be biased and
discriminate between one particular group of subjects against another.
- A good ruler should not harbor any form of hatred against any of his subjects.
- A good ruler should show no fear whatsoever in the enforcement of the law, if it is justifiable.
- A good ruler must possess a clear understanding of the law to be
enforced. It should not be enforced just because the ruler has the
authority to enforce the law. It must be done in a reasonable manner and
with common sense. — (Cakkavatti Sihananda Sutta)
In
the Milinda Panha,it is stated: ‘If a man, who is unfit, incompetent,
immoral, improper, unable and unworthy of kingship, has enthroned
himself a king or a ruler with great authority, he is subject to be
tortured‚ to be subject to a variety of punishment by the people,
because, being unfit and unworthy, he has placed himself unrighteously
in the seat of sovereignty. The ruler, like others who violate and
transgress moral codes and basic rules of all social laws of mankind, is
equally subject to punishment; and moreover, to be censured is the
ruler who conducts himself as a robber of the public.’ In a Jataka
story, it is mentioned that a ruler who punishes innocent people and
does not punish the culprit is not suitable to rule a country.
The
king always improves himself and carefully examines his own conduct in
deeds, words and thoughts, trying to discover and listen to public
opinion as to whether or not he had been guilty of any faults and
mistakes in ruling the kingdom. If it is found that he rules
unrighteously, the public will complain that they are ruined by the
wicked ruler with unjust treatment, punishment, taxation, or other
oppressions including corruption of any kind, and they will react
against him in one way or another. On the contrary, if he rules
righteously they will bless him: ‘Long live His Majesty.’ (Majjhima
Nikaya)
The
Buddha’semphasis on the moral duty of a ruler to use public power to
improve the welfare of the people had inspired Emperor Asoka in the
Third Century B.C. to do likewise. Emperor Asoka, a sparkling example of
this principle, resolved to live according to and preach the Dhamma and
to serve his subjects and all humanity. He declared his non-aggressive
intentions to his neighbors, assuring them of his goodwill and sending
envoys to distant kings bearing his message of peace and non-aggression.
He promoted the energetic practice of the socio-moral virtues of
honesty, truthfulness, compassion, benevolence, non-violence,
considerate behavior towards all, non-extravagance, non-acquisitiveness,
and non-injury to animals. He encouraged religious freedom and mutual
respect for each other’s creed. He went on periodic tours preaching the
Dhamma to the rural people. He undertook works of public utility, such
as founding of hospitals for men and animals, supplying of medicine,
planting of roadside trees and groves, digging of wells, and
construction of watering sheds and rest houses. He expressly forbade
cruelty to animals.
Sometimes
the Buddha is said to be a social reformer. Among other things, He
condemned the caste system, recognized the equality of people, spoke on
the need to improve socio-economic conditions, recognized the importance
of a more equitable distribution of wealth among the rich and the poor,
raised the status of women, recommended the incorporation of humanism
in government and administration, and taught that a society should not
be run by greed but with consideration and compassion for the people.
Despite all these, His contribution to mankind is much greater because
He took off at a point which no other social reformer before or ever
since had done, that is, by going to the deepest roots of human ill
which are found in the human mind. It is only in the human mind that
true reform can be effected. Reforms imposed by force upon the external
world have a very short life because they have no roots. But those
reforms which spring as a result of the transformation of man’s inner
consciousness remain rooted. While their branches spread outwards, they
draw their nourishment from an unfailing source — the subconscious
imperatives of the life-stream itself. So reforms come about when men’s
minds have prepared the way for them, and they live as long as men
revitalize them out of their own love of truth, justice and their fellow
men.
The
doctrine preached by the Buddha is not one based on ‘Political
Philosophy’. Nor is it a doctrine that encourages men to worldly
pleasures. It sets out a way to attain Nibbana. In other words, its
ultimate aim is to put an end to craving (Tanha) that keeps them in
bondage to this world. A stanza from the Dhammapada best summarizes this
statement: ‘The path that leads to worldly gain is one, and the path
that leads to Nibbana(by leading a religious life)is another.’
However,
this does not mean that Buddhists cannot or should not get involved in
the political process, which is a social reality. The lives of the
members of a society are shaped by laws and regulations, economic
arrangements allowed within a country, institutional arrangements, which
are influenced by the political arrangements of that society.
Nevertheless, if a Buddhist wishes to be involved in politics, he should
not misuse religion to gain political powers, nor is it advisable for
those who have renounced the worldly life to lead a pure, religious life
to be actively involved in politics.
The
famous ruler of Mauryan Dynasty in India. His kingdom consisted the
main parts of India. He was most probably the first Indian Ruler to
unite the emtire empire under his control. He spread his kingdom all
over India and to the parts closing in Afghanistan, Asaam and those of
South India. He was greatly moved by the massacre after Kalinga War and
he changed his mind and left the path of violence and accepted Buddhism.
He then on followed the preaching’s of Lord Buddha. His reign time is
from 269-232 BC and his administration area belonged to Patliputra the
present Patna in Bihar. He is the 2nd most famous ruler of Prabuddha
Bharat.
Fast Facts: Ashoka the Great
Known For: Ashoka was the ruler of India’s Mauryan Empire; after an epiphany, he became a promoter of Buddhist non-violence.
Born: 304 BCE in Pataliputra, Mauryan Empire
Parents: Bindusara and Dharma
Died: 232 BCE in Pataliputra, Mauryan Empire
Spouse(s): Devi, Kaurwaki confirmed; many others alleged
Children: Mahinda, Kunala, Tivala, Jalauka
Notable Quote: “Dharma is good. And what is Dhamma? It is having few
faults and many goods deeds, mercy, charity, truthfulness, and purity.”
Introduction to Buddhism
Bindusara
recalled his son to Maurya to help quell an uprising in Ujjain, the
former capital of the Avanti Kingdom. Ashoka succeeded but was injured
in the fighting. Buddhist monks tended to the wounded prince in secret
so that his eldest brother, the heir-apparent Susima, would not learn of
Ashoka’s injuries.
At
this time, Ashoka officially converted to Buddhism and began embracing
its principles, though they were in direct conflict with his life as a
general. He met and fell in love with a woman from Vidisha called Devi
who also attended to his injuries during this period. The couple later
married.
When
Bindusara died in 275 BCE, a two-year war for the throne erupted
between Ashoka and his half-brothers. The Vedic sources vary on how many
of Ashoka’s brothers died—one says that he killed them all while
another states that he killed several of them. In either case, Ashoka
prevailed and became the third ruler of the Mauryan Empire.
For
the first eight years of his reign, Ashoka waged near-constant war on
surrounding regions. He had inherited a sizable empire, but he expanded
it to include most of the Indian subcontinent, as well as the area from
the current-day borders of Iran and Afghanistan in the west to
Bangladesh and Burma border in the east. Only the southern tip of India
and Sri Lanka and the kingdom of Kalinga on the northeast coast of India
remained out of his reach.
Although
he had considered himself more or less a Buddhist prior to that day,
the carnage at Kalinga led Ashoka to devote himself completely to
Buddhism, and he vowed to practice ahimsa, or nonviolence, from that day
forward.
Had
Ashoka simply vowed to himself that he would live according to Buddhist
principles, later ages would likely not remember his name. However, he
published his intentions for the whole empire to read. Ashoka wrote out a
series of edicts, explaining his policies and aspirations for the
empire and urging others to follow his enlightened example.
The
Edicts of King Ashoka were carved onto pillars of stone 40 to 50 feet
high and set up all around the edges of the Mauryan Empire as well as in
the heart of Ashoka’s realm. Dozens of these pillars can still be found
in India, Nepal, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
In
his edicts, Ashoka vowed to care for his people like a father and
promised neighboring people that they need not fear him—that he would
use only persuasion, not violence, to win people over. Ashoka noted that
he had made available shade and fruit trees for the people as well as
medical care for all people and animals.
His
concern for living things also appeared in a ban on live sacrifices and
sport hunting as well as a request for respect for all other creatures,
including servants. Ashoka urged his people to follow a vegetarian diet
and banned the practice of burning forests or agricultural wastes that
might harbor wild animals. A long list of animals appeared on his
protected species list, including bulls, wild ducks, squirrels, deer,
porcupines, and pigeons.
Ashoka
also ruled with incredible accessibility. He noted that “I consider it
best to meet with people personally.” To that end, he went on frequent
tours around his empire. He also advertised that he would stop whatever
he was doing if a matter of imperial business needed attention, even if
he was having dinner or sleeping.
In
addition, Ashoka was very concerned with judicial matters. His attitude
toward convicted criminals was quite merciful. He banned punishments
such as torture, removing people’s eyes, and the death penalty, and he
urged pardons for the elderly, those with families to support, and those
who were doing charitable work.
Finally,
although Ashoka urged his people to practice Buddhist values, he
fostered an atmosphere of respect for all religions. Within his empire,
people followed not only the relatively new Buddhist faith but also
Jainism, Zoroastrianism, Greek polytheism, and many other belief
systems. Ashoka served as an example of tolerance for his subjects, and
his religious affairs officers encouraged the practice of any religion.
We
do not know the names of most of Ashoka’s wives and children, however,
his twin children by his first wife, a boy called Mahindra and a girl
named Sanghamitra, were instrumental in converting Sri Lanka to
Buddhism.
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