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121 BUDDHA’S MOST POWERFUL POSITIVE OWN WORDSЁЭУЫЁЭУФЁЭУвЁЭУвЁЭУЮЁЭУЭ 4429 Tue 10 May 2022 The Dhammapada: Verses and Stories in all languages of the world
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121 BUDDHA’S MOST POWERFUL POSITIVE OWN WORDSЁЭУЫЁЭУФЁЭУвЁЭУвЁЭУЮЁЭУЭ   4429  Tue 10  May  2022


The Dhammapada: Verses and Stories in all languages of the world

https://www.tipitaka.net/tipitaka/dhp/

The Dhammapada: Verses and Stories
Courtesy of Nibbana.com (http://www.nibbana.com/) For free distribution only, as a gift of dhamma.

Preface


 
   Dhammapada is one of the best known books of the Pitaka. It is a
collection of the teachings of the Buddha expressed in clear, pithy
verses. These verses were culled from various discourses given by the
Buddha in the course of forty-five years of his teaching, as he
travelled in the valley of the Ganges (Ganga) and the sub-mountain tract
of the Himalayas. These verses are often terse, witty and convincing.
Whenever similes are used, they are those that are easily understood
even by a child, e.g., the cart’s wheel, a man’s shadow, a deep pool,
flowers. Through these verses, the Buddha exhorts one to achieve that
greatest of all conquests, the conquest of self; to escape from the
evils of passion, hatred and ignorance; and to strive hard to attain
freedom from craving and freedom from the round of rebirths. Each verse
contains a truth (dhamma), an exhortation, a piece of advice.

Dhammapada Verses

 
   Dhammapada verses are often quoted by many in many countries of the
world and the book has been translated into many languages. One of the
earliest translations into English was made by Max Muller in 1870. Other
translations that followed are those by F.L. Woodward in 1921, by
Wagismara and Saunders in 1920, and by A.L. Edmunds (Hymns of the Faith)
in 1902. Of the recent translations, that by Narada Mahathera is the
most widely known. Dr. Walpola Rahula also has translated some selected
verses from the Dhammapada and has given them at the end of his book
“What the Buddha Taught,” revised edition. The Chinese translated the
Dhammapada from Sanskrit. The Chinese version of the Dhammapada was
translated into English by Samuel Beal (Texts from the Buddhist Canon
known as Dhammapada) in 1878.

 
   In Burma, translations have been made into Burmese, mostly in prose,
some with paraphrases, explanations and abridgements of stories
relating to the verses. In recent years, some books on Dhammapada with
both Burmese and English translations, together with Pali verses, have
also been published.

 
   The Dhammapada is the second book of the Khuddaka Nikaya of the
Suttanta Pitaka, consisting of four hundred and twenty-three verses in
twenty-six chapters arranged under various heads. In the Dhammapada are
enshrined the basic tenets of the Buddha’s Teaching.

 
   Verse (21) which begins with “Appamado amatapadam” meaning
“Mindfulness is the way to Nibbana, the Deathless,” is a very important
and significant verse. Mindfulness is the most important element in
Tranquillity and Insight Meditation. The last exhortation of the Buddha
just before he passed away was also to be mindful and to endeavour
diligently (to complete the task of attaining freedom from the round of
rebirths through Magga and Phala). It is generally accepted that it was
on account of this verse on mindfulness that the Emperor Asoka of India
and King Anawrahta of Burma became converts to Buddhism. Both kings had
helped greatly in the propagation of Buddhism in their respective
countries.

 
   In verse (29) the Buddha has coupled his call for mindfulness with a
sense of urgency. The verse runs: “Mindful amongst the negligent,
highly vigilant amongst the drowsy, the wise man advances like a race
horse, leaving the jade behind.”

 
   Verses (1) and (2) illustrate the immutable law of Kamma, under
which every deed, good or bad, comes back to the doer. Here, the Buddha
emphasizes the importance of mind in all our actions and speaks of the
inevitable consequences of our deeds, words and thoughts.

 
   Verses (153) and (154) are expressions of sublime and intense joy
uttered by the Buddha at the very moment of his Enlightenment. These two
verses give us a graphic account of the culmination of the Buddha’s
search for Truth.

They
tell us about the Buddha finding the ‘house-builder,’ Craving, the
cause of repeated births in Samsara. Having rid of Craving, for him no
more houses (khandhas) shall be built by Craving, and there will be no
more rebirths.

 
   Verses (277), (278) and (279) are also important as they tell us
about the impermanent, unsatisfactory and the non-self nature of all
conditioned things; it is very important that one should perceive the
true nature of all conditioned things and become weary of the khandhas,
for this is the Path to Purity.

 
   Then the Buddha shows us the Path leading to the liberation from
round of rebirths, i.e., the Path with eight constituents (Atthangiko
Maggo) in Verse (273). Further, the Buddha exhorts us to make our own
effort in Verse (276) saying, “You yourselves should make the effort,
the Tathagatas only show the way.” Verse (183) gives us the teaching of
the Buddhas. It says, “Do no evil, cultivate merit, purify one’s mind;
this is the teaching of the Buddhas.”

 
   In Verse (24) the Buddha shows us the way to success in life, thus:
“If a person is energetic, mindful, pure in thought, word and deed, if
he does everything with care and consideration, restrains his senses;
earns his living according to the Dhamma and is not unheedful, then, the
fame and fortune of that mindful person increase.”

 
   These are some of the examples of the gems to be found in the
Dhammapada. Dhammapada is, indeed, a philosopher, guide and friend to
all.

 
   This translation of verses is from Pali into English. The Pali text
used is the Dhammapada Pali approved by the Sixth International Buddhist
Synod. We have tried to make the translation as close to the text as
possible, but sometimes it is very difficult, if not impossible, to find
an English word that would exactly correspond to a Pali word. For
example, we cannot yet find a single English word that can convey the
real meaning of the word “dukkha” used in the exposition of the Four
Noble Truths. In this translation, wherever the term “dukkha” carries
the same meaning as it does in the Four Noble Truths, it is left
untranslated; but only explained.

 
   When there is any doubt in the interpretation of the dhamma concept
of the verses or when the literal meaning is vague or unintelligible, we
have referred to the Commentary (in Pali) and the Burmese translation
of the Commentary by the Nyaunglebin Sayadaw, a very learned thera. On
many occasions we have also consulted the teachers of the Dhamma
(Dhammacariyas) for elucidation of perplexing words and sentences.

 
   In addition we have also consulted Burmese translations of the
Dhammapada, especially the translation by the Union Buddha Sasana
Council, the translation by the Sangaja Sayadaw (1805-1876), a leading
Maha thera in the time of King Mindon and King Thibaw, and also the
translation by Sayadaw U Thittila, an Ovadacariya Maha thera of the
Burma Pitaka Association. The book by the Sangaja Sayadaw also includes
paraphrases and abridgements of the Dhammapada stories.

Dhammapada Stories

 
   Summaries of the Dhammapada stories are given in the second part of
the book as it is generally believed that the Dhammapada Commentary
written by Buddhaghosa (5th century A.D.) is a great help towards a
better understanding of the Dhammapada. Three hundred and five stories
are included in the Commentary. Most of the incidents mentioned in the
stories took place during the life-time of the Buddha. In some stories,
some facts about some past existences were also retold.

 
   In writing summaries of stories we have not tried to translate the
Commentary. We have simply culled the facts of the stories and have
rewritten them briefly: A translation of the verses is given at the end
of each story.

 
   It only remains for me now to express my deep and sincere gratitude
to the members of the Editorial Committee, Burma Pitaka Association, for
having meticulously gone through the script; to Sayagyi Dhammacariya U
Aung Moe and to U Thein Maung, editor, Burma Pitaka Association, for
helping in the translation of the verses.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OoSiIhEALdQ



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рдмреБрджреНрдз рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рдХреЗ рдкреИрдВрддрд╛рд▓реАрд╕ рд╡рд░реНрд╖реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рджреМрд░рд╛рди рджрд┐рдП рдЧрдП рд╡рд┐рднрд┐рдиреНрди
рдкреНрд░рд╡рдЪрдиреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рд╣рдЯрд╛ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛, рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЛрдВрдиреЗ рдЧрдВрдЧрд╛ рдХреА рдШрд╛рдЯреА (рдЧрдВрдЧрд╛) рдФрд░
рд╣рд┐рдорд╛рд▓рдп рдХреЗ рдЙрдк-рдорд╛рдЙрдВрдЯреЗрди рдкрде рдореЗрдВ рдпрд╛рддреНрд░рд╛ рдХреА рдереАред рдпреЗ рдЫрдВрдж рдЕрдХреНрд╕рд░ рдЯреЗрд░рд╕, рдордЬрд╛рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдФрд░
рдЖрд╢реНрд╡рд╕реНрдд рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЬрдм рднреА рдЙрдкрдорд╛рдУрдВ рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рддреЛ рд╡реЗ рд╡реЗ рд╣реЛрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ
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рдкреВрд▓, рдлреВрд▓реЛрдВ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рднреА рд╕рдордЭ рдореЗрдВ рдЖ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред рдЗрди рдЫрдВрджреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗ, рдмреБрджреНрдз рдиреЗ
рд╕рднреА рд╡рд┐рдЬрдп, рд╕реНрд╡рдпрдВ рдХреА рд╡рд┐рдЬрдп рдХреЛ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдПрдХ рдХреЛ рдЫреЛрдбрд╝ рджрд┐рдпрд╛; рдЬреБрдиреВрди,
рдШреГрдгрд╛ рдФрд░ рдЕрдЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рдХреА рдмреБрд░рд╛рдЗрдпреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдмрдЪрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП; рдФрд░ рдкреБрдирд░реНрдЬрдиреНрдо рдХреЗ рджреМрд░ рд╕реЗ рддрд░рд╕рдиреЗ
рдФрд░ рд╕реНрд╡рддрдВрддреНрд░рддрд╛ рд╕реЗ рд╕реНрд╡рддрдВрддреНрд░рддрд╛ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХрдбрд╝реА рдореЗрд╣рдирдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдПред
рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпреЗрдХ рдХрд╡рд┐рддрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдПрдХ рд╕рддреНрдп (рдзрдореНрдо), рдПрдХ рдЙрдкрджреЗрд╢, рд╕рд▓рд╛рд╣ рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рдЯреБрдХрдбрд╝рд╛ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдзрдореНрдордкрджрд╛ рдЫрдВрдж
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рд╢реБрд░реБрдЖрддреА рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рджреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рд╕реЗ рдПрдХ рдореИрдХреНрд╕ рдореБрд▓рд░ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ 1870 рдореЗрдВ рдмрдирд╛рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред
рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреНрдп рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рдПрдл.рдПрд▓. 1921 рдореЗрдВ рд╡реБрдбрд╡рд░реНрдб, 1920 рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд╛рдЧрд┐рд╕реНрдорд╛рд░рд╛ рдФрд░
рд╕реЙрдиреНрдбрд░реНрд╕ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛, рдФрд░ 1902 рдореЗрдВ рдП.рдПрд▓. рдПрдбрдордВрдбреНрд╕ (рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╛рд╕ рдХреЗ рднрдЬрди) рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ред рдбреЙред
рд╡рд╛рд▓рдкреЛрд▓рд╛ рд░рд╛рд╣реБрд▓рд╛ рдиреЗ рдзрдореНрдордкрджрд╛ рдХреЗ рдХреБрдЫ рдЪрдпрдирд┐рдд рдЫрдВрджреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рднреА рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░
рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХ “рд╡реНрд╣рд╛рдЯ рдж рдмреБрджреНрдзрд╛ рд╕рд┐рдЦрд╛рдпрд╛,” рд╕рдВрд╢реЛрдзрд┐рдд рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдХрд░рдг рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрдд рдореЗрдВ
рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЪреАрдиреА рдиреЗ рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдХреГрдд рд╕реЗ рдзрдореНрдордкрдж рдХрд╛ рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ред рдзрдореНрдордкрдж рдХреЗ рдЪреАрдиреА
рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдХрд░рдг рдХрд╛ рдЕрдВрдЧреНрд░реЗрдЬреА рдореЗрдВ рд╕реИрдореБрдЕрд▓ рдмреАрд▓ (рдмреМрджреНрдз рдХреИрдирди рдХреЗ рдЧреНрд░рдВрдереЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдзрдореНрдордкрджрд╛ рдХреЗ
рд░реВрдк рдореЗрдВ рдЬрд╛рдирд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ) рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ 1878 рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдВрдЧреНрд░реЗрдЬреА рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛ред
рдмрд░реНрдорд╛ рдореЗрдВ, рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рдмрд░реНрдореА рдореЗрдВ рдХрд┐рдП рдЧрдП рд╣реИрдВ, рдЬреНрдпрд╛рджрд╛рддрд░ рдЧрджреНрдп рдореЗрдВ, рдХреБрдЫ
рдЫрдВрджреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзрд┐рдд рдХрд╣рд╛рдирд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд░реЛрдзрд╛рднрд╛рд╕, рд╕реНрдкрд╖реНрдЯреАрдХрд░рдг рдФрд░ рдЕрдкрдорд╛рди рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рдеред рд╣рд╛рд▓
рдХреЗ рд╡рд░реНрд╖реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ, рдмрд░реНрдореА рдФрд░ рдЕрдВрдЧреНрд░реЗрдЬреА рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рджреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдзрдореНрдордкрджрд╛ рдкрд░ рдХреБрдЫ
рдХрд┐рддрд╛рдмреЗрдВ, рдкрд╛рд▓реА рд╡рд░реНрд╕реЗрдЬ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдорд┐рд▓рдХрд░ рднреА рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд╢рд┐рдд рд╣реБрдИ рд╣реИрдВред
рдзрдореНрдордкрджрд╛ рд╕реБрддреНрддрдВрдд рдкрд┐рддрдХ рдХреЗ рдЦреБрджрд╛рдХрд╛ рдирд┐рдХрдпрд╛ рдХреА рджреВрд╕рд░реА рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХ рд╣реИ, рдЬрд┐рд╕рдореЗрдВ
рдЫрдмреНрдмреАрд╕ рдЕрдзреНрдпрд╛рдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдЪрд╛рд░ рд╕реМ рддреЗрдИрд╕ рдЫрдВрдж рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рд╣реИрдВ, рдЬреЛ рд╡рд┐рднрд┐рдиреНрди рдкреНрд░рдореБрдЦреЛрдВ рдХреЗ
рддрд╣рдд рд╡реНрдпрд╡рд╕реНрдерд┐рдд рд╣реИрдВред рдзрдореНрдордкрдж рдореЗрдВ рдмреБрджреНрдз рдХреЗ рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рдХреЗ рдореВрд▓ рд╕рд┐рджреНрдзрд╛рдВрддреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдирд┐рд╣рд┐рдд
рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдХрд╡рд┐рддрд╛ (21) рдЬреЛ “рдЕрдкреНрдкрд╛рдорд╛рджреЛ рдЕрдорд╛рддрд╛рдкрд╛рджрдо” рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рд╢реБрд░реВ рд╣реЛрддреА рд╣реИ, рдЬрд┐рд╕рдХрд╛ рдЕрд░реНрде
рд╣реИ “рдорд╛рдЗрдВрдбрдлреБрд▓рдиреЗрд╕ рдирд┐рдмрд╛рдирд╛, рдж рдбреЗрдерд▓реЗрд╕” рдХрд╛ рддрд░реАрдХрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдПрдХ рдмрд╣реБрдд рд╣реА рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдФрд░
рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдХрд╡рд┐рддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдорд╛рдЗрдВрдбрдлреБрд▓рдиреЗрд╕ рд╢рд╛рдВрддрд┐ рдФрд░ рдЕрдВрддрд░реНрджреГрд╖реНрдЯрд┐ рдзреНрдпрд╛рди рдореЗрдВ рд╕рдмрд╕реЗ
рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рддрддреНрд╡ рд╣реИред рдмреБрджреНрдз рдХрд╛ рдЕрдВрддрд┐рдо рдЙрджреНрдШреЛрд╖рдгрд╛ рд╣реЛрдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рдкрд╣рд▓реЗ рд╣реА рдЙрдирдХрд╛ рдирд┐рдзрди рд╣реЛ
рдЧрдпрд╛ рдерд╛, рдпрд╣ рднреА рдордирдореЛрд╣рдХ рдерд╛ рдФрд░ рдкрд░рд┐рд╢реНрд░рдо рд╕реЗ (рдореИрдЧ рдФрд░ рдлрд╛рд▓рд╛ рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗ
рдкреБрдирд░реНрдЬрдиреНрдо рдХреЗ рджреМрд░ рд╕реЗ рд╕реНрд╡рддрдВрддреНрд░рддрд╛ рдкреНрд░рд╛рдкреНрдд рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдХреЛ рдкреВрд░рд╛ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ
рд▓рд┐рдП)ред рдЖрдо рддреМрд░ рдкрд░ рдпрд╣ рд╕реНрд╡реАрдХрд╛рд░ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдпрд╣ рдЗрд╕ рдХрд╡рд┐рддрд╛ рдХреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рдордирдореЛрд╣рдХ рдерд╛
рдХрд┐ рднрд╛рд░рдд рдХреЗ рд╕рдореНрд░рд╛рдЯ рдЕрд╢реЛрдХ рдФрд░ рдмрд░реНрдорд╛ рдХреЗ рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛ рдЕрдирд╡рд░рд╣рддрд╛ рдмреМрджреНрдз рдзрд░реНрдо рдореЗрдВ
рдзрд░реНрдорд╛рдиреНрддрд░рд┐рдд рд╣реЛ рдЧрдПред рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛рдУрдВ рдиреЗ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ -рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рджреЗрд╢реЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдмреМрджреНрдз рдзрд░реНрдо рдХреЗ
рдкреНрд░рд╕рд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВ рдмрд╣реБрдд рдорджрдж рдХреА рдереАред
рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХ (29) рдореЗрдВ рдмреБрджреНрдз рдиреЗ рддрд╛рддреНрдХрд╛рд▓рд┐рдХрддрд╛ рдХреА рднрд╛рд╡рдирд╛ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдорд╛рдЗрдВрдбрдлреБрд▓рдиреЗрд╕ рдХреЗ
рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдкрдиреА рдХреЙрд▓ рдХреЛ рдпреБрдЧреНрдорд┐рдд рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реИред рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХ рдЪрд▓рддрд╛ рд╣реИ: “рд▓рд╛рдкрд░рд╡рд╛рд╣реА рдХреЗ рдмреАрдЪ рдХрд╛ рдорди,
рдмрд╣реБрдд рд╕рддрд░реНрдХрддрд╛ рдХреЗ рдмреАрдЪ, рдмреБрджреНрдзрд┐рдорд╛рди рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдПрдХ рджреМрдбрд╝ рдХреЗ рдШреЛрдбрд╝реЗ рдХреА рддрд░рд╣ рдЖрдЧреЗ рдмрдврд╝рддрд╛
рд╣реИ, рдЬреЗрдб рдХреЛ рдкреАрдЫреЗ рдЫреЛрдбрд╝ рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИред”
рдЫрдВрдж (1) рдФрд░ (2) рдХрдордорд╛ рдХреЗ рдЕрдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрдиреАрдп рдХрд╛рдиреВрди рдХрд╛ рд╡рд░реНрдгрди рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ, рдЬрд┐рд╕рдХреЗ
рддрд╣рдд рд╣рд░ рдХрд╛рдо, рдЕрдЪреНрдЫрд╛ рдпрд╛ рдмреБрд░рд╛, рдХрд░реНрддрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рд╡рд╛рдкрд╕ рдЖрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдпрд╣рд╛рдВ, рдмреБрджреНрдз рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рд╕рднреА
рдХрд╛рд░реНрдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдорди рдХреЗ рдорд╣рддреНрд╡ рдкрд░ рдЬреЛрд░ рджреЗрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдФрд░ рд╣рдорд╛рд░реЗ рдХрд░реНрдореЛрдВ, рд╢рдмреНрджреЛрдВ рдФрд░
рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░реЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдЕрдкрд░рд┐рд╣рд╛рд░реНрдп рдкрд░рд┐рдгрд╛рдореЛрдВ рдХреА рдмрд╛рдд рдХрд░рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред
рдЫрдВрдж (153) рдФрд░ (154) рдмреБрджреНрдз рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдЖрддреНрдордЬреНрдЮрд╛рди рдХреЗ рдХреНрд╖рдг рдореЗрдВ рдмреБрджреНрдз
рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЙрдЪреНрдЪрддрд░ рдФрд░ рддреАрд╡реНрд░ рдЖрдирдВрдж рдХреЗ рднрд╛рд╡ рд╣реИрдВред рдпреЗ рджреЛрдиреЛрдВ рдЫрдВрдж рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдмреБрджреНрдз рдХреА
рд╕рдЪреНрдЪрд╛рдИ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЦреЛрдЬ рдХреА рдкрд░рд┐рдгрддрд┐ рдХрд╛ рдПрдХ рдЧреНрд░рд╛рдлрд┐рдХ рдЦрд╛рддрд╛ рджреЗрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред
рд╡реЗ
рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдмреБрджреНрдз рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдмрддрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдХрд┐ ‘рд╣рд╛рдЙрд╕-рдмрд┐рд▓реНрдбрд░,’ рд▓рд╛рд▓рд╕рд╛, рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдХрд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВ
рдмрд╛рд░-рдмрд╛рд░ рдЬрдиреНрдо рдХрд╛ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рд╣реИред рддрд░рд╕рдиреЗ рд╕реЗ рдЫреБрдЯрдХрд╛рд░рд╛ рдкрд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рдж, рдЙрд╕рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХреЛрдИ рдФрд░
рдШрд░ рдирд╣реАрдВ (рдЦрд╛рди) рдХреЛ рддрд░рд╕рдХрд░ рдирд╣реАрдВ рдмрдирд╛рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдПрдЧрд╛, рдФрд░ рдХреЛрдИ рдФрд░ рдкреБрдирд░реНрдЬрдиреНрдо рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛ред
рдЫрдВрдж (277), (278) рдФрд░ (279) рднреА рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рд╣реИрдВ рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐ рд╡реЗ рд╣рдореЗрдВ рд╕рднреА
рд╡рд╛рддрд╛рдиреБрдХреВрд▓рд┐рдд рдЪреАрдЬреЛрдВ рдХреА рдЕрд╕рдВрддреЛрд╖, рдЕрд╕рдВрддреЛрд╖рдЬрдирдХ рдФрд░ рдЧреИрд░-рд╕реНрд╡ рдкреНрд░рдХреГрддрд┐ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ
рдмрддрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ; рдпрд╣ рдмрд╣реБрдд рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХреЛ рд╕рднреА рд╡рд╛рддрд╛рдиреБрдХреВрд▓рд┐рдд рдЪреАрдЬреЛрдВ рдХреА
рд╡рд╛рд╕реНрддрд╡рд┐рдХ рдкреНрд░рдХреГрддрд┐ рдХреЛ рд╕рдордЭрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП рдФрд░ рдЦрд╛рдирдзреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рдердХрд╛ рд╣реБрдЖ рд╣реЛрдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП, рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐
рдпрд╣ рдкрд╡рд┐рддреНрд░рддрд╛ рдХрд╛ рдорд╛рд░реНрдЧ рд╣реИред
рддрдм рдмреБрджреНрдз рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдкреБрдирд░реНрдЬрдиреНрдо рдХреЗ рджреМрд░ рд╕реЗ рдореБрдХреНрддрд┐ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЕрдЧреНрд░рдгреА рдорд╛рд░реНрдЧ рджрд┐рдЦрд╛рддреЗ
рд╣реИрдВ, рдЕрд░реНрдерд╛рддреН, рдХрд╡рд┐рддрд╛ (273) рдореЗрдВ рдЖрда рдШрдЯрдХреЛрдВ (рдПрдЯрдерд╛рдВрдЧрд┐рдХреЛ рдореИрдЧреНрдЧреЛ) рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдкрдеред
рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдЕрд▓рд╛рд╡рд╛, рдмреБрджреНрдз рдиреЗ рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдХрд╡рд┐рддрд╛ (276) рдореЗрдВ рдЕрдкрдирд╛ рдкреНрд░рдпрд╛рд╕ рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдХрд╣рд╛,
“рдЖрдк рдЕрдкрдиреЗ рдЖрдк рдХреЛ рдкреНрд░рдпрд╛рд╕ рдХрд░рдирд╛ рдЪрд╛рд╣рд┐рдП, рддрдерд╛рдЧрд╛рддреНрд╕ рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ рд░рд╛рд╕реНрддрд╛ рджрд┐рдЦрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред”
рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХ (183) рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдмреБрджреНрдзреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рджреЗрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдпрд╣ рдХрд╣рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, “рдХреЛрдИ рдмреБрд░рд╛рдИ рдордд
рдХрд░реЛ, рдпреЛрдЧреНрдпрддрд╛ рдХреА рдЦреЗрддреА рдХрд░реЛ, рдХрд┐рд╕реА рдХреЗ рджрд┐рдорд╛рдЧ рдХреЛ рд╢реБрджреНрдз рдХрд░реЛ; рдпрд╣ рдмреБрджреНрдзреЛрдВ рдХрд╛
рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдг рд╣реИред”
рдХрд╡рд┐рддрд╛
(24) рдореЗрдВ рдмреБрджреНрдз рд╣рдореЗрдВ рдЬреАрд╡рди рдореЗрдВ рд╕рдлрд▓рддрд╛ рдХрд╛ рд░рд╛рд╕реНрддрд╛ рджрд┐рдЦрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ, рдЗрд╕ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░:
“рдпрджрд┐ рдХреЛрдИ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдКрд░реНрдЬрд╛рд╡рд╛рди, рджрд┐рдорд╛рдЧрджрд╛рд░, рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░, рд╢рдмреНрдж рдФрд░ рд╡рд┐рд▓реЗрдЦ рдореЗрдВ рд╢реБрджреНрдз рд╣реИ,
рдЕрдЧрд░ рд╡рд╣ рд╕рдм рдХреБрдЫ рджреЗрдЦрднрд╛рд▓ рдФрд░ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рде рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рддреЛ рдЕрдкрдиреА рдЗрдВрджреНрд░рд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рд░реЛрдХрддрд╛
рд╣реИ; рдзрдореНрдо рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рд░рд╣рдирд╛ рдФрд░ рдЕрдирд╕реБрдирд╛ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ, рдлрд┐рд░, рдЙрд╕ рджрд┐рдорд╛рдЧрджрд╛рд░ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддрд┐ рдХреА
рдкреНрд░рд╕рд┐рджреНрдзрд┐ рдФрд░ рднрд╛рдЧреНрдп рдмрдврд╝рддрд╛ рд╣реИред “
рдпреЗ рдзрдореНрдордкрдж рдореЗрдВ рдкрд╛рдП рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ рд░рддреНрдиреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдХреБрдЫ рдЙрджрд╛рд╣рд░рдг рд╣реИрдВред рдзрдореНрдордкрджрд╛, рд╡рд╛рд╕реНрддрд╡ рдореЗрдВ, рдПрдХ рджрд╛рд░реНрд╢рдирд┐рдХ, рдорд╛рд░реНрдЧрджрд░реНрд╢рдХ рдФрд░ рд╕рднреА рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдорд┐рддреНрд░ рд╣реИред
рдЫрдВрджреЛрдВ рдХрд╛ рдпрд╣ рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рдкрд╛рд▓реА рд╕реЗ рдЕрдВрдЧреНрд░реЗрдЬреА рдореЗрдВ рд╣реИред рдкрд╛рд▓реА рдкрд╛рда рдХрд╛ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдЫрдареЗ
рдЕрдВрддрд░реНрд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░реАрдп рдмреМрджреНрдз рдзрд░реНрдорд╕рднрд╛ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЕрдиреБрдореЛрджрд┐рдд рдзрдореНрдордкрдж рдкрд╛рд▓реА рд╣реИред рд╣рдордиреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж
рдХреЛ рдпрдерд╛рд╕рдВрднрд╡ рдкрд╛рда рдХреЗ рдХрд░реАрдм рдмрдирд╛рдиреЗ рдХреА рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рд╢ рдХреА рд╣реИ, рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рдХрднреА -рдХрднреА рдпрд╣ рдмрд╣реБрдд
рдореБрд╢реНрдХрд┐рд▓ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдпрджрд┐ рдЕрд╕рдВрднрд╡ рдирд╣реАрдВ рд╣реИ, рддреЛ рдПрдХ рдЕрдВрдЧреНрд░реЗрдЬреА рд╢рдмреНрдж рдЦреЛрдЬрдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдЬреЛ
рдмрд┐рд▓реНрдХреБрд▓ рдПрдХ рдкрд╛рд▓реА рд╢рдмреНрдж рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд░реВрдк рд╣реЛрдЧрд╛ред рдЙрджрд╛рд╣рд░рдг рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП, рд╣рдо рдЕрднреА рддрдХ рдПрдХ рдПрдХрд▓
рдЕрдВрдЧреНрд░реЗрдЬреА рд╢рдмреНрдж рдирд╣реАрдВ рдкрд╛ рд╕рдХрддреЗ рд╣реИрдВ рдЬреЛ рдЪрд╛рд░ рдорд╣рд╛рди рд╕рддреНрдп рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд╕реНрддрд╛рд░ рдореЗрдВ рдЙрдкрдпреЛрдЧ рдХрд┐рдП
рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рд╡рд╛рд▓реЗ “рджреБрдХрдЦрд╛” рд╢рдмреНрдж рдХреЗ рд╡рд╛рд╕реНрддрд╡рд┐рдХ рдЕрд░реНрде рдХреЛ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрдд рдХрд░ рд╕рдХрддрд╛ рд╣реИред рдЗрд╕ рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж
рдореЗрдВ, рдЬрд╣рд╛рдВ рднреА “рджреБрдХрд╛рдЦ” рд╢рдмреНрдж рдЙрд╕реА рдЕрд░реНрде рдХреЛ рд╡рд╣рди рдХрд░рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдЬреИрд╕рд╛ рдХрд┐ рдЪрд╛рд░ рдорд╣рд╛рди рд╕рддреНрдп
рдореЗрдВ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдпрд╣ рдЕрдирд┐рдпрдВрддреНрд░рд┐рдд рдЫреЛрдбрд╝ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ; рд▓реЗрдХрд┐рди рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ рд╕рдордЭрд╛рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ред
рдЬрдм рдЫрдВрджреЛрдВ рдХреА рдзрдореНрдо рдХреА рдЕрд╡рдзрд╛рд░рдгрд╛ рдХреА рд╡реНрдпрд╛рдЦреНрдпрд╛ рдореЗрдВ рдХреЛрдИ рд╕рдВрджреЗрд╣ рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдпрд╛ рдЬрдм
рд╢рд╛рдмреНрджрд┐рдХ рдЕрд░реНрде рдЕрд╕реНрдкрд╖реНрдЯ рдпрд╛ рдЕрдирдкреЗрдХреНрд╖рд┐рдд рд╣реЛрддрд╛ рд╣реИ, рдереЗрд░рд╛ред рдХрдИ рдЕрд╡рд╕рд░реЛрдВ рдкрд░ рд╣рдордиреЗ рдзрдореНрдо
(рдзрдореНрдордХрд░реАрд╕) рдХреЗ рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдХреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рднреА рд╕рд▓рд╛рд╣ рджреА рд╣реИ, рдЬреЛ рд╢рдмреНрджреЛрдВ рдФрд░ рд╡рд╛рдХреНрдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ
рдореЗрдВ рдмрддрд╛рддреЗ рд╣реИрдВред
рдЗрд╕рдХреЗ рдЕрд▓рд╛рд╡рд╛, рд╣рдордиреЗ рдзрдореНрдордкрдж рдХреЗ рдмрд░реНрдореА рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рджреЛрдВ рд╕реЗ рднреА рдкрд░рд╛рдорд░реНрд╢ рдХрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реИ,
рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖ рд░реВрдк рд╕реЗ рд╕рдВрдШ рдмреБрджреНрдз рд╕рд╛рд╕рди рдХрд╛рдЙрдВрд╕рд┐рд▓ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж, рд╕рдВрдЧрдЬрд╛ рд╕рдпрд╛рджрд╡
(1805-1876) рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж, рдХрд┐рдВрдЧ рдорд┐рдВрдбрди рдФрд░ рдХрд┐рдВрдЧ рдерд┐рдмрд╛рд╡ рдХреЗ рд╕рдордп рдореЗрдВ рдПрдХ рдкреНрд░рдореБрдЦ
рдорд╣рд╛ рддреЗрд░рд╛, рдФрд░ рднреА, рдФрд░ рднреА рдмрд░реНрдорд╛ рдкрд┐рдЯрд╛рдХрд╛ рдПрд╕реЛрд╕рд┐рдПрд╢рди рдХреЗ рдПрдХ рдУрд╡рд╛рджрдХрд╛рд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рдорд╣рд╛ рдереЗрд░рд╛
рд╕рд╛рдпрджрд╡ рдпреВ рдерд┐рдЯрд┐рд▓рд╛ рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рджред рд╕рдВрдЧрдЬрд╛ рд╕рдпрд╛рджрд╡ рдХреА рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХ рдореЗрдВ рдзрдореНрдордкрдж рдХреА
рдХрд╣рд╛рдирд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╡рд┐рд░реЛрдзрд╛рднрд╛рд╕ рдФрд░ рдЕрдкрдорд╛рди рднреА рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рд╣реИрдВред
рдзрдореНрдордкрдж рдХреА рдХрд╣рд╛рдирд┐рдпрд╛рдВ
рдзрдореНрдордкрдж рдХреА рдХрд╣рд╛рдирд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рд░рд╛рдВрд╢ рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХ рдХреЗ рджреВрд╕рд░реЗ рднрд╛рдЧ рдореЗрдВ рджрд┐рдП рдЧрдП рд╣реИрдВ
рдХреНрдпреЛрдВрдХрд┐ рдпрд╣ рдЖрдорддреМрд░ рдкрд░ рдорд╛рдирд╛ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рдмреБрджреНрдзрдШреЛрд╕рд╛ (5 рд╡реАрдВ рд╢рддрд╛рдмреНрджреА рдПред рдбреАред)
рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░рд╛ рд▓рд┐рдЦреА рдЧрдИ рдзрдореНрдордкрдж рдЯрд┐рдкреНрдкрдгреА рдзрдореНрдордкрджрд╛ рдХреА рдмреЗрд╣рддрд░ рд╕рдордЭ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдПрдХ рдмрдбрд╝реА рдорджрдж
рд╣реИред рдХрдореЗрдВрдЯреНрд░реА рдореЗрдВ рддреАрди рд╕реМ рдкрд╛рдБрдЪ рдХрд╣рд╛рдирд┐рдпрд╛рдВ рд╢рд╛рдорд┐рд▓ рд╣реИрдВред рдХрд╣рд╛рдирд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ рдЙрд▓реНрд▓рд┐рдЦрд┐рдд
рдЕрдзрд┐рдХрд╛рдВрд╢ рдШрдЯрдирд╛рдПрдВ рдмреБрджреНрдз рдХреЗ рдЬреАрд╡рди-рд╕рдордп рдХреЗ рджреМрд░рд╛рди рд╣реБрдИрдВред рдХреБрдЫ рдХрд╣рд╛рдирд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдореЗрдВ, рдХреБрдЫ
рдЕрддреАрдд рдХреЗ рдЕрд╕реНрддрд┐рддреНрд╡ рдХреЗ рдмрд╛рд░реЗ рдореЗрдВ рдХреБрдЫ рддрдереНрдп рднреА рд░рд┐рдЯреЙрд▓реНрдб рдереЗред
рдХрд╣рд╛рдирд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рд╕рд╛рд░рд╛рдВрд╢ рд▓рд┐рдЦрдиреЗ рдореЗрдВ рд╣рдордиреЗ рдЯрд┐рдкреНрдкрдгреА рдХрд╛ рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреА рдХреЛрд╢рд┐рд╢
рдирд╣реАрдВ рдХреА рд╣реИред рд╣рдордиреЗ рдмрд╕ рдХрд╣рд╛рдирд┐рдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рддрдереНрдпреЛрдВ рдХреЛ рдХрдо рдХрд░ рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рд╣реИ рдФрд░ рдЙрдиреНрд╣реЗрдВ
рд╕рдВрдХреНрд╖реЗрдк рдореЗрдВ рдлрд┐рд░ рд╕реЗ рд▓рд┐рдЦрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИ: рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпреЗрдХ рдХрд╣рд╛рдиреА рдХреЗ рдЕрдВрдд рдореЗрдВ рдЫрдВрджреЛрдВ рдХрд╛
рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рджрд┐рдпрд╛ рдЧрдпрд╛ рд╣реИред
рдпрд╣ рдХреЗрд╡рд▓ рдЕрдм рдореЗрд░реЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рдмрдирд╛ рд╣реБрдЖ рд╣реИ рдХрд┐ рд╕рдВрдкрд╛рджрдХреАрдп рд╕рдорд┐рддрд┐ рдХреЗ рд╕рджрд╕реНрдпреЛрдВ, рдмрд░реНрдорд╛
рдкрд┐рддрдХрд╛ рдПрд╕реЛрд╕рд┐рдПрд╢рди рдХреЗ рд╕рджрд╕реНрдпреЛрдВ рдХреЗ рдкреНрд░рддрд┐ рдореЗрд░реА рдЧрд╣рд░реА рдФрд░ рдИрдорд╛рдирджрд╛рд░реА рд╕реЗ рдЖрднрд╛рд░ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрдд
рдХрд░реЗрдВ, рдЬреЛ рдХрд┐ рд╕реНрдХреНрд░рд┐рдкреНрдЯ рдХреЗ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдо рд╕реЗ рд╕рд╛рд╡рдзрд╛рдиреАрдкреВрд░реНрд╡рдХ рдЬрд╛рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╣реИ; рдЫрдВрджреЛрдВ
рдХреЗ рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рдореЗрдВ рдорджрдж рдХрд░рдиреЗ рдХреЗ рд▓рд┐рдП рд╕рдпрд╛рдЧреА рдзрдореНрдордХрд╛рд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рдпреВ рдЖрдВрдЧ рдореЛ рдФрд░ рдпреВ рдерд┐рди
рдорд╛рдЙрдВрдЧ, рд╕рдВрдкрд╛рджрдХ, рдмрд░реНрдорд╛ рдкрд┐рддрдХрд╛ рдПрд╕реЛрд╕рд┐рдПрд╢рди рдХреЛред
Dhammapada full Hindi audiobook |рдзрдореНрдордкрдж Buddhist book in Hindi |Buddhist scriptures |BUY NOW linkЁЯСЗ
The
Dhammapada is a collection of sayings of the Buddha in verse form and
one of the most widely read and best known Buddhist scriptures. The
original versio…




р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓ж р▓пр▓ор▓Х р▓╡р▓Чр│Нр▓Ч р▓Ер▓╡р▓│р▓┐ р▓╢р│Нр▓▓р│Лр▓Хр▓Чр▓│р│Б р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓░ р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓ж р▓Хр▓ир│Нр▓ир▓бр▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ Dhammapada in Kannada
р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓ж: р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р│Б р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓Хр▓ер│Жр▓Чр▓│р│Б
р▓Йр▓Ър▓┐р▓д р▓╡р▓┐р▓др▓░р▓гр│Жр▓Чр▓╛р▓Чр▓┐ р▓ор▓╛р▓др│Нр▓░, р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓ж р▓Йр▓бр│Бр▓Чр│Кр▓░р│Жр▓пр▓╛р▓Чр▓┐.
р▓ор│Бр▓ир│Нр▓ир│Бр▓бр▓┐
р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓ж р▓кр▓┐р▓Яр▓╛р▓Хр▓╛р▓ж р▓Ер▓др│Нр▓пр▓Вр▓д р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓з р▓кр│Бр▓╕р│Нр▓др▓Хр▓Чр▓│р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓Тр▓Вр▓жр▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Ж. р▓Зр▓жр│Б р▓╕р│Нр▓кр▓╖р│Нр▓Я,
р▓╕р▓гр│Нр▓г р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓╡р│Нр▓пр▓Хр│Нр▓др▓кр▓бр▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓ж р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓и р▓мр│Лр▓зр▓ир│Жр▓Чр▓│ р▓╕р▓Вр▓Чр│Нр▓░р▓╣р▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Ж. р▓И р▓╡р▓Ър▓ир▓Чр▓│р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б
р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓ир│Б р▓др▓ир│Нр▓и р▓мр│Лр▓зр▓ир│Жр▓п р▓ир▓▓р▓╡р▓др│Нр▓др│Ир▓жр│Б р▓╡р▓░р│Нр▓╖р▓Чр▓│ р▓Ер▓╡р▓зр▓┐р▓пр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓ир│Ар▓бр▓┐р▓ж р▓╡р▓┐р▓╡р▓┐р▓з р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╡р▓Ър▓ир▓Чр▓│р▓┐р▓Вр▓ж
р▓др│Жр▓Чр│Жр▓жр▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓╛р▓ир│Ж, р▓Пр▓Хр│Жр▓Вр▓жр▓░р│Ж р▓Ер▓╡р▓ир│Б р▓Чр▓Вр▓Чр▓╛ р▓Хр▓гр▓┐р▓╡р│Жр▓пр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ (р▓Чр▓Вр▓Чр▓╛) р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓пр▓╛р▓гр▓┐р▓╕р│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓ир│Б
р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓╣р▓┐р▓ор▓╛р▓▓р▓пр▓ж р▓Йр▓к-р▓кр▓░р│Нр▓╡р▓д р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓жр│Зр▓╢р▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓пр▓╛р▓гр▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр▓ир│Б. р▓И р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р│Б р▓╕р▓╛р▓ор▓╛р▓ир│Нр▓пр▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐
р▓Хр▓ар▓┐р▓г, р▓╣р▓╛р▓╕р│Нр▓пр▓ор▓п р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓ор▓ир▓╡р▓░р▓┐р▓Хр│Жр▓пр▓╛р▓Чр│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓╡р│Ж. р▓╕р▓┐р▓ор│Ир▓▓р│НтАМр▓Чр▓│р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓мр▓│р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр▓╛р▓Чр▓▓р│Жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓╛,
р▓Ер▓╡р│Бр▓Чр▓│р│Б р▓ор▓Чр│Бр▓╡р▓┐р▓ир▓┐р▓Вр▓жр▓▓р│В р▓╕р│Бр▓▓р▓нр▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐ р▓Ер▓░р│Нр▓ер▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓╡р│Ж, р▓Йр▓жр▓╛., р▓Хр▓╛р▓░р│Нр▓Яр│НтАМр▓и р▓Ър▓Хр│Нр▓░, р▓ор▓ир│Бр▓╖р│Нр▓пр▓и
р▓ир│Жр▓░р▓│р│Б, р▓Жр▓│р▓╡р▓╛р▓ж р▓Хр│Кр▓│, р▓╣р│Вр▓╡р│Бр▓Чр▓│р│Б. р▓И р▓╡р▓Ър▓ир▓Чр▓│ р▓ор│Вр▓▓р▓Х, р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓ир│Б р▓Ор▓▓р│Нр▓▓ р▓╡р▓┐р▓Ьр▓пр▓Чр▓│р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓Ж
р▓╢р│Нр▓░р│Зр▓╖р│Нр▓ар▓др│Жр▓пр▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓╕р▓╛р▓зр▓┐р▓╕р▓▓р│Б р▓Тр▓мр│Нр▓мр▓ир▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓Ър│Лр▓жр▓┐р▓╕р│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓╛р▓ир│Ж, р▓╕р│Нр▓╡р▓пр▓В р▓╡р▓┐р▓Ьр▓п; р▓Йр▓др│Нр▓╕р▓╛р▓╣,
р▓жр│Нр▓╡р│Зр▓╖ р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓Ер▓Ьр│Нр▓Юр▓╛р▓ир▓ж р▓жр│Бр▓╖р│Нр▓Хр│Гр▓др│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р▓┐р▓Вр▓ж р▓др▓кр│Нр▓кр▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓Хр│Кр▓│р│Нр▓│р▓▓р│Б; р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓кр│Бр▓ир▓░р│Нр▓Ьр▓ир│Нр▓ор▓Чр▓│
р▓╕р│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓┐р▓ир▓┐р▓Вр▓ж р▓╣р▓Вр▓мр▓▓ р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓╕р│Нр▓╡р▓╛р▓др▓Вр▓др│Нр▓░р│Нр▓пр▓жр▓┐р▓Вр▓ж р▓╕р│Нр▓╡р▓╛р▓др▓Вр▓др│Нр▓░р│Нр▓пр▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓кр▓бр│Жр▓пр▓▓р│Б
р▓╢р│Нр▓░р▓ор▓┐р▓╕р│Бр▓╡р│Бр▓жр│Б. р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓др▓┐р▓пр│Кр▓Вр▓жр│Б р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓╡р│Б р▓╕р▓др│Нр▓пр▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б (р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓о), р▓Тр▓Вр▓жр│Б р▓Йр▓кр▓жр│Зр▓╢, р▓╕р▓▓р▓╣р│Жр▓пр▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б
р▓Тр▓│р▓Чр│Кр▓Вр▓бр▓┐р▓жр│Ж.
р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓б р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р│Б
р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓ж р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓╣р│Жр▓Ър│Нр▓Ър▓╛р▓Чр▓┐ р▓╡р▓┐р▓╢р│Нр▓╡р▓ж р▓Ер▓ир│Зр▓Х р▓жр│Зр▓╢р▓Чр▓│р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓Йр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р│Зр▓Цр▓┐р▓╕р▓▓р▓╛р▓Чр│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓жр│Ж
р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓кр│Бр▓╕р│Нр▓др▓Хр▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓Ер▓ир│Зр▓Х р▓нр▓╛р▓╖р│Жр▓Чр▓│р▓┐р▓Чр│Ж р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓жр▓┐р▓╕р▓▓р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Ж. р▓Зр▓Вр▓Чр│Нр▓▓р▓┐р▓╖р│Нр▓Чр│Ж р▓ор│Бр▓Вр▓Ър▓┐р▓и
р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓жр▓Чр▓│р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓Тр▓Вр▓жр▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б 1870 р▓░р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓ор│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓Хр│Нр▓╕р│Н р▓ор│Бр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓░р│Н р▓ор▓╛р▓бр▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓╛р▓░р│Ж. р▓ир▓Вр▓др▓░р▓ж р▓Зр▓др▓░
р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓жр▓Чр▓│р│Б р▓Ор▓лр│Н.р▓Ор▓▓р│Н. р▓╡р│Бр▓бр│НтАМр▓╡р▓░р│Нр▓бр│Н 1921 р▓░р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐, 1920 р▓░р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓╡р│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓╕р│Нр▓ор▓░р▓╛ р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б
р▓╕р│Мр▓Вр▓бр▓░р│Нр▓╕р│Н р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б 1902 р▓░р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓О.р▓Ор▓▓р│Н. р▓бр▓╛. р▓╡р▓╛р▓▓р│Нр▓кр│Лр▓▓р▓╛ р▓░р▓╛р▓╣р│Бр▓▓р▓╛ р▓Ер▓╡р▓░р│Б р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓жр▓жр▓┐р▓Вр▓ж
р▓Хр│Жр▓▓р▓╡р│Б р▓Жр▓пр│Нр▓ж р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓жр▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓╛р▓░р│Ж р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓Ер▓╡р▓░ “р▓╡р▓╛р▓Яр│Н р▓жр▓┐ р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓и р▓Хр▓▓р▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓ж”
р▓кр│Бр▓╕р│Нр▓др▓Хр▓ж р▓Хр│Кр▓ир│Жр▓пр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓кр▓░р▓┐р▓╖р│Нр▓Хр│Гр▓д р▓Жр▓╡р│Гр▓др│Нр▓др▓┐ р▓ир│Ар▓бр▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓╛р▓░р│Ж. р▓Ър│Ар▓ир▓┐р▓пр▓░р│Б р▓╕р▓Вр▓╕р│Нр▓Хр│Гр▓др▓жр▓┐р▓Вр▓ж
р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓жр▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓жр▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓╛р▓░р│Ж. р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓бр▓╛р▓ж р▓Ър│Ар▓ир│А р▓Жр▓╡р│Гр▓др│Нр▓др▓┐р▓пр▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б 1878 р▓░р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐
р▓╕р│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓ор│Нр▓пр│Бр▓пр│Жр▓▓р│Н р▓мр│Ар▓▓р│Н (р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓б р▓Ор▓Вр▓жр│Б р▓Хр▓░р│Жр▓пр▓▓р│Нр▓кр▓бр│Бр▓╡ р▓мр│Мр▓жр│Нр▓з р▓Хр│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓ир▓ир│Н р▓кр▓ар│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р│Б)
р▓Зр▓Вр▓Чр│Нр▓▓р▓┐р▓╖р│Нр▓Чр│Ж р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓жр▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр▓░р│Б.
р▓мр▓░р│Нр▓ор▓╛р▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐, р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓жр▓Чр▓│р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓мр▓░р│Нр▓ор│Ар▓╕р│Н р▓Жр▓Чр▓┐ р▓ор▓╛р▓бр▓▓р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Ж, р▓╣р│Жр▓Ър│Нр▓Ър▓╛р▓Чр▓┐ р▓Чр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐,
р▓Хр│Жр▓▓р▓╡р│Б р▓кр│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓░р▓╛р▓лр│Нр▓░р│Зр▓╕р│НтАМр▓Чр▓│р│Б, р▓╡р▓┐р▓╡р▓░р▓гр│Жр▓Чр▓│р│Б р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р▓┐р▓Чр│Ж р▓╕р▓Вр▓мр▓Вр▓зр▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓ж р▓Хр▓ер│Жр▓Чр▓│
р▓╕р▓Вр▓Хр│Нр▓╖р▓┐р▓кр│Нр▓др▓др│Жр▓Чр▓│р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓╣р│Кр▓Вр▓жр▓┐р▓жр│Ж. р▓Зр▓др│Нр▓др│Ар▓Ър▓┐р▓и р▓╡р▓░р│Нр▓╖р▓Чр▓│р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐, р▓мр▓░р│Нр▓ор│Ар▓╕р│Н р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓Зр▓Вр▓Чр│Нр▓▓р▓┐р▓╖р│Н
р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓жр▓Чр▓│р│Кр▓Вр▓жр▓┐р▓Чр│Ж р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓бр▓╛р▓ж р▓Хр│Жр▓▓р▓╡р│Б р▓кр│Бр▓╕р│Нр▓др▓Хр▓Чр▓│р│Б, р▓кр▓╛р▓▓р▓┐ р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р│Кр▓Вр▓жр▓┐р▓Чр│Ж р▓╕р▓╣
р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓Хр▓Яр▓┐р▓╕р▓▓р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Ж.
р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓бр▓╡р│Б р▓╕р│Бр▓др▓Вр▓д р▓кр▓┐р▓Яр▓╛р▓Хр▓╛р▓ж р▓Цр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓жр▓╛р▓Х р▓ир▓┐р▓Хр▓╛р▓пр▓╛р▓ж р▓Ор▓░р▓бр▓ир│З р▓кр│Бр▓╕р│Нр▓др▓Хр▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр│Б, р▓╡р▓┐р▓╡р▓┐р▓з
р▓др▓▓р│Жр▓Чр▓│ р▓Ер▓бр▓┐р▓пр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓Ьр│Лр▓бр▓┐р▓╕р▓▓р▓╛р▓ж р▓Зр▓кр│Нр▓кр▓др│Нр▓др▓╛р▓░р│Б р▓Ер▓зр│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓пр▓Чр▓│р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓ир▓╛р▓ир│Вр▓░ р▓Зр▓кр│Нр▓кр▓др│Нр▓ор│Вр▓░р│Б
р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓Тр▓│р▓Чр│Кр▓Вр▓бр▓┐р▓жр│Ж. р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓бр▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓и р▓мр│Лр▓зр▓ир│Жр▓п р▓ор│Вр▓▓ р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓зр▓╛р▓Вр▓др▓Чр▓│р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б
р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓др▓┐р▓╖р│Нр▓ар▓╛р▓кр▓┐р▓╕р▓▓р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Ж.
“р▓Ер▓кр│Нр▓кр▓╛р▓ор▓╛р▓бр│К р▓Ер▓ор▓др▓кр▓бр▓ор│Н” р▓ир│Кр▓Вр▓жр▓┐р▓Чр│Ж р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╛р▓░р▓Вр▓нр▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр│Бр▓╡ р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓п (21) р▓Ер▓Вр▓жр▓░р│Ж “р▓╕р▓╛р▓╡р▓зр▓╛р▓ир▓др│Ж
р▓ир▓┐р▓мр│Нр▓мр▓╛р▓ир▓╛р▓ж р▓ор▓╛р▓░р│Нр▓Чр▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Ж, р▓ор▓░р▓гр▓░р▓╣р▓┐р▓д” р▓Ор▓Вр▓мр│Бр▓жр│Б р▓мр▓╣р▓│ р▓ор│Бр▓Цр│Нр▓пр▓╡р▓╛р▓ж р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓ор▓╣р▓др│Нр▓╡р▓ж
р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Ж. р▓ир│Жр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓жр▓┐ р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓Тр▓│р▓ир│Лр▓Я р▓зр│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓ир▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓ор│Ир▓Вр▓бр│НтАМр▓лр│Бр▓▓р│НтАМр▓ир│Жр▓╕р│Н р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓ор│Бр▓Ц
р▓Ер▓Вр▓╢р▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Ж. р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓ир│Б р▓др│Ар▓░р▓┐р▓Хр│Кр▓│р│Нр▓│р│Бр▓╡ р▓ор│Бр▓ир│Нр▓и р▓Хр│Кр▓ир│Жр▓п р▓Йр▓кр▓жр│Зр▓╢р▓╡р│Б р▓Ор▓Ър│Нр▓Ър▓░р▓жр▓┐р▓Вр▓жр▓┐р▓░р▓мр│Зр▓Хр│Б р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б
р▓╢р│Нр▓░р▓жр│Нр▓зр│Жр▓пр▓┐р▓Вр▓ж р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓пр▓др│Нр▓ир▓┐р▓╕р│Бр▓╡р│Бр▓жр│Б (р▓ор▓Ьр▓┐ р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓лр▓▓р▓╛ р▓ор│Вр▓▓р▓Х р▓кр│Бр▓ир▓░р│Нр▓Ьр▓ир│Нр▓ор▓Чр▓│ р▓╕р│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓┐р▓ир▓┐р▓Вр▓ж
р▓╕р│Нр▓╡р▓╛р▓др▓Вр▓др│Нр▓░р│Нр▓пр▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓кр▓бр│Жр▓пр│Бр▓╡ р▓Хр│Жр▓▓р▓╕р▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓кр│Вр▓░р│Нр▓гр▓Чр│Кр▓│р▓┐р▓╕р▓▓р│Б). р▓нр▓╛р▓░р▓др▓ж р▓Ер▓╢р│Лр▓Х р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓мр▓░р│Нр▓ор▓╛р▓ж
р▓░р▓╛р▓Ь р▓Ер▓ир▓╛р▓╡р│Нр▓░р▓╣р│Нр▓др▓╛ р▓Ер▓╡р▓░р│Б р▓мр│Мр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓зр▓░р│Нр▓ор▓Хр│Нр▓Хр│Ж р▓ор▓др▓╛р▓Вр▓др▓░р▓Чр│Кр▓Вр▓бр▓░р│Б р▓Ор▓Вр▓мр│Бр▓жр│Б р▓╕р▓╛р▓╡р▓зр▓╛р▓ир▓др│Жр▓п р▓ор│Зр▓▓р▓┐р▓и р▓И
р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓кр▓░р▓┐р▓Чр▓гр▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр│Ж р▓Ор▓Вр▓жр│Б р▓╕р▓╛р▓ор▓╛р▓ир│Нр▓пр▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐ р▓Тр▓кр│Нр▓кр▓┐р▓Хр│Кр▓│р│Нр▓│р▓▓р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Ж. р▓Жр▓пр▓╛ р▓жр│Зр▓╢р▓Чр▓│р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐
р▓мр│Мр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓зр▓░р│Нр▓ор▓ж р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╕р▓░р▓гр▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓Зр▓мр│Нр▓мр▓░р│В р▓░р▓╛р▓Ьр▓░р│Б р▓мр▓╣р▓│р▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐ р▓╕р▓╣р▓╛р▓п р▓ор▓╛р▓бр▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓░р│Б.
р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ (29) р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓ир│Б р▓╕р▓╛р▓╡р▓зр▓╛р▓ир▓др│Жр▓п р▓Хр▓░р│Жр▓пр▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓др│Бр▓░р│Нр▓др│Б р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓Ьр│Нр▓Юр│Жр▓пр│Кр▓Вр▓жр▓┐р▓Чр│Ж
р▓╕р│Зр▓░р▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓Хр│Кр▓Вр▓бр▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓╛р▓ир│Ж. р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓╡р│Б р▓Ър▓▓р▓┐р▓╕р│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓жр│Ж: “р▓ир▓┐р▓░р│Нр▓▓р▓Хр│Нр▓╖р│Нр▓пр▓ж р▓ир▓бр│Бр▓╡р│Ж р▓Ор▓Ър│Нр▓Ър▓░р▓жр▓┐р▓Вр▓жр▓┐,
р▓Ер▓░р│Жр▓ир▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓░р▓╛р▓╡р▓╕р│Нр▓ер│Жр▓п р▓ир▓бр│Бр▓╡р│Ж р▓╣р│Жр▓Ър│Нр▓Ър│Б р▓Ьр▓╛р▓Чр▓░р│Вр▓Хр▓ир▓╛р▓Чр▓┐, р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓┐р▓╡р▓Вр▓др▓ир│Б р▓Ур▓Яр▓ж р▓Хр│Бр▓жр│Бр▓░р│Жр▓пр▓Вр▓др│Ж
р▓ор│Бр▓ир│Нр▓ир▓бр│Жр▓пр│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓╛р▓ир│Ж, р▓Ьр│Зр▓бр│Н р▓Ер▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓мр▓┐р▓Яр│Нр▓Яр│Б р▓╣р│Лр▓Чр│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓╛р▓ир│Ж.”
(1) р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б (2) р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р│Б р▓Хр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓╛р▓ж р▓мр▓жр▓▓р▓╛р▓Чр▓ж р▓Хр▓╛р▓ир│Вр▓ир▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓╡р▓┐р▓╡р▓░р▓┐р▓╕р│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓жр│Ж, р▓Ер▓жр▓░
р▓Ер▓бр▓┐р▓пр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓др▓┐р▓пр│Кр▓Вр▓жр│Б р▓Хр▓╛р▓░р│Нр▓п, р▓Тр▓│р│Нр▓│р│Жр▓пр▓жр│Б р▓Ер▓ер▓╡р▓╛ р▓Хр│Жр▓Яр│Нр▓Яр▓жр│Б р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Ж р▓ор▓╛р▓бр│Бр▓╡р▓╡р▓░р▓┐р▓Чр│Ж
р▓мр▓░р│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓жр│Ж. р▓Зр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐, р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓ир│Б р▓ир▓ор│Нр▓о р▓Ор▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓╛ р▓Хр▓╛р▓░р│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓ор▓ир▓╕р│Нр▓╕р▓┐р▓и р▓ор▓╣р▓др│Нр▓╡р▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б
р▓Тр▓др│Нр▓др▓┐р▓╣р│Зр▓│р│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓╛р▓ир│Ж р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓ир▓ор│Нр▓о р▓Хр▓╛р▓░р│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р│Б, р▓кр▓жр▓Чр▓│р│Б р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓Жр▓▓р│Лр▓Ър▓ир│Жр▓Чр▓│ р▓Ер▓ир▓┐р▓╡р▓╛р▓░р│Нр▓п
р▓кр▓░р▓┐р▓гр▓╛р▓ор▓Чр▓│ р▓мр▓Чр│Нр▓Чр│Ж р▓╣р│Зр▓│р│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓╛р▓ир│Ж.
р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р│Б (153) р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б (154) р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓ир│Б р▓др▓ир│Нр▓и р▓Ьр│Нр▓Юр▓╛р▓ир│Лр▓жр▓пр▓ж р▓Хр│Нр▓╖р▓гр▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐р▓пр│З
р▓нр▓╡р│Нр▓пр▓╡р▓╛р▓ж р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓др│Ар▓╡р│Нр▓░р▓╡р▓╛р▓ж р▓╕р▓Вр▓др│Лр▓╖р▓ж р▓Ер▓нр▓┐р▓╡р│Нр▓пр▓Хр│Нр▓др▓┐р▓Чр▓│р│Б. р▓И р▓Ор▓░р▓бр│Б р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р│Б р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓и р▓╕р▓др│Нр▓пр▓ж
р▓╣р│Бр▓бр│Бр▓Хр▓╛р▓Яр▓ж р▓кр▓░р▓╛р▓Хр▓╛р▓╖р│Нр▓ар│Жр▓п р▓мр▓Чр│Нр▓Чр│Ж р▓ир▓ор▓Чр│Ж р▓Тр▓Вр▓жр│Б р▓Чр│Нр▓░р▓╛р▓лр▓┐р▓Хр│Н р▓Цр▓╛р▓др│Жр▓пр▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓ир│Ар▓бр│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓╡р│Ж.
р▓╕р▓Вр▓╕р▓╛р▓░р▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐
р▓кр│Бр▓ир▓░р▓╛р▓╡р▓░р│Нр▓др▓┐р▓д р▓Ьр▓ир▓ир▓Чр▓│р▓┐р▓Чр│Ж р▓Хр▓╛р▓░р▓гр▓╡р▓╛р▓ж ‘р▓ор▓ир│Ж-р▓ир▓┐р▓░р│Нр▓ор│Вр▓▓р▓Х,’ р▓╣р▓Вр▓мр▓▓р▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓Хр▓Вр▓бр│Бр▓Хр│Кр▓│р│Нр▓│р│Бр▓╡
р▓мр▓Чр│Нр▓Чр│Ж р▓Ер▓╡р▓░р│Б р▓ир▓ор▓Чр│Ж р▓╣р│Зр▓│р│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓╛р▓░р│Ж. р▓╣р▓Вр▓мр▓▓р▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓др│Кр▓бр│Жр▓жр│Бр▓╣р▓╛р▓Хр▓┐р▓ж р▓ир▓Вр▓др▓░, р▓Ер▓╡р▓ир▓┐р▓Чр│Ж р▓╣р│Жр▓Ър│Нр▓Ър▓┐р▓и
р▓ор▓ир│Жр▓Чр▓│р│Б (р▓Цр▓Вр▓жр▓Чр▓│р│Б) р▓╣р▓Вр▓мр▓▓р▓┐р▓╕р│Бр▓╡ р▓ор│Вр▓▓р▓Х р▓ир▓┐р▓░р│Нр▓ор▓┐р▓╕р▓▓р▓╛р▓Чр│Бр▓╡р│Бр▓жр▓┐р▓▓р│Нр▓▓, р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓╣р│Жр▓Ър│Нр▓Ър▓┐р▓и
р▓кр│Бр▓ир▓░р│Нр▓Ьр▓ир│Нр▓ор▓Чр▓│р│Б р▓Зр▓░р│Бр▓╡р│Бр▓жр▓┐р▓▓р│Нр▓▓.
р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р│Б (277), (278) р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б (279) р▓╕р▓╣ р▓ор│Бр▓Цр│Нр▓пр▓╡р▓╛р▓жр▓╡р│Б, р▓Пр▓Хр│Жр▓Вр▓жр▓░р│Ж р▓Ер▓╡р▓░р│Б р▓Ор▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓╛
р▓ир▓┐р▓пр▓ор▓╛р▓зр│Ар▓и р▓╡р▓╕р│Нр▓др│Бр▓Чр▓│ р▓Ер▓╢р│Нр▓▓р│Ар▓▓, р▓Ер▓др│Гр▓кр│Нр▓др▓┐р▓Хр▓░ р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓╕р│Нр▓╡р▓пр▓В-р▓Ер▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓ж р▓╕р│Нр▓╡р▓нр▓╛р▓╡р▓ж р▓мр▓Чр│Нр▓Чр│Ж р▓ир▓ор▓Чр│Ж
р▓др▓┐р▓│р▓┐р▓╕р│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓╛р▓░р│Ж; р▓Тр▓мр│Нр▓мр▓░р│Б р▓Ор▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓╛ р▓ир▓┐р▓пр▓ор▓╛р▓зр│Ар▓и р▓╡р▓╕р│Нр▓др│Бр▓Чр▓│ р▓ир│Ир▓Ь р▓╕р│Нр▓╡р▓░р│Вр▓кр▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓Чр│Нр▓░р▓╣р▓┐р▓╕р▓мр│Зр▓Хр│Б
р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓Цр▓Вр▓зр▓░ р▓мр▓Чр│Нр▓Чр│Ж р▓мр│Зр▓╕р▓░р▓Чр│Кр▓│р│Нр▓│р│Бр▓╡р│Бр▓жр│Б р▓мр▓╣р▓│ р▓ор│Бр▓Цр│Нр▓п, р▓Пр▓Хр│Жр▓Вр▓жр▓░р│Ж р▓Зр▓жр│Б р▓╢р│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓др│Жр▓п
р▓ор▓╛р▓░р│Нр▓Чр▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Ж.
р▓ир▓Вр▓др▓░ р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓ир│Б р▓кр│Бр▓ир▓░р│Нр▓Ьр▓ир│Нр▓ор▓ж р▓╕р│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓┐р▓ир▓┐р▓Вр▓ж р▓╡р▓┐р▓ор│Лр▓Ър▓ир│Жр▓Чр│Ж р▓Хр▓╛р▓░р▓гр▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр│Бр▓╡ р▓ор▓╛р▓░р│Нр▓Чр▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б
р▓ир▓ор▓Чр│Ж р▓др│Лр▓░р▓┐р▓╕р│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓жр│Ж, р▓Ер▓Вр▓жр▓░р│Ж, р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ (273) р▓Ор▓Вр▓Яр│Б р▓Шр▓Яр▓Хр▓Чр▓│ (р▓Ер▓Вр▓ер▓Вр▓Чр▓┐р▓Хр│К р▓ор│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓Чр│Нр▓Чр│К)
р▓Зр▓░р│Бр▓╡ р▓ор▓╛р▓░р│Нр▓Ч. р▓Зр▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓жр│Ж, “р▓ир│Ар▓╡р│З р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓пр▓др│Нр▓ир▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓ор▓╛р▓бр▓мр│Зр▓Хр│Б, р▓др▓ер▓Чр▓др▓░р│Б р▓ор▓╛р▓др│Нр▓░ р▓жр▓╛р▓░р▓┐
р▓др│Лр▓░р▓┐р▓╕р│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓╛р▓░р│Ж” р▓Ор▓Вр▓жр│Б р▓╣р│Зр▓│р│Бр▓╡ (276) р▓╢р│Нр▓▓р│Лр▓Хр▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓ир▓ор│Нр▓ор▓жр│З р▓Жр▓ж р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓пр▓др│Нр▓ир▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓ор▓╛р▓бр▓▓р│Б
р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓з р▓ир▓ор▓Чр│Ж р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓Ър│Лр▓жр▓┐р▓╕р│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓жр│Ж. р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓п (183) р▓ир▓ор▓Чр│Ж р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓░ р▓мр│Лр▓зр▓ир│Жр▓пр▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓ир│Ар▓бр│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓жр│Ж.
р▓Ер▓жр│Б р▓╣р│Зр▓│р│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓жр│Ж, “р▓пр▓╛р▓╡р│Бр▓жр│З р▓Хр│Жр▓Яр│Нр▓Яр▓жр│Нр▓жр▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓ор▓╛р▓бр▓мр│Зр▓бр▓┐, р▓Ер▓░р│Нр▓╣р▓др│Жр▓пр▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓мр│Жр▓│р│Жр▓╕р▓┐р▓Хр│Кр▓│р│Нр▓│р▓┐,
р▓Тр▓мр│Нр▓мр▓░ р▓ор▓ир▓╕р│Нр▓╕р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓╢р│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр│Ар▓Хр▓░р▓┐р▓╕р▓┐; р▓Зр▓жр│Б р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓░ р▓мр│Лр▓зр▓ир│Ж.”
р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐
(24) р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓ир│Б р▓Ьр│Ар▓╡р▓ир▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓пр▓╢р▓╕р│Нр▓╕р▓┐р▓и р▓ор▓╛р▓░р│Нр▓Чр▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓ир▓ор▓Чр│Ж р▓др│Лр▓░р▓┐р▓╕р│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓╛р▓ир│Ж, р▓╣р│Ар▓Чр│Ж:
“р▓Тр▓мр│Нр▓м р▓╡р│Нр▓пр▓Хр│Нр▓др▓┐р▓пр│Б р▓╢р▓Хр│Нр▓др▓┐р▓пр│Бр▓д, р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓жр▓┐р▓╡р▓Вр▓др▓ир▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓░р│Ж, р▓Жр▓▓р│Лр▓Ър▓ир│Жр▓пр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐
р▓╢р│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓ир▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓░р│Ж, р▓ор▓╛р▓др│Б р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓Хр▓╛р▓░р│Нр▓пр▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐, р▓Ер▓╡р▓ир│Б р▓Ор▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│В р▓Ор▓Ър│Нр▓Ър▓░р▓┐р▓Хр│Жр▓пр▓┐р▓Вр▓ж р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б
р▓кр▓░р▓┐р▓Чр▓гр▓ир│Жр▓пр│Кр▓Вр▓жр▓┐р▓Чр│Ж р▓ор▓╛р▓бр▓┐р▓жр▓░р│Ж, р▓Ер▓╡р▓и р▓Зр▓Вр▓жр│Нр▓░р▓┐р▓пр▓Чр▓│р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓ир▓┐р▓Чр│Нр▓░р▓╣р▓┐р▓╕р│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓╛р▓ир│Ж; р▓Ер▓╡р▓и р▓╕р▓Вр▓кр▓╛р▓жр▓ир│Ж;
р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓ж р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓Хр▓╛р▓░ р▓╡р▓╛р▓╕р▓┐р▓╕р│Бр▓╡р│Бр▓жр│Б р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓Ж р▓ор▓ир▓╕р│Нр▓╕р▓┐р▓и р▓╡р│Нр▓пр▓Хр│Нр▓др▓┐р▓п р▓Цр│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓др▓┐ р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓Ер▓жр│Гр▓╖р│Нр▓Яр▓╡р│Б
р▓╣р│Жр▓Ър│Нр▓Ър▓╛р▓Чр│Бр▓╡р│Бр▓жр▓┐р▓▓р│Нр▓▓. “
р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓бр▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓Хр▓Вр▓бр│Бр▓мр▓░р│Бр▓╡ р▓░р▓др│Нр▓ир▓Чр▓│ р▓Хр│Жр▓▓р▓╡р│Б р▓Йр▓жр▓╛р▓╣р▓░р▓гр│Жр▓Чр▓│р│Б р▓Зр▓╡р│Б. р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓бр▓╡р│Б р▓ир▓┐р▓Ьр▓Хр│Нр▓Хр│В р▓др▓др│Нр▓╡р▓Ьр│Нр▓Юр▓╛р▓ир▓┐, р▓ор▓╛р▓░р│Нр▓Чр▓жр▓░р│Нр▓╢р▓┐ р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓Ор▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓░р▓┐р▓Чр│В р▓╕р│Нр▓ир│Зр▓╣р▓┐р▓д.
р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│ р▓И р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓жр▓╡р│Б р▓кр▓╛р▓▓р▓┐р▓пр▓┐р▓Вр▓ж р▓Зр▓Вр▓Чр│Нр▓▓р▓┐р▓╖р│НтАМр▓Чр│Ж р▓мр▓Вр▓жр▓┐р▓жр│Ж. р▓Жр▓░р▓ир│З р▓Ер▓Вр▓др▓░р▓░р▓╛р▓╖р│Нр▓Яр│Нр▓░р│Ар▓п
р▓мр│Мр▓жр│Нр▓з р▓╕р▓┐р▓ир│Кр▓бр│Н р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓ор│Лр▓жр▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓ж р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓ж р▓кр▓╛р▓▓р▓┐ р▓мр▓│р▓╕р▓┐р▓ж р▓кр▓╛р▓▓р▓┐ р▓кр▓ар│Нр▓п. р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓жр▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б
р▓╕р▓╛р▓зр│Нр▓пр▓╡р▓╛р▓жр▓╖р│Нр▓Яр│Б р▓кр▓ар│Нр▓пр▓Хр│Нр▓Хр│Ж р▓╣р▓др│Нр▓др▓┐р▓░р▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓╕р▓▓р│Б р▓ир▓╛р▓╡р│Б р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓пр▓др│Нр▓ир▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр│Зр▓╡р│Ж, р▓Жр▓жр▓░р│Ж
р▓Хр│Жр▓▓р▓╡р│Кр▓ор│Нр▓ор│Ж р▓кр▓╛р▓▓р▓┐ р▓кр▓жр▓Хр│Нр▓Хр│Ж р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓Чр│Бр▓гр▓╡р▓╛р▓ж р▓Зр▓Вр▓Чр│Нр▓▓р▓┐р▓╖р│Н р▓кр▓жр▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓Хр▓Вр▓бр│Бр▓╣р▓┐р▓бр▓┐р▓пр│Бр▓╡р│Бр▓жр│Б р▓др│Бр▓Вр▓мр▓╛
р▓Хр▓╖р│Нр▓Я, р▓Ер▓╕р▓╛р▓зр│Нр▓пр▓╡р▓▓р│Нр▓▓. р▓Йр▓жр▓╛р▓╣р▓░р▓гр│Жр▓Чр│Ж, р▓ир▓╛р▓▓р│Нр▓Хр│Б р▓Йр▓жр▓╛р▓др│Нр▓д р▓╕р▓др│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│ р▓ир▓┐р▓░р│Вр▓кр▓гр│Жр▓пр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓мр▓│р▓╕р▓▓р▓╛р▓ж
“р▓жр│Бр▓Цр▓╛” р▓кр▓жр▓ж р▓ир│Ир▓Ь р▓Ер▓░р│Нр▓ер▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓др▓┐р▓│р▓┐р▓╕р▓мр▓▓р│Нр▓▓ р▓Тр▓Вр▓жр│З р▓Зр▓Вр▓Чр│Нр▓▓р▓┐р▓╖р│Н р▓кр▓жр▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓ир▓╛р▓╡р│Б р▓Зр▓ир│Нр▓ир│В
р▓Хр▓Вр▓бр│Бр▓╣р▓┐р▓бр▓┐р▓пр▓▓р▓╛р▓Чр│Бр▓╡р│Бр▓жр▓┐р▓▓р│Нр▓▓. р▓И р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓жр▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐, “р▓жр│Бр▓Цр▓╛” р▓Ор▓Вр▓м р▓кр▓жр▓╡р│Б р▓ир▓╛р▓▓р│Нр▓Хр│Б р▓Йр▓жр▓╛р▓др│Нр▓д
р▓╕р▓др│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓ор▓╛р▓бр│Бр▓╡р▓Вр▓др│Жр▓пр│З р▓Ер▓жр│З р▓Ер▓░р│Нр▓ер▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓╣р│Кр▓Вр▓жр▓┐р▓жр│Ж, р▓Ер▓жр│Б р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓жр▓┐р▓╕р▓жр│Ж
р▓мр▓┐р▓бр▓▓р▓╛р▓Чр│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓жр│Ж; р▓Жр▓жр▓░р│Ж р▓ор▓╛р▓др│Нр▓░ р▓╡р▓┐р▓╡р▓░р▓┐р▓╕р▓▓р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Ж.
р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│ р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓о р▓кр▓░р▓┐р▓Хр▓▓р│Нр▓кр▓ир│Жр▓п р▓╡р│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓Цр│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓ир▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓пр▓╛р▓╡р│Бр▓жр│З р▓╕р▓Вр▓жр│Зр▓╣р▓╡р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓╛р▓Ч р▓Ер▓ер▓╡р▓╛
р▓Ер▓Хр│Нр▓╖р▓░р▓╢р▓Г р▓Ер▓░р│Нр▓ер▓╡р│Б р▓Ер▓╕р│Нр▓кр▓╖р│Нр▓Я р▓Ер▓ер▓╡р▓╛ р▓Чр│Нр▓░р▓╣р▓┐р▓╕р▓▓р▓╛р▓Чр▓жр▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓╛р▓Ч, р▓ир▓╛р▓╡р│Б р▓╡р│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓Цр│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓ир▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б (р▓кр▓╛р▓▓р▓┐)
р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓мр▓░р│Нр▓ор│Ар▓╕р│Н р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓жр▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓ир│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓Вр▓Чр│Жр▓мр▓┐р▓ир│Н р▓╕р▓пр▓╛р▓бр▓╛р▓╡р│Н р▓Ер▓╡р▓░ р▓╡р│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓Цр│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓ир▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б
р▓Йр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р│Зр▓Цр▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр│Зр▓╡р│Ж, р▓мр▓╣р▓│ р▓Хр▓▓р▓┐р▓др▓░р│Б р▓ер│Зр▓░р▓╛. р▓Ер▓ир│Зр▓Х р▓╕р▓Вр▓жр▓░р│Нр▓нр▓Чр▓│р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓ир▓╛р▓╡р│Б р▓жр▓░р│Нр▓кр│Нр▓▓р│Жр▓Хр│Нр▓╕р▓┐р▓Вр▓Чр│Н
р▓кр▓жр▓Чр▓│р│Б р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓╡р▓╛р▓Хр│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓╕р│Нр▓кр▓╖р│Нр▓Яр▓кр▓бр▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓Хр│Нр▓Хр▓╛р▓Чр▓┐ р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓о (р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓Хр▓░р▓┐р▓пр▓╛)
р▓╢р▓┐р▓Хр│Нр▓╖р▓Хр▓░р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓╕р▓Вр▓кр▓░р│Нр▓Хр▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр│Зр▓╡р│Ж.
р▓Зр▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓жр│Ж, р▓ир▓╛р▓╡р│Б р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓ж р▓мр▓░р│Нр▓ор│Ар▓╕р│Н р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓жр▓Чр▓│р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓╕р▓╣ р▓╕р▓Вр▓кр▓░р│Нр▓Хр▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр│Зр▓╡р│Ж,
р▓╡р▓┐р▓╢р│Зр▓╖р▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐ р▓пр│Вр▓ир▓┐р▓пр▓ир│Н р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓з р▓╕р▓╛р▓╕р▓╛р▓ир▓╛ р▓Хр│Мр▓ир│Нр▓╕р▓┐р▓▓р│Н р▓Ер▓╡р▓░ р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓ж, р▓╕р▓Вр▓Чр▓╛р▓Ь р▓╕р▓пр▓╛р▓жр▓╛р▓╡р│Н
(1805-1876) р▓Ер▓╡р▓░ р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓ж, р▓░р▓╛р▓Ь р▓ор▓┐р▓Вр▓бр▓ир│Н р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓Хр▓┐р▓Вр▓Чр│Н р▓др▓┐р▓мр▓╛р▓╡р│Н р▓Ер▓╡р▓░ р▓Хр▓╛р▓▓р▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐
р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓ор│Бр▓Ц р▓ор▓╣р▓╛ р▓ер│Зр▓░р▓╛, р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓╕р▓╣ р▓мр▓░р│Нр▓о р▓кр▓┐р▓Яр▓Хр▓╛ р▓Ер▓╕р│Лр▓╕р▓┐р▓пр│Зр▓╖р▓ир│НтАМр▓и р▓Ур▓╡р▓╛р▓бр▓╛р▓Хр▓░р▓┐р▓пр▓╛ р▓ор▓╣р▓╛ р▓ер│Зр▓░р▓╛р▓ж
р▓╕р▓пр▓╛р▓жр▓╛р▓╡р│Н р▓пр│Б р▓ер▓┐р▓Яр│Нр▓Яр▓┐р▓▓р▓╛ р▓Ер▓╡р▓░ р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓ж. р▓╕р▓Вр▓Чр▓╛р▓Ь р▓╕р▓пр▓╛р▓жр▓╛р▓╡р▓┐р▓и р▓кр│Бр▓╕р│Нр▓др▓Хр▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓ж р▓Хр▓ер│Жр▓Чр▓│
р▓кр│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓░р▓╛р▓лр│Нр▓░р│Зр▓╕р│НтАМр▓Чр▓│р│Б р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓╕р▓Вр▓Хр│Нр▓╖р▓┐р▓кр│Нр▓д р▓░р│Вр▓кр▓Чр▓│р▓┐р▓╡р│Ж.
р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓ж р▓Хр▓ер│Жр▓Чр▓│р│Б
р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓б р▓Хр▓ер│Жр▓Чр▓│ р▓╕р▓╛р▓░р▓╛р▓Вр▓╢р▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓кр│Бр▓╕р│Нр▓др▓Хр▓ж р▓Ор▓░р▓бр▓ир│З р▓нр▓╛р▓Чр▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓ир│Ар▓бр▓▓р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Ж, р▓Пр▓Хр│Жр▓Вр▓жр▓░р│Ж
р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓Шр│Лр▓╕р▓╛ (5 р▓ир│З р▓╢р▓др▓ор▓╛р▓ир▓ж р▓О.р▓бр▓┐.) р▓мр▓░р│Жр▓ж р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓ж р▓╡р│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓Цр│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓ир▓╡р│Б р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓ж р▓мр▓Чр│Нр▓Чр│Ж р▓Йр▓др│Нр▓др▓о
р▓др▓┐р▓│р│Бр▓╡р▓│р▓┐р▓Хр│Жр▓п р▓Хр▓бр│Жр▓Чр│Ж р▓Тр▓Вр▓жр│Б р▓жр│Кр▓бр│Нр▓б р▓╕р▓╣р▓╛р▓пр▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Ж р▓Ор▓Вр▓жр│Б р▓╕р▓╛р▓ор▓╛р▓ир│Нр▓пр▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐ р▓ир▓Вр▓мр▓▓р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Ж.
р▓ор│Бр▓ир│Нр▓ир│Вр▓░р│Б р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓Рр▓жр│Б р▓Хр▓ер│Жр▓Чр▓│р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓╡р│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓Цр│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓ир▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓╕р│Зр▓░р▓┐р▓╕р▓▓р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Ж. р▓Хр▓ер│Жр▓Чр▓│р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐
р▓Йр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р│Зр▓Цр▓┐р▓╕р▓▓р▓╛р▓ж р▓╣р│Жр▓Ър│Нр▓Ър▓┐р▓и р▓Шр▓Яр▓ир│Жр▓Чр▓│р│Б р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓и р▓Ьр│Ар▓╡р▓┐р▓др▓╛р▓╡р▓зр▓┐р▓пр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓ир▓бр│Жр▓жр▓╡р│Б. р▓Хр│Жр▓▓р▓╡р│Б
р▓Хр▓ер│Жр▓Чр▓│р▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐, р▓╣р▓┐р▓Вр▓жр▓┐р▓и р▓Хр│Жр▓▓р▓╡р│Б р▓Ер▓╕р│Нр▓др▓┐р▓др│Нр▓╡р▓Чр▓│ р▓мр▓Чр│Нр▓Чр│Ж р▓Хр│Жр▓▓р▓╡р│Б р▓╕р▓Вр▓Чр▓др▓┐р▓Чр▓│р│Б р▓╕р▓╣
р▓ор▓░р│Бр▓кр▓░р▓┐р▓╢р│Ар▓▓р▓┐р▓╕р▓▓р│Нр▓кр▓Яр│Нр▓Яр▓╡р│Б.
р▓Хр▓ер│Жр▓Чр▓│ р▓╕р▓╛р▓░р▓╛р▓Вр▓╢р▓Чр▓│р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓мр▓░р│Жр▓пр│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓Ч р▓ир▓╛р▓╡р│Б р▓╡р│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓Цр│Нр▓пр▓╛р▓ир▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓нр▓╛р▓╖р▓╛р▓Вр▓др▓░р▓┐р▓╕р▓▓р│Б
р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓пр▓др│Нр▓ир▓┐р▓╕р▓▓р▓┐р▓▓р│Нр▓▓. р▓ир▓╛р▓╡р│Б р▓Хр▓ер│Жр▓Чр▓│ р▓╕р▓Вр▓Чр▓др▓┐р▓Чр▓│р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓╕р▓░р▓│р▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐ р▓др▓Чр│Нр▓Чр▓┐р▓╕р▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр│Зр▓╡р│Ж р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б
р▓Ер▓╡р│Бр▓Чр▓│р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓╕р▓Вр▓Хр│Нр▓╖р▓┐р▓кр│Нр▓др▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐ р▓кр│Бр▓ир▓Г р▓мр▓░р│Жр▓жр▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр│Зр▓╡р│Ж: р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓др▓┐ р▓Хр▓ер│Жр▓п р▓Хр│Кр▓ир│Жр▓пр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│
р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓жр▓╡р▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б р▓ир│Ар▓бр▓▓р▓╛р▓Чр│Бр▓др│Нр▓др▓жр│Ж.
р▓╕р│Нр▓Хр│Нр▓░р▓┐р▓кр│Нр▓Яр│НтАМр▓и р▓ор│Вр▓▓р▓Х р▓ир▓┐р▓Цр▓░р▓╡р▓╛р▓Чр▓┐ р▓╣р│Лр▓Чр▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓Хр│Нр▓Хр▓╛р▓Чр▓┐ р▓╕р▓Вр▓кр▓╛р▓жр▓Хр│Ар▓п р▓╕р▓ор▓┐р▓др▓┐р▓п р▓мр▓░р│Нр▓о р▓кр▓┐р▓Яр▓Хр▓╛
р▓Ер▓╕р│Лр▓╕р▓┐р▓пр│Зр▓╖р▓ир│НтАМр▓и р▓╕р▓жр▓╕р│Нр▓пр▓░р▓┐р▓Чр│Ж р▓ир▓ир│Нр▓и р▓Жр▓│р▓╡р▓╛р▓ж р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓кр│Нр▓░р▓╛р▓ор▓╛р▓гр▓┐р▓Х р▓Хр│Гр▓др▓Ьр│Нр▓Юр▓др│Жр▓пр▓ир│Нр▓ир│Б
р▓╡р│Нр▓пр▓Хр│Нр▓др▓кр▓бр▓┐р▓╕р│Бр▓╡р│Бр▓жр│Б р▓Ир▓Ч р▓ир▓ир▓Чр│Ж р▓Йр▓│р▓┐р▓жр▓┐р▓жр│Ж; р▓кр▓жр│Нр▓пр▓Чр▓│ р▓Ер▓ир│Бр▓╡р▓╛р▓жр▓Хр│Нр▓Хр│Ж р▓╕р▓╣р▓╛р▓п р▓ор▓╛р▓бр▓┐р▓жр│Нр▓жр▓Хр│Нр▓Хр▓╛р▓Чр▓┐
р▓╕р▓пр▓╛р▓Чр▓┐ р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓Хр▓░р▓┐р▓пр▓╛ р▓пр│Б р▓Жр▓Вр▓Чр│Н р▓ор│Л р▓ор▓др│Нр▓др│Б р▓мр▓░р│Нр▓о р▓кр▓┐р▓Яр▓Хр▓╛ р▓Ер▓╕р│Лр▓╕р▓┐р▓пр│Зр▓╖р▓ир│НтАМр▓и р▓╕р▓Вр▓кр▓╛р▓жр▓Х р▓пр│Б р▓ер│Ар▓ир│Н
р▓ор▓╛р▓Вр▓Чр│Н р▓Ер▓╡р▓░р▓┐р▓Чр│Ж.
р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓ж р▓пр▓ор▓Х р▓╡р▓Чр│Нр▓Ч р▓Ер▓╡р▓│р▓┐ р▓╢р│Нр▓▓р│Лр▓Хр▓Чр▓│р│Б р▓мр│Бр▓жр│Нр▓зр▓░ р▓зр▓ор│Нр▓ор▓кр▓ж р▓Хр▓ир│Нр▓ир▓бр▓жр▓▓р│Нр▓▓р▓┐ Dhammapada in Kannada



57) Classical Khmer- сЮБсЯТсЮШсЯВсЮЪсЮФсЮ╗сЮЪсЮ╢сЮО,

59) Classical Korean-ъ│аьаД эХЬъ╡ньЦ┤,

62) Classical Lao-р║Др║ер║▓р║кр║кр║┤р║Бр║ер║▓р║з,

69) Classical Malay-Melayu Klasik,

71) Classical Maltese-Klassiku Malti,



70) Classical Malayalam-р┤Хр╡Нр┤▓р┤╛р┤╕р┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡╜ р┤ор┤▓р┤пр┤╛р┤│р┤В,
Public


The Dhammapada: Verses and Stories
For free distribution only, as a gift of dhamma.
р┤Жр┤ор╡Бр┤Цр┤В
Dhammapada is one of the best known books of the Pitaka. It is a
collection of the teachings of the Buddha expressed in clear, pithy
verses. These verses were culled from various discourses given by the
Buddha in the course of forty-five years of his teaching, as he
travelled in the valley of the Ganges (Ganga) and the sub-mountain tract
of the Himalayas. These verses are often terse, witty and convincing.
Whenever similes are used, they are those that are easily understood
even by a child, e.g., the cart’s wheel, a man’s shadow, a deep pool,
flowers. Through these verses, the Buddha exhorts one to achieve that
greatest of all conquests, the conquest of self; to escape from the
evils of passion, hatred and ignorance; and to strive hard to attain
freedom from craving and freedom from the round of rebirths. Each verse
contains a truth (dhamma), an exhortation, a piece of advice.
Dhammapada Verses
Dhammapada verses are often quoted by many in many countries of the
world and the book has been translated into many languages. One of the
earliest translations into English was made by Max Muller in 1870. Other
translations that followed are those by F.L. Woodward in 1921, by
Wagismara and Saunders in 1920, and by A.L. Edmunds (Hymns of the Faith)
in 1902. Of the recent translations, that by Narada Mahathera is the
most widely known. Dr. Walpola Rahula also has translated some selected
verses from the Dhammapada and has given them at the end of his book
“What the Buddha Taught,” revised edition. The Chinese translated the
Dhammapada from Sanskrit. The Chinese version of the Dhammapada was
translated into English by Samuel Beal (Texts from the Buddhist Canon
known as Dhammapada) in 1878.
In Burma, translations have been made into Burmese, mostly in
prose, some with paraphrases, explanations and abridgements of stories
relating to the verses. In recent years, some books on Dhammapada with
both Burmese and English translations, together with Pali verses, have
also been published.
The Dhammapada is the second book of the Khuddaka Nikaya of the
Suttanta Pitaka, consisting of four hundred and twenty-three verses in
twenty-six chapters arranged under various heads. In the Dhammapada are
enshrined the basic tenets of the Buddha’s Teaching.
Verse (21) which begins with “Appamado amatapadam” meaning
“Mindfulness is the way to Nibbana, the Deathless,” is a very important
and significant verse. Mindfulness is the most important element in
Tranquillity and Insight Meditation. The last exhortation of the Buddha
just before he passed away was also to be mindful and to endeavour
diligently (to complete the task of attaining freedom from the round of
rebirths through Magga and Phala). It is generally accepted that it was
on account of this verse on mindfulness that the Emperor Asoka of India
and King Anawrahta of Burma became converts to Buddhism. Both kings had
helped greatly in the propagation of Buddhism in their respective
countries.
In verse (29) the Buddha has coupled his call for mindfulness with a
sense of urgency. The verse runs: “Mindful amongst the negligent,
highly vigilant amongst the drowsy, the wise man advances like a race
horse, leaving the jade behind.”
Verses (1) and (2) illustrate the immutable law of Kamma, under
which every deed, good or bad, comes back to the doer. Here, the Buddha
emphasizes the importance of mind in all our actions and speaks of the
inevitable consequences of our deeds, words and thoughts.
Verses (153) and (154) are expressions of sublime and intense joy
uttered by the Buddha at the very moment of his Enlightenment. These two
verses give us a graphic account of the culmination of the Buddha’s
search for Truth.
They
tell us about the Buddha finding the ‘house-builder,’ Craving, the
cause of repeated births in Samsara. Having rid of Craving, for him no
more houses (khandhas) shall be built by Craving, and there will be no
more rebirths.
Verses (277), (278) and (279) are also important as they tell us
about the impermanent, unsatisfactory and the non-self nature of all
conditioned things; it is very important that one should perceive the
true nature of all conditioned things and become weary of the khandhas,
for this is the Path to Purity.
Then the Buddha shows us the Path leading to the liberation from
round of rebirths, i.e., the Path with eight constituents (Atthangiko
Maggo) in Verse (273). Further, the Buddha exhorts us to make our own
effort in Verse (276) saying, “You yourselves should make the effort,
the Tathagatas only show the way.” Verse (183) gives us the teaching of
the Buddhas. It says, “Do no evil, cultivate merit, purify one’s mind;
this is the teaching of the Buddhas.”
р┤╡р┤╛р┤Хр╡Нр┤пр┤др╡Нр┤др┤┐р╡╜
(24) р┤мр╡Бр┤жр╡Нр┤зр╡╗ р┤Ьр╡Ар┤╡р┤┐р┤др┤др╡Нр┤др┤┐р┤▓р╡Ж р┤╡р┤┐р┤Ьр┤пр┤др╡Нр┤др┤┐р┤▓р╡Зр┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤│р╡Нр┤│ р┤╡р┤┤р┤┐ р┤Хр┤╛р┤гр┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤ир╡Б, р┤Зр┤кр╡Нр┤░р┤Хр┤╛р┤░р┤В,
“р┤Тр┤░р╡Б р┤╡р╡Нр┤пр┤Хр╡Нр┤др┤┐, р┤ор┤ир┤╕р╡Нр┤╕р╡Бр┤│р╡Нр┤│, р┤ир┤┐р╡╝р┤ор╡Нр┤ор┤▓р┤╡р╡Бр┤В, р┤Ор┤▓р╡Нр┤▓р┤╛ р┤Хр┤╛р┤░р╡Нр┤пр┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр┤│р╡Бр┤В, р┤Ер┤╡р┤ир╡Нр┤▒р╡Ж
р┤Зр┤ир╡Нр┤жр╡Нр┤░р┤┐р┤пр┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр┤│р╡Ж р┤ир┤┐р┤пр┤ир╡Нр┤др╡Нр┤░р┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤ир╡Б р┤Ор┤Щр╡Нр┤Хр┤┐р╡╜; р┤Ер┤╡р┤ир╡Нр┤▒р╡Ж р┤╕р┤ор╡Нр┤кр┤╛р┤жр┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤ир╡Б
р┤зр╡╝р┤ор╡Нр┤ор┤ор┤ир╡Бр┤╕р┤░р┤┐р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ър╡Н р┤Ьр╡Ар┤╡р┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤Х, р┤Ер┤др┤┐р┤ир┤╛р╡╜, р┤╢р╡Нр┤░р┤╡р┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤и р┤╡р╡Нр┤пр┤Хр╡Нр┤др┤┐р┤пр╡Бр┤Яр╡Ж р┤кр╡Нр┤░р┤╢р┤╕р╡Нр┤др┤┐р┤пр╡Бр┤В
р┤нр┤╛р┤Чр╡Нр┤пр┤╡р╡Бр┤В р┤╡р╡╝р┤жр╡Нр┤зр┤┐р┤кр╡Нр┤кр┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤ир┤┐р┤▓р╡Нр┤▓. “
р┤зр╡╝р┤ор╡Нр┤ор┤кр┤жр┤пр┤┐р╡╜ р┤Чр┤Вр┤╕р╡Н р┤Хр┤гр╡Нр┤Яр╡Жр┤др╡Нр┤др╡Зр┤гр╡Нр┤Я р┤Ър┤┐р┤▓ р┤Йр┤жр┤╛р┤╣р┤░р┤гр┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр╡╛ р┤Зр┤╡р┤пр┤╛р┤гр╡Н. р┤зр╡╝р┤ор╡Нр┤ор┤кр┤ж, р┤др╡Ар╡╝р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ър┤пр┤╛р┤пр╡Бр┤В р┤Ор┤▓р╡Нр┤▓р┤╛р┤╡р╡╝р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤В р┤др┤др╡Нр┤др╡Нр┤╡р┤Ър┤┐р┤ир╡Нр┤др┤Хр┤ир╡Бр┤В р┤╡р┤┤р┤┐р┤Хр┤╛р┤Яр╡Нр┤Яр┤┐р┤пр╡Бр┤ор┤╛р┤гр╡Н.
р┤╡р┤╛р┤Хр╡Нр┤пр┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр┤│р╡Бр┤Яр╡Ж р┤И р┤╡р┤┐р┤╡р╡╝р┤др╡Нр┤др┤ир┤В р┤кр┤╛р┤▓р┤┐р┤пр┤┐р╡╜ р┤ир┤┐р┤ир╡Нр┤ир╡Бр┤│р╡Нр┤│р┤др┤╛р┤гр╡Н. р┤Жр┤▒р┤╛р┤В р┤Ер┤ир╡Нр┤др┤╛р┤░р┤╛р┤╖р╡Нр┤Яр╡Нр┤░
р┤мр╡Бр┤жр╡Нр┤з р┤╕р┤ор┤ир╡Нр┤╡р┤пр┤В р┤Ер┤Вр┤Чр╡Ар┤Хр┤░р┤┐р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ъ р┤зр╡╝р┤ор╡Нр┤ор┤кр┤ж р┤кр┤╛р┤▓р┤┐р┤пр┤╛р┤гр╡Н р┤Йр┤кр┤пр╡Лр┤Чр┤┐р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ъ р┤кр┤╛р┤▓р┤┐ р┤╡р┤╛р┤Ър┤Хр┤В.
р┤╡р┤┐р┤╡р╡╝р┤др╡Нр┤др┤ир┤В р┤Хр┤┤р┤┐р┤пр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤ир┤др╡Нр┤░ р┤╡р┤╛р┤Ър┤Хр┤╡р╡Бр┤ор┤╛р┤пр┤┐ р┤Ер┤Яр╡Бр┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр┤╛р╡╗ р┤Юр┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр╡╛ р┤╢р╡Нр┤░р┤ор┤┐р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ър╡Б, р┤кр┤Хр╡Нр┤╖р╡З
р┤Ър┤┐р┤▓р┤кр╡Нр┤кр╡Лр╡╛ р┤Зр┤др╡Н р┤╡р┤│р┤░р╡Ж р┤мр╡Бр┤жр╡Нр┤зр┤┐р┤ор╡Бр┤Яр╡Нр┤Яр┤╛р┤гр╡Н, р┤Ер┤др╡Н р┤Ер┤╕р┤╛р┤зр╡Нр┤пр┤ор┤▓р╡Нр┤▓р╡Жр┤Щр╡Нр┤Хр┤┐р╡╜, р┤Тр┤░р╡Б р┤кр┤╛р┤▓р┤┐
р┤кр┤жр┤╡р╡Бр┤ор┤╛р┤пр┤┐ р┤кр╡Кр┤░р╡Бр┤др╡Нр┤др┤кр╡Нр┤кр╡Жр┤Яр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤и р┤Тр┤░р╡Б р┤Зр┤Вр┤Чр╡Нр┤▓р╡Ар┤╖р╡Н р┤кр┤жр┤В р┤Хр┤гр╡Нр┤Яр╡Жр┤др╡Нр┤др╡Бр┤Х. р┤Йр┤жр┤╛р┤╣р┤░р┤гр┤др╡Нр┤др┤┐р┤ир╡Н,
“р┤жр╡Бр┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡╗” р┤Ор┤ир╡Нр┤и р┤╡р┤╛р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр┤┐р┤ир╡Нр┤▒р╡Ж р┤пр┤ер┤╛р╡╝р┤др╡Нр┤е р┤Ер╡╝р┤др╡Нр┤ер┤В р┤Юр┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр╡╛р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Н р┤Хр┤гр╡Нр┤Яр╡Жр┤др╡Нр┤др┤╛р┤ир┤╛р┤╡р┤┐р┤▓р╡Нр┤▓, р┤Ер┤др╡Н
р┤ир┤╛р┤▓р╡Н р┤ор┤╛р┤▒р┤┐р┤пр╡╜ р┤╕р┤др╡Нр┤пр┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр┤│р╡Бр┤Яр╡Ж р┤Ер┤▒р┤┐р┤пр┤┐р┤кр╡Нр┤кр┤┐р╡╜ р┤Йр┤кр┤пр╡Лр┤Чр┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤ир╡Б. р┤И р┤╡р┤┐р┤╡р╡╝р┤др╡Нр┤др┤ир┤др╡Нр┤др┤┐р╡╜,
“р┤жр╡Бр┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡╗” р┤Ор┤ир╡Нр┤и р┤кр┤жр┤В р┤ир┤╛р┤▓р╡Н р┤ор┤╛р┤ир╡Нр┤пр┤ор┤╛р┤п р┤╕р┤др╡Нр┤пр┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр┤│р┤┐р╡╜ р┤Ър╡Жр┤пр╡Нр┤пр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤и р┤Ер┤др╡З р┤Ер╡╝р┤др╡Нр┤ер┤В
р┤╡р┤╣р┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤ир╡Б, р┤Зр┤др╡Н р┤╕р┤Вр┤Хр╡Нр┤╖р┤┐р┤кр╡Нр┤др┤ор┤╛р┤пр┤┐ р┤Ер┤╡р┤╢р╡Зр┤╖р┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤ир╡Б; р┤Ор┤ир╡Нр┤ир┤╛р╡╜ р┤╡р┤┐р┤╢р┤жр╡Ар┤Хр┤░р┤┐р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ър╡Б.
р┤╡р┤╛р┤Хр╡Нр┤ор╡Нр┤о р┤╕р┤Щр╡Нр┤Хр╡╜р┤кр╡Нр┤кр┤др╡Нр┤др┤┐р┤ир╡Нр┤▒р╡Ж р┤╡р╡Нр┤пр┤╛р┤Цр╡Нр┤пр┤╛р┤ир┤др╡Нр┤др┤┐р╡╜ р┤Ер┤▓р╡Нр┤▓р╡Жр┤Щр╡Нр┤Хр┤┐р╡╜ р┤Ер┤Хр╡Нр┤╖р┤░р┤╛р╡╝р┤др╡Нр┤ер┤др╡Нр┤др┤┐р╡╜
р┤Ер╡╝р┤др╡Нр┤ер┤ор┤╛р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤ор╡Нр┤кр╡Лр╡╛, р┤Юр┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр╡╛ р┤Хр┤ор┤ир╡Нр┤▒р┤▒р┤┐р┤пр╡Ж (р┤кр┤╛р┤▓р┤┐) р┤кр┤░р┤╛р┤ор╡╝р┤╢р┤┐р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ър╡Н (р┤кр┤╛р┤▓р┤┐), р┤Хр┤ор┤ир╡Нр┤▒р┤▒р┤┐
р┤╡р┤┐р┤╡р╡╝р┤др╡Нр┤др┤ир┤В, р┤╡р┤│р┤░р╡Ж р┤кр┤ар┤┐р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ър╡Б р┤др╡Жр┤░. р┤Жр┤╢р┤пр┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤┤р┤кр╡Нр┤кр┤ор╡Бр┤гр╡Нр┤Яр┤╛р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤и р┤╡р┤╛р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤Хр┤│р╡Бр┤В
р┤╡р┤╛р┤Хр╡Нр┤пр┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр┤│р╡Бр┤В р┤Йр┤ир╡Бр┤╕р┤ор┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤ир┤др┤┐р┤ир┤╛р┤пр┤┐ р┤зр╡╝р┤ор╡Нр┤ор┤др╡Нр┤др┤┐р┤▓р╡Ж (р┤зр┤нр┤Хр┤░р┤┐р┤пр┤Хр╡╛) р┤Ер┤зр╡Нр┤пр┤╛р┤кр┤Хр┤░р╡Ж р┤Юр┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр╡╛
р┤Жр┤▓р╡Лр┤Ър┤┐р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ър┤┐р┤Яр╡Нр┤Яр╡Бр┤гр╡Нр┤Яр╡Н.
р┤Хр╡Вр┤Яр┤╛р┤др╡Ж, р┤зр╡╝р┤ор╡Нр┤ор┤кр┤Яр┤пр╡Бр┤Яр╡Ж р┤мр╡╝р┤ор╡Ар┤╕р╡Н р┤╡р┤┐р┤╡р╡╝р┤др╡Нр┤др┤ир┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр┤│р╡Бр┤В р┤Жр┤▓р╡Лр┤Ър┤┐р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ър╡Б, р┤кр╡Нр┤░р┤др╡Нр┤пр╡Зр┤Хр┤┐р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ър╡Н
р┤пр╡Вр┤гр┤┐р┤пр╡╗ р┤мр╡Бр┤жр╡Нр┤з р┤╕р┤╕р┤╛р┤и р┤Хр╡Чр╡║р┤╕р┤┐р╡╜, р┤кр╡Нр┤░р┤др╡Нр┤пр╡Зр┤Хр┤┐р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ър╡Н р┤╕р┤Вр┤пр╡Лр┤Ьр┤ир┤В (1805-1876) р┤╡р┤┐р┤╡р╡╝р┤др╡Нр┤др┤ир┤В,
р┤кр╡Нр┤░р┤нр┤╛р┤др┤В р┤мр╡╝р┤о р┤кр┤┐р┤▒р╡Нр┤▒р┤Хр╡Нр┤Х р┤Ер┤╕р╡Лр┤╕р┤┐р┤пр╡Зр┤╖р┤ир╡Нр┤▒р╡Ж р┤Ур┤╡р┤╛р┤бр┤Хр┤░р┤┐р┤п р┤ор┤╣р┤╛р┤ор┤╛р┤п р┤др╡Жр┤░р┤пр┤╛р┤гр╡Н р┤╕р┤пр┤жр┤╛р┤╡р╡Н р┤пр╡Б
р┤др┤┐р┤▒р╡Нр┤▒р┤┐р┤▓р┤пр╡Бр┤Яр╡Ж р┤╡р┤┐р┤╡р╡╝р┤др╡Нр┤др┤ир┤В. р┤зр╡╝р┤ор╡Нр┤ор┤кр┤ж р┤Хр┤ер┤Хр┤│р╡Бр┤Яр╡Ж р┤кр┤╛р┤░р┤╛р┤лр╡Нр┤░р╡Зр┤╕р╡Бр┤Хр┤│р╡Бр┤В р┤╕р┤Вр┤Чр╡Нр┤░р┤╣р┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр┤│р╡Бр┤В р┤╕р┤Вр┤Чр┤Ьр┤╛
р┤╕р╡Ар┤бр┤╛р┤п р┤кр╡Бр┤╕р╡Нр┤др┤Хр┤др╡Нр┤др┤┐р╡╜ р┤Йр╡╛р┤кр╡Нр┤кр╡Жр┤Яр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤ир╡Б.
р┤зр╡╝р┤ор╡Нр┤ор┤Хр╡Нр┤Х р┤Хр┤ер┤Хр╡╛
р┤мр╡Бр┤жр╡Нр┤зр┤Чр╡Лр┤╕ (р┤Ер┤Юр╡Нр┤Ър┤╛р┤В р┤ир╡Вр┤▒р╡Нр┤▒р┤╛р┤гр╡Нр┤Яр╡Н A.D.) р┤Ор┤┤р╡Бр┤др┤┐р┤п р┤зр╡╝р┤ор╡Нр┤ор┤кр┤ж р┤╡р╡Нр┤пр┤╛р┤Цр╡Нр┤пр┤╛р┤ир┤В
р┤зр╡╝р┤ор╡Нр┤ор┤кр┤кр┤╛р┤жр┤др╡Нр┤др╡Жр┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤▒р┤┐р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ър╡Бр┤│р╡Нр┤│ р┤ор┤┐р┤Хр┤Ър╡Нр┤Ъ р┤Чр╡Нр┤░р┤╛р┤╣р╡Нр┤пр┤др╡Нр┤др╡Жр┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр┤╛р╡╛ р┤ор┤┐р┤Хр┤Ър╡Нр┤Ъ р┤╕р┤╣р┤╛р┤пр┤ор┤╛р┤гр╡Н р┤И
р┤кр╡Бр┤╕р╡Нр┤др┤Хр┤др╡Нр┤др┤┐р┤ир╡Нр┤▒р╡Ж р┤╕р┤Вр┤Чр╡Нр┤░р┤╣р┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр╡╛ р┤кр╡Бр┤╕р╡Нр┤др┤Хр┤др╡Нр┤др┤┐р┤ир╡Нр┤▒р╡Ж р┤░р┤гр╡Нр┤Яр┤╛р┤В р┤нр┤╛р┤Чр┤др╡Нр┤др╡Н р┤ир╡╜р┤Хр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤ир┤др╡Н.
р┤ор╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤ир╡Вр┤▒р╡Нр┤▒р┤Юр╡Нр┤Ър╡Б р┤Ер┤Юр╡Нр┤Ър╡Н р┤ир┤┐р┤▓р┤Хр┤│р╡Бр┤гр╡Нр┤Яр╡Н р┤╡р╡Нр┤пр┤╛р┤Цр╡Нр┤пр┤╛р┤ир┤др╡Нр┤др┤┐р╡╜ р┤Йр╡╛р┤кр╡Нр┤кр╡Жр┤Яр╡Бр┤др╡Нр┤др┤┐р┤пр┤┐р┤Яр╡Нр┤Яр╡Бр┤гр╡Нр┤Яр╡Н.
р┤Хр┤ер┤Хр┤│р┤┐р╡╜ р┤кр┤░р┤╛р┤ор╡╝р┤╢р┤┐р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ър┤┐р┤░р┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤и р┤ор┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Х р┤╕р┤Вр┤нр┤╡р┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр┤│р╡Бр┤В р┤мр╡Бр┤жр╡Нр┤зр┤ир╡Нр┤▒р╡Ж р┤Ьр╡Ар┤╡р┤┐р┤др┤Хр┤╛р┤▓р┤др╡Нр┤др┤╛р┤гр╡Н
р┤ир┤Яр┤ир╡Нр┤ир┤др╡Н. р┤Ър┤┐р┤▓ р┤Хр┤ер┤Хр┤│р┤┐р╡╜, р┤Ър┤┐р┤▓ р┤ор╡Бр╡╗ р┤ир┤┐р┤▓р┤ир┤┐р╡╜р┤кр╡Нр┤кр╡Бр┤Хр┤│р╡Жр┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤▒р┤┐р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ър╡Бр┤│р╡Нр┤│ р┤Ър┤┐р┤▓ р┤╡р┤╕р╡Нр┤др╡Бр┤др┤Хр┤│р╡Бр┤В
р┤▒р┤┐р┤Яр╡Нр┤Яр╡╜ р┤Ър╡Жр┤пр╡Нр┤пр┤кр╡Нр┤кр╡Жр┤Яр╡Нр┤Яр╡Б.
р┤Хр┤ер┤╛р┤кр┤╛р┤др╡Нр┤░р┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр┤│р╡Бр┤Яр╡Ж р┤╕р┤Вр┤Чр╡Нр┤░р┤╣р┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр╡╛ р┤Ор┤┤р╡Бр┤др╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤ир┤др┤┐р╡╜ р┤Юр┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр╡╛ р┤╡р╡Нр┤пр┤╛р┤Цр╡Нр┤пр┤╛р┤ир┤В р┤╡р┤┐р┤╡р╡╝р┤др╡Нр┤др┤ир┤В
р┤Ър╡Жр┤пр╡Нр┤пр┤╛р╡╗ р┤╢р╡Нр┤░р┤ор┤┐р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ър┤┐р┤Яр╡Нр┤Яр┤┐р┤▓р╡Нр┤▓. р┤Юр┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр╡╛ р┤Хр┤ер┤Хр┤│р╡Бр┤Яр╡Ж р┤╡р┤╕р╡Нр┤др╡Бр┤др┤Хр╡╛ р┤Ер┤┤р┤┐р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ър╡Бр┤ор┤╛р┤▒р╡Нр┤▒р┤┐ р┤Ер┤╡
р┤Ер┤╡р╡╝р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Н р┤╣р╡Нр┤░р┤╕р╡Нр┤╡р┤ор┤╛р┤пр┤┐ р┤Ор┤┤р╡Бр┤др┤┐р┤пр┤┐р┤Яр╡Нр┤Яр╡Бр┤гр╡Нр┤Яр╡Н: р┤╡р┤╛р┤Хр╡Нр┤пр┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр┤│р╡Бр┤Яр╡Ж р┤╡р┤┐р┤╡р╡╝р┤др╡Нр┤др┤ир┤В р┤Ур┤░р╡Л
р┤╕р╡Нр┤▒р╡Нр┤▒р╡Лр┤▒р┤┐р┤пр╡Бр┤Яр╡Жр┤пр╡Бр┤В р┤Ер┤╡р┤╕р┤╛р┤ир┤др╡Нр┤др┤┐р╡╜ р┤ир╡╜р┤Хр┤┐р┤пр┤┐р┤░р┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤ир╡Б.
р┤Ор┤бр┤┐р┤▒р╡Нр┤▒р╡Лр┤▒р┤┐р┤пр╡╜ р┤Хр┤ор╡Нр┤ор┤┐р┤▒р╡Нр┤▒р┤┐ р┤Ер┤Вр┤Чр┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр┤│р╡Бр┤ор┤╛р┤пр┤┐ р┤Ор┤ир╡Нр┤▒р╡Ж р┤Жр┤┤р┤ор╡Зр┤▒р┤┐р┤пр┤др╡Бр┤В р┤Жр┤др╡Нр┤ор┤╛р╡╝р┤др╡Нр┤ер┤др┤пр╡Бр┤В
р┤кр╡Нр┤░р┤Хр┤Яр┤┐р┤кр╡Нр┤кр┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤ир┤др┤┐р┤ир┤╛р┤пр┤┐ р┤ор┤╛р┤др╡Нр┤░р┤ор╡З р┤Зр┤др╡Н р┤Юр┤╛р╡╗ р┤др╡Бр┤Яр┤░р╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤ир╡Бр┤│р╡Нр┤│р╡В, р┤мр╡╝р┤о р┤кр┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр┤╛р┤Хр╡Нр┤Х
р┤Ер┤╕р╡Лр┤╕р┤┐р┤пр╡Зр┤╖р╡╗ р┤╕р╡Жр┤пр╡Нр┤Чр╡Нр┤Чр┤┐ р┤зр┤ор┤Хр┤╛р┤░р┤┐р┤п р┤пр╡Б р┤Ур┤Щр╡Н, р┤О р┤▓р┤┐р┤▒р╡Нр┤▒р╡╝, р┤мр╡╝р┤о р┤кр┤┐р┤▒р╡Нр┤▒р┤╛р┤Хр╡Нр┤Х р┤Ер┤╕р╡Лр┤╕р┤┐р┤пр╡Зр┤╖р╡╗,
р┤╡р┤╛р┤Хр╡Нр┤пр┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр┤│р╡Бр┤Яр╡Ж р┤╡р┤┐р┤╡р╡╝р┤др╡Нр┤др┤ир┤др╡Нр┤др┤┐р╡╜ р┤╕р┤╣р┤╛р┤пр┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡Бр┤ир╡Нр┤ир┤др┤┐р┤ир╡Н.
How To Let Go | Malayalam Motivational Story | A Buddhist Story | Beautiful Remedies
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р┤╕р┤Вр┤нр┤╡р┤┐р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ър╡Б р┤кр╡Лр┤п р┤жр╡Бр┤Цр┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр╡╛ р┤Ър┤┐р┤ир╡Нр┤др┤┐р┤Ър╡Нр┤Ър╡Б р┤╡р┤┐р┤╖р┤ор┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр┤╛р┤др╡Ж р┤Зр┤кр╡Нр┤кр╡Лр┤┤р╡Бр┤│р╡Нр┤│ р┤ир┤┐р┤ор┤┐р┤╖р┤Щр╡Нр┤Щр┤│р╡Ж р┤Ур╡╝р┤др╡Нр┤др╡Б р┤╕р┤ир╡Нр┤др╡Лр┤╖р┤┐р┤Хр╡Нр┤Хр╡В
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How To Let Go | Malayalam Motivational Story | A Buddhist Story | Beautiful Remedies |



73) Classical Marathi-рдХреНрд▓рд╛рд╕рд┐рдХрд▓ рдорд╛рдУрд░реА,

Most Powerful Theravada Pali Chanting
рдзрдореНрдордкрд╛рджрд╛: рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХ рдЖрдгрд┐ рдХрдерд╛
рдХреЗрд╡рд│ рд╡рд┐рдирд╛рдореВрд▓реНрдп рд╡рд┐рддрд░рдгрд╛рд╕рд╛рдареА, рдзрдореНрдорд╛рдЪреА рднреЗрдЯ рдореНрд╣рдгреВрди.
рдкреНрд░рд╕реНрддрд╛рд╡рдирд╛
рдзрдореНрдордкрджрд╛ рд╣реЗ рдкрд┐рдЯрдХрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд╕рд░реНрд╡рд╛рдд рдкреНрд░рд╕рд┐рджреНрдз рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХрд╛рдВрдкреИрдХреА рдПрдХ рдЖрд╣реЗ. рд╣реЗ
рд╕реНрдкрд╖реНрдЯ, рдкрд┐рдареА рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдВрдордзреНрдпреЗ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрдд рдХреЗрд▓реЗрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рдмреБрджреНрдзрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд╢рд┐рдХрд╡рдгреАрдВрдЪрд╛ рд╕рдВрдЧреНрд░рд╣
рдЖрд╣реЗ. рдЧрдВрдЧрд╛ (рдЧрдВрдЧрд╛) рдЖрдгрд┐ рд╣рд┐рдорд╛рд▓рдпрд╛рддреАрд▓ рдЙрдк-рдорд╛рдЙрдВрдЯрди рдЯреНрд░реЕрдХреНрдЯрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЦреЛ valley реНрдпрд╛рдд
рдкреНрд░рд╡рд╛рд╕ рдХрд░рдд рдЕрд╕рддрд╛рдирд╛ рдмреБрджреНрдзрд╛рдВрдиреА рддреНрдпрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдкрдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛рдРрдВрд╢реА рд╡рд░реНрд╖рд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЕрдзреНрдпрд╛рдкрдирд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛
рдХрд╛рд│рд╛рдд рдмреБрджреНрдзрд╛рдВрдиреА рджрд┐рд▓реЗрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рд╡рд┐рд╡рд┐рдз рдкреНрд░рд╡рдЪрдирд╛рдВрдордзреВрди рд╣реЗ рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХ рдХреЗрд▓реЗ рдЧреЗрд▓реЗ. рд╣реЗ
рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХ рдмрд░реНтАНрдпрд╛рдЪрджрд╛
рдЪрд┐рдбрдЪрд┐рдбреЗ, рдордЬреЗрджрд╛рд░ рдЖрдгрд┐ рдЦрд╛рддреНрд░реА рдкрдЯрдгрд╛рд░реЗ рдЕрд╕рддрд╛рдд. рдЬреЗрд╡реНрд╣рд╛ рдЬреЗрд╡реНрд╣рд╛ рд╕рд┐рдорд┐рд▓реНрд╕ рд╡рд╛рдкрд░рд▓реА
рдЬрд╛рддрд╛рдд рддреЗрд╡реНрд╣рд╛ рддреЗ рдЕрд╕реЗ рдЕрд╕рддрд╛рдд рдЬреЗ рдЕрдЧрджреА рдореБрд▓рд╛рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░реЗ рд╕рд╣рдЬрдкрдгреЗ рд╕рдордЬрд▓реЗ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛рдд, рдЙрджрд╛.
рдХрд╛рд░реНрдЯрдЪреЗ рдЪрд╛рдХ, рдорд╛рдгрд╕рд╛рдЪреА рд╕рд╛рд╡рд▓реА, рдПрдХ рдЦреЛрд▓ рддрд▓рд╛рд╡, рдлреБрд▓реЗ. рдпрд╛ рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдорд╛рдзреНрдпрдорд╛рддреВрди
рдмреБрджреНрдзрд╛рдВрдиреА рд╕рд░реНрд╡ рд╡рд┐рдЬрдп, рд╕реНрд╡рдд: рдЪрд╛ рд╡рд┐рдЬрдп рдорд┐рд│рд╡рд┐рдгреНрдпрд╛рд╕ рдЙрджреНрдпреБрдХреНрдд рдХреЗрд▓реЗ; рдЙрддреНрдХрдЯрддреЗрдиреЗ,
рджреНрд╡реЗрд╖ рдЖрдгрд┐ рдЕрдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдирд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рджреБрд╖реНрдкрд░рд┐рдгрд╛рдорд╛рдВрдкрд╛рд╕реВрди рд╕реБрдЯрдгреНрдпрд╛рд╕рд╛рдареА; рдЖрдгрд┐ рдкреБрдирд░реНрдЬрдиреНрдорд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛
рдлреЗ from реНрдпрд╛рдкрд╛рд╕реВрди рд▓рд╛рд▓рд╕рд╛ рдЖрдгрд┐ рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рддрдВрддреНрд░реНрдп рдорд┐рд│рд╡рд┐рдгреНрдпрд╛рдкрд╛рд╕реВрди рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рддрдВрддреНрд░реНрдп
рдорд┐рд│рд╡рд┐рдгреНрдпрд╛рд╕рд╛рдареА рдХрдареЛрд░ рдкреНрд░рдпрддреНрди рдХрд░рдгреЗ. рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпреЗрдХ рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдд рдПрдХ рд╕рддреНрдп (рдзрдореНрдо), рдПрдХ
рдЙрдкрджреЗрд╢, рд╕рд▓реНрд▓реНрдпрд╛рдЪрд╛ рдПрдХ рддреБрдХрдбрд╛ рдЕрд╕рддреЛ.
рдзрдореНрдордкрд╛рджрд╛ рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХ
рдзрдореНрдордкрд╛рджрд╛ рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХ рдмрд╣реБрддреЗрдХ рд╡реЗрд│рд╛ рдЬрдЧрд╛рддреАрд▓ рдмрд░реНтАНрдпрд╛рдЪ
рджреЗрд╢рд╛рдВрдордзреНрдпреЗ рдЙрджреНрдзреГрдд рдХреЗрд▓реЗ рдЬрд╛рддрд╛рдд рдЖрдгрд┐ рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХрд╛рдЪреЗ рдЕрдиреЗрдХ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрдордзреНрдпреЗ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░ рдХреЗрд▓реЗ
рдЧреЗрд▓реЗ рдЖрд╣реЗ. рдЗрдВрдЧреНрд░рдЬреАрддреАрд▓ рд╕рд░реНрд╡рд╛рдд рдЖрдзреАрдЪреЗ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░ рез Max70реж рдордзреНрдпреЗ рдореЕрдХреНрд╕ рдореБрд▓рд░
рдпрд╛рдВрдиреА рдХреЗрд▓реЗ. рддреНрдпрд╛рдирдВрддрд░ рдЗрддрд░ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░ рдПрдл.рдПрд▓. рез 21 реирез рдордзреНрдпреЗ рд╡реНрд╣реЗрдбрд╡рд░реНрдб, рез 1920
реиреж рдордзреНрдпреЗ рд╡реЕрдЬреАрдЭрд╛рд░рд╛ рдЖрдгрд┐ рд╕реЙрдиреНрдбрд░реНрд╕ рдпрд╛рдВрдиреА рдЖрдгрд┐ рез 190 режреи рдордзреНрдпреЗ рдП.рдПрд▓. рдПрдбрдордВрдбреНрд╕
(рд╡рд┐рд╢реНрд╡рд╛рд╕рд╛рдЪреЗ рд╕реНрддреЛрддреНрд░реЗ) рдпрд╛рдВрдиреА. рдЕрд▓реАрдХрдбреАрд▓ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░рд╛рдВрдкреИрдХреА, рдирд╛рд░рджрд╛ рдорд╣рд╛рдереЗрд░рд╛ рдпрд╛рдВрдиреА
рд╕рд░реНрд╡рд╛рдд рдЬрд╛рд╕реНрдд рдУрд│рдЦрд▓реЗ рдЖрд╣реЗ. рдбреЙ. рд╡рд╛рд▓рдкреЛрд▓рд╛ рд░рд╛рд╣реБрд▓рд╛рдиреЗрд╣реА рдзрдореНрдордкрд╛рджрд╛рдХрдбреВрди рдХрд╛рд╣реА
рдирд┐рд╡рдбрд▓реЗрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдВрдЪреЗ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░ рдХреЗрд▓реЗ рдЖрд╣реЗ рдЖрдгрд┐ рддреНрдпрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ “рд╡реНрд╣реЙрдЯ рдж рдмреБрджреНрдз
рд╢рд┐рдХрд╡рд▓реЗрд▓реНрдпрд╛” рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд╢реЗрд╡рдЯреА рддреЗ рд╕реБрдзрд╛рд░рд┐рдд рдЖрд╡реГрддреНрддреАрдЪреЗ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░ рдХреЗрд▓реЗ рдЖрд╣реЗрдд.
рдЪрд┐рдиреА рд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдВрдиреА рдзрдореНрдордкрджрд╛рдЪреЗ рд╕рдВрд╕реНрдХреГрддрдордзреВрди рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░ рдХреЗрд▓реЗ. рез787878 рдордзреНрдпреЗ
рдзрдореНрдордкрджрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЪрд┐рдиреА рдЖрд╡реГрддреНрддреАрдЪреЗ рдЗрдВрдЧреНрд░рдЬреАрдордзреНрдпреЗ рд╕реЕрдореНрдпреБрдЕрд▓ рдмреАрд▓ (рдмреМрджреНрдз рдХреЕрдиреЙрдирдордзреАрд▓
рдЧреНрд░рдВрде) рдпрд╛рдВрдиреА рдЗрдВрдЧреНрд░рдЬреАрдордзреНрдпреЗ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░ рдХреЗрд▓реЗ.
рдмрд░реНрдорд╛рдордзреНрдпреЗ, рдмрд░реНрдореАрдордзреНрдпреЗ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░ рдХреЗрд▓реЗ рдЧреЗрд▓реЗ рдЖрд╣реЗ, рдореБрдЦреНрдпрдд: рдЧрджреНрдпрд╛рдд, рдХрд╛рд╣реА
рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдВрд╢реА рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзрд┐рдд рдХрдерд╛рдВрдЪреЗ рд╕реНрдкрд╖реНрдЯреАрдХрд░рдг рдЖрдгрд┐ рдкрд░рд┐рдЪреНрдЫреЗрджрди рдЕрд╕рд▓реЗрд▓реЗ рдХрд╛рд╣реА. рдЕрд▓рд┐рдХрдбрдЪреНрдпрд╛
рд╡рд░реНрд╖рд╛рдВрдд, рдкрд╛рд▓реА рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдВрд╕рд╣ рдмрд░реНрдореА рдЖрдгрд┐ рдЗрдВрдЧреНрд░рдЬреА рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░рд╛рдВрд╕рд╣ рдзрдореНрдордкрджрд╛рд╡рд░реАрд▓ рдХрд╛рд╣реА
рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХреЗ рджреЗрдЦреАрд▓ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд╢рд┐рдд рдХреЗрд▓реА рдЧреЗрд▓реА рдЖрд╣реЗрдд.
рдзрдореНрдордкрд╛рдж рд╣реЗ рд╕реБрдЯреНрдЯрдВрддрд╛ рдкрд┐рддрдХрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЦреБрджреНрджрд╛рдХрд╛ рдирд┐рдХрдпрд╛рдЪреЗ рджреБрд╕рд░реЗ рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХ рдЖрд╣реЗ,
рдЬреНрдпрд╛рдд рд╡рд┐рд╡рд┐рдз рдкреНрд░рдореБрдЦрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЦрд╛рд▓реА рдЕрд╕рд▓реЗрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рдЫрддреНрддреАрд╕ рдЕрдзреНрдпрд╛рдпрд╛рдВрдордзреАрд▓ рдЪрд╛рд░рд╢реЗ рддреЗрд╡реАрд╕
рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХ рдЖрд╣реЗрдд. рдзрдореНрдордкрджрд╛рдордзреНрдпреЗ рдмреБрджреНрдзрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд╢рд┐рдХрд╡рдгреАрдЪреЗ рдореВрд▓рднреВрдд рддрддреНрддреНрд╡реЗ рддрдпрд╛рд░ рдХреЗрд▓реА
рдЬрд╛рддрд╛рдд.
рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХ (реирез) рдЬреЛ “рдЕрдкреЕрдорд╛рдбреЛ рдЕрдорддрд╛рдкрд╛рджрдо” рдиреЗ рд╕реБрд░реВ рд╣реЛрддреЛ “рдореНрд╣рдгрдЬреЗ” рдорд╛рдирд╕рд┐рдХрддрд╛ рд╣рд╛
рдирд┐рдмрд╛рдирд╛рдЪрд╛ рдорд╛рд░реНрдЧ рдЖрд╣реЗ, “рд╣рд╛ рдПрдХ рдЕрддрд┐рд╢рдп рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рд╛рдЪрд╛ рдЖрдгрд┐ рдорд╣рддреНрддреНрд╡рдкреВрд░реНрдг рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХ рдЖрд╣реЗ.
рдорд╛рдирд╕рд┐рдХрддрд╛ рд╣рд╛ рд╢рд╛рдВрддрддрд╛ рдЖрдгрд┐ рдЕрдВрддрд░реНрджреГрд╖реНрдЯреА рдзреНрдпрд╛рдирд╛рдд рд╕рд░реНрд╡рд╛рдд рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рд╛рдЪрд╛ рдШрдЯрдХ рдЖрд╣реЗ.
рдмреБрджреНрдз рдпрд╛рдВрдЪреЗ рдирд┐рдзрди рд╣реЛрдгреНрдпрд╛рдкреВрд░реНрд╡реАрдЪ рд╢реЗрд╡рдЯрдЪреЗ рдЙрдкрджреЗрд╢ рджреЗрдЦреАрд▓ рд▓рдХреНрд╖рд╛рдд рдареЗрд╡реВрди рдЖрдгрд┐
рдкреНрд░рдпрддреНрдирд╢реАрд▓рддреЗрдиреЗ рдкреНрд░рдпрддреНрди рдХрд░рдгреЗ рд╣реЛрддреЗ (рдореЕрдЧреНрдЧрд╛ рдЖрдгрд┐ рдлрд╛рд▓рд╛рджреНрд╡рд╛рд░реЗ рдкреБрдирд░реНрдЬрдиреНрдорд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛
рдлреЗрд░реАрдкрд╛рд╕реВрди рд╕реНрд╡рд╛рддрдВрддреНрд░реНрдп рдорд┐рд│рд╡рд┐рдгреНрдпрд╛рдЪреЗ рдХрд╛рд░реНрдп рдкреВрд░реНрдг рдХрд░рдгреНрдпрд╛рд╕рд╛рдареА). рд╣реЗ
рд╕рд░реНрд╡рд╕рд╛рдзрд╛рд░рдгрдкрдгреЗ рдорд╛рдиреНрдп рдХреЗрд▓реЗ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рдХреА рдпрд╛ рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдореБрд│реЗ рдпрд╛ рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдореБрд│реЗ рднрд╛рд░рддрд╛рдЪрд╛
рд╕рдореНрд░рд╛рдЯ рдЕрд╕реЛрдХрд╛ рдЖрдгрд┐ рдмрд░реНрдорд╛рдЪрд╛ рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛ рдЕрдирд╡рд░рд╣рддрд╛ рдмреМрджреНрдз рдзрд░реНрдорд╛рдд рд░реВрдкрд╛рдВрддрд░рд┐рдд рдЭрд╛рд▓рд╛.
рджреЛрдиреНрд╣реА рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛рдВрдиреА рддреНрдпрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзрд┐рдд рджреЗрд╢рд╛рдВрдордзреНрдпреЗ рдмреМрджреНрдз рдзрд░реНрдорд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдкреНрд░рд╕рд╛рд░рд╛рдд
рдореЛрдареНрдпрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдорд╛рдгрд╛рдд рдорджрдд рдХреЗрд▓реА рд╣реЛрддреА.
рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдд (реи)) рдмреБрджреНрдзрд╛рдВрдиреА рддрд╛рддрдбреАрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рднрд╛рд╡рдиреЗрдиреЗ рдорд╛рдЗрдВрдбрдлреБрд▓рдиреЗрд╕рдЪреА рдорд╛рдЧрдгреА рдХреЗрд▓реА
рдЖрд╣реЗ. рд╣рд╛ рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХ рдЪрд╛рд▓рд▓рд╛ рдЖрд╣реЗ: “рдирд┐рд╖реНрдХрд╛рд│рдЬреАрдкрдгрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛, рдЕрддреНрдпрдВрдд рд╕рд╛рд╡рдзрдЧрд┐рд░реАрдиреЗ, рдЕрддреНрдпрдВрдд
рдЬрд╛рдЧрд░реВрдХ, рд╢рд╣рд╛рдгрд╛ рдорд╛рдгреВрд╕ рд░реЗрд╕ рдШреЛрдбреНрдпрд╛рд╕рд╛рд░рдЦрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдЧрддреА рдХрд░рддреЛ рдЖрдгрд┐ рдЬреЗрдбрд▓рд╛ рдорд╛рдЧреЗ рдареЗрд╡рддреЛ.”
рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХ (рез) рдЖрдгрд┐ (реи) рдХрдордорд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЕрдкрд░рд┐рд╡рд░реНрддрдиреАрдп рдХрд╛рдпрджреНрдпрд╛рдЪреЗ рд╡рд░реНрдгрди рдХрд░рддрд╛рдд, рдЬреНрдпрд╛
рдЕрдВрддрд░реНрдЧрдд рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпреЗрдХ рдХреГрддреНрдпреЗ, рдЪрд╛рдВрдЧрд▓реЗ рдХрд┐рдВрд╡рд╛ рд╡рд╛рдИрдЯ, рдкрд░рдд рдкрд░рдд рдпреЗрддрд╛рдд. рдпреЗрдереЗ, рдмреБрджреНрдз
рдЖрдкрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рд╕рд░реНрд╡ рдХреГрддреАрдВрдордзреНрдпреЗ рдордирд╛рдЪреЗ рдорд╣рддреНрддреНрд╡ рдпрд╛рд╡рд░ рдЬреЛрд░ рджреЗрддрд╛рдд рдЖрдгрд┐ рдЖрдкрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рдХрд░реНрдореЗ,
рд╢рдмреНрдж рдЖрдгрд┐ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЕрдкрд░рд┐рд╣рд╛рд░реНрдп рдкрд░рд┐рдгрд╛рдорд╛рдмрджреНрджрд▓ рдмреЛрд▓рддрд╛рдд.
рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХ (рез33) рдЖрдгрд┐ (рез44) рд╣реЗ рдЙрджрд╛рддреНрдд рдЖрдгрд┐ рддреАрд╡реНрд░ рдЖрдирдВрджрд╛рдЪреЗ рдЕрднрд┐рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддреА рдЖрд╣реЗрдд
рдЖрдгрд┐ рдмреБрджреНрдзрд╛рдВрдиреА рддреНрдпрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдирд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдХреНрд╖рдгреА рдмреЛрд▓рд▓реЗ. рд╣реЗ рджреЛрди рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХ рдЖрдкрд▓реНрдпрд╛рд▓рд╛
рдмреБрджреНрдзрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд╕рддреНрдпрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд╢реЛрдзрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдХрд│рд╕рд╛рдЪреЗ рдЧреНрд░рд╛рдлрд┐рдХ рдЦрд╛рддреЗ рджреЗрддрд╛рдд.
рддреЗ
рдЖрдореНрд╣рд╛рд▓рд╛ рдмреБрджреНрдзрд╛рдВрдирд╛ ‘рдШрд░ рдмрд╛рдВрдзрдгрд╛рд░реЗ’ рд╢реЛрдзрдд рдЖрд╣реЗрдд, рддреГрд╖реНрдгрд╛, рд╕рдВрд╕рд╛рд░рд╛рдордзреНрдпреЗ рд╡рд╛рд░рдВрд╡рд╛рд░
рдЬрдиреНрдо рдШреЗрдгреНрдпрд╛рдЪреЗ рдХрд╛рд░рдг рд╢реЛрдзрдд рдЖрд╣реЗрдд. рддреГрд╖реНрдгрд╛рдкрд╛рд╕реВрди рдореБрдХреНрдд рдЭрд╛рд▓реНрдпрд╛рдореБрд│реЗ, рддреНрдпрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛рд╕рд╛рдареА
рдЖрдгрдЦреА рдШрд░реЗ (рдЦрдВрджрд╕) рддрд│рдорд│реАрдиреЗ рдмрд╛рдВрдзрд▓реА рдЬрд╛рдгрд╛рд░ рдирд╛рд╣реАрдд рдЖрдгрд┐ рдпрд╛рдкреБрдвреЗ рдкреБрдирд░реНрдЬрдиреНрдо рд╣реЛрдгрд╛рд░
рдирд╛рд╣реА.
рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХ (реи77), (реи88) рдЖрдгрд┐ (реи9)) рд╣реЗ рджреЗрдЦреАрд▓ рдорд╣рддреНрддреНрд╡рд╛рдЪреЗ рдЖрд╣реЗрдд рдХрд╛рд░рдг рддреЗ
рдЖрдкрд▓реНрдпрд╛рд▓рд╛ рдХрд╛рдпрдорд╕реНрд╡рд░реБрдкреА, рдЕрд╕рдорд╛рдзрд╛рдирдХрд╛рд░рдХ рдЖрдгрд┐ рд╕рд░реНрд╡ рдХрдВрдбрд┐рд╢рди рдХреЗрд▓реЗрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рдЧреЛрд╖реНрдЯреАрдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛
рд╕реНрд╡рдд: рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд╕реНрд╡рднрд╛рд╡рд╛рд╡рд┐рд╖рдпреА рд╕рд╛рдВрдЧрддрд╛рдд; рд╣реЗ рдлрд╛рд░ рдорд╣рддреНрд╡рд╛рдЪреЗ рдЖрд╣реЗ рдХреА рдПрдЦрд╛рджреНрдпрд╛рдиреЗ рд╕рд░реНрд╡
рдХрдВрдбрд┐рд╢рди рдХреЗрд▓реЗрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рдЧреЛрд╖реНрдЯреАрдВрдЪреЗ рдЦрд░реЗ рд╕реНрд╡рд░реВрдк рд▓рдХреНрд╖рд╛рдд рдШреЗрддрд▓реЗ рдкрд╛рд╣рд┐рдЬреЗ рдЖрдгрд┐ рдЦрд╛рдиреНрдЧрд╛рдиреЗ
рдХрдВрдЯрд╛рд│рд▓реЗ рдкрд╛рд╣рд┐рдЬреЗ, рдХрд╛рд░рдг рд╢реБрджреНрдзрддреЗрдЪрд╛ рд╣рд╛ рдорд╛рд░реНрдЧ рдЖрд╣реЗ.
рдордЧ рдмреБрджреНрдз рдЖрдкрд▓реНрдпрд╛рд▓рд╛ рдкреБрдирд░реНрдЬрдиреНрдорд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдлреЗрд░реАрдкрд╛рд╕реВрди рдореБрдХреНрдд рд╣реЛрдгреНрдпрд╛рдЪрд╛ рдорд╛рд░реНрдЧ
рджрд░реНрд╢рд╡рд┐рддреЛ, рдореНрд╣рдгрдЬреЗрдЪ, рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдд рдЖрда рдШрдЯрдХ (рдЕрдЯрд╛рдВрдЧрд┐рдХреЛ рдореЕрдЧреНрдЧреЛ) (реи33) рдордзреНрдпреЗ рдорд╛рд░реНрдЧ.
рдкреБрдвреЗ, рдмреБрджреНрдзрд╛рдВрдиреА рдЖрдореНрд╣рд╛рд▓рд╛ (реи66) рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдд рд╕реНрд╡рддрдГрдЪреЗ рдкреНрд░рдпрддреНрди рдХрд░рдгреНрдпрд╛рд╕ рдЙрджреНрдпреБрдХреНрдд
рдХреЗрд▓реЗ рдХреА, “рддреБрдореНрд╣реА рд╕реНрд╡рддрдГ рдкреНрд░рдпрддреНрди рдХреЗрд▓реЗ рдкрд╛рд╣рд┐рдЬреЗрдд, рддрдердЧрд╛рдд рдлрдХреНрдд рдорд╛рд░реНрдЧ рджрд╛рдЦрд╡рддрд╛рдд.”
рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХ (183) рдЖрдкрд▓реНрдпрд╛рд▓рд╛ рдмреБрджреНрдзрд╛рдВрдЪреА рд╢рд┐рдХрд╡рдг рджреЗрддреЗ. рддреЗ рдореНрд╣рдгрддрд╛рдд, “рдХреЛрдгрддреАрд╣реА рд╡рд╛рдИрдЯ
рдЧреЛрд╖реНрдЯ рдХрд░реВ рдирдХрд╛, рдЧреБрдгрд╡рддреНрддреЗрдЪреА рд▓рд╛рдЧрд╡рдб рдХрд░рд╛, рдПрдЦрд╛рджреНрдпрд╛рдЪреЗ рдорди рд╢реБрджреНрдз рдХрд░рд╛; рд╣реА
рдмреБрджреНрдзрд╛рдВрдЪреА рд╢рд┐рдХрд╡рдг рдЖрд╣реЗ.”
рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдд
(реи)) рдмреБрджреНрдз рдЖрдкрд▓реНрдпрд╛рд▓рд╛ рдЬреАрд╡рдирд╛рдд рдпрд╢рд╕реНрд╡реА рд╣реЛрдгреНрдпрд╛рдЪрд╛ рдорд╛рд░реНрдЧ рджрд╛рдЦрд╡рддрд╛рдд, рдЕрд╢рд╛ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░реЗ:
“рдЬрд░ рдПрдЦрд╛рджреА рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддреА рдКрд░реНрдЬрд╛рд╡рд╛рди, рд╕рд╛рд╡рдз, рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░, рд╢рдмреНрдж рдЖрдгрд┐ рдХреГрддреНрдпрд╛рдиреЗ рд╢реБрджреНрдз рдЕрд╕реЗрд▓ рддрд░
рдЬрд░ рддреНрдпрд╛рдиреЗ рдХрд╛рд│рдЬреА рдЖрдгрд┐ рд╡рд┐рдЪрд╛рд░рд╛рдиреЗ рд╕рд░реНрд╡ рдХрд╛рд╣реА рдХреЗрд▓реЗ рддрд░ рддреНрдпрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЗрдВрджреНрд░рд┐рдпрд╛рдВрдирд╛
рдкреНрд░рддрд┐рдмрдВрдзрд┐рдд рдХрд░рддреЗ; рдзрдореНрдорд╛рдиреБрд╕рд╛рд░ рдЬрдЧрдгреЗ рдЖрдгрд┐ рддреЗ рдирд┐рд░реНрд╡рд┐рдХрд╛рд░ рдирд╛рд╣реА, рддрд░ рдордЧ рддреНрдпрд╛
рдордирд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд╡реНрдпрдХреНрддреАрдЪреА рдХреАрд░реНрддреА рдЖрдгрд┐ рднрд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдп рд╡рд╛рдврддреЗ. “
рдзрдореНрдордкрд╛рджрд╛рдордзреНрдпреЗ рд╕рд╛рдкрдбрд▓реЗрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рд░рддреНрдирд╛рдВрдЪреА рд╣реА рдХрд╛рд╣реА рдЙрджрд╛рд╣рд░рдгреЗ рдЖрд╣реЗрдд. рдзрдореНрдордкрд╛рджрд╛ рдЦрд░рдВрдЪ рдПрдХ рддрддреНрд╡рдЬреНрдЮрд╛рдиреА, рдорд╛рд░реНрдЧрджрд░реНрд╢рдХ рдЖрдгрд┐ рд╕рд░реНрд╡рд╛рдВрдЪреЗ рдорд┐рддреНрд░ рдЖрд╣реЗ.
рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдВрдЪреЗ рд╣реЗ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░ рдкрд╛рд▓реАрдкрд╛рд╕реВрди рдЗрдВрдЧреНрд░рдЬреАрдордзреНрдпреЗ рдЖрд╣реЗ. рд╕рд╣рд╛рд╡реНрдпрд╛
рдЖрдВрддрд░рд░рд╛рд╖реНрдЯреНрд░реАрдп рдмреМрджреНрдз рд╕рд╛рдпрдиреЙрдбрдиреЗ рдордВрдЬреВрд░ рдХреЗрд▓реЗрд▓рд╛ рдзрдореНрдордкрд╛рдж рдкрд╛рд▓реА рд╡рд╛рдкрд░рд▓реЗрд▓рд╛ рдкрд╛рд▓реА
рдордЬрдХреВрд░ рдЖрд╣реЗ. рдЖрдореНрд╣реА рдЕрдиреБрд╡рд╛рдж рд╢рдХреНрдп рддрд┐рддрдХреНрдпрд╛ рдордЬрдХреВрд░рд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╡рд│ рдХрд░рдгреНрдпрд╛рдЪрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдпрддреНрди
рдХреЗрд▓рд╛ рдЖрд╣реЗ, рдкрд░рдВрддреБ рдХрд╛рд╣реАрд╡реЗрд│рд╛ рдкрд╛рд▓реА рд╢рдмреНрджрд╛рд╢реА рд╕рдВрдмрдВрдзрд┐рдд рдЗрдВрдЧреНрд░рдЬреА рд╢рдмреНрдж рд╢реЛрдзрдгреЗ рдлрд╛рд░
рдХрдареАрдг рдЖрд╣реЗ, рдЕрд╢рдХреНрдп рдирд╕рд▓реНрдпрд╛рд╕. рдЙрджрд╛рд╣рд░рдгрд╛рд░реНрде, рдЖрдореНрд╣рд╛рд▓рд╛ рдЕрджреНрдпрд╛рдк рдПрдХрдЪ рдЗрдВрдЧреНрд░рдЬреА рд╢рдмреНрдж
рд╕рд╛рдкрдбрд▓рд╛ рдирд╛рд╣реА рдЬреЛ рдЪрд╛рд░ рдЙрджрд╛рддреНрдд рд╕рддреНрдпрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдкреНрд░рджрд░реНрд╢рдирд╛рдд рд╡рд╛рдкрд░рд▓реНрдпрд╛ рдЬрд╛рдгрд╛рд░реНтАНрдпрд╛
“рджреБрд╕реНрдХрд╛” рдпрд╛ рд╢рдмреНрджрд╛рдЪрд╛ рдЦрд░рд╛ рдЕрд░реНрде рд╕рд╛рдВрдЧреВ рд╢рдХрддреЛ. рдпрд╛ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░рд╛рдд, рдЬрд┐рдереЗ рдЬрд┐рдереЗ
“рджреБрд╕реНрдХрд╛” рд╣рд╛ рд╢рдмреНрдж рдЪрд╛рд░ рдЙрджрд╛рддреНрдд рд╕рддреНрдпрд╛рдВрдкреНрд░рдорд╛рдгреЗрдЪ рдЕрд░реНрдердкреВрд░реНрдг рдЖрд╣реЗ, рддреЛ рдЕрдкреНрд░рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рд┐рдд
рд░рд╛рд╣рд┐рд▓рд╛ рдЖрд╣реЗ; рдкрдг рдлрдХреНрдд рд╕реНрдкрд╖реНрдЯ рдХреЗрд▓реЗ.
рдЬреЗрд╡реНрд╣рд╛ рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдзрдореНрдо рд╕рдВрдХрд▓реНрдкрдиреЗрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд╕реНрдкрд╖реНрдЯреАрдХрд░рдгрд╛рдд рдХрд┐рдВрд╡рд╛ рд╢рд╛рдмреНрджрд┐рдХ
рдЕрд░реНрде рдЕрд╕реНрдкрд╖реНрдЯ рдХрд┐рдВрд╡рд╛ рдмрд┐рдирдзрд╛рд╕реНрдд рдЕрд╕рддреЛ рддреЗрд╡реНрд╣рд╛ рдЖрдореНрд╣реА рд╢рдВрдХрд╛ рдШреЗрддрд▓реНрдпрд╛рд╕, рдЖрдореНрд╣реА рднрд╛рд╖реНрдп
(рдкрд╛рд▓реАрдордзреНрдпреЗ) рдЖрдгрд┐ рдиреНрдпреБрдиреНрдЧрд▓рдмрд┐рди рд╕рдпрд╛рджрд╛рд╡ рдпрд╛рдВрдиреА рдХреЗрд▓реЗрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рд╕рдорд╛рд▓реЛрдЪрдирд╛рдЪрд╛ рдЙрд▓реНрд▓реЗрдЦ
рдХреЗрд▓рд╛ рдЖрд╣реЗ, рдЬреЛ рдПрдХ рдЕрддрд┐рд╢рдп рд╢рд┐рдХрд▓реЗрд▓рд╛ рдЖрд╣реЗ. рдереЗрд░рд╛. рдмрд░реНтАНрдпрд╛рдЪ рдкреНрд░рд╕рдВрдЧреА рдЖрдореНрд╣реА рдзрдореНрдо (рдзрдореНрдордХрд╛рд░рд┐рдпрд╕) рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд╢рд┐рдХреНрд╖рдХрд╛рдВрдЪрд╛ рд╕рд▓реНрд▓рд╛ рдШреЗрддрд▓рд╛ рдЖрд╣реЗ.
рдпрд╛рд╡реНрдпрддрд┐рд░рд┐рдХреНрдд рдЖрдореНрд╣реА рдзрдореНрдордкрд╛рджрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдмрд░реНрдореА рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░рд╛рдВрдЪрд╛ рд╕рд▓реНрд▓рд╛рд╣реА рдШреЗрддрд▓рд╛
рдЖрд╣реЗ, рд╡рд┐рд╢реЗрд╖рдд: рдпреБрдирд┐рдпрди рдмреБрджреНрдз рд╕рд╕рд╛рдирд╛ рдХреМрдиреНрд╕рд┐рд▓рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░, рд░рд╛рдЬрд╛рдЬрд╛ рд╕рдпрд╛рджрд╛рд╡
(рез5реж5-рез-1876)) рдпрд╛рдВрдиреА рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░, рдХрд┐рдВрдЧ рдорд┐рдВрдбрди рдЖрдгрд┐ рдХрд┐рдВрдЧ рдерд┐рдмреЙ рдпрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдХрд╛рд│рд╛рдд
рдЕрдЧреНрд░рдЧрдгреНрдп рдорд╣рд╛ рдереЗрд░ рдмрд░реНрдорд╛ рдкрд┐рддрдХрд╛ рдЕрд╕реЛрд╕рд┐рдПрд╢рдирдЪреЗ рд╕рдпрд╛рджрд╛рд╡ рдпреВ рдерд┐рдЯрд┐рд▓рд╛, рдУрд╡реНрд╣рдбреЕрдХрд░реАрдпрд╛
рдорд╣рд╛ рдереЗрд░рд╛рдЪреЗ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░. рд╕рдВрдЧрдЬ рд╕рдпрд╛рджрд╛рд╡ рдпрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХрд╛рдд рдзрдореНрдордкрджрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдХрдерд╛рдВрдЪреЗ
рдкрд░рд┐рдЪреНрдЫреЗрдж рдЖрдгрд┐ рд╕рдВрдХреНрд╖рд┐рдкреНрдд рд░реВрдк рджреЗрдЦреАрд▓ рд╕рдорд╛рд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдЯ рдЖрд╣реЗ.
рдзрдореНрдордкрд╛рджрд╛ рдХрдерд╛
рдзрдореНрдордкрджрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдХрдерд╛рдВрдЪреЗ рд╕рд╛рд░рд╛рдВрд╢ рдкреБрд╕реНрддрдХрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛ рджреБрд╕рд░реНтАНрдпрд╛
рднрд╛рдЧрд╛рдд рджрд┐рд▓реЗ рдЧреЗрд▓реЗ рдЖрд╣реЗрдд рдХрд╛рд░рдг рд╕рд╛рдорд╛рдиреНрдпрдд: рдЕрд╕реЗ рдорд╛рдирд▓реЗ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ рдХреА рдмреБрджреНрдзрдШреЛрд╕рд╛
(century рд╡реНрдпрд╛ рд╢рддрдХрд╛рддреАрд▓ рдПрдбреА) рдпрд╛рдВрдиреА рд▓рд┐рд╣рд┐рд▓реЗрд▓реЗ рдзрдореНрдордкрд╛рджрд╛рдЪреЗ рднрд╛рд╖реНрдп рдзрдореНрдордкрд╛рджрд╛рдЪреНрдпрд╛
рдЪрд╛рдВрдЧрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдХрд╛рд░реЗ рд╕рдордЬреВрди рдШреЗрдгреНрдпрд╛рд╕рд╛рдареА рдПрдХ рдореЛрдареА рдорджрдд рдЖрд╣реЗ. рднрд╛рд╖реНрдпрд╛рдд рддреАрдирд╢реЗ рдкрд╛рдЪ рдХрдерд╛
рд╕рдорд╛рд╡рд┐рд╖реНрдЯ рдХреЗрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рдЖрд╣реЗрдд. рдХрдерд╛рдВрдордзреНрдпреЗ рдирдореВрдж рдХреЗрд▓реЗрд▓реНрдпрд╛ рдмрд░реНтАНрдпрд╛рдЪ рдШрдЯрдирд╛ рдмреБрджреНрдзрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рдЖрдпреБрд╖реНрдпрд╛рдд рдШрдбрд▓реНрдпрд╛. рдХрд╛рд╣реА рдХрдерд╛рдВрдордзреНрдпреЗ, рдорд╛рдЧреАрд▓ рдХрд╛рд╣реА рдЕрд╕реНрддрд┐рддреНрд╡рд╛рдВрдмрджреНрджрд▓ рдХрд╛рд╣реА рддрдереНрдп рджреЗрдЦреАрд▓ рдкрд░рдд рдХреЗрд▓реЗ рдЧреЗрд▓реЗ.
рдХрдерд╛рдВрдЪреЗ рд╕рд╛рд░рд╛рдВрд╢ рд▓рд┐рд╣рд┐рддрд╛рдирд╛ рдЖрдореНрд╣реА рднрд╛рд╖реНрдп рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░ рдХрд░рдгреНрдпрд╛рдЪрд╛ рдкреНрд░рдпрддреНрди рдХреЗрд▓рд╛
рдирд╛рд╣реА. рдЖрдореНрд╣реА рдХрдерд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рддрдереНрдпреЗ рд╕рд╣рдЬрдкрдгреЗ рдХрд╛рдврд▓реНрдпрд╛ рдЖрд╣реЗрдд рдЖрдгрд┐ рддреНрдпрд╛ рдереЛрдбрдХреНрдпрд╛рдд рдкреБрдиреНрд╣рд╛
рд▓рд┐рд╣рд┐рд▓реНрдпрд╛ рдЖрд╣реЗрдд: рдкреНрд░рддреНрдпреЗрдХ рдХрдереЗрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рд╢реЗрд╡рдЯреА рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдВрдЪреЗ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░ рджрд┐рд▓реЗ рдЬрд╛рддреЗ.
рдЖрддрд╛ рдлрдХреНрдд рдорд╛рдЭреНрдпрд╛рд╕рд╛рдареАрдЪ рд╣реЗрдЪ рдЖрд╣реЗ рдХреА рдЖрддрд╛ рдлрдХреНрдд рдорд╛рдЭреНрдпрд╛рд╕рд╛рдареА рд╣реЗрдЪ рдЖрд╣реЗ.
рд╢реНрд▓реЛрдХрд╛рдВрдЪреНрдпрд╛ рднрд╛рд╖рд╛рдВрддрд░рд╛рдд рдорджрдд рдХреЗрд▓реНрдпрд╛рдмрджреНрджрд▓ рд╕рдпрд╛рдЧреА рдзрдореНрдордХрд╛рд░рд┐рдпрд╛ рдпреВ рдФрдВрдЧ рдореЛ рдЖрдгрд┐ рдпреВ
рдереЗрди рдореМрдВрдЧ, рдмрд░реНрдорд╛ рдкрд┐рддрдХрд╛ рдЕрд╕реЛрд╕рд┐рдПрд╢рдирдЪреЗ рд╕рдВрдкрд╛рджрдХ.
Most Powerful Theravada Pali Chanting


74) Classical Mongolian-╨б╨╛╨╜╨│╨╛╨┤╨╛╨│ ╨Ь╨╛╨╜╨│╨╛╨╗,

75) Classical Myanmar (Burmese)-Classical сАЩсА╝сАФсА║сАЩсАм (сАЧсАЩсАм),

76) Classical Nepali-рд╢рд╛рд╕реНрддреНрд░реАрдп рдореНрдпрд╛рдВрдорд╛рд░ (рдмрд░реНрдорд╛),
  • 78) Classical Odia (Oriya)
83) Classical Punjabi-риХри▓ри╛ри╕рйАриХри▓ рикрй░риЬри╛римрйА,
  • 87) Classical Sanskrit рдЫреНрд▓рд╕реНрд╕рд┐рдЪрд▓реН рд╖рдиреНрд╕реНрдХреНрд░рд┐рддреН

92) Classical Sindhi,

93) Classical Sinhala-р╖Гр╢╕р╖Кр╢╖р╖Пр╖Ар╖Кр╢║ р╖Гр╖Тр╢Вр╖Др╢╜,

  • 102) Classical Tamil-рокро╛ро░роорпНрокро░ро┐роп роЗроЪрпИродрпНродрооро┐ро┤рпН роЪрпЖроорпНроорпКро┤ро┐,

    родроорпНроорокро╛родро╛: ро╡роЪройроЩрпНроХро│рпБроорпН роХродрпИроХро│рпБроорпН
    родроорпНроородрпНродро┐ройрпН рокро░ро┐роЪро╛роХ, роЗро▓ро╡роЪ ро╡ро┐роиро┐ропрпЛроХродрпНродро┐ро▒рпНроХро╛роХ роороЯрпНроЯрпБроорпЗ рооро░ро┐ропро╛родрпИ.
    роорпБройрпНройрпБро░рпИ
    родроорпНроорокро╛родро╛ рокро┐роЯроХро╛ро╡ро┐ройрпН роЪро┐ро▒роирпНрод рокрпБродрпНродроХроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роТройрпНро▒ро╛роХрпБроорпН. роЗродрпБ родрпЖро│ро┐ро╡ро╛рой,
    родрпЖро│ро┐ро╡ро╛рой ро╡роЪройроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН ро╡рпЖро│ро┐рокрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯ рокрпБродрпНродро░ро┐ройрпН рокрпЛродройрпИроХро│ро┐ройрпН родрпКроХрпБрокрпНрокро╛роХрпБроорпН.
    роЗроирпНрод ро╡роЪройроЩрпНроХро│рпН рокрпБродрпНродро░рпН ро╡ро┤роЩрпНроХро┐роп рокро▓рпНро╡рпЗро▒рпБ роЪрпКро▒рпНрокрпКро┤ро┐ро╡рпБроХро│ро┐ро▓ро┐ро░рпБроирпНродрпБ
    роиро╛ро▒рпНрокродрпНродрпИроирпНродрпБ роЖрогрпНроЯрпБроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роЕро╡ро░родрпБ рокрпЛродройрпИропро┐ройрпН рокрпЛродрпБ, тАЛтАЛроЕро╡ро░рпН роХроЩрпНроХрпИ рокро│рпНро│родрпНродро╛роХрпНроХрпБ
    (роХроЩрпНроХро╛) рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роЗрооропрооро▓рпИропро┐ройрпН родрпБрогрпИ рооро╡рпБрогрпНроЯройрпН рокро╛родрпИропро┐ро▓рпН рокропрогроорпН роЪрпЖропрпНродро╛ро░рпН. роЗроирпНрод
    ро╡роЪройроЩрпНроХро│рпН рокрпЖро░рпБроорпНрокро╛ро▓рпБроорпН роХроЯрпБроорпИропро╛ройро╡рпИ, роироХрпИроЪрпНроЪрпБро╡рпИропро╛ройро╡рпИ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роЙро▒рпБродро┐ропро╛ройро╡рпИ.
    роЙро░рпБро╡роХроЩрпНроХро│рпН рокропройрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрокрпНрокроЯрпБроорпНрокрпЛродрпЖро▓рпНро▓ро╛роорпН, роЕро╡рпИ роТро░рпБ роХрпБро┤роирпНродрпИропро╛ро▓рпН роХрпВроЯ роОро│ро┐родро┐ро▓рпН
    рокрпБро░ро┐роирпНродрпБ роХрпКро│рпНро│рокрпНрокроЯрпБроХро┐ройрпНро▒рой, роО.роХро╛., ро╡рогрпНроЯро┐ропро┐ройрпН роЪроХрпНроХро░роорпН, роТро░рпБ рооройро┐родройро┐ройрпН роиро┐ро┤ро▓рпН,
    роЖро┤рооро╛рой роХрпБро│роорпН, рокрпВроХрпНроХро│рпН. роЗроирпНрод ро╡роЪройроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН роорпВро▓роорпН, рокрпБродрпНродро░рпН роТро░рпБро╡ро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБ роОро▓рпНро▓ро╛
    ро╡рпЖро▒рпНро▒ро┐роХро│ро┐ро▓рпБроорпН рооро┐роХрокрпН рокрпЖро░ро┐роп ро╡рпЖро▒рпНро▒ро┐ропрпИ роЕроЯрпИроп роЕро▒ро┐ро╡рпБро▒рпБродрпНродрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН, роЪрпБропродрпНродрпИ
    роХрпИрокрпНрокро▒рпНро▒рпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН; роЖро░рпНро╡роорпН, ро╡рпЖро▒рпБрокрпНрокрпБ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роЕро▒ро┐ропро╛роорпИ роЖроХро┐ропро╡ро▒рпНро▒ро┐ройрпН
    родрпАроорпИроХро│ро┐ро▓ро┐ро░рпБроирпНродрпБ родрокрпНрокро┐роХрпНроХ; рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН рооро▒рпБрокро┐ро▒рокрпНрокрпБроХро│ро┐ройрпН роЪрпБро▒рпНро▒ро┐ро▓ро┐ро░рпБроирпНродрпБ
    роПроЩрпНроХрпБродро▓рпН рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роЪрпБродроирпНродро┐ро░родрпНродро┐ро▓ро┐ро░рпБроирпНродрпБ роЪрпБродроирпНродро┐ро░родрпНродрпИ роЕроЯрпИроп роХроЯрпБроорпИропро╛роХ
    рокро╛роЯрпБрокроЯрпБро╡родрпБ. роТро╡рпНро╡рпКро░рпБ ро╡роЪройродрпНродро┐ро▓рпБроорпН роТро░рпБ роЙрогрпНроорпИ (родроорпНроороорпН), роТро░рпБ роЕро▒ро┐ро╡рпБро░рпИ, роТро░рпБ
    роЕро▒ро┐ро╡рпБро░рпИ роЙро│рпНро│родрпБ.
    родроорпНроорокро╛родро╛ ро╡роЪройроЩрпНроХро│рпН
    родроорпНроорокро╛родро╛ ро╡роЪройроЩрпНроХро│рпН рокрпЖро░рпБроорпНрокро╛ро▓рпБроорпН роЙро▓роХро┐ройрпН рокро▓ роиро╛роЯрпБроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН рокро▓ро░ро╛ро▓рпН роорпЗро▒рпНроХрпЛро│рпН
    роХро╛роЯрпНроЯрокрпНрокроЯрпБроХро┐ройрпНро▒рой, роорпЗро▓рпБроорпН рокрпБродрпНродроХроорпН рокро▓ роорпКро┤ро┐роХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯрпБро│рпНро│родрпБ.
    роЖроЩрпНроХро┐ро▓родрпНродро┐ро▓рпН роЖро░роорпНрокроХро╛ро▓ роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокрпБроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роТройрпНро▒рпБ 1870 роЗро▓рпН роорпЗроХрпНро╕рпН
    роорпБро▓рпНро▓ро░ро╛ро▓рпН роЪрпЖропрпНропрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯродрпБ. роЕродрпИродрпН родрпКроЯро░рпНроирпНродрпБ ро╡ро░рпБроорпН рокро┐ро▒ роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокрпБроХро│рпН
    роОроГрокрпН.роОро▓рпН. 1921 роЖроорпН роЖрогрпНроЯро┐ро▓рпН роЙроЯрпНро╡ро╛ро░рпНроЯрпН, 1920 роЗро▓рпН ро╡ро╛роХро┐ро╕рпНрооро░ро╛ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН
    роЪро╛рогрпНроЯро░рпНро╕рпН рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН 1902 роЖроорпН роЖрогрпНроЯро┐ро▓рпН роП.роОро▓рпН. роОроЯрпНроорогрпНроЯрпНро╕рпН (ро╡ро┐роЪрпБро╡ро╛роЪродрпНродро┐ройрпН
    рокро╛роЯро▓рпНроХро│рпН) роЖроХро┐ропрпЛро░ро╛ро▓рпН. роЪроорпАрокродрпНродро┐роп роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокрпБроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН, роиро╛ро░род роороХро╛родрпЗро░ро╛ роОро┤рпБродро┐ропродрпБ
    рооро┐роХро╡рпБроорпН рокро░ро╡ро▓ро╛роХ роЕро▒ро┐ропрокрпНрокроЯрпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ. роЯро╛роХрпНроЯро░рпН ро╡ро╛ро▓рпНрокрпЛро▓ро╛ ро░ро╛роХрпБро▓ро╛
    родроорпНроорокро╛родро╛ро╡ро┐ро▓ро┐ро░рпБроирпНродрпБ родрпЗро░рпНроирпНродрпЖроЯрпБроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯ роЪро┐ро▓ ро╡роЪройроЩрпНроХро│рпИропрпБроорпН
    роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНродрпНродрпБро│рпНро│ро╛ро░рпН, роорпЗро▓рпБроорпН родройродрпБ “рокрпБродрпНродро░рпН роХро▒рпНрокро┐родрпНродро╡ро░рпН,” родро┐ро░рпБродрпНродрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯ
    рокродро┐рокрпНрокро┐ройрпН рокрпБродрпНродроХродрпНродро┐ройрпН роорпБроЯро┐ро╡ро┐ро▓рпН роЕро╡ро▒рпНро▒рпИроХрпН роХрпКроЯрпБродрпНродрпБро│рпНро│ро╛ро░рпН. роЪрпАройро░рпНроХро│рпН
    родроорпНроорокро╛родро╛ро╡рпИ роЪрооро╕рпНроХро┐ро░рпБродродрпНродро┐ро▓ро┐ро░рпБроирпНродрпБ роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНродрпНродройро░рпН. родроорпНроорокро╛родро╛ро╡ро┐ройрпН роЪрпАрой
    рокродро┐рокрпНрокрпБ 1878 роЖроорпН роЖрогрпНроЯро┐ро▓рпН роЪро╛роорпБро╡рпЗро▓рпН рокрпАро▓рпН (родроорпНроорокро╛родро╛ роОройрпНро▒рпБ роЕро┤рпИроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпБроорпН рок
    Buddhist родрпНрод роиро┐ропродро┐ропро┐ройрпН роирпВро▓рпНроХро│рпН) роЖроЩрпНроХро┐ро▓родрпНродро┐ро▓рпН роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯродрпБ.
    рокро░рпНрооро╛ро╡ро┐ро▓рпН, роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокрпБроХро│рпН рокро░рпНрооро┐ропро░рпНроХро│ро╛роХ рооро╛ро▒рпНро▒рокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯрпБро│рпНро│рой,
    рокрпЖро░рпБроорпНрокро╛ро▓рпБроорпН роЙро░рпИроироЯрпИ, роЪро┐ро▓ рокрпКро┤ро┐рокрпНрокрпБро░рпИроХро│рпН, ро╡ро┐ро│роХрпНроХроЩрпНроХро│рпН рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН ро╡роЪройроЩрпНроХро│рпН
    родрпКроЯро░рпНрокро╛рой роХродрпИроХро│ро┐ройрпН роЪрпБро░рпБроХрпНроХроЩрпНроХро│рпН. роЪроорпАрокродрпНродро┐роп роЖрогрпНроЯрпБроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН, родроорпНроорокро╛родро╛ рокро▒рпНро▒ро┐роп
    роЪро┐ро▓ рокрпБродрпНродроХроЩрпНроХро│рпБроорпН рокро░рпНрооро┐роп рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роЖроЩрпНроХро┐ро▓ роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокрпБроХро│рпБроЯройрпН, рокро╛ро▓ро┐
    ро╡роЪройроЩрпНроХро│рпБроЯройрпН роЪрпЗро░рпНроирпНродрпБ ро╡рпЖро│ро┐ропро┐роЯрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯрпБро│рпНро│рой.
    родроорпНроорокро╛родро╛ роОройрпНрокродрпБ роЪрпБроЯрпНроЯро╛ройрпНроЯро╛ рокро┐роЯроХро╛ро╡ро┐ройрпН роХрпБроЯроХро╛ роиро┐роХро╛ропро╛ро╡ро┐ройрпН роЗро░рогрпНроЯро╛ро╡родрпБ
    рокрпБродрпНродроХроорпН, роЗродрпБ роЗро░рпБрокродрпНродро┐ роЖро▒рпБ роЕродрпНродро┐ропро╛ропроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН рокро▓рпНро╡рпЗро▒рпБ родро▓рпИроХро│ро┐ройрпН роХрпАро┤рпН роПро▒рпНрокро╛роЯрпБ
    роЪрпЖропрпНропрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯрпБро│рпНро│родрпБ. родроорпНроорокро╛родро╛ро╡ро┐ро▓рпН рокрпБродрпНродро░ро┐ройрпН рокрпЛродройрпИропро┐ройрпН роЕроЯро┐рокрпНрокроЯрпИроХрпН
    роХрпКро│рпНроХрпИроХро│рпН роЙро│рпНро│рой.
    “роЕрокрпНрокро╛рооро╛роЯрпЛ роЕроородрокро╛родроорпН” роЙроЯройрпН родрпКроЯроЩрпНроХрпБроорпН ро╡роЪройроорпН (21) “роиро┐ройрпИро╡ро╛ро▒рпНро▒ро▓рпН роОройрпНрокродрпБ
    роиро┐рокро╛ройро╛ро╡рпБроХрпНроХрпБ ро╡ро┤ро┐, рооро░рогрооро▒рпНро▒родрпБ” роОройрпНрокродрпБ рооро┐роХ роорпБроХрпНроХро┐ропрооро╛рой рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН
    роХрпБро▒ро┐рокрпНрокро┐роЯродрпНродроХрпНроХ ро╡роЪройроорпН. роЕроорпИродро┐ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роирпБрогрпНрогро▒ро┐ро╡рпБ родро┐ропро╛ройродрпНродро┐ро▓рпН рооройроорпН рооро┐роХ
    роорпБроХрпНроХро┐ропрооро╛рой роЙро▒рпБрокрпНрокрпБ. роЕро╡ро░рпН роЗро▒рокрпНрокродро▒рпНроХрпБ роЪро▒рпНро▒рпБ роорпБройрпНрокрпБ рокрпБродрпНродро░ро┐ройрпН роХроЯрпИроЪро┐
    роЕро▒ро┐ро╡рпБро░рпИропрпБроорпН роХро╡ройродрпНродрпБроЯройрпН роЗро░рпБроХрпНроХ ро╡рпЗрогрпНроЯрпБроорпН, ро╡ро┐роЯро╛роорпБропро▒рпНроЪро┐ропрпБроЯройрпН роорпБропро▒рпНроЪро┐ роЪрпЖропрпНроп
    ро╡рпЗрогрпНроЯрпБроорпН (рооро╛роХро╛ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роГрокро╛ро▓ро╛ ро╡ро┤ро┐ропро╛роХ рооро▒рпБрокро┐ро▒рокрпНрокрпБроХро│ро┐ройрпН роЪрпБро▒рпНро▒ро┐ро▓ро┐ро░рпБроирпНродрпБ
    роЪрпБродроирпНродро┐ро░родрпНродрпИ роЕроЯрпИро╡родро▒рпНроХро╛рой рокрогро┐ропрпИ роорпБроЯро┐роХрпНроХ). роЗроирпНрод ро╡роЪройродрпНродро┐ройрпН роХро╛ро░рогрооро╛роХ,
    роЗроирпНродро┐ропро╛ро╡ро┐ройрпН роЕроЪрпЛроХро╛ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН рокро░рпНрооро╛ро╡ро┐ройрпН рооройрпНройро░рпН роЕройро╡рпНро░ро╛ро╣рпНродро╛ роЖроХро┐ропрпЛро░рпН рок Buddhism
    родрпНродрооро╛роХ рооро╛ро▒ро┐ропродрпБ роОройрпНрокродрпБ роЗроирпНрод ро╡роЪройродрпНродро┐ройрпН роХро╛ро░рогрооро╛роХро╡рпЗ рокрпКродрпБро╡ро╛роХ
    роПро▒рпНро▒рпБроХрпНроХрпКро│рпНро│рокрпНрокроЯрпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ. роЗро░рпБ рооройрпНройро░рпНроХро│рпБроорпН роЕроирпНродроирпНрод роиро╛роЯрпБроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН рок Buddhism родрпНрод
    роородродрпНродрпИ рокро░рокрпНрокрпБро╡родро┐ро▓рпН рокрпЖро░ро┐родрпБроорпН роЙродро╡ро┐ропро┐ро░рпБроирпНродройро░рпН.
    ро╡роЪройродрпНродро┐ро▓рпН (29) рокрпБродрпНродро░рпН роиро┐ройрпИро╡ро╛ро▒рпНро▒ро▓рпБроХрпНроХро╛рой родройродрпБ роЕро┤рпИрокрпНрокрпИ роЕро╡роЪро░ роЙрогро░рпНро╡рпЛроЯрпБ
    роЗрогрпИродрпНродрпБро│рпНро│ро╛ро░рпН. ро╡роЪройроорпН роЗропроЩрпНроХрпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ: “роЕро▓роЯрпНроЪро┐ропрооро╛рой, рооропроХрпНроХроороЯрпИроирпНродро╡ро░рпНроХро│ро┐роЯрпИропрпЗ
    рооро┐роХрпБроирпНрод роХро╡ройродрпНродрпБроЯройрпН, роЮро╛ройроорпБро│рпНро│ро╡ро░рпН роТро░рпБ ро░рпЗро╕рпН роХрпБродро┐ро░рпИропрпИрокрпН рокрпЛро▓ роорпБройрпНройрпЗро▒рпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН,
    роЬрпЗроЯрпН рокро┐ройрпНройро╛ро▓рпН ро╡ро┐роЯрпНроЯрпБро╡ро┐роЯрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН.”
    ро╡роЪройроЩрпНроХро│рпН (1) рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН (2) роХроорпНрооро╛ро╡ро┐ройрпН рооро╛ро▒ро╛род роЪроЯрпНроЯродрпНродрпИ ро╡ро┐ро│роХрпНроХрпБроХро┐ройрпНро▒рой,
    роЕродройрпН роХрпАро┤рпН роТро╡рпНро╡рпКро░рпБ роЪрпЖропро▓рпБроорпН роиро▓рпНро▓родрпБ роЕро▓рпНро▓родрпБ роХрпЖроЯрпНроЯродрпБ, роорпАрогрпНроЯрпБроорпН роЪрпЖропрпНрокро╡ро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБ
    ро╡ро░рпБроорпН. роЗроЩрпНроХрпЗ, рокрпБродрпНродро░рпН роироорпНроорпБроЯрпИроп роОро▓рпНро▓ро╛ роЪрпЖропро▓рпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпБроорпН рооройродро┐ройрпН
    роорпБроХрпНроХро┐ропродрпНродрпБро╡родрпНродрпИ ро╡ро▓ро┐ропрпБро▒рпБродрпНродрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН, роорпЗро▓рпБроорпН роироородрпБ роЪрпЖропро▓рпНроХро│рпН, роЪрпКро▒рпНроХро│рпН
    рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роОрогрпНрогроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН родро╡ро┐ро░рпНроХрпНроХ роорпБроЯро┐ропро╛род ро╡ро┐ро│рпИро╡рпБроХро│рпИрокрпН рокро▒рпНро▒ро┐ рокрпЗроЪрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН.
    ро╡роЪройроЩрпНроХро│рпН (153) рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН (154) роЖроХро┐ропро╡рпИ роЕро╡ро░родрпБ роЕро▒ро┐ро╡рпКро│ро┐ропро┐ройрпН родро░рпБрогродрпНродро┐ро▓рпН
    рокрпБродрпНродро░рпН роХрпВро▒рпБроорпН ро╡ро┐ро┤рпБрооро┐роп рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН родрпАро╡ро┐ро░рооро╛рой роороХро┐ро┤рпНроЪрпНроЪро┐ропро┐ройрпН ро╡рпЖро│ро┐рокрпНрокро╛роЯрпБроХро│рпН.
    роЗроирпНрод роЗро░рогрпНроЯрпБ ро╡роЪройроЩрпНроХро│рпБроорпН рокрпБродрпНродро░ро┐ройрпН роЙрогрпНроорпИропрпИродрпН родрпЗроЯрпБро╡родро▒рпНроХро╛рой роЙроЪрпНроЪроорпН роХрпБро▒ро┐родрпНрод
    роХро┐ро░ро╛роГрокро┐роХрпН роХрогроХрпНроХрпИ роироороХрпНроХрпБродрпН родро░рпБроХро┐ройрпНро▒рой.
    роЪроорпНроЪро╛ро░родрпНродро┐ро▓рпН
    роорпАрогрпНроЯрпБроорпН роорпАрогрпНроЯрпБроорпН рокро┐ро▒рокрпНрокродро▒рпНроХро╛рой роХро╛ро░рогроорпН, рокрпБродрпНродро░рпН ‘ро╣ро╡рпБро╕рпН-рокро┐ро▓рпНроЯро░рпН’,
    роПроЩрпНроХрпБродро▓рпН, роПроЩрпНроХрпБродро▓рпН рокро▒рпНро▒ро┐ роЕро╡ро░рпНроХро│рпН роОроЩрпНроХро│ро┐роЯроорпН роХрпВро▒рпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпНроХро│рпН.
    роПроХрпНроХродрпНродро┐ро▓ро┐ро░рпБроирпНродрпБ ро╡ро┐роЯрпБрокроЯрпНроЯрпБ, роЕро╡ро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБ роЗройро┐ ро╡рпАроЯрпБроХро│рпН роЗро▓рпНро▓рпИ (роХро╛роирпНродро╛роХрпНроХро│рпН)
    роПроЩрпНроХрпБро╡родройрпН роорпВро▓роорпН роХроЯрпНроЯрокрпНрокроЯ рооро╛роЯрпНроЯро╛ро░рпНроХро│рпН, роорпЗро▓рпБроорпН рооро▒рпБрокро┐ро▒рокрпНрокрпБроХро│рпН роЗро░рпБроХрпНроХро╛родрпБ.
    ро╡роЪройроЩрпНроХро│рпН (277), (278) рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН (279) роЖроХро┐ропро╡рпИ роорпБроХрпНроХро┐ропрооро╛ройро╡рпИ, роПройрпЖройро┐ро▓рпН
    роЕро╡рпИ роЕройрпИродрпНродрпБ роиро┐рокроирпНродройрпИроХрпНроХрпБроЯрпНрокроЯрпНроЯ ро╡ро┐ро╖ропроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН роЕроЪро╛родро╛ро░рог, родро┐ро░рпБрокрпНродро┐ропро▒рпНро▒ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН
    роЪрпБропрооро▒рпНро▒ родройрпНроорпИ рокро▒рпНро▒ро┐ роОроЩрпНроХро│ро┐роЯроорпН роХрпВро▒рпБроХро┐ройрпНро▒рой; роЕройрпИродрпНродрпБ роиро┐рокроирпНродройрпИроХрпНроХрпБроЯрпНрокроЯрпНроЯ
    ро╡ро┐ро╖ропроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН роЙрогрпНроорпИропро╛рой родройрпНроорпИропрпИропрпБроорпН роТро░рпБро╡ро░рпН роЙрогро░рпНроирпНродрпБ роХро╛роирпНродро╛роХрпНроХро│рпБроХрпНроХрпБ
    роЪрпЛро░рпНро╡роЯрпИроп ро╡рпЗрогрпНроЯрпБроорпН роОройрпНрокродрпБ рооро┐роХро╡рпБроорпН роорпБроХрпНроХро┐ропроорпН, роПройрпЖройрпНро▒ро╛ро▓рпН роЗродрпБ родрпВропрпНроорпИроХрпНроХро╛рой
    рокро╛родрпИ.
    рооро▒рпБрокро┐ро▒рокрпНрокрпБ роЪрпБро▒рпНро▒ро┐ро▓ро┐ро░рпБроирпНродрпБ ро╡ро┐роЯрпБродро▓рпИроХрпНроХрпБ ро╡ро┤ро┐ро╡роХрпБроХрпНроХрпБроорпН рокро╛родрпИропрпИ рокрпБродрпНродро░рпН
    роироороХрпНроХрпБроХрпН роХро╛роЯрпНроЯрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН, роЕродро╛ро╡родрпБ, ро╡роЪройродрпНродро┐ро▓рпН (273) роОроЯрпНроЯрпБ родрпКроХрпБродро┐роХро│рпН
    (роЕроЯрпНроЯро╛роЩрпНроХро┐роХрпЛ рооро╛роХрпНроХрпЛ) роХрпКрогрпНроЯ рокро╛родрпИ. роорпЗро▓рпБроорпН, рокрпБродрпНродро░рпН ро╡роЪройродрпНродро┐ро▓рпН (276) роОроЩрпНроХро│рпН
    роЪрпКроирпНрод роорпБропро▒рпНроЪро┐ропрпИ роорпЗро▒рпНроХрпКро│рпНро│рпБроорпНрокроЯро┐ роЕро▒ро┐ро╡рпБро▒рпБродрпНродрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН, “роирпАроЩрпНроХро│рпЗ роорпБропро▒рпНроЪро┐
    роЪрпЖропрпНроп ро╡рпЗрогрпНроЯрпБроорпН, родродроХродро░рпНроХро│рпН роороЯрпНроЯрпБроорпЗ ро╡ро┤ро┐ропрпИроХрпН роХро╛роЯрпНроЯрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпНроХро│рпН.” ро╡роЪройроорпН (183)
    рокрпБродрпНродро░рпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН рокрпЛродройрпИропрпИ роироороХрпНроХрпБродрпН родро░рпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ. роЕродрпБ роХрпВро▒рпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ, “роОроирпНрод родрпАроорпИропрпБроорпН
    роЪрпЖропрпНропро╛родрпАро░рпНроХро│рпН, родроХрпБродро┐ропрпИ ро╡ро│ро░рпНродрпНродрпБроХрпН роХрпКро│рпНро│рпБроЩрпНроХро│рпН, роТро░рпБро╡ро░ро┐ройрпН рооройродрпИ
    роЪрпБродрпНродро┐роХро░ро┐роХрпНроХро╡рпБроорпН; роЗродрпБ рокрпБродрпНродро░рпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН рокрпЛродройрпИ.”
    ро╡роЪройродрпНродро┐ро▓рпН
    (24) рокрпБродрпНродро░рпН ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНроХрпНроХрпИропро┐ро▓рпН ро╡рпЖро▒рпНро▒ро┐роХрпНроХро╛рой ро╡ро┤ро┐ропрпИроХрпН роХро╛роЯрпНроЯрпБроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН, роЗро╡рпНро╡ро╛ро▒рпБ:
    “роТро░рпБ роирокро░рпН роЖро▒рпНро▒ро▓рпН рооро┐роХрпНроХро╡ро░ро╛роХро╡рпБроорпН, роХро╡ройрооро╛роХро╡рпБроорпН, роЪро┐роирпНродройрпИропро┐ро▓рпБроорпН,
    ро╡ро╛ро░рпНродрпНродрпИропро┐ро▓рпБроорпН, роЪрпЖропро▓ро┐ро▓рпБроорпН родрпВропрпНроорпИропро╛ройро╡ро░ро╛роХ роЗро░рпБроирпНродро╛ро▓рпН, роЕро╡ро░рпН роОро▓рпНро▓ро╛ро╡ро▒рпНро▒рпИропрпБроорпН
    роХро╡ройродрпНродрпБроЯройрпБроорпН рокро░ро┐роЪрпАро▓ро┐рокрпНрокрпБроЯройрпБроорпН роЪрпЖропрпНродро╛ро▓рпН, роЕро╡ро░родрпБ роЙрогро░рпНро╡рпБроХро│рпИродрпН родроЯрпБроХрпНроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН;
    роЕро╡ро░рпИрокрпН роЪроорпНрокро╛родро┐роХрпНроХро┐ро▒ро╛ро░рпН родроорпНроородрпНродро┐ройрпН рокроЯро┐ ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНро╡родрпБ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роХро╡ройроХрпНроХрпБро▒рпИро╡ро╛роХ
    роЗро▓рпНро▓рпИ, роЕрокрпНрокроЯро┐ропро╛ройро╛ро▓рпН, роЕроирпНрод роХро╡ройроорпБро│рпНро│ роирокро░ро┐ройрпН рокрпБроХро┤рпН рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роЕродро┐ро░рпНро╖рпНроЯроорпН
    роЕродро┐роХро░ро┐роХрпНроХро┐ро▒родрпБ. “
    родроорпНроорокро╛родро╛ро╡ро┐ро▓рпН роХро╛рогрокрпНрокроЯрпБроорпН ро░родрпНродро┐ройроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН роЪро┐ро▓ роОроЯрпБродрпНродрпБроХрпНроХро╛роЯрпНроЯрпБроХро│рпН роЗро╡рпИ.
    родроорпНроорокро╛родро╛, роЙрогрпНроорпИропро┐ро▓рпН, роТро░рпБ родродрпНродрпБро╡роЮро╛ройро┐, ро╡ро┤ро┐роХро╛роЯрпНроЯро┐ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роЕройрпИро╡ро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБроорпН
    роирогрпНрокро░рпН.
    ро╡роЪройроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН роЗроирпНрод роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокрпБ рокро╛ро▓ро┐ропро┐ро▓рпН роЗро░рпБроирпНродрпБ роЖроЩрпНроХро┐ро▓родрпНродро┐ро▒рпНроХрпБ
    роЙро│рпНро│родрпБ. рокропройрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрокрпНрокроЯрпБроорпН рокро╛ро▓ро┐ роЙро░рпИ роЖро▒ро╛ро╡родрпБ роЪро░рпНро╡родрпЗроЪ рок Buddhist родрпНрод роЖропро░рпН
    роТрокрпНрокрпБродро▓рпН роЕро│ро┐родрпНрод родроорпНроорокро╛родро╛ рокро╛ро▓ро┐ роЖроХрпБроорпН. роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокрпИ роорпБроЯро┐роирпНродро╡ро░рпИ роЙро░рпИроХрпНроХрпБ
    роирпЖро░рпБроХрпНроХрооро╛роХрпНроХ роорпБропро▒рпНроЪро┐родрпНродрпЛроорпН, роЖройро╛ро▓рпН роЪро┐ро▓ роирпЗро░роЩрпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роЕродрпБ рооро┐роХро╡рпБроорпН роХроЯро┐ройроорпН,
    роЪро╛родрпНродро┐ропрооро▒рпНро▒родрпБ роОройрпНро▒ро╛ро▓рпН, роТро░рпБ рокро╛ро▓ро┐ ро╡ро╛ро░рпНродрпНродрпИроХрпНроХрпБ роЪро░ро┐ропро╛роХ роТродрпНродро┐ро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБроорпН роТро░рпБ
    роЖроЩрпНроХро┐ро▓ ро╡ро╛ро░рпНродрпНродрпИропрпИроХрпН роХрогрпНроЯрпБрокро┐роЯро┐рокрпНрокродрпБ. роОроЯрпБродрпНродрпБроХрпНроХро╛роЯрпНроЯро╛роХ, роиро╛ройрпНроХрпБ роЙройрпНройрод
    роЙрогрпНроорпИроХро│ро┐ройрпН ро╡рпЖро│ро┐рокрпНрокро╛роЯрпНроЯро┐ро▓рпН рокропройрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрокрпНрокроЯрпБроорпН “родрпБроХрпНроХро╛” роОройрпНро▒ ро╡ро╛ро░рпНродрпНродрпИропро┐ройрпН
    роЙрогрпНроорпИропро╛рой роЕро░рпНродрпНродродрпНродрпИ родрпЖро░ро┐ро╡ро┐роХрпНроХроХрпНроХрпВроЯро┐роп роТро░рпБ роЖроЩрпНроХро┐ро▓ ро╡ро╛ро░рпНродрпНродрпИропрпИ роиро╛роорпН роЗройрпНройрпБроорпН
    роХрогрпНроЯрпБрокро┐роЯро┐роХрпНроХ роорпБроЯро┐ропро╡ро┐ро▓рпНро▓рпИ. роЗроирпНрод роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокро┐ро▓рпН, “родрпБроХрпНроХро╛” роОройрпНро▒ роЪрпКро▓рпН
    роиро╛ройрпНроХрпБ роЙройрпНройрод роЙрогрпНроорпИроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роЕродрпЗ рокрпКро░рпБро│рпИроХрпН роХрпКрогрпНроЯро┐ро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБроорпН роЗроЯроорпЖро▓рпНро▓ро╛роорпН, роЕродрпБ
    роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯро╛рооро▓рпН ро╡ро┐роЯрокрпНрокроЯрпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ; роЖройро╛ро▓рпН роороЯрпНроЯрпБроорпЗ ро╡ро┐ро│роХрпНроХро┐ройро╛ро░рпН.
    ро╡роЪройроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН родроорпНроороХрпН роХро░рпБродрпНродро┐ройрпН ро╡ро┐ро│роХрпНроХродрпНродро┐ро▓рпН роПродрпЗройрпБроорпН роЪроирпНродрпЗроХроорпН
    роЗро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБроорпНрокрпЛродрпБ роЕро▓рпНро▓родрпБ роирпЗро░роЯро┐ рокрпКро░рпБро│рпН родрпЖро│ро┐ро╡ро▒рпНро▒родро╛роХро╡рпЛ роЕро▓рпНро▓родрпБ рокрпБро░ро┐ропро╛родродро╛роХро╡рпЛ
    роЗро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБроорпНрокрпЛродрпБ, тАЛтАЛро╡ро░рпНрогройрпИ (рокро╛ро▓ро┐ропро┐ро▓рпН) рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН ро╡ро░рпНрогройрпИропро┐ройрпН рокро░рпНрооро┐роп
    роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокрпИ роиро╛роЩрпНроХро│рпН роХрпБро▒ро┐рокрпНрокро┐роЯрпНроЯрпБро│рпНро│рпЛроорпН родрпЗро░ро╛. рокро▓ роЪроирпНродро░рпНрокрпНрокроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН,
    роХрпБро┤рокрпНрокрооро╛рой роЪрпКро▒рпНроХро│рпН рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН ро╡ро╛роХрпНроХро┐ропроЩрпНроХро│рпИ родрпЖро│ро┐ро╡рпБрокроЯрпБродрпНродрпБро╡родро▒рпНроХро╛роХ родроорпНроородрпНродро┐ройрпН
    (родроорпНроороХро░ро┐ропро╛ро╕рпН) роЖроЪро┐ро░ро┐ропро░рпНроХро│рпИропрпБроорпН роиро╛роЩрпНроХро│рпН роЖро▓рпЛроЪро┐родрпНродрпБро│рпНро│рпЛроорпН.
    роХрпВроЯрпБродро▓ро╛роХ, родроорпНроорокро╛родро╛ро╡ро┐ройрпН рокро░рпНрооро┐роп роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокрпБроХро│рпИропрпБроорпН, роХрпБро▒ро┐рокрпНрокро╛роХ
    родрпКро┤ро┐ро▒рпНроЪроЩрпНроХ рокрпБродрпНродро░рпН роЪроЪройро╛ роХро╡рпБройрпНроЪро┐ро▓ро┐ройрпН роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокрпИропрпБроорпН, роЪроЩрпНроХро╛роЬро╛ роЪропродро╡ро╛ро╡ро┐ройрпН
    роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокрпБ (1805-1876), роХро┐роЩрпН рооро┐рогрпНроЯрпЛройрпН рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роХро┐роЩрпН родро┐рокро╛ро╡ро┐ройрпН
    роХро╛ро▓родрпНродро┐ро▓рпН роТро░рпБ роорпБройрпНройрогро┐ роороХро╛ родрпЗро░ро╛ роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокрпБ, роорпЗро▓рпБроорпН рокро░рпНрооро╛ рокро┐роЯроХро╛
    роЪроЩрпНроХродрпНродро┐ройрпН роУро╡роЯроХро╛ро░ро┐ропро╛ роороХро╛ родрпЗро░ро╛ роЪропродро╛ро╡рпН ропрпБ родро┐роЯрпНроЯро┐ро▓ро╛ро╡ро┐ройрпН роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокрпБ.
    роЪроЩрпНроХро╛роЬро╛ роЪропродро╛ро╡ро┐ройрпН рокрпБродрпНродроХродрпНродро┐ро▓рпН родроорпНроорокро╛родро╛ роХродрпИроХро│ро┐ройрпН рокрпКро┤ро┐рокрпНрокрпБро░рпИроХро│рпН рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН
    роЪрпБро░рпБроХрпНроХроЩрпНроХро│рпБроорпН роЕроЯроЩрпНроХрпБроорпН.
    родроорпНроорокро╛род роХродрпИроХро│рпН
    родроорпНроорокро╛родро╛ роХродрпИроХро│ро┐ройрпН роЪрпБро░рпБроХрпНроХроЩрпНроХро│рпН рокрпБродрпНродроХродрпНродро┐ройрпН роЗро░рогрпНроЯро╛роорпН рокро╛роХродрпНродро┐ро▓рпН
    роХрпКроЯрпБроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯрпБро│рпНро│рой, роПройрпЖройро┐ро▓рпН рокрпБродрпНродроХрпЛроЪро╛ (5 роЖроорпН роирпВро▒рпНро▒ро╛рогрпНроЯрпБ роП.роЯро┐.) роОро┤рпБродро┐роп
    родроорпНроорокро╛род ро╡ро░рпНрогройрпИ родроорпНроорокро╛родро╛ро╡рпИрокрпН рокро▒рпНро▒ро┐ роиройрпНроХрпБ рокрпБро░ро┐роирпНродрпБроХрпКро│рпНро│ роТро░рпБ рокрпЖро░ро┐роп
    роЙродро╡ро┐ропро╛роХрпБроорпН роОройрпНро▒рпБ рокрпКродрпБро╡ро╛роХ роироорпНрокрокрпНрокроЯрпБроХро┐ро▒родрпБ. ро╡ро░рпНрогройрпИропро┐ро▓рпН роорпБроирпНроирпВро▒рпНро▒рпБ роРроирпНродрпБ
    роХродрпИроХро│рпН роЪрпЗро░рпНроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯрпБро│рпНро│рой. роХродрпИроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН роХрпБро▒ро┐рокрпНрокро┐роЯрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯрпБро│рпНро│ рокрпЖро░рпБроорпНрокро╛ро▓ро╛рой
    роЪроорпНрокро╡роЩрпНроХро│рпН рокрпБродрпНродро░ро┐ройрпН ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНроиро╛ро│ро┐ро▓рпН роироЯроирпНродрой. роЪро┐ро▓ роХродрпИроХро│ро┐ро▓рпН, роХроЯроирпНрод роХро╛ро▓
    роЗро░рпБрокрпНрокрпБроХрпНроХро│рпИрокрпН рокро▒рпНро▒ро┐роп роЪро┐ро▓ роЙрогрпНроорпИроХро│рпБроорпН роорпАрогрпНроЯрпБроорпН роЗро░рпБроирпНродрой.
    роХродрпИроХро│ро┐ройрпН роЪрпБро░рпБроХрпНроХроЩрпНроХро│рпИ роОро┤рпБродрпБро╡родро┐ро▓рпН ро╡ро░рпНрогройрпИропрпИ роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНроХрпНроХ
    роорпБропро▒рпНроЪро┐роХрпНроХро╡ро┐ро▓рпНро▓рпИ. роХродрпИроХро│ро┐ройрпН роЙрогрпНроорпИроХро│рпИ роиро╛роЩрпНроХро│рпН ро╡рпЖро▒рпБрооройрпЗ роЕро┤ро┐родрпНродрпБро╡ро┐роЯрпНроЯрпЛроорпН,
    роЕро╡ро▒рпНро▒рпИ роЪрпБро░рпБроХрпНроХрооро╛роХ роорпАрогрпНроЯрпБроорпН роОро┤рпБродро┐ропрпБро│рпНро│рпЛроорпН: роТро╡рпНро╡рпКро░рпБ роХродрпИропро┐ройрпН роорпБроЯро┐ро╡ро┐ро▓рпБроорпН
    ро╡роЪройроЩрпНроХро│ро┐ройрпН роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокрпБ роХрпКроЯрпБроХрпНроХрокрпНрокроЯрпНроЯрпБро│рпНро│родрпБ.
    ро╕рпНроХро┐ро░ро┐рокрпНроЯрпН ро╡ро┤ро┐ропро╛роХ роЙройрпНройро┐рокрпНрокро╛роХроЪрпН роЪрпЖройрпНро▒родро▒рпНроХро╛роХ, родро▓рпИропроЩрпНроХроХрпН роХрпБро┤рпБро╡ро┐ройрпН
    роЙро▒рпБрокрпНрокро┐ройро░рпНроХро│ро╛рой рокро░рпНрооро╛ рокро┐роЯроХро╛ роЕроЪрпЛроЪро┐ропрпЗро╖ройрпБроХрпНроХрпБ роОройродрпБ роЖро┤рпНроирпНрод рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН роирпЗро░рпНроорпИропро╛рой
    роиройрпНро▒ро┐ропрпИ ро╡рпЖро│ро┐рокрпНрокроЯрпБродрпНродрпБро╡родрпБ роЗрокрпНрокрпЛродрпБ роОройроХрпНроХрпБ роЙро│рпНро│родрпБ; роЪропроХро┐ родроорпНроороХро╛ро░ро┐ропро╛ ропрпБ роЖроЩрпН
    роорпЛ рооро▒рпНро▒рпБроорпН ро╡роЪройроЩрпНроХро│рпИ роорпКро┤ро┐рокрпЖропро░рпНрокрпНрокродро▒рпНроХрпБ роЙродро╡ро┐ропродро▒рпНроХро╛роХ рокро░рпНрооро╛ рокро┐роЯроХро╛
    роЕроЪрпЛроЪро┐ропрпЗро╖ройро┐ройрпН роЖроЪро┐ро░ро┐ропро░рпН ропрпБ родрпЖропрпНройрпН роо ung роЩрпН роЖроХро┐ропрпЛро░рпБроХрпНроХрпБ.
    ро╡ро┐рокро╛роЪройро╛ рокропро┐ро▒рпНроЪро┐ роТро░рпБ роорогро┐ роирпЗро░роорпН|Vizha kolam|ро╡ро┐ро┤ро╛ роХрпЛро▓роорпН|Vipasana meditation
    VIZHA KOLAM
    3.85K subscribers
    родро┐ропро╛ройрокрпН рокропро┐ро▒рпНроЪро┐, рокрпБродрпНродро░ро┐ройрпН родроорпНроороорпН,рооройродро┐ройрпН рокродро┐ро╡рпИ роЕро┤ро┐роХрпНроХрпБроорпН рокропро┐ро▒рпНроЪро┐.,ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНро╡ро┐ро▓рпН роороХро┐ро┤рпНроЪрпНроЪро┐ роХрпКроЯрпБроХрпНроХрпБроорпН рокропро┐ро▒рпНроЪро┐.
    Meditation
    practice in the Theravada tradition ended in the 10th century, but was
    reintroduced in Toungoo and Konbaung Burma in the 18th century,[3] based
    on contemporary readings of the Satipaс╣нс╣нh─Бna sutta, the Visuddhimagga,
    and other texts. A new tradition developed in the 19th and 20th
    centuries, centering on bare insight in conjunction with samatha.[4] It
    became of central importance in the 20th century Vipassan─Б movement[5]
    as developed by Ledi Sayadaw and U Vimala and popularised by Mahasi
    Sayadaw, V. R. Dhiravamsa, and S. N. Goenka.[6][7][8]
    In
    modern Theravada, the combination or disjunction of vipassan─Б and
    samatha is a matter of dispute. While the Pali sutras hardly mention
    vipassan─Б, describing it as a mental quality alongside with samatha
    which develop in tandem and lead to liberation, the Abhidhamma Pitaka
    and the commentaries describe samatha and vipassan─Б as two separate
    meditation techniques. The Vipassan─Б movement favours vipassan─Б over
    samatha, but critics point out that both are necessary elements of the
    Buddhist training.
    Vipassan─Б
    or vipa┼Ыyan─Б, “insight,” is praj├▒─Б “insight into the true nature of
    reality”, defined as anicca “impermanence”, dukkha “suffering,
    unsatisfactoriness”, anatt─Б “non-self”, the three marks of existence in
    the Theravada tradition, and as ┼Ы┼лnyat─Б “emptiness” and Buddha-nature in
    the Mahayana traditions,vizha kolam, ро╡ро┐ро┤ро╛ роХрпЛро▓роорпН
    родро┐ропро╛ройроорпН,ро╡ро┐рокро╛роЪройро╛
    родро┐ропро╛ройроорпН,ро╡ро┐рокро╛роЪройро╛ родро┐ропро╛ройроорпН роОроЩрпНроХрпЗ роЪрпЖропрпНропро▓ро╛роорпН,родро┐ропро╛рой ро╡роХрпБрокрпНрокрпБ,роЖройро╛ рокро╛ройро╛
    родро┐ропро╛ройроорпН,родро┐ропро╛ройроорпН роЗроЪрпИ,рокрпБродрпНрод родро┐ропро╛ройроорпН,ро╡ро┐рокро╛роЪройро╛ рокропройрпН роОройрпНрой,роЖройро╛ рокро╛ройро╛ ро╕родро┐ родро┐ропро╛рой
    роорпБро▒рпИ ро╡ро┐ро│роХрпНроХроорпН,родро┐ропро╛ройроорпН роЪрпЖропрпНропрпБроорпН роорпБро▒рпИ,ро╡ро┐рокро╛роЪройро╛ роОрокрпНрокроЯро┐ роЪрпЖропрпНро╡родрпБ,родро┐ропро╛ройроорпН
    роОрокрпНрокроЯро┐ роЪрпЖропрпНро╡родрпБ,родро┐ропро╛ройроорпН роЪрпЖропрпНро╡родрпБ роОрокрпНрокроЯро┐,родро┐ропро╛ройроорпН роЪрпЖропрпНропрпБроорпН роирпЗро░роорпН,рооройродрпИ
    роТро░рпБроиро┐ро▓рпИрокрпН рокроЯрпБродрпНродрпБроорпН родро┐ропро╛ройроорпН,родро┐ропро╛ройрокрпН рокропро┐ро▒рпНроЪро┐,роЮро╛ройроорпН,рооройро░рпАродро┐ропро╛рой
    рокро┐ро░роЪрпНроЪройрпИ,ро╡ро┐рокроЪро╛рой,ро╡ро┐ро┤ро╛ роХрпЛро▓роорпН,ро╡ро┐ро┤ро╛роХрпЛро▓роорпН,ро╡ро╛ро┤рпНро╡ро┐ропро▓рпН,роХрпКро▓рпНро▓ро┐рокрпНрокро╛ро╡рпИ,родройрпНройроорпНрокро┐роХрпНроХрпИ
    рокропро┐ро▒рпНроЪро┐,ропрпЛроХроорпН,роорпБроХрпНродро┐,рооройродрпИ роТро░рпБроиро┐ро▓рпИ рокроЯрпБродрпНрод
    роорпБроЯро┐ропрпБроорпН,роорпЛроЯрпНроЪроорпН,роЪроЩрпНроХроороорпН,роЖройроирпНродроорпН,роЯрпИройрооро┐роХрпН
ро╡ро┐рокро╛роЪройро╛ рокропро┐ро▒рпНроЪро┐ роТро░рпБ роорогро┐ роирпЗро░роорпН|Vizha kolam|ро╡ро┐ро┤ро╛ роХрпЛро▓роорпН|Vipasana meditation




104) Classical Telugu- р░Хр▒Нр░▓р░╛р░╕р░┐р░Хр░▓р▒Н р░др▒Жр░▓р▒Бр░Чр▒Б,


р░кр░┐р░Яр░╛р░Хр░╛ р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░мр░╛р░Чр░╛ р░др▒Жр░▓р░┐р░╕р░┐р░и р░кр▒Бр░╕р▒Нр░др░Хр░╛р░▓р▒Нр░▓р▒Л р░зр░ор▒Нр░ор░кр░╛р░б р░Тр░Хр░Яр░┐. р░Зр░жр░┐ р░╕р▒Нр░кр░╖р▒Нр░Яр░ор▒Ир░и,
р░Ър░┐р░ир▒Нр░и р░╢р▒Нр░▓р▒Лр░Хр░╛р░▓р░▓р▒Л р░╡р▒Нр░пр░Хр▒Нр░др▒Ар░Хр░░р░┐р░Вр░Ър░мр░бр░┐р░и р░мр▒Бр░жр▒Нр░зр▒Бр░ир░┐ р░мр▒Лр░зр░ир░▓ р░╕р░ор░╛р░╣р░╛р░░р░В. р░И р░╢р▒Нр░▓р▒Лр░Хр░╛р░▓р▒Б
р░мр▒Бр░жр▒Нр░зр▒Бр░бр▒Б р░др░и р░мр▒Лр░зр░и р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░ир░▓р░нр▒И р░Рр░жр▒Б р░╕р░Вр░╡р░др▒Нр░╕р░░р░╛р░▓ р░Хр░╛р░▓р░Вр░▓р▒Л р░Зр░Ър▒Нр░Ър░┐р░и р░╡р░┐р░╡р░┐р░з р░Йр░кр░ир▒Нр░пр░╛р░╕р░╛р░▓
р░ир▒Бр░Вр░бр░┐ р░др▒Кр░▓р░Чр░┐р░Вр░Ър░мр░бр▒Нр░бр░╛р░пр░┐, р░Ор░Вр░жр▒Бр░Хр░Вр░Яр▒З р░Ер░др░ир▒Б р░Чр░Вр░Чр░╛ р░▓р▒Лр░п (р░Чр░Вр░Чр░╛) р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░╣р░┐р░ор░╛р░▓р░пр░╛р░▓
р░Йр░к-р░кр░░р▒Нр░╡р░д р░кр▒Нр░░р░╛р░Вр░др░Вр░▓р▒Л р░кр▒Нр░░р░пр░╛р░гр░┐р░Вр░Ър░╛р░бр▒Б. р░И р░╢р▒Нр░▓р▒Лр░Хр░╛р░▓р▒Б р░др░░р░Ър▒Бр░Чр░╛ р░ор▒Кр░Чр▒Нр░Чр▒Б р░Ър▒Вр░кр▒Бр░др░╛р░пр░┐,
р░Ър░ор░др▒Нр░Хр░╛р░░р░Вр░Чр░╛ р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░ир░ор▒Нр░ор░жр░Чр░┐р░ир░╡р░┐. р░Ер░ир▒Бр░Хр░░р░гр░▓р░ир▒Б р░Йр░кр░пр▒Лр░Чр░┐р░Вр░Ър░┐р░ир░кр▒Нр░кр▒Бр░бр░▓р▒Нр░▓р░╛, р░Ер░╡р░┐
р░кр░┐р░▓р▒Нр░▓р░╡р░╛р░бр▒Б р░Хр▒Вр░бр░╛ р░╕р▒Бр░▓р░нр░Вр░Чр░╛ р░Ер░░р▒Нр░ер░В р░Ър▒Зр░╕р▒Бр░Хр▒Бр░ир▒Зр░╡р░┐, р░Йр░жр░╛., р░мр░Вр░бр░┐ р░Ър░Хр▒Нр░░р░В, р░ор░ир░┐р░╖р░┐ р░ир▒Ар░б,
р░▓р▒Лр░др▒Ир░и р░Хр▒Кр░▓р░ир▒Б, р░кр▒Бр░╡р▒Нр░╡р▒Бр░▓р▒Б. р░И р░╢р▒Нр░▓р▒Лр░Хр░╛р░▓ р░жр▒Нр░╡р░╛р░░р░╛, р░мр▒Бр░жр▒Нр░зр▒Бр░бр▒Б р░Ер░ир▒Нр░ир░┐ р░╡р░┐р░Ьр░пр░╛р░▓р░▓р▒Л
р░Чр▒Кр░кр▒Нр░кр░жр░┐, р░╕р▒Нр░╡р▒Ар░п р░╡р░┐р░Ьр░пр░В р░╕р░╛р░зр░┐р░Вр░Ър░ор░ир░┐ р░кр▒Нр░░р▒Лр░др▒Нр░╕р░╣р░┐р░╕р▒Нр░др░╛р░бр▒Б; р░Ер░нр░┐р░░р▒Бр░Ър░┐, р░жр▒Нр░╡р▒Зр░╖р░В р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б
р░Ер░Ьр▒Нр░Юр░╛р░ир░В р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░Ър▒Жр░бр▒Бр░▓ р░ир▒Бр░Вр░бр░┐ р░др░кр▒Нр░кр░┐р░Вр░Ър▒Бр░Хр▒Лр░╡р░бр░╛р░ир░┐р░Хр░┐; р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░кр▒Бр░ир░░р▒Нр░Ьр░ир▒Нр░о р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░░р▒Мр░Вр░бр▒Н
р░ир▒Бр░Вр░бр░┐ р░Хр▒Лр░░р░┐р░Х р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░╕р▒Нр░╡р▒Зр░Ър▒Нр░Ы р░ир▒Бр░Вр░бр░┐ р░╕р▒Нр░╡р▒Зр░Ър▒Нр░Ыр░ир▒Б р░кр▒Кр░Вр░жр░Яр░╛р░ир░┐р░Хр░┐ р░др▒Ар░╡р▒Нр░░р░Вр░Чр░╛
р░кр▒Нр░░р░пр░др▒Нр░ир░┐р░╕р▒Нр░др░╛р░░р▒Б. р░кр▒Нр░░р░др░┐ р░кр░жр▒Нр░пр░Вр░▓р▒Л р░Тр░Х р░╕р░др▒Нр░пр░В (р░зр░ор▒Нр░о), р░Тр░Х р░кр▒Нр░░р░мр▒Лр░зр░В, р░╕р░▓р░╣р░╛ р░Йр░Вр░жр░┐.

р░зр░ор▒Нр░ор░кр░╛р░ж р░╢р▒Нр░▓р▒Лр░Хр░╛р░▓р▒Б р░др░░р░Ър▒Бр░Чр░╛ р░кр▒Нр░░р░кр░Вр░Ър░Вр░▓р▒Лр░ир░┐ р░Ер░ир▒Зр░Х р░жр▒Зр░╢р░╛р░▓р░▓р▒Л р░Ър░╛р░▓р░╛ р░ор░Вр░жр░┐ р░Хр▒Лр░Яр▒Н
р░Ър▒Зр░пр░мр░бр▒Нр░бр░╛р░пр░┐ р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░И р░кр▒Бр░╕р▒Нр░др░Хр░В р░Ер░ир▒Зр░Х р░нр░╛р░╖р░▓р░▓р▒Лр░Хр░┐ р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░жр░┐р░Вр░Ър░мр░бр░┐р░Вр░жр░┐. р░Жр░Вр░Чр▒Нр░▓р░Вр░▓р▒Лр░Хр░┐ р░др▒Кр░▓р░┐
р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░╛р░жр░╛р░▓р░▓р▒Л р░Тр░Хр░Яр░┐ 1870 р░▓р▒Л р░ор░╛р░Хр▒Нр░╕р▒Н р░ор▒Бр░▓р▒Нр░▓р▒Жр░░р▒Н р░Ър▒Зр░д р░Ър▒Зр░пр░мр░бр░┐р░Вр░жр░┐. р░др░░р▒Бр░╡р░╛р░д р░╡р░Ър▒Нр░Ър░┐р░и
р░Зр░др░░ р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░╛р░жр░╛р░▓р▒Б F.L. р░╡р▒Бр░бр▒Нр░╡р░╛р░░р▒Нр░бр▒Н 1921 р░▓р▒Л, 1920 р░▓р▒Л р░╡р▒Зр░Чр░┐р░╕р▒Нр░ор░░ р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░╕р░╛р░Вр░бр░░р▒Нр░╕р▒Н
р░Ър▒Зр░д, р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б 1902 р░▓р▒Л A.L. р░Ор░бр▒Нр░ор░Вр░бр▒Нр░╕р▒Н (р░╡р░┐р░╢р▒Нр░╡р░╛р░╕р░В р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░╢р▒Нр░▓р▒Лр░Хр░╛р░▓р▒Б) р░Ър▒Зр░д. р░Зр░Яр▒Ар░╡р░▓р░┐
р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░╛р░жр░╛р░▓р░▓р▒Л, р░ир░╛р░░р░ж р░ор░╣р░╛р░ер▒Жр░░р░╛ р░Ър▒Зр░д р░╡р░┐р░╕р▒Нр░др▒Гр░др░Вр░Чр░╛ р░кр▒Нр░░р░╕р░┐р░жр▒Нр░жр░┐ р░Ър▒Жр░Вр░жр░┐р░Вр░жр░┐. р░бр░╛р░Хр▒Нр░Яр░░р▒Н
р░╡р░╛р░▓р▒Нр░кр▒Лр░▓р░╛ р░░р░╛р░╣р▒Бр░▓р░╛ р░Хр▒Вр░бр░╛ р░зр░ор▒Нр░ор░кр░╛р░ж р░ир▒Бр░Вр░бр░┐ р░Ор░Вр░Ър▒Бр░Хр▒Бр░ир▒Нр░и р░Хр▒Кр░ир▒Нр░ир░┐ р░╢р▒Нр░▓р▒Лр░Хр░╛р░▓р░ир▒Б
р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░жр░┐р░Вр░Ър░╛р░░р▒Б р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░др░и р░кр▒Бр░╕р▒Нр░др░Хр░В “р░╡р░╛р░Яр▒Н р░жр░┐ р░мр▒Бр░жр▒Нр░з р░мр▒Лр░зр░┐р░Вр░Ър░╛р░бр▒Б” р░Ер░ир▒З р░кр▒Бр░╕р▒Нр░др░Хр░В
р░Ър░┐р░╡р░░р░┐р░▓р▒Л р░╡р░╛р░Яр░┐р░ир░┐ р░Зр░Ър▒Нр░Ър░╛р░░р▒Б. р░Ър▒Ир░ир▒Ар░пр▒Бр░▓р▒Б р░зр░ор▒Нр░ор░кр░╛р░бр░ир▒Б р░╕р░Вр░╕р▒Нр░Хр▒Гр░д р░ир▒Бр░Вр░бр░┐ р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░жр░┐р░Вр░Ър░╛р░░р▒Б.
1878 р░▓р▒Л р░зр░ор▒Нр░ор░кр░╛р░ж р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░Ър▒Ир░ир▒Ар░╕р▒Н р░╡р▒Жр░░р▒Нр░╖р░ир▒НтАМр░ир▒Б р░╢р░╛р░ор▒Нр░пр▒Вр░▓р▒Н р░мр▒Ар░▓р▒Н (р░мр▒Мр░жр▒Нр░з р░Хр░╛р░ир░ир▒Н р░ир▒Бр░Вр░бр░┐
р░зр░ор▒Нр░ор░кр░╛р░б р░Ер░ир░┐ р░кр░┐р░▓р▒Бр░╡р░мр░бр▒З р░мр▒Мр░жр▒Нр░з р░Хр░╛р░ир░ир▒Н р░ир▒Бр░Вр░бр░┐ р░кр░╛р░ар░╛р░▓р▒Б) р░Жр░Вр░Чр▒Нр░▓р░Вр░▓р▒Лр░Хр░┐ р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░жр░┐р░Вр░Ър░╛р░пр░┐.

р░мр░░р▒Нр░ор░╛р░▓р▒Л, р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░╛р░жр░╛р░▓р▒Б р░мр░░р▒Нр░ор▒Ар░╕р▒НтАМр░Чр░╛ р░Ър▒Зр░пр░мр░бр▒Нр░бр░╛р░пр░┐, р░Ор░Хр▒Нр░Хр▒Бр░╡р░Чр░╛ р░Чр░жр▒Нр░пр░Вр░▓р▒Л, р░Хр▒Кр░ир▒Нр░ир░┐
р░кр░╛р░░р░╛р░лр▒Нр░░р▒Зр░Ьр▒НтАМр░▓р▒Б, р░╡р░┐р░╡р░░р░гр░▓р▒Б р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░кр░жр▒Нр░пр░╛р░▓р░Хр▒Б р░╕р░Вр░мр░Вр░зр░┐р░Вр░Ър░┐р░и р░Хр░ер░▓ р░╕р░Вр░Хр▒Нр░╖р░┐р░кр▒Нр░др░╛р░▓р▒Б.
р░Зр░Яр▒Ар░╡р░▓р░┐ р░╕р░Вр░╡р░др▒Нр░╕р░░р░╛р░▓р░▓р▒Л, р░мр░░р▒Нр░ор▒Ар░╕р▒Н р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░Жр░Вр░Чр▒Нр░▓ р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░╛р░жр░╛р░▓р░др▒Л р░зр░ор▒Нр░ор░кр░╛р░бр░кр▒И р░Хр▒Кр░ир▒Нр░ир░┐
р░кр▒Бр░╕р▒Нр░др░Хр░╛р░▓р▒Б, р░кр░╛р░▓р░┐ р░кр░жр▒Нр░пр░╛р░▓р░др▒Л р░кр░╛р░Яр▒Б р░Хр▒Вр░бр░╛ р░кр▒Нр░░р░Ър▒Бр░░р░┐р░Вр░Ър░мр░бр▒Нр░бр░╛р░пр░┐.

“р░Ер░кр▒Нр░кр░ор░╛р░бр▒Л р░Ер░ор░╛р░Яр░кр░жр▒Б” р░др▒Л р░кр▒Нр░░р░╛р░░р░Вр░нр░ор░пр▒Нр░пр▒З р░кр░жр▒Нр░пр░В (21) р░Ер░Вр░Яр▒З “р░ор▒Ир░Вр░бр▒НтАМр░лр▒Бр░▓р▒НтАМр░ир▒Жр░╕р▒Н
р░Ер░ир▒Зр░жр░┐ р░ир░┐р░мр▒Нр░мр░╛р░ир░╛р░Хр▒Б р░ор░╛р░░р▒Нр░Чр░В, р░бр▒Жр░др▒Нр░▓р▒Жр░╕р▒Н” р░Ър░╛р░▓р░╛ р░ор▒Бр░Цр▒Нр░пр░ор▒Ир░и р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░ор▒Бр░Цр▒Нр░пр░ор▒Ир░и р░кр░жр▒Нр░пр░В.
р░кр▒Нр░░р░╢р░╛р░Вр░др░д р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░Ер░Вр░др░░р▒Нр░жр▒Гр░╖р▒Нр░Яр░┐ р░зр▒Нр░пр░╛р░ир░Вр░▓р▒Л р░ор▒Ир░Вр░бр▒НтАМр░лр▒Бр░▓р▒НтАМр░ир▒Жр░╕р▒Н р░Ър░╛р░▓р░╛ р░ор▒Бр░Цр▒Нр░пр░ор▒Ир░и р░Ер░Вр░╢р░В.
р░мр▒Бр░жр▒Нр░зр▒Бр░бр▒Б р░Ър░ир░┐р░кр▒Лр░пр▒З р░ор▒Бр░Вр░жр▒Б р░Ър░┐р░╡р░░р░┐р░Чр░╛ р░Йр░кр░жр▒Зр░╢р░┐р░Вр░Ър░бр░В р░Хр▒Вр░бр░╛ р░Ьр░╛р░Чр▒Нр░░р░др▒Нр░д р░╡р░╣р░┐р░Вр░Ър░бр░В р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б
р░╢р▒Нр░░р░жр▒Нр░зр░Чр░╛ р░кр▒Нр░░р░пр░др▒Нр░ир░┐р░Вр░Ър░бр░В (р░ор░╛р░Чр░╛ р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░лр░▓р░╛ р░жр▒Нр░╡р░╛р░░р░╛ р░кр▒Бр░ир░░р▒Нр░Ьр░ир▒Нр░о р░░р▒Мр░Вр░бр▒Н р░ир▒Бр░Вр░бр░┐
р░╕р▒Нр░╡р▒Зр░Ър▒Нр░Ыр░ир▒Б р░кр▒Кр░Вр░жр▒З р░кр░ир░┐р░ир░┐ р░кр▒Вр░░р▒Нр░др░┐ р░Ър▒Зр░пр░бр░В). р░нр░╛р░░р░др░жр▒Зр░╢ р░Ър░Хр▒Нр░░р░╡р░░р▒Нр░др░┐ р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░мр░░р▒Нр░ор░╛ р░░р░╛р░Ьр▒Б
р░Ер░ир░╡р▒Нр░░р░╛р░╣р░др░╛ р░░р░╛р░Ьр▒Б р░мр▒Мр░жр▒Нр░зр░ор░др░Вр░▓р▒Л р░ор░др░ор░╛р░░р▒Нр░кр░┐р░бр░┐ р░Ер░пр▒Нр░пр░╛р░░р░ир░┐ р░И р░кр░жр▒Нр░пр░В р░Хр░╛р░░р░гр░Вр░Чр░╛ р░Зр░жр░┐
р░╕р░╛р░зр░╛р░░р░гр░Вр░Чр░╛ р░Ер░Вр░Чр▒Ар░Хр░░р░┐р░Вр░Ър░мр░бр░┐р░Вр░жр░┐. р░Жр░пр░╛ р░жр▒Зр░╢р░╛р░▓р░▓р▒Л р░мр▒Мр░жр▒Нр░зр░ор░др░В р░кр▒Нр░░р░Ър░╛р░░р░В р░Ър▒Зр░пр░бр░Вр░▓р▒Л р░Зр░жр▒Нр░жр░░р▒Б
р░░р░╛р░Ьр▒Бр░▓р▒Б р░Ор░Вр░др▒Л р░╕р░╣р░╛р░пр░кр░бр▒Нр░бр░╛р░░р▒Б.

р░╢р▒Нр░▓р▒Лр░Хр░╛р░▓р▒Б (1) р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б (2) р░Хр░ор▒Нр░о р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░ор░╛р░░р▒Нр░кр▒Бр░▓р▒Зр░ир░┐ р░Ър░Яр▒Нр░Яр░╛р░ир▒Нр░ир░┐ р░╡р░┐р░╡р░░р░┐р░╕р▒Нр░др░╛р░пр░┐,
р░жр▒Ар░ир░┐ р░Хр░┐р░Вр░ж р░кр▒Нр░░р░др░┐ р░жр░╕р▒Нр░др░╛р░╡р▒Зр░Ьр▒Б, р░ор░Вр░Ър░┐ р░▓р▒Зр░жр░╛ р░Ър▒Жр░бр▒Б, р░др░┐р░░р░┐р░Чр░┐ р░Ър▒Зр░╕р▒Зр░╡р░╛р░░р░┐р░Хр░┐ р░др░┐р░░р░┐р░Чр░┐
р░╡р░╕р▒Нр░др▒Бр░Вр░жр░┐. р░Зр░Хр▒Нр░Хр░б, р░мр▒Бр░жр▒Нр░зр▒Бр░бр▒Б р░ор░и р░Ер░ир▒Нр░ир░┐ р░Ър░░р▒Нр░пр░▓р░▓р▒Л р░ор░ир░╕р▒Нр░╕р▒Б р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░кр▒Нр░░р░╛р░ор▒Бр░Цр▒Нр░пр░др░ир▒Б
р░ир▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Хр░┐ р░Ър▒Жр░мр▒Бр░др░╛р░бр▒Б р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░ор░и р░кр░ир▒Бр░▓р▒Б, р░кр░жр░╛р░▓р▒Б р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░Жр░▓р▒Лр░Ър░ир░▓ р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░Ер░ир░┐р░╡р░╛р░░р▒Нр░пр░ор▒Ир░и
р░кр░░р░┐р░гр░╛р░ор░╛р░▓ р░Чр▒Бр░░р░┐р░Вр░Ър░┐ р░ор░╛р░Яр▒Нр░▓р░╛р░бр▒Бр░др░╛р░бр▒Б.

р░╢р▒Нр░▓р▒Лр░Хр░╛р░▓р▒Б (277), (278) р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б (279) р░Хр▒Вр░бр░╛ р░ор▒Бр░Цр▒Нр░пр░ор▒Ир░ир░╡р░┐, р░Ор░Вр░жр▒Бр░Хр░Вр░Яр▒З р░Ер░╡р░┐
р░Ер░╢р░╛р░╢р▒Нр░╡р░др░ор▒Ир░и, р░╕р░Вр░др▒Гр░кр▒Нр░др░┐р░Хр░░р░Вр░Чр░╛ р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░Ер░ир▒Нр░ир░┐ р░╖р░░р░др▒Бр░▓р░др▒Л р░Хр▒Вр░бр░┐р░и р░╡р░┐р░╖р░пр░╛р░▓ р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░╕р▒Нр░╡р▒Ар░п
р░╕р▒Нр░╡р░нр░╛р░╡р░В р░Чр▒Бр░░р░┐р░Вр░Ър░┐ р░ор░╛р░Хр▒Б р░Ър▒Жр░мр▒Бр░др▒Бр░ир▒Нр░ир░╛р░пр░┐; р░Ер░ир▒Нр░ир░┐ р░╖р░░р░др▒Бр░▓р░др▒Л р░Хр▒Вр░бр░┐р░и р░╡р░┐р░╖р░пр░╛р░▓ р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х
р░ир░┐р░Ьр░ор▒Ир░и р░╕р▒Нр░╡р░нр░╛р░╡р░╛р░ир▒Нр░ир░┐ р░Чр▒Нр░░р░╣р░┐р░Вр░Ър░бр░В р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░Цр░Вр░зр░╛р░╕р▒НтАМр░др▒Л р░Ер░▓р░╕р░┐р░кр▒Лр░╡р░бр░В р░Ър░╛р░▓р░╛ р░ор▒Бр░Цр▒Нр░пр░В,
р░Ор░Вр░жр▒Бр░Хр░Вр░Яр▒З р░Зр░жр░┐ р░╕р▒Нр░╡р░Ър▒Нр░Ыр░др░Хр▒Б р░ор░╛р░░р▒Нр░Чр░В.

р░Ер░кр▒Нр░кр▒Бр░бр▒Б р░мр▒Бр░жр▒Нр░зр▒Бр░бр▒Б р░кр▒Бр░ир░░р▒Нр░Ьр░ир▒Нр░о р░░р▒Мр░Вр░бр▒Н р░ир▒Бр░Вр░бр░┐ р░╡р░┐р░ор▒Бр░Хр▒Нр░др░┐р░Хр░┐ р░жр░╛р░░р░┐р░др▒Ар░╕р▒З
р░ор░╛р░░р▒Нр░Чр░╛р░ир▒Нр░ир░┐ р░Ър▒Вр░кр░┐р░╕р▒Нр░др░╛р░бр▒Б, р░Ер░ир░Чр░╛, р░кр░жр▒Нр░пр░Вр░▓р▒Л р░Ор░ир░┐р░ор░┐р░жр░┐ р░нр░╛р░Чр░╛р░▓р░др▒Л (р░Ер░др▒Нр░др░╛р░Вр░Чр░┐р░Хр▒Л р░ор░╛р░Чр▒Нр░Чр▒Л)
р░ор░╛р░░р▒Нр░Чр░В (273). р░Зр░Вр░Хр░╛, р░мр▒Бр░жр▒Нр░зр▒Бр░бр▒Б р░кр░жр▒Нр░пр░В (276) р░▓р▒Л р░ор░╛ р░╕р▒Нр░╡р░Вр░д р░кр▒Нр░░р░пр░др▒Нр░ир░В р░Ър▒Зр░пр░ор░ир░┐
р░кр▒Нр░░р▒Лр░др▒Нр░╕р░╣р░┐р░╕р▒Нр░др░╛р░бр▒Б, “р░ор▒Ар░░р▒Б р░ор▒Ар░░р▒З р░кр▒Нр░░р░пр░др▒Нр░ир░В р░Ър▒Зр░пр░╛р░▓р░┐, р░др░ер░╛р░Чр░Яр░╛р░▓р▒Б р░ор░╛р░░р▒Нр░Чр░В р░ор░╛р░др▒Нр░░р░ор▒З
р░Ър▒Вр░кр░┐р░╕р▒Нр░др░╛р░░р▒Б.” р░кр░жр▒Нр░пр░В (183) р░мр▒Бр░жр▒Нр░зр▒Бр░▓ р░мр▒Лр░зр░ир░ир▒Б р░Зр░╕р▒Нр░др▒Бр░Вр░жр░┐. р░Зр░жр░┐ “р░Ър▒Жр░бр▒Б р░Ър▒Зр░пр░╡р░жр▒Нр░жр▒Б,
р░пр▒Лр░Чр▒Нр░пр░др░ир▒Б р░кр░Вр░бр░┐р░Вр░Ър░Вр░бр░┐, р░Тр░Хр░░р░┐ р░ор░ир░╕р▒Нр░╕р▒Бр░ир▒Б р░╢р▒Бр░жр▒Нр░зр░┐ р░Ър▒Зр░пр░Вр░бр░┐; р░Зр░жр░┐ р░мр▒Бр░жр▒Нр░зр▒Бр░▓ р░мр▒Лр░зр░и” р░Ер░ир░┐
р░Ър▒Жр░кр▒Нр░кр░┐р░Вр░жр░┐.
(24)
р░кр░жр▒Нр░пр░Вр░▓р▒Л р░мр▒Бр░жр▒Нр░зр▒Бр░бр▒Б р░Ьр▒Ар░╡р░┐р░др░Вр░▓р▒Л р░╡р░┐р░Ьр░пр░╛р░ир░┐р░Хр░┐ р░ор░╛р░░р▒Нр░Чр░╛р░ир▒Нр░ир░┐ р░Ър▒Вр░кр░┐р░╕р▒Нр░др░╛р░бр▒Б, р░И р░╡р░┐р░зр░Вр░Чр░╛:
“р░Тр░Х р░╡р▒Нр░пр░Хр▒Нр░др░┐ р░╢р░Хр▒Нр░др░┐р░╡р░Вр░др░ор▒Ир░и, р░мр▒Бр░жр▒Нр░зр░┐р░кр▒Вр░░р▒Нр░╡р░Хр░Вр░Чр░╛, р░Жр░▓р▒Лр░Ър░и, р░кр░жр░В р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░жр░╕р▒Нр░др░╛р░╡р▒Зр░Ьр▒Бр░▓р▒Л
р░╕р▒Нр░╡р░Ър▒Нр░Ыр░Вр░Чр░╛ р░Йр░Вр░Яр▒З, р░Ер░др░ир▒Б р░╢р▒Нр░░р░жр▒Нр░з р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░кр░░р░┐р░╢р▒Ар░▓р░ир░др▒Л р░кр▒Нр░░р░др░┐р░жр▒А р░Ър▒Зр░╕р▒Нр░др▒З, р░Ер░др░ир░┐ р░нр░╛р░╡р░╛р░▓р░ир▒Б
р░ир░┐р░░р▒Лр░зр░┐р░╕р▒Нр░др░╛р░бр▒Б; р░зр░░р▒Нр░ор░В р░кр▒Нр░░р░Хр░╛р░░р░В р░Ьр▒Ар░╡р░┐р░Вр░Ър░бр░В р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░╡р░┐р░ир░ир░┐р░жр░┐ р░Хр░╛р░жр▒Б, р░Ер░кр▒Нр░кр▒Бр░бр▒Б, р░Ж
р░мр▒Бр░жр▒Нр░зр░┐р░Чр░▓ р░╡р▒Нр░пр░Хр▒Нр░др░┐ р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░Хр▒Ар░░р▒Нр░др░┐ р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░Ер░жр▒Гр░╖р▒Нр░Яр░В р░кр▒Жр░░р▒Бр░Чр▒Бр░др▒Бр░Вр░жр░┐. “

р░кр░жр▒Нр░пр░╛р░▓ р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░И р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░╛р░жр░В р░кр░╛р░▓р░┐ р░ир▒Бр░Вр░бр░┐ р░Жр░Вр░Чр▒Нр░▓р░Вр░▓р▒Лр░Хр░┐ р░╡р░Ър▒Нр░Ър░┐р░Вр░жр░┐. р░Йр░кр░пр▒Лр░Чр░┐р░Вр░Ър░┐р░и
р░кр░╛р░▓р░┐ р░╡р░Ър░ир░В р░Жр░░р░╡ р░Ер░Вр░др░░р▒Нр░Ьр░╛р░др▒Ар░п р░мр▒Мр░жр▒Нр░з р░╕р▒Ир░ир░╛р░бр▒Н р░Жр░ор▒Лр░жр░┐р░Вр░Ър░┐р░и р░зр░ор▒Нр░ор░кр░╛р░ж р░кр░╛р░▓р░┐. р░ор▒Зр░ор▒Б
р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░╛р░жр░╛р░ир▒Нр░ир░┐ р░╡р▒Ар░▓р▒Ир░ир░Вр░д р░жр░Чр▒Нр░Чр░░р░Чр░╛ р░╡р░Ър░ир░╛р░ир░┐р░Хр░┐ р░жр░Чр▒Нр░Чр░░р░Чр░╛ р░Ър▒Зр░пр░бр░╛р░ир░┐р░Хр░┐ р░кр▒Нр░░р░пр░др▒Нр░ир░┐р░Вр░Ър░╛р░ор▒Б,
р░Хр░╛р░ир░┐ р░Хр▒Кр░ир▒Нр░ир░┐р░╕р░╛р░░р▒Нр░▓р▒Б р░кр░╛р░▓р░┐ р░кр░жр░╛р░ир░┐р░Хр░┐ р░╕р░░р░┐р░Чр▒Нр░Чр░╛ р░Ер░ир▒Бр░Чр▒Бр░гр░Вр░Чр░╛ р░Йр░Вр░бр▒З р░Жр░Вр░Чр▒Нр░▓ р░кр░жр░╛р░ир▒Нр░ир░┐
р░Хр░ир▒Бр░Чр▒Кр░ир░бр░В р░Ър░╛р░▓р░╛ р░Хр░╖р▒Нр░Яр░В, р░Ер░╕р░╛р░зр▒Нр░пр░В р░Хр░╛р░Хр░кр▒Лр░др▒З. р░Йр░жр░╛р░╣р░░р░гр░Хр▒Б, р░ир░╛р░▓р▒Бр░Чр▒Б р░Чр▒Кр░кр▒Нр░к р░╕р░др▒Нр░пр░╛р░▓
р░кр▒Нр░░р░жр░░р▒Нр░╢р░ир░▓р▒Л р░Йр░кр░пр▒Лр░Чр░┐р░Вр░Ър░┐р░и “р░жр▒Бр░Хр▒Нр░Хр░╛” р░Ер░ир▒З р░кр░жр░В р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░ир░┐р░Ьр░ор▒Ир░и р░Ер░░р▒Нр░зр░╛р░ир▒Нр░ир░┐ р░др▒Жр░▓р░┐р░пр░Ьр▒Зр░пр░Чр░▓
р░Тр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░Жр░Вр░Чр▒Нр░▓ р░кр░жр░╛р░ир▒Нр░ир░┐ р░ор░ир░В р░Зр░Вр░Хр░╛ р░Хр░ир▒Бр░Чр▒Кр░ир░▓р▒Зр░Хр░кр▒Лр░пр░╛р░ор▒Б. р░И р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░╛р░жр░Вр░▓р▒Л, “р░жр▒Бр░Хр▒Нр░Хр░╛” р░Ер░ир▒З
р░кр░жр░В р░ир░╛р░▓р▒Бр░Чр▒Б р░Чр▒Кр░кр▒Нр░к р░╕р░др▒Нр░пр░╛р░▓р░▓р▒Л р░Ер░жр▒З р░Ер░░р▒Нр░зр░╛р░ир▒Нр░ир░┐ р░Хр░▓р░┐р░Чр░┐ р░Йр░ир▒Нр░и р░Ър▒Лр░Я, р░Ер░жр░┐
р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░жр░┐р░Вр░Ър░мр░бр░▓р▒Зр░жр▒Б; р░Хр░╛р░ир▒А р░ор░╛р░др▒Нр░░р░ор▒З р░╡р░┐р░╡р░░р░┐р░Вр░Ър░мр░бр░┐р░Вр░жр░┐.

р░╢р▒Нр░▓р▒Лр░Хр░╛р░▓ р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░зр░ор▒Нр░о р░нр░╛р░╡р░и р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░╡р▒Нр░пр░╛р░Цр▒Нр░пр░╛р░ир░Вр░▓р▒Л р░Пр░жр▒Ир░ир░╛ р░╕р░Вр░жр▒Зр░╣р░В р░Йр░ир▒Нр░ир░кр▒Нр░кр▒Бр░бр▒Б
р░▓р▒Зр░жр░╛ р░╕р░╛р░╣р░┐р░др▒Нр░п р░Ер░░р▒Нр░зр░В р░Ер░╕р▒Нр░кр░╖р▒Нр░Яр░Вр░Чр░╛ р░▓р▒Зр░жр░╛ р░Ер░░р▒Нр░ер░В р░Ър▒Зр░╕р▒Бр░Хр▒Лр░▓р▒Зр░ир░┐р░кр▒Нр░кр▒Бр░бр▒Б, р░ор▒Зр░ор▒Б
р░╡р▒Нр░пр░╛р░Цр▒Нр░пр░╛р░ир░В (р░кр░╛р░▓р░┐р░▓р▒Л) р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░ир▒Нр░пр░╛р░Вр░Чр▒НтАМр░мр░┐р░ир▒Н р░╕р░пр░╛р░жр░╛р░╡р▒Н р░╡р▒Нр░пр░╛р░Цр▒Нр░пр░╛р░ир░В р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░мр░░р▒Нр░ор▒Ар░╕р▒Н
р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░╛р░жр░╛р░ир▒Нр░ир░┐ р░Ър░╛р░▓р░╛ р░ир▒Зр░░р▒Нр░Ър▒Бр░Хр▒Бр░ир▒Нр░ир░кр▒Нр░кр▒Бр░бр▒Б, р░Ър░╛р░▓р░╛ р░ир▒Зр░░р▒Нр░Ър▒Бр░Хр▒Бр░ир▒Нр░ир░жр░┐. р░ер▒Жр░░р░╛. р░Ер░ир▒Зр░Х
р░╕р░Вр░жр░░р▒Нр░нр░╛р░▓р▒Нр░▓р▒Л р░ор▒Зр░ор▒Б р░зр░ор▒Нр░о (р░зр░ор▒Нр░ор░Хр░╛р░░р░┐р░пр░╛р░╕р▒Н) р░Йр░кр░╛р░зр▒Нр░пр░╛р░пр▒Бр░▓р░ир▒Б р░Хр▒Вр░бр░╛ р░Хр░▓р░╡р░░р░кр▒Жр░Яр▒Нр░Яр▒З р░кр░жр░╛р░▓р▒Б
р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░╡р░╛р░Хр▒Нр░пр░╛р░▓р░ир▒Б р░╡р░┐р░╡р░░р░┐р░Вр░Ър░бр░╛р░ир░┐р░Хр░┐ р░╕р░Вр░кр▒Нр░░р░жр░┐р░Вр░Ър░╛р░ор▒Б.

р░Ер░жр░ир░Вр░Чр░╛, р░ор▒Зр░ор▒Б р░зр░ор▒Нр░ор░кр░╛р░б р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░мр░░р▒Нр░ор▒Ар░╕р▒Н р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░╛р░жр░╛р░▓р░ир▒Б р░Хр▒Вр░бр░╛ р░╕р░Вр░кр▒Нр░░р░жр░┐р░Вр░Ър░╛р░ор▒Б,
р░ор▒Бр░Цр▒Нр░пр░Вр░Чр░╛ р░пр▒Вр░ир░┐р░пр░ир▒Н р░мр▒Бр░жр▒Нр░з р░╕р░╕р░ир░╛ р░Хр▒Мр░ир▒Нр░╕р░┐р░▓р▒Н р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░╛р░жр░В, р░жр░┐ р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░╛р░жр░В
(1805-1876), р░Хр░┐р░Вр░Чр▒Н р░ор░┐р░Вр░бр░ир▒Н р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░Хр░┐р░Вр░Чр▒Н р░ор░┐р░Вр░бр░ир▒Н р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░Хр░┐р░Вр░Чр▒Н р░Хр░╛р░▓р▒НтАМр░▓р▒Л р░кр▒Нр░░р░ор▒Бр░Ц
р░ор░╣р░╛ р░ер▒Жр░░р░╛, р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░мр░░р▒Нр░ор░╛ р░кр░┐р░Яр░╛р░Хр░╛ р░Ер░╕р▒Лр░╕р░┐р░пр▒Зр░╖р░ир▒Н р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░Ур░╡р░╛р░бр░Хр░╛р░░р░┐р░пр░╛ р░ор░╣р░╛ р░ер▒Жр░░р░╛
р░╕р░пр░╛р░жр░╛р░╡р▒Н р░пр▒Б р░др░┐р░Яр▒Нр░Яр░┐р░▓р░╛ р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░╛р░жр░В. р░╕р░Вр░Ч р░╕р░╡р░╛р░жр░╛р░╡р▒Н р░░р░╛р░╕р░┐р░и р░кр▒Бр░╕р▒Нр░др░Хр░Вр░▓р▒Л р░зр░░р▒Нр░ор░кр░б р░Хр░ер░▓
р░кр░╛р░░р░╛р░лр▒Нр░░р▒Зр░Ьр▒НтАМр░▓р▒Б р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░╕р░Вр░Хр▒Нр░╖р░┐р░кр▒Нр░др░╛р░▓р▒Б р░Хр▒Вр░бр░╛ р░Йр░ир▒Нр░ир░╛р░пр░┐.

р░зр░ор▒Нр░ор░кр░╛р░ж р░Хр░ер░▓ р░╕р░╛р░░р░╛р░Вр░╢р░╛р░▓р▒Б р░кр▒Бр░╕р▒Нр░др░Хр░В р░пр▒Кр░Хр▒Нр░Х р░░р▒Жр░Вр░бр░╡ р░нр░╛р░Чр░Вр░▓р▒Л р░Зр░╡р▒Нр░╡р░мр░бр▒Нр░бр░╛р░пр░┐,
р░Ор░Вр░жр▒Бр░Хр░Вр░Яр▒З р░мр▒Бр░жр▒Нр░зр░Шр▒Лр░╕р░╛ (5 р░╡ р░╢р░др░╛р░мр▒Нр░жр░В A.D.) р░░р░╛р░╕р░┐р░и р░зр░ор▒Нр░ор░кр░╛р░ж р░╡р▒Нр░пр░╛р░Цр▒Нр░пр░╛р░ир░В р░зр░ор▒Нр░ор░кр░б
р░Чр▒Бр░░р░┐р░Вр░Ър░┐ р░ор░Вр░Ър░┐ р░Ер░╡р░Чр░╛р░╣р░и р░Хр▒Лр░╕р░В р░Чр▒Кр░кр▒Нр░к р░╕р░╣р░╛р░пр░В р░Ер░ир░┐ р░╕р░╛р░зр░╛р░░р░гр░Вр░Чр░╛ р░ир░ор▒Нр░ор▒Бр░др░╛р░░р▒Б. р░ор▒Вр░бр▒Б р░╡р░Вр░жр░▓
р░Рр░жр▒Б р░Хр░ер░▓р▒Б р░╡р▒Нр░пр░╛р░Цр▒Нр░пр░╛р░ир░Вр░▓р▒Л р░Ър▒Зр░░р▒Нр░Ър░мр░бр▒Нр░бр░╛р░пр░┐. р░Хр░ер░▓р░▓р▒Л р░кр▒Зр░░р▒Нр░Хр▒Кр░ир▒Нр░и р░Ър░╛р░▓р░╛ р░╕р░Вр░Шр░Яр░ир░▓р▒Б
р░мр▒Бр░жр▒Нр░зр▒Бр░ир░┐ р░Ьр▒Ар░╡р░┐р░д р░Хр░╛р░▓р░Вр░▓р▒Л р░Ьр░░р░┐р░Чр░╛р░пр░┐. р░Хр▒Кр░ир▒Нр░ир░┐ р░Хр░ер░▓р░▓р▒Л, р░Хр▒Кр░ир▒Нр░ир░┐ р░Чр░д р░Йр░ир░┐р░Хр░┐ р░Чр▒Бр░░р░┐р░Вр░Ър░┐
р░Хр▒Кр░ир▒Нр░ир░┐ р░╡р░╛р░╕р▒Нр░др░╡р░╛р░▓р▒Б р░Хр▒Вр░бр░╛ р░др░┐р░░р░┐р░Чр░┐ р░Ър▒Жр░кр▒Нр░кр░мр░бр▒Нр░бр░╛р░пр░┐.

р░╕р▒Нр░Хр▒Нр░░р░┐р░кр▒Нр░Яр▒Н р░жр▒Нр░╡р░╛р░░р░╛ р░╕р▒Вр░Хр▒Нр░╖р▒Нр░ор░Вр░Чр░╛ р░╡р▒Жр░│р▒Нр░│р░┐р░ир░Вр░жр▒Бр░Хр▒Б р░Ор░бр░┐р░Яр▒Лр░░р░┐р░пр░▓р▒Н р░Хр░ор░┐р░Яр▒А р░мр░░р▒Нр░ор░╛
р░кр░┐р░Яр░╛р░Хр░╛ р░Ер░╕р▒Лр░╕р░┐р░пр▒Зр░╖р░ир▒Н р░╕р░нр▒Нр░пр▒Бр░▓р░Хр▒Б р░ир░╛ р░▓р▒Лр░др▒Ир░и р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░╣р▒Гр░жр░пр░кр▒Вр░░р▒Нр░╡р░Х р░Хр▒Гр░др░Ьр▒Нр░Юр░др░▓р▒Б
р░др▒Жр░▓р░┐р░пр░Ьр▒Зр░пр░бр░В р░Зр░кр▒Нр░кр▒Бр░бр▒Б р░ир░╛р░Хр▒Б р░ор░╛р░др▒Нр░░р░ор▒З р░ор░┐р░Чр░┐р░▓р░┐ р░Йр░Вр░жр░┐; р░╢р▒Нр░▓р▒Лр░Хр░╛р░▓ р░Ер░ир▒Бр░╡р░╛р░жр░╛р░ир░┐р░Хр░┐ р░╕р░╣р░╛р░пр░В
р░Ър▒Зр░╕р░┐р░ир░Вр░жр▒Бр░Хр▒Б р░╕р░пр░╛р░Чр▒А р░зр░ор▒Нр░ор░Хр░╛р░░р░┐р░пр░╛ р░пр▒Б р░Жр░Вр░Чр▒Н р░ор▒Л р░ор░░р░┐р░пр▒Б р░мр░░р▒Нр░ор░╛ р░кр░┐р░Яр░╛р░Хр░╛ р░Ер░╕р▒Лр░╕р░┐р░пр▒Зр░╖р░ир▒Н
р░Ор░бр░┐р░Яр░░р▒Н, р░пр▒Б р░ер▒Ар░ир▒Н р░ор░╛р░Вр░Чр▒Н р░Хр▒Б.
According
to tradition, the Dhammapada’s verses were spoken by the Buddha on
various occasions. By distilling the complex models, theories,
rhetorical style and sheer volume of the Buddha’s teachings into
concise, crystalline verses, the Dhammapada makes the Buddhist way of
life available to anyone…In fact, it is possible that the very source
of the Dhammapada in third century B.C.E. is traceable to the need of
the early Buddhist communities in India to laicize the ascetic impetus
of the Buddha’s original words.” The text is part of the Khuddaka Nikaya
of the Sutta Pitaka, although over half of the verses exist in other
parts of the Pali Canon. A 4th or 5th century CE commentary attributed
to Buddhaghosa includes 305 stories which give context to the verses.
1. р░пр░ор░Х р░╡р░░р▒Нр░Ч
2. р░Ер░кр▒Нр░кр░ор░╛р░ж р░╡р░░р▒Нр░Ч
3. р░Ър░┐р░др▒Нр░д р░╡р░░р▒Нр░Ч
4. р░кр▒Бр░╖р▒Нр░к р░╡р░░р▒Нр░Ч
5. р░мр░╛р░▓ р░╡р░жр▒Нр░ж
6. р░кр░Вр░бр░┐р░д р░╡р░░р▒Нр░Ч
7. р░Ер░░р░╣р░Вр░д р░╡р░░р▒Нр░Ч
8. р░╕р░╣р░╕р▒Нр░╕ р░╡р░░р▒Нр░Ч
9. р░кр░╛р░к р░╡р░░р▒Нр░Ч
10. р░жр░Вр░б р░╡р░░р▒Нр░Ч
11. р░Ьр░░р░╛ р░╡р░Чр▒Нр░Ч
12. р░Ер░др▒Нр░д р░╡р░░р▒Нр░Ч
13. р░▓р▒Лр░Х р░╡р░Чр▒Нр░Ч
14. р░мр▒Бр░жр▒Нр░з р░╡р░░р▒Нр░Ч
15. р░╕р▒Бр░Ц р░╡р░░р▒Нр░Ч
16. р░кр░┐р░п р░╡р░░р▒Нр░Ч
!!! 1 . Dhammapadam ( р░зр░ор▒Нр░о р░кр░жр░В ) Full Audio Book in Pali - Telugu ll Bhikkhu Siddhartha !!!

2552nd SACRED BUDDHA JAYANTI CELEBRATIONS 2008

VESAK

 

True joy arised from Just sitting

Buddha 

Gold Bamboo 

Buddha's Path

Kindly visit:

http://www.thaishop2you.com/

Thai Buddha Paintings

Thai Buddha Paintings

Thai Traditional Paintings

Thai Traditional Paintings

Thai Wall Tapestry

Thai Wall Tapestry

Thai Wood Buddhas

Thai Wood Buddhas

Thai Monk Paintings

Thai Monk Paintings

Thai Bowls, Spoons

Thai Bowls & Spoons

Thai Khon Masks

Thai Khon Masks

Thai Silk Table Runners

Thai Silk Table Runners

 

Thai Silk Bags

Thai Silk Bags

Thai Buddha Paintings

Thai Silk Cushion Covers

Thai Silk Cushion Covers

Thai Vases

Thai Vases

Thai Ornaments

Thai Ornaments

 

Thai Wood Wall Carvings

Thai Wood Wall Carvings

Thai Silk Tissue Box

Thai Silk Tissue Box

 

Thai Traditional Paintings

Thai Traditional Paintings

 

Thai Lighting

Thai Lighting

Thai Bronze Buddhas

Thai Bronze Buddhas

Thai Vases

Thai Vases

 

Thai Wood Buddhas

Thai Wood Buddhas

Thai Bronze Buddhas

Thai Wood Buddhas

 

Kindly Note:

On 19th May 2008 at 09:15 P.M.Bangalore Akashavani Kendra will broadcast  Poojya Ananda BhanteтАЩs  Discourse on Life of Buddha and His Peace Message

 

 

 

 

On 18-05-2008 Sunday  9:30 PMAt Maha Bodhi Society, Gandhinagar, Bangalore-9

DISABLED SERVICE DAY was observed by Launching of the Malaria Prevention Program  with Donation of wheel chairs and blessings by Venerable Acharya Buddharakkhita  Founder President, Maha Bodhi Society, Bangalore

 

Chief Guests were Shri P.L.Nanjundaswamy Chairman, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar Medical College and Hospital

Founder Member, Pancajanya Vidyapeetha Welfare Trust & Navachetana Social & Educational Society

&

Dr.R.M.Verma

Emeritus Neuro Surgeon

Taking Care of a Sick Monk


MAHABODHI MALARIA PREVENTION PROGRAM of

Maha Bodhi Society, Bangalore

 On the Sacred Buddha Purnima Day 500 mosquito nets will be distributed to poor people in remote areas of Arunachal Pradesh for malaria prevention. This will be a continued yearlong program. Join us by generously contributing to this program.

 

19-05-2008                             Monday                                   9:00 AM

 

Venue: Maha Bodhi Society, Gandhinagar, Bangalore-9

SACRED BUDDHA PURNIMA DAY

Siri Maha Bodhi Puja

Vishwa Maitri Stupa Puja

Buddha Puja at Mahabodhi Loka Shanti Buddha Vihara, Pindapata Puja

Undertaking of Tisarana, Atthasila and Pancasila

Laying of Foundation for

MAHABODHI MAHA DVARA

And Dhamma Desana

By

Venerable Acharya Buddharakkhita

Founder President, Maha Bodhi Society, Bangalore .

Presentation of the

Sacred Pali Tipitaka in Kannada Script

to Mahabodhi Library by Devotees

TIPITAKA PARAYANA

Year long chanting of тАШSACRED PALI TIPITAKAтАЩ

At Mahabodhi Vihara everyday

Inauguration of Tipitaka Parayana by

Venerable Acharya Buddharakkhita

Honoring

Upasaka A.M.Rajanna

Donor of Mahabodhi Mahadvara

11 AM             Sanghadana

12 Noon          Meals for devotees

(Service by Dr.D.Ramachandrappa, Chairman and Managing Director, Yellamma Dasappa Hospital , Bangalore )

1:00 PM  Film Show

2:30 PM           Dhamma Deeksha

19-05-2008                             Monday                                   5:30 PM

Venue: Maha Bodhi Society, Gandhinagar, Bangalore-9

SACRED BUDDHA JAYANTI

Symposium on

THE BUDDHAтАЩS RELEVANCE TO TODAYтАЩS WORLD

Buddha Puja and Blessings by

Venerable Acharya Buddharakkhita

Founder President, Maha Bodhi Society, Bangalore

Chief Guests

Release of book  тАЬLifeтАЩs Great Blessings-12тАЭ

Honorable Justice Shri N.Santosh Hegde

Lokayukta, Karnataka State

Release of book тАЬLifeтАЩs Great Blessings -13тАЭ

Shri C.Anjanaya Reddy IPS (DGP Retd)

Vice Chairman, Ananda Buddha Vihara, Secunderabad

 Former Managing Director, AP Tourism Corporation Ltd.

& Director General Vigilance and Enforcement

Release of тАЬSatipatthana Sutta тАУ Foundations of MindfulnessтАЭ by

Shri Molkalmooru Sreenivasa Murthy

Kannada Buddhist Writer

Deepa Puja

We thank all the donors who have generously helped us to make these programs successful.

AN APPEAL

We seek your generous donations for the welfare activities of the Maha Bodhi Society and for the 2552nd Sacred Buddha Jayanti Celebrations. May your dana conduce to your well being, peace and prosperity! May you be happy!

BUDDHA PURNIMA DAY 19-5-2008

10 AM : Buddha Puja, Bodhi Puja, Stupa Puja

 At  4 PM

HOSPITAL DANA SERVICE AT K.R.HOSPITAL, MYSORE

Service Led by

Upasika Smt.Parvatamma

Upasaka Shri Kalaiah

Blessings by

Venerable Aggadhammo Bhanteji

 

Address for correspondence and donations:

Maha Bodhi Society

14, Kalidasa Road , Gandhinagar, Bangalore-560009, India

Tel: 080-22250684, Fax: 080-22264438

Email: info@mahabodhi.info

 

 

 

2552nd SACRED BUDDHAJAYANTI

CELEBRATIONS 2008

ON 20-05-2008

 

Namo Buddha

 

Asoka Dhamma Dutha Buddhist Society, Trust

Buddha Vihar & Sri. H.M. Gangadaraiah

Memorial Meditation Centre

Gotham Nagar, Opp. KSRTC Bus Depot,

Kolar Gold Fields -563 113

Buddhism Dharma Wheel

 

President and Members of ADDBS are cordially inviting the gracious presence of Sarv Samaj on the occasion of the Buddha Jayanti Celebration at the above Buddhist Society, Trust, Buddha Vihar & Sri. H.M.Gangadharaiah Memorial Meditation Centre, Gotham Nagar, Opp. KSRTC Bus Depot,Kolar Gold Fields -563 113 on Tuesday the 20th May 2008 at 5.00 P.M. Presence of one and all on the occasion is solicited.

 

Buddha Pooja, Tisarana, Pancasila and Dhamma Discource

IN PRESENCE OF :

Venerable Poojya Ananda Bhanteji

Vice President, and other Monks of Maha Bodhi Society, Bangalore

 

Guest of Honor :

Sri. Lakshminarayana IAS

Commissioner for Transport, Govt. of karnataka, Bangalore

 

Sri. Molakalmuru Sreenivasamurthy

Kannada Buddhist Writer, Bangalore

 

Dhana by :

 

Dr. ramani Poorneson & Family Poornima Nursing Home

 

Smt. Jayalakshmi Manivachagam & Family

Director, Longevite Health Care, Bangalore

Sri.Chandrasekar & Family A.R.T.O., Bangalore

Sri.R.Kannan & Family Muskum KGF

 

In the Service of Dhamma

Trustees, Executive Members and Friends

 

Services of Free Health Checkup & Treatment Camp at the above premises may be availed on 20-05-2008 between 9.00 a.m.& 4.00 p.m. Sponsored by LONGEVITE HEALTH CARE Lady Curzon Road, Bangalore -560 001

 

Upasakas/Upasikas are requested to bring flowers,incence sticks, Candles to perform Pooja.

 

B Media 4 Sarvajan Hitaya Sarvajan Sukhaya

 

Triple Gem Study Circle analysis predicts 130 seats for BSP because of Price Rise and anti-incumbency factors on Congress, BJP and JD(S) and because of Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Ms MayawatiтАЩs performance to be repeated in Karnataka

 

 So Vote For BSP

The Marvel of the Dhamma

Image:Ashoka2.jpg

Ashoka Maurya

Map of the Maurya Empire under Ashoka's rule.

Map of the Maurya Empire under AshokaтАЩs rule.

 

The Sanchi stupa in Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh established by emperor Ashoka in the third century BC.

The Sanchi stupa in Sanchi, Madhya Pradesh established by emperor Ashoka in the third century BC.

 

Fragment of the 6th Pillar Edicts of Ashoka (238 BC), in Brahmi, sandstones. British Museum.

Fragment of the 6th Pillar Edicts of Ashoka (238 BC), in Brahmi, sandstones. British MuseumBuddhism Dharma Wheel

The Ashoka Chakra, featured on the flag of the Republic of IndiaSilver punch-mark coins of the Mauryan empire, bear Buddhist symbols such as the Dharmacakra, the elephant (previous form of the Buddha), the tree under which enlightenment happened, and the burial mound where the Buddha died (obverse). 3rd century BC.

Silver punch-mark coins of the Mauryan empire, bear Buddhist symbols such as the Dharmacakra, the elephant (previous form of the Buddha), the tree under which enlightenment happened, and the burial mound where the Buddha died (obverse). 3rd century BCDistribution of the Edicts of Ashoka and Ashokan territorial limits.

Distribution of the Edicts of Ashoka and Ashokan territorial limits.[7]
Greek Late Archaic style capital from Patna (Pataliputra), thought to correspond to the reign of Ashoka, 3rd century BC, Patna Museum (click image for references).Bilingual edict (Greek and Aramaic) by king Ashoka, from Kandahar - Afghan National Museum. (Click image for translation).

Bilingual edict (Greek and Aramaic) by king Ashoka, from Kandahar - Afghan National Museum.. (Click image for translation) .
Buddhist proselytism at the time of king Ashoka (260-218 BC), according to his Edicts.

тАЬThe legend of King Asoka, A study and translation of the AsokavadanaтАЬ, John Strong, Princeton Library of Asian translations.
AshokaтАЩs Major Rock Edict inscription at Girnar

Ashokan Pillar at Vaishali

Ashokan Pillar at Vaishali
This is the famous original sandstone sculpted Lion Capital of Ashoka preserved at Sarnath Museum which was<br />
 originally<br />
 erected around 250 BCE atop an Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath. The angle from which this picture has been taken, minus the inverted bell-shaped lotus flower, has been adopted as the National Emblem of India showing the Horse on the left and the Bull on the right of the Ashoka Chakra in the circular base on which the four Indian lions are standing back to back. On the far side there is an Elephant and a Lion instead. The wheel

This is the famous original sandstone sculpted Lion Capital of Ashoka preserved at Sarnath Museum which was originally erected around 250 BCE atop an Ashoka Pillar at Sarnath. The angle from which this picture has been taken, minus the inverted bell-shaped lotus flower, has been adopted as the National Emblem of India showing the Horse on the left and the Bull on the right of the Ashoka Chakra in the circular base on which the four Indian lions are standing back to back. On the far side there is an Elephant and a Lion instead. The wheel тАЬAshoka ChakraтАЭ from its base has been placed onto the center of the National Flag of India.

Jyotirao Phule

Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj

Narayana guru

 

 

 

Ambedkar0.jpg
periyar

A file-photo of Bahujan Samaj Party

 

 

 

Jai Bheem                   BSP                      Jai Bharath

An тАЬAppealтАЭ

To The People of Karnataka for

Legislative Assembly Election тАУ 2008

Ms. Mayawati, Chief Minister of U.P.

Kumari Mayawati

National President

Bahujan Samaj Party

Brothers and Sisters,

It is well known to every one the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) is the only party in the country, which тАЬbelieves in doing rather than sayingтАЬ.

It is for this reason that our party, unlike other parties, does not release any tempting тАЬElection ManifestoesтАЭ and instead, issues тАЬAppealтАЭ to the people in general and voters in particular to ensure their vote and support for BSP in order to fulfill the remaining commitments for completing its missionary goal by adopting the path shown by Saints, Gurus and Mahapurush (Great men) born in different periods in the Bahujan Samaj like Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Chatrapati Sahu Maharaj, Narayana Guru, Periyar Ramaswamy Ji, Baba Saheb Dr.Ambedkar and more recently Manyawar Shri Kanshi Ram ji.

This we do with an aim to earn good results for the party in the elections and to achieve power to rule so that with the help of the тАЬMaster Key of Political PowerтАЭ we become master of our own destiny and could ensure work and proper welfare of the poor, deprived and downtrodden sections of the society belonging to all castes and religions i.e.тАЭSarv SamajтАЭ. Param pujya Baba Saheb Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar has beautifully and wonderfully explained about the significance of the тАЬMaster Key of the Political PowerтАЭ, declaring that the political power is such a тАЬMaster KeyтАЭ through which all problems can be solved and also doors of progress and prosperity can be opened up.

Following this principle of Babasaheb Dr.Ambedkar, our party is contesting, on itsтАЩ own strength, KARNATAKA Legislative Assembly General Elections-2008. The Karnataka Legislative Assembly has a total number of 224 seats and the BSP is contesting on almost all the seats on its own. BSP has not at all entered into any kind of alliance or seat adjustments with any other party in this election. So, we are fighting this election on all seats on our own.

 

            But, the pertinent question which arises here is, as to why there is a necessity for the people of the State of Karnataka to cast their votes in favour of the BSP only, rather than voting for the Congress, B.J.P. or their supporting parties? We have to understand this issue very clearly for an outstanding performance. .

            In this regard, I am of the view that BSP is the only Party in the country whose тАЬPrinciples & PoliciesтАЭ and also its тАЬstyle of functioningтАЭ suits very much the interests of the people belonging to тАЬSarv SamajтАЭ (all sections of the society). On the other hand, other political parties make too many promises to people just before the elections or in the election year but they never translate them into reality for the true welfare of them, leaving most of their lofty electoral promises confined to papers only, rather than getting them implemented in practical terms.

            It is for this very reason that, even after 60 years of independence, the тАЬSocial and EconomicтАЭ condition of people belonging to Bahujan Samaj, which comprises of Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), Other Backward Class (OBCs) and Religious Minorities such as Sikhs, Muslims, Christians, Parsis and Buddhists have not significantly improved due to faulty economic policies adopted by various governments of castiest leaders of different political parties, even though the population of these sections of society is very large and for this reason , we call them as тАЬBahujan SamajтАЭ.

            Here, I am especially talking about their wrong and erratic economic policies, mainly because at the centre as well as in most of the States, GovernmentsтАЩ were formed with the monetary or otherwise help of big capitalist powers and for this very reason, these parties, after coming to power, as a тАЬreturn giftтАЭ to them formulated their тАЬEconomic PoliciesтАЭ in subservience of these capitalists, fully ignoring the interests and welfare of general public.

Due to this kind of unjust behaviour of the governments of Congress, BJP and their supporting parties, the economic condition of people belonging to Bahujan Samaj as well as poor people of тАЬSavarn SamajтАЭ i.e. the upper castes is turning from bad to worse. The malice is still continuing, rendering more and more such people unemployed and live a life under the darkness of poverty.

            In view of the complexity and seriousness of such kind of problems, these deprived and exploited sections of the people revolted in such a manner to form a separate political party of their own called as (the Bahujan Samaj Party-BSP) under the leadership of Manyawar Shri Kanshi Ram Ji on April, 1984, basing its ideology on policy and progrmmes of Great Baba sahib Dr. Ambedkar. And quiet obviously, with the massive support and cooperation of all the sections of the society, the BSP has acquired a тАЬNational StatusтАЭ and has grown enough to be officially by the Election Commission of India as one of the main national political parties of India .

            Not only this, our party also gradually expanded its mass base and graduated to send its representatives in Parliament, apart from winning assembly elections in various States of the Country. In Uttar Pradesh, which is the biggest State of India in terms of the size of the population, the BSP under the leader ship of mine had formed government four times. And all the four times, the governments of our party has worked with full devotion and dedication to provide тАЬjusticeтАЭ to all, besides giving impetus and dynamism to the issue of тАЭDevelopmentтАЭ in the State.

            Giving priority to weaker sections of the society in the process, with an aim to improve тАЬSocial and EconomicтАЭ condition of the underprivileged sections of the society and poor people belonging to Sarv Samaj, our party Government in Uttar Pradesh, for the first time in the country, constituted separate тАЬWelfareтАЭ DepartmentsтАЭ in 1995 right at the inception of the first BSP government.

            And the aspect of development were given new meaning when 25,000 villages, having predominantly Original Inhabitants of Jambudvipa i.e. the Great Prabuddha Bharath (SC/STs) population, were selected for тАЬDr.Ambedkar Village Development SchemeтАЭ to develop them fully with all kind of basic amenities and infrastructure facilities. The process is going on and gradually all the villages of the State will be taken for such kind of developmental activities all over the State, surely changing the very face and of course the life of the rural poor in real terms. Presently, however, the name of this scheme has been changed as тАЬBaba Saheb Dr. Ambedkar U.P. Gramsabha Samagra Vikas Yojana (Gramsabha Integrated Development Scheme.)тАЭ.

          Similarly, an ambitious тАЬUrban Integrated Development SchemeтАЭ has been formulated in the name of тАЬManyawar Shri Kanshi Ram JiтАЭ. Under this scheme, small towns and cities of Uttar Pradesh are being developed in a systematic manner and within time bound period. But under both these schemes, all the activities are being speeded up as much as the economic condition of the State allows. These developmental activities could well get further momentum and much speed if the Central Government fulfills its obligations of providing funds for the purpose.

            Apart of this, priority has been accorded especially to Original Inhabitants of Jambudvipa i.e. The Great Prabuddha Bharath (SC/STs) and other exploited sections of the тАЬSarv SamajтАЭ in all other developmental activities. The homeless and poor people were allotted vacant land, besides possession has also been ensured to landless poor for the purpose of farming/agriculture on that land. About 20 lakh poor people have so far been benefited from this decision of the government in the State, and this work is still continuously in progress.

            In addition, my government has taken an unprecedented and historic decision to provide with more than one lakh permanent government jobs in rural areas for the Valmiki community of Scheduled Castes. By this decision, all the 1.08 lakh revenue village of Uttar Pradesh will have at least one Sarkari Safai Karmachari, and the person appointed will be from the same village in most of the casesтАж This besides meeting employment problem will also make a sea change in the health atmosphere of rural areas for it will ensure cleanliness and help eradicate diseases spreading due to unhygienic conditions.

           

            And, so far the issue of giving boost to education is concerned, the government of our party, for the first time in the country, took a policy decision to grant scholarship to the children of persons belonging to poor Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and also to poor children of Other Backward Classes and Religious Minorities, especially to the poor children belonging to Muslim community.

            The scholarship amount has also been doubled in view of the rising inflation and cost of living; besides that the amount of scholarship is being distributed to students immediately after their admission. Our government also arranged free coaching to ensure their admissions in the prestigious institutions and for high-grade prestigious jobs like IAS, IPS. PCS etc.

            Along with the above facilities, for the first time in the State, 25% of the State budget has been allocated separately for the welfare and development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the State.

            Besides, in order to infuse the sense of security among the people belonging to Bahujan Samaj, a policy of reservation has been introduced for the first time in the postings at the police stations in each and every district. Under the new provision, police officers belonging to SC/STs, for the first time in the country, will be getting 25 percent of such posts of police station will go to the people belonging to OBCs and 5 percent to officers from Religious Minorities (Muslims) in all the districts of the State. This system of governance is still continuing in the State with a slight modification.

            And especially, full care has been made towards protecting, in all spheres of life, the interests and welfare of the Muslims, which is the largest section of Religious Minorities in the State. Apart from their economic development, the safety and security of their lives and Religion has also been fully ensured. In addition, our government was first in the country ensuring government jobs to economically weaker Muslims by including them in category of other Backward Classes (OBCs) and issuing government order facilitating release of caste certificates accordingly.

           

тАЬNew Positive Reservation InitiativesтАЭ

In The Interest of Sarv Samaj

          You know very well that тАЬwhere there is will, there is way.тАЭ That is why for the first time in the country, the BSP government of Uttar Pradesh has taken тАЬ New Positive Reservation InitiativesтАЭ

In The Interest of Sarv Samaj

i.e. Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes (OBC), Religious Minorities and Upper caste, for it is more than  evident that the benefit of reservation, which was provided on account of the untiring efforts of Param Pujya Baba Saheb Dr. Bhimarao Ambedkar, to the Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Castes (OBCs) in the Government jobs under the Constitution of India, was not reaching fully to the dire needy people because of anti-reservation attitude of the Congress, BJP and their supporting parties.

           

            Not only this, various Government Departments and Institutions are being handed over to the Private Sectors for the past several years on the pretext of poor economic  condition of the government, without ensuring provision of the same kind of reservation in the privatised firm/sector at any level. And, if this current state of affairs/practice of handing over the government departments and Institutions to Private Sector continues, a day will come when the constitutional facility of reservation will cease to exist.

            Taking this issue of great importance very seriously, the Government of my party in Uttar Pradesh wrote several letters to the Government of India and requested that before the privatization of various Government and public sector institutions, the same quantum of reservation for those sections of society should be ensured as they were already getting in the Government sector and institutions. But no Government of any party has so far acceded to our contention and our party is тАЬseriously concernedтАЭ and тАЬworriedтАЭ about this issue.

            But the people belonging to Scheduled Castes (SCs) & Schedule Tribes (STs) and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) will be happy to know that throughout the country, it is only the Government of my party, the BSP in Uttar Pradesh which was fulfilled these tasks, which are as follows:

┬╖                    Public-Private- Partnership (P.P.P.) is the main component of тАЬall inclusiveтАЭ realistic and practical economic policy of my government in Uttar Pradesh.

┬╖                    All the Schemes/projects/ industries with partnership with state government, the State Government would have a maximum partnership of 49 percent of 11 percent.

┬╖                    The provision of job reservation in enterprises developed on Public-Private Partnership model will continue in the proportion and manner as the State Government has been providing quota which is in the government jobs 21 percent for Scheduled Castes, 02 percent for Scheduled Tribes and 27 percent for Other Backward Classes.

┬╖                    The interests of employees will be fully safeguarded in the projects/enterprise s established under PPP model.

┬╖                    Now along with this, the Uttar Pradesh Government of my party has applied the policy of тАЬSarvjan Hitai тАУSarvjan SukhaiтАЭ (Progress and Prosperity for all) also in the area of the reservation. In pursuance of this policy, our government has taken historical initiative to provide the benefits of reservation to all the poor and needy people belonging to all castes and the implementation of this new system has already been taken up in the right earnest in Uttar Pradesh. This step has been taken for the first time in the country.

┬╖                    Under it, if the services rendered by the Govt. Departments, Corporations, Authorities, Councils and other Semi-government institutions or the maintenance of their establishment are substituted by outsourcing, then the contract to be executed for the said purpose would include the provision of providing 21 percent of jobs created through this out sourcing to the persons of Scheduled Castes, 2 percent to the persons belonging to Scheduled Tribes and 27 percent to Other Backward Classes.

┬╖                    In the Industrial Units, Educational Institutions, Infrastructure/ Service Sector Projects, Disinvested Units are being set up in which the private sector is provided land, subsidy, state aid or assets by the Government or any of its government departments, then as per the тАЬvoluntaryтАЭ and тАЬmutual agreementтАЭ, the employers have to provide 10 percent of the total jobs created in the projects to the persons of Scheduled Castes, 10 percent to Other Backward Classes, including Backwards of Religious Minorities and 10 percent to the economically weaker persons of the Upper Castes

┬╖                    Over 30 thousand posts of backlog have so far been filled by my partтАЩs government in Uttar Pradesh. Recruitment on remaining posts is in progress.

┬╖                    Besides, it is to be clear in mind that the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (prevention of atrocities) Act, 1989, has been enacted by the Government of India, hence a central act, and no State Government can make any alternation in this Act nor repeal it. The State Government of Uttar Pradesh has ensured strict enforcement of this law.

┬╖                    My Government has done everything possible regarding implementation of reservation policy.

┬╖                    The Government of India has also been asked to fill the vacant posts in Government Services in accordance with the policy of reservation. The policy of reservation should be extended to private and other sectors and it should be included in the ninth Schedule of Constitution as a safeguard.

┬╖                    We have also urged the Government of India to amend the Constitution for providing benefits of reservation to the people belonging to upper castes living below the poverty line. But, the attitude of the Congress and BJP and its supporting parties has been throughout negative.

┬╖                    But for that matter, I would like to fully assure the people of upper castes that the day the government of our party come to power at the centre, they will be given the benefit of reservation, similar to the pattern which has been introduced by us in Uttar Pradesh and this will be done without their asking for it, and will also make all positive efforts for the eradication of their poverty and un-employment. And, you all know very well about the style of functioning of my party that whatever we say, we do the same. In other words, there is no difference in our partyтАЩs saying and doing.

┬╖                    Besides, Adequate additional reservation should also be provided to such persons of Scheduled Castes who were converted to Muslim or Christian religion, but maintaining the present share of quota of prescribed reservation for the Scheduled Castes. For this, necessary amendment should be made in the Constitution to relax the total limit of 50 percent reservation as laid down by Hon. Supreme Court and this amendment will be included in the 9th schedule of the Constitution so that this arrangement becomes a permanent feature.

So far as the matter of providing Social Security to the people is concerned, my partyтАЩs government in Uttar Pradesh is very serious and sensitive over the issueтАж That is why immediately after assumption of power my government increased to double the amount of pension to old age persons and farmers from Rs.150 to Rs.300. And also the number of beneficiaries was raised to 24 lakh from 20 lakh, for which sum of Rs. 1410 crores has been earmarked in the budget.

Similarly, labourers , who belong to the poorest and weaker section of the society and mostly fall under the category  of farming labour, were not being cared properly as they belong to unorganized sector, but my government has raised their daily remuneration wage to Rs.100 from a meager of Rs.58, which they were getting previously.

      And, over the issue of plight of farmers and farming becoming less remunerative day by day and thereby ultimately affecting our self-reliance on food, my party is in full sympathy with the farming community. It is beyond any doubt that the governments of the Congress, the BJP and their supporting parties during their rule in the past 60 years have done a criminal act of ignoring farm and farmers. In the course of promotion of heavy industries, there was a criminal neglect of farm sectors and farmersтАЩ requirements.

      This is also a tragedy that in the course of developing heavy industries particularly in the tribal areas, where the native people were deprived even from the fourth class jobs, adding more burden on their life to ensure protection of the interests of tribals & farmers.

      Besides, my government has taken a stand that the Self-esteem and Self-respect of the unemployed youth will not be ridiculed every month by providing them meager тАШunemployment allowanceтАЩ. Instead, our party wants them to live with pride, as they would instead be provided permanent jobs, with the creation of job opportunities, for which Regional Rural Employment Centre will be established.

      And education is another area that has been accorded top most priority by my government in Uttar Pradesh. It is with this reason a decision was taken without any delay to recruit 88,000 teachers to help improve the standards of education. The process of recruitment of such a large number teachers in just one go is on.

      In addition of all these, my government has paid attention in according full respect and honour to Sants, Gurus and Mahapurush born in Bahujan Samaj at different period of times such as Mahatma Jyotiba Phule, Chatrapati Shahuji Maharaj, Narayana Guru, Periar Ramaswamy, Baba Saheb Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar and more recently Manyawar Shri Kanshi Ram Ji. A number of new Districts, Universities, Memorials, Museums and other important public places and institutions have been named and erected in their name to perpetuate the memory of their hard-faught struggles.

      And in this connection, you all know very well that no government, be it the government of the Congress, the BJP or their supporting parties, ever gave proper respect and regards to the Sants, Gurus and Mahapurush born in the Bahujan Samaj.

      And regrettably, the castiest mentality of these political parties still persists. . The biggest proof of it is that the Congress party, ruling at the centre did not even declare one or two days holiday nor they ordered flying of national flag half mast in the mourning of Manyawar Shri Kanshi Ram Ji, the creator and founder of the BSP movement.. And the BJP and other opposition parties remained a mute spectator to all this.

     

      In brief, the lesson to our people of all this happenings is that if the people belonging to Bahujan Samaj and those of Savarn Samaj (upper castes) living in your state of Karnataka want to create an atmosphere like that of Uttar Pradesh for leading a life full of self-esteem, respect and dignity, they will also have to capture the тАЬMaster Key of political powerтАЭ in their hands by ensuring good results in the general election being held in your State.

      Therefore keeping all these factual propositions in mind, I earnestly тАЬAPPEALтАЭ to the supporters of the BSP to follow the above mentioned suggestions in order to make an all out effort to achieve partyтАЩs goal of capturing power in order to get rid of their poverty, helplessness, backwardness, unemployment, injustice and exploitation by making your own government in your State, following the true path shown to you by your messiah Baba Saheb Dr. Ambedkar on the basis of exercise of franchise based on the concept of тАЬOne Man-One VoteтАЭ given to you by Baba Saheb himself and thus fulfill the unfinished task of Manyawar Shri. Kanshi Ram Ji.

      In other words, you should understand your MessiahтАЩs message properly and utilize the right to vote wisely to help yourself so that you could form a government of your own party in your State which will in real terms help improve your socio-economic condition as well as of education, besides ensuring a civilized self-esteem life to you. In the meantime, this could be also help improve the economic condition of the Upper castes people.

      But to create such an atmosphere in your State, you have to acquire the тАЬMaster Key of Political PowerтАЭ in your hands, like people have done in the Stae of Uttar Pradesh and you will have show good result in the coming Assembly elections in your State. And to achieve this great goal of success in the assembly election, you will have to be cautious and alert from various nasty tricks and Saam-Daam-Dand- bhed like nefarious designs of the opposition parties during the elections, because these parties can go to any extent to damage our party.

      And I want to warn you that these opposition parties will go all out and will make all  efforts to sabotage the voting of Savarn Samaj inn favour of BSP and for this purpose , these parties will propagate our тАЬIdeology and PrinciplesтАЭ in a wrong, vicious and twisted manner among these sections of society.

      Therefore, I consider it important to explain the ideology and principles of B.S.P. I would also like to clarify here that the ideology and principles of our party тАЬare not against any caste or creedтАЭ. B.S.P. wants to change the unequal social order of this country based on тАЬcasteтАЭ and wants to establish here a тАЬSamatamulak Samaj VyavasthaтАЭ ( A Social Order based on Equality), which is in the interest of this country and Sarv Samaj.

For this, we have to change the Jaatwadi (casteist)mentality of Savarn (High Castes) Hindus and on the basis of Samajik Bhaichara (Social Brotherhood) we have to take them also along with us and only then тАЬSamtamulak Samaj VyavasthaтАЭ can be established in this country in accordance with the thinking of the architect of Indian Constitution, Baba Saheb Dr. Ambedkar and only after that Sarv Samaj will be unified and disparities or casteism in the society will be completely eradicated forever.

      Along with this, they will get full opportunity to move in every walk of life. The members of our party should always remain cautious from different kind of rumours, which may be spread by opposition parties during elections.

      Apart from the above, I also appeal to all of you тАУ тАЬBeware that your vote is invaluable. No vote should be allowed to be purchased. No vote should be allowed to be looted. No vote should be left out from being cast and no selfish person should misuse your vote on account of defrauding or misleading you in the name of caste, money, religion or emotions.

     Hence, to save democracy you have to give power into hands of right person to safeguard the interests of your KARNATAKA State, so that you may formulate the policy of :Sarvajan Hitai тАУ Sarvjan SukhaiтАЭ in all the areas and make the poor and unemployed persons of Bahujan Samaj and Savarn Samaj  happy.тАЭ

      In the end, keeping in view all the above mentioned observations, I тАЬAppealтАЭ to the supporters and well wishers of my party that you should not be misled by any alluring promises of Election Manifestoes of opposition parties and that you should follow the appeal of B.S.P. which is your own party, to make the candidates of B.S.P. victorious in the General Assembly Elections of KARNATAKA by pressing the button against тАЬElephantтАЭ (Haathi), the election symbol of B.S.P. I hope and expect that you will accept my тАЬAppealтАЭ and act accordingly.

                                                                            Km Mayawati

National President,

Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)

     

     

In the Interest of Sarv Samaj, Contribute your Physical, Mental and Economic Might in Favour of BSP to Help its Ideology And Policies Reach its тАЬUltimate DestinationтАЭ

 

Vote for the Candidates of

Bahujan Samaj Party

Make B.S.P. successful by pressing the button opposite Election Symbol тАУ Elephant (Haathi)

B.S.P. Ki Kya Pehchaan !

Neela Jhanda, Haathi Nishaan !!

The  Identity of BSP is

Blue Flag & Elephant Symbol

     

 

Jai Bheem                   Jai Kansiram              Jai Bharath

                                                              Mayawati SisterтАЩs

Appeal for Karnataka Brothers & Sisters

To Vote for Elephant Symbolised BSP Candidates

We say what we do and do what we say

Which is the way to be Happy and Gay

That is Sarva Jan Hithay Sarvajan Sukhay

Before the commencement of election the other political party

 

For a short while give you a goodie

From Exploitation & discrimination you get away

For progress of a diversified society

And for a developmental ruling assuring safety

Since BSP born from ashes of untouchability

Promises to wipe out your tears and provide you safety

Until you are all supportively behind this mission of

Sarvajan Hithay

Sarvajan Sukhay

Kindly visit:

http://sarvajan. ambedkar. org

 

Even after 60 years of Independence !

Because of UPA, NDA and their Supporting Parties Sins !

Such as not providing constitutional amendment to provide reservation even to the poor among the forward castes !

Non-inclusion of  Original Inhabitants of Jambudvipa that is the Great Prabuddha Bharath Christians !

And poor Muslims in the SC/ST category for giving them reservation in various sectors !

Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party responsible for the backwardness of SC/STs !

Over five decades of rule, the Congress did not consider poor people as this CountryтАЩs citizens !

The BJP gave prominence only to the rich and neglected the economically weaker sections !

Both parties receive funds from capitalists during elections !

They later frame policies suiting their needs but not favouring the poor after their selections !

Thereby not the earning of the workers !

But the prices rises !

Hence !

BSP wins !

For allotting three acres of land to each poor and landless !

Benefiting over 25 lakh families !

Filled all the backlog posts reserved for SC/STs and backward classes !

Constituted separate welfare departments for all backward communties !

for their social and economic advancement,to ensure that they receive all the government benefits !

Deprived of a right and De-Franchised

тАФ Photo: K. Murali Kumar

left out: Voters whose names were missing from the votersтАЩ list, which prevented them from exercising their franchise, showing their identity cards during the repoll

at one of the booths in Bangalore on Monday.

 

The Election Commission is responsible for De-franchising large number people who were deprived of their right to vote as their names were missing from voter’s list.

Many of them those who had their photo identity cards also did not find their names in the voter’s list.

There was haste in conducting elections by the Election Commission without ensuring that all the eligible people in Karnataka were included in the voters list.

However Election Commission has to postpone the date for formation of the New Government and not on 28 th May 2008 as required by the Constitution.

With thousands of people not finding their names in the voters list, People must have the Right To Information on the exact percentage of names missing in the voter’s list.

Those who tried to include their names before 29-04-2008 had their acnowledgements. Yet their names were not found in the voters list.

Thousands of people stood in scroching sun to get photo identity cards before the elections. But they could not get because of lack of proper infrastructure such as enough numbers of computers and staff who could either include peoples name in the voters list or provide them photo identity cards.

People must also have the Right To Information on the type of chip used in the Electronic Voting Machine with the source code for transparency.

In Reserved Constituencies, the Major Opposition Parties have encouraged False Caste Certificate holders as candidates.

When objected during scrutiny they were not rejected but accepted since the Tahsildars had issued them certificates and EC said that they were helpless and only the Courts can help them.

The Election Commission must have a mechanism to ensure that genuine SC/STs only contested elections in Reserved Constituencies.

 Since the Chief Election Commissioner N Gopalaswamy on Thursday fixed the responsibility for preparation of error-free voters list, ahead of the election to Karnataka Assembly, on political parties, it is high time that the present Election Commission be scraped and an Election Committee representing all the Political Parties like various Parliamentary Committees be formed forthwith. And work out to see tha all the eligible people of India are included in the voter’s list. This must be made mandatory.

And no elections has to be conducted until all the peoples’ names are included in the voter’s list.

Till then the present election has to be scraped


for a Real Free and fair Election.

Election Commission India

Elections India : Article 324 of the constitution establishes an independent Election Commission to supervise parliamentary and state elections in India. Supervising elections in the world’s largest democracy is by any standard an immense undertaking. Some 521 million people were eligible to vote in 1991.

Now the people of India must have the Right To Information from the Election Commission know as to how many million people were elegible to vote in 2009 and 2008 Karnataka Assembly elections. There is no official information on the exact number of people whose names are not found in the voter’s list.

We the people - these are the most important words in our constitution. Everything depends on us- the voters,who have an opportunity and the right to choose our representatives, demand accountability and determine the direction of growth and governance of the country. Several problems have surfaced in the gigantic task of conducting elections in < ?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = “urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags” />India and to ensure that elections are free and fair. With each passing election, the educated citizens of our country seem to have grown ignorant and apathetic about the electoral process and elections. The result has been a steady deterioration in the standards and practices of political parties reflected in rampant corruption and the reckless use of money and muscle power to win elections.

 

Active participation of citizens is an absolute prerequisite to make the electoral system more representative, fair, transparent and free from all the other ills. Eleanor Roosevelt once said: тАЬnobody can hurt you without your consentтАЭ which in this context can be rephrased as тАЬnobody can marginalise you without your cooperation

 

Chief Election Commissioner N Gopalaswamy on Thursday fixed the responsibility for preparation of error-free voters list, ahead of the election to Karnataka Assembly, on political parties. Speaking to reporters here, Mr Gopalaswamy said the political parties would be given two separate lists on February seven for deletion and additions to be made in the final list.   

 

‘’They will be given two weeks time for raising objections to removing and adding names of the voters for the final list to be prepared on March ten,'’ he said.  

 

‘’It will be the responsibility of the political parties to ensure the final list did not contain discrepancies any more as the EC has adopted a new mechanism for producing error-free list,'’ he said.

To a question on whether the elections would be postponed in case of a delay in the implementation of the report of Mr Justice Kuldeep Singh who headed Delimitation Commission, he said the EC did not work on the basis of ‘ifs and buts’ and as of now, it would conduct the elections before May 28.

 

‘’The Commission is concerned about the voter’s list as there are only additions and no deletions in the list.

‘’This is the reason I sent Deputy Election Commissioner R Bhattacharya, who is in charge for Karnataka, to oversee the whole exercise,'’ Mr Gopalaswamy said.

 

The EC would hold elections before May 28, as the state completes six months under President’s Rule on the date, he said.

 

In the draft list submitted by the State Election Commission (SEC) names of 3.48 lakh voters had been deleted while 9.27 lakh new voters had been added as of yesterday.

 

Mr Gopalaswamy and his Deputies Navin Chawla and S Y Qureshi have been here for the last two days reviewing the voters list and preparedness of the official machinery to hold elections, following the detection of large number of bogus voters in the voter’s list.

 

Earlier, Congress and the BJP submitted memorandum to the CEC urging him to provide error-free voters list and elections be held in the stipulated time.

 

He replied in the affirmative when asked whether he would take action against the officials for their ‘lapses’ in preparation of the voter’s list.

 

Voters list mess in poll-bound Karnataka

Bangalore, Jan 5 - A family with 90 voters and a town with 30,000 voters in a population of 36,500! These are just some of the glitches in the voters list in poll-bound Karnataka. R. Bhattacharya, deputy election commissioner at the Election Commission of India has been in Bangalore for the last three days having talks with state election officials on steps to ensure proper voters list ahead of polls to the 224-member assembly expected in April/May.

The irregularities in the voters list pointed out by people and political parties has forced the state election commission to cancel its plans to release the final list on Jan 10.

Bhattacharya met state chief electoral officer R. Ramaseshan, Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagar Palike (Greater Bangalore City Corporation) commissioner S. Subramanya and senior officials from several districts and told them of the Election Commission’s displeasure over the way the voters lists had been prepared.

The state officials now plan to revise the lists and publish them by the end of this month. They have sought the help of voters to point out anomalies.

Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee president Mallikharjun Kharge Friday mentioned the instance of one family in north Karnataka having 90 voters on the list and of Humnabad town in Bidar district that has 30,000 voters in a population of 36,500.

More than 7,000 in the town are school-going children, yet there are 30,000 names in the voters list.

Another Congress leader H.K. Patil said there could be around four million bogus names in the voters list. Karnataka’s population is estimated at 55 million and voting population at around 42 million.

The two other main political parties, the Bharatiya Janata Party and Janata Dal-Secular also allege there are many irregularities in the list. The three parties have urged the state and central election officials to rectify the anomalies

 

Reforms could ensure more voter turnout

Research could throw up answers for poor poll percentage

Poll percentage could improve if the Government makes a тАШdetermined attemptтАЩ to bring in reforms

тАШInvolvement of Resident Welfare Associations, NGOs and other concerned citizens would helpтАЩ




MYSORE: The voter turnout in the second phase of the elections held in ten districts has been put at 60 per cent, which is a drop of six per cent from the first phase of polls. What could be the reason for voter apathy? Can reforms set right the apathy and ensure people turn out in large numbers to exercise their franchise?

Social activist Vasanthkumar Mysoormath, who conducted voter awareness movements in 1999, 2004 and 2008 elections (first phase), has echoed Deputy Commissioner and District Election Officer P. ManivannanтАЩs reported view that research has to be conducted on poor poll percentage.

тАЬIt is high time that such an exercise is undertaken by the Government of India. A number of election reforms are long-pending before the Centre.

The Election Commission itself has forwarded some suggestions that are pending since many years now,тАЭ said Mr. Mysoormath, who was the presiding officer in more than 10 elections.

Mr. Mysoormath, who retired from the Indian Audit and Accounts Department, maintained that the poll percentage can be substantially improved if the Government makes a тАЬdetermined attemptтАЭ to bring in reforms as recommended by the Election Commission and experts over the years.

He, too, had made certain suggestions for improving the poll percentage.

Missing names

Many eligible voters have been denied their right to vote because their names were missing, although they held ElectorтАЩs Photo Identity Cards (EPIC).

тАЬWhy should they keep running around in circles to obtain updated EPICs every time there is an election, only to be turned down because the revised rolls do not contain their names,тАЭ he asked.

The money and energy spent for enumeration and preparation of electoral rolls with the help of teachers and government officials has time and again failed to produce the required results.

This needs to be answered because public money is being splurged to prepare incorrect rolls and to deny the citizens their right to vote, he said.

Involvement

It is also time for the citizens to behave in a responsible manner and involve themselves at the grassroots level to help the EC set right the perennial problem, he said.

The three-tier system applicable to rural areas viz., zilla, taluk and gram panchayats, is absent in urban areas. To fill this gap, involvement of Resident Welfare Associations/ NGOs and other concerned citizens would help.

Better network

тАЬStreet committees with volunteers from the residents in a street are the need of the hour.

They, in turn, can coordinate with ward committees for enumeration and compilation of near-perfect electoral rolls and also for assessing the works and projects that need attention and for projecting their demands and grievances with the concerned service providers,тАЭ Mr. Mysoormath suggested.

Sensitising youth

The youth of the country has exhibited rank apathy due to their feeling that тАЬpolitics is a dirty businessтАЭ.

Many have expressed disgust over the behaviour of politicians in Parliament/Assemblies.

тАШNot botheredтАЩ

тАЬThe youth have not bothered even to register themselves as voters because of the cumbersome procedure and running around to get an EPIC which nevertheless becomes useless by the next election. This attitude needs to be changed,тАЭ he said.

Political will

What the country needs is political will to bring necessary legislation through amendment to those rule books that govern elections.

тАЬCountries like Turkey and Australia have compulsory voting and the turnout is about 90-plus per cent. What made those countries prescribe such a rule and how it is implemented may be studied and adopted in our country also,тАЭ he said.

Incentives

Can incentives attract voters?

Some incentive is bound to attract at least a percentage of people to stop being apathetic and cynical and proceed to vote.

тАЬA system may be prescribed: those who vote may be given a certificate by the EC for claiming say one or two per cent reduction in their electricity bills or water bills or property tax for a certain period after an election. If the percentage of voting can be increased by spending a few crores, then it will be well worth trying,тАЭ said Mr. Mysoormath.

EC has failed to check flow of money

Election Commission has failed to check distribution of money and other articles among voters.  Mine lords, members of land mafia and anti-social elements were controlling the elections, which a dangerous development in democracy.

 Major political parties had no moral right to go before the electorate as they had forgotten the basic principles of politics.

four polling booths in Bellary alleged rigging during the second phase of Karnataka assembly elections.

Tribal organisations, demand, disqualification, of candidates

Adivasi Swayattategagi Rastriya Rangha (ASRR)

and Nagarahole Tribal Rights Samithi have urged the Election

Commission to disqualify three candidates contesting from H D Kote

(Reserve) Assembly Constituency for allegedly producing false caste

certificates.

According to a press note issued by Samithi Convenor P K Ramu,

the candidates Mr Chikkanna (Congress), Mr Chikkaveera Nayaka (BJP)

and (Mr Doddanayaka (JD-S) had contested the Assembly elections from

this reserved constituency for tribals and urged the Commission to

disqualify and file criminal cases against them.

Earlier, based on a complaint filed by the public, Deputy

Commissioner and District Election Officer P Manivannan had

suspended H D Kote Tahasildar T Vijya and ordered a departmental

inquiry against her for issuing S T certificate to BJP candidate

Chikkaveera Naika.

They alleged that all three candidates had tampered with the

school documents and produced the false caste certificates during

the time of the election process and contested from H D Kote.

The Assistant Commissioner of Hunsur Sub Division M R Ravi had

submitted a report to the district election officer alleging

tampering with the records by the three candidates to claim the

Scheduled Tribe status to contest the election.

In his report, Mr Ravi stated the Tahsildar of H D Kote had

issued controversial caste certificates without verifying the

original documents and failed to follow the procedures before

issuing them.

Meanwhile, Deputy Commissioner and District Election Officer

P Manivannan said the report had been sent to the Election

Commission for further action.

In Reserved Constituencies, the Major Opposition Parties have encouraged False Caste Certificate holders as candidates.May be to keep them under their control for not asking for any provisions of reservation.

 

 In CV Raman Nagar Constitutncy similar action was not taken when objection was raised  during scrutiny, they were not rejected but accepted since the Tahsildars had issued them certificates and EC said that they were helpless and only the Courts can help them.

 

Some political parties were involved in the bomb blast at Hubli court to gain political mileage during the election.

 


Polling in sensitive booths of Bellary City and Rural was slow, but peaceful on the whole except for an incident in Srirampur Colony (SC (Original Inhabitants of Jambudvipa that is the Great Prabuddha Bharath) Colony), where a voter, Shivaji an asthma patient was not permitted to vote as he had produced only the xerox copy of his ID card which was not accepted by the polling officer.


An altercation ensued and the Border Security Force (BSF), who could not understand Kannada manhandled the voter and pushed him out. A group of people gathered and the situation was tense for a while. However, special observer Raymond Peter arrived on the spot. The voter and the local people mobbed his car and represented the case. The situation was brought under control.

 

Such a huge number of contestants has made the officials organize for two electronic voting machines in each polling booth. Each EVM can display a maximum of 16 names. Both machines will be connected to a single controlling unit, according to B P Adnoor, Commissioner, Bellary City Corporation.


Will voters be confused as they will have to look for their choice of candidates in two EVMs?


тАЬNo. Each candidate has been allotted with a number and a symbol. Voters will have to know that number. But in case of national parties, voters go by the symbol. In 2004, two EVMs were used in each booth as elections to the Assembly and Lok Sabha were held simultaneously. A voter will have to spend a second or two just to read the symbols as there would be two EVMs,тАЭ he said.


A tour around Bellary city showed that none of the independents are campaigning. Even major political party leaders admit that no independent is serious about the elections. Then why do they pay Rs 5,000 as deposit and enter the fray? A senior Congress leader said, тАЬMajority of the independent candidates are dummy. They contest and approach us (major parties) for money to withdraw their nominations. This time none withdrew their papers. Each candidate is allowed to use only four vehicles for campaigning. This EC restriction has come as a major hurdle for us to campaign. So, we have kept the vehicles of independent candidates at our disposal. Of course, we have their money. This is done in by all major parties. Many of the independents are fielded by national partiesтАЭ.


Another challenge being faced by the officials is to weed out the bogus student ID cards. The EC has listed 20 types of identity cards which can be used for casting vote. A voter has to produce any one of these to exercise his franchise. Students are allowed to produce their college ID card.


In the first phase of polling, students were found producing fake ID cards. So, the EC has sent mails to all the DCs to check the veracity of studentsтАЩ ID card. тАЬWe have held a meeting with the principals of all colleges in Bellary and have directed them to ensure that their colleges are not found issuing bogus cards. If fake cards are found, then principals of such colleges will face criminal action,тАЭ said Aravind Srivastv,  Deputy Commissioner, Bellary.  


  Security


 Giving protection to polling booths in Bellary city is also a major challenge to officials. Each booth will be monitored by para military personnel because each one of the total 211 polling booths in the city is branded as hypersensitive, said Srivastav.


As many as 7,244 government staff has been drawn for election duty on March 16. Of this, 1,811 are presiding officers.


In fact, no staff is allowed to work in their home town or village. They have been allotted postings on a random basis. Till May 15 morning, they would not know where they will be posted. All these measures are taken to see that fare and free elections are held in the district, added Mr Srivastav.

 

Rs 10 crore worth liquor, gifts seized

 

As many as 1,418 criminal cases have been booked under provisions of IPC and Peoples Representation Act, while 1,705 cases have been registered under the Excise Act and Rs 3.5 crore worth IMF liquor and spirit has been seized since April 1….

 

Around 120 cases of inducement to voters by giving various gifts have been booked while property worth Rs 7 crore worth property have been seized, Additional Director General of Police (Law and Order) Shankar Bidari said here on Wednesday.
Speaking to reporters he said 16,616 persons have been arrested since April 1 and bonds have been obtained from them for good behaviour.


He said as many as 56,000 police personnel will be deployed in the second phase of elections to be held for 66 constituencies on May 16. This includes 21,000 civil police, 10,000 Home Guards, 22,000 para military forces and 3,000 KSRP personnel.


a total of 214 Central Para Military Force (CPMF) companies have been allotted to 66 Assembly constituencies in 10 districts, that include 21 for Raichur, Koppal (15) Uttara Kannada (18), Bellary (31), Chitradurga (18),  Davanagere (24), Shimoga (22), Udupi (18), Chikmagalur (20) and Dakshina Kannada (27).


One mobile squad will be provided for every 20 polling stations. Each mobile squad comprises one police sub-inspector, one head constable, three constables and one Home Guard.


In all, there will be 650 mobile squads for all constituencies, Bidari said.


The CPMF pickets with one head constable, four constables/two head constables and 10 PCs will be posted in sensitive areas. Each constituency will have a striking force consisting one platoon of KSRP, he informed.


Polling booths


Bidari said out of the 12,271 polling stations in phase two, 3,754 have been classified as hypersensitive and 4,282 have been considered as sensitive. For every hypersensitive and sensitive booth, two uniformed police personnel and for every normal booth, one police personnel will be deployed.

families, in implementing housing programme and maintaining law and order.

BJP failure

BJP like the Congress and JDS also had to bear the burden of anti-incumbency as it had failed to issue ration cards to BPL

Peter takes charge

Senior IAS officer Raymond Peter, who was appointed as a special observer to oversee polling process in Bellary district, where mine owners have locked horns in the second phase, took charge on Wednesday.

 

He held a meeting with returning officers, top police officials and commandant of central security to review the poll preparations and arrangements.


In the December 2006 byelection to the Chamundeshwari Assembly constituency, Peter was the election observer and was known for dealing any violation of poll code of conduct with an iron hand.


The appointment of Peter in Bellary takes significance following allegations that voters are being lured with cash by mine owners. All the 211 polling stations in Bellary City has been declared as hypersensitive

In several areas, voters protested deletion of their names

Technical snags delaying and disrupting poll process for brief spells has been reported from several places.

Repolling in two polling stations

 

Electoral authorities on Sunday ordered repolling in two polling stations where elections were held during the first phase of Karnataka assembly polls

 

Repolling has been ordered at a polling station in Malleshwaram and another in Ramanagara following malfunctioning of EVMs there, Chief Electoral officer M N Vidyashankar told reporters.

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