The Buddha spoke in a language called Magadhi Prakrit.
Magadhi
Prakrit is the spoken language of the ancient Magadha kingdom, one of
the 16 city-state kingdoms at the time, located in the eastern Indian
subcontinent, in a region around modern-day BihÄr, and spanning what is
now eastern India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. The first Magadha king is
Bimbisara (558 BC â491 BC), during whose reign the Buddha attained
enlightenment. Both king Bimbisara and his successor
son Ajatashatru, were mentioned in several Buddhist Sutras, being lay disciplines, great friends and protectors of the Buddha
When
a just born baby is separated and kept in isolation, after some days it
will speak a natural human language just like all other species like
birds, animals, inspects etc have their own languages for communication.
So also the human beings have their natural (Prakrit) language. That is
Magadhi Prakrit the natural human language.
Asokan Edict - Delhi Inscription
Transliteration
devÄnaá¹piye piyadasi lÄjÄ hevaá¹ ÄhÄ ye atikaá¹taá¹
aá¹talaá¹ lÄjÄne husa hevaá¹ ichisu kathaá¹ jane
dhaá¹mavaážhiyÄ vÄážheya nocujane anulupÄyÄ dhaá¹mavaážhiyÄ
vaážhithÄ etaá¹ devÄnaá¹piye piyadasi lÄjÄ hevaá¹ ÄhÄ esame
huthÄ atÄkaá¹taá¹ ca aá¹talaá¹ hevaá¹ ichisu lÄjÄne katha jane
Translation
Thus spoke king Devanampiya Piyadasi: âKings of the olden time have gone to heaven under
these very desires. How then among mankind may religion (or growth in grace) be increased?
Yea, through the conversion of the humbly-born shall religion increaseâ
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Languages and Scripts of
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The Tamil Buddhists of the Past Present and the Future
All Awakened Aboriginal Societies were Buddhists, are Buddhists and will continue tro be Buddhists
Buddhism
must be taught in Tamil; preaching and worshipping Buddhism in Tamil;
Tamil Bikkus should have world followers and Tamil Bhikkus must visit
their homes. That togetherness should be there.
Ancient Buddhist links between Tamil Nadu and all over the world
Tamil Nadu and all over the world enjoyed very close ties, thanks to a shared interest in Buddhism.
The
fascinating story of the historical links - Golden threads between
Buddhism in Tamil Nadu and all over the world was narrated by Dr. Shu
Hikosake, Director and Professor of Buddhism, Institute of Asian Studies
in Madras in his book 1989 Buddhism in Tamil Nadu: a New Perspective.
Dr. Hikosaka’s study is based on his doctoral dissertation.
The
earliest inscriptions in Tamil Nadu written in the Brahmi character of
the time, on the walls of the natural caves in the Tamil districts of
Madura, Ramnad and Tirnnelveli belongs to the third century BC. They are
of considerable interest to students of South Indian Buddhism. It is
learnt from these Brahmi inscriptions, that Buddhism had come into Tamil
Nadu even then. However, the epigraphical evidence seems to confirm
that, it was to King Asoka and the missionary monk Mahinda (believed to
be his son) that the introduction of Buddhism into Tamil Nadu may be
attributed. In his Rock-Edict No. III, King Asoka says that his Dharma
Vijaya prevailed in the kingdoms of the Colas, Pandyans and at
Tambapanni (Sri Lanka). Particularly the edict number XIII found near
Peshawar, there is reference to the Buddhist missions of Asoka. Among
the countries referred to are Cola, Pandya, and Tambapanni. This
inscription was written in 258 B.C. and is direct evidence of the
Buddhist missions of Asoka to the Tamil country and Sri Lanka even
though it does not mention about his son Mahinda. As Buddhist missions
to Sri Lanka had to come by way of South India, the spread of Buddhism
in Sri Lanka and South India in the 2nd century AD should be considered
contemporary events, but it was King Asokaâs son Mahinda who was
responsible for the introduction of Buddhism in Tamil Nadu and Sri
Lanka. Mahinda is said to have erected seven viharas at Kaveripattinum,
the capital of Cola while he was on his way to Sri Lanka. According to
Dr. Hikosaka, contrary to the general impression, Buddhism might have
gone to Sri Lanka from Tamil Nadu by sea-route, a route by which one can
reach Sri Lanka easily. Since there existed very close cultural
affinities between Sri Lanka and the Tamil country from time immemorial,
the Buddhist activities in India could have easily influenced in some
way or other the Buddhism of Sri Lanka, says Dr. Hikosaka.
Even
though it is believed that Buddha had visited this region, South India
(Andhra) and Sri Lanka, according to historians, Buddhism began to make a
strong impact on Tamil Nadu only in the 3rd century AD. During that
period Buddhism had spread widely in Tamil Nadu and won the patronage of
the rulers. The remains of a Buddhist monastery excavated at
Kaveripattinum which could be assigned to the fourth century are
believed to be the earliest archaeological relics of Buddhism in Tamil
Nadu. The major urban centers of Kanchipuram, Kaveripattinam, Uragapura
(Uraiyur), and Madurai were not only centers of Buddhism, but these were
also important centers of Pali learning. The other minor towns of Tamil
country where Buddhism was active were Buddhamangalam, Sanghamangalam,
Kumbakonam, Mayurapattanam, Alamkudipatti, Kuvam, Sanghamangai,
Tiruppadirippuliyur, and so on.
Tamil Buddhists contribute to Buddhist scriptures
It
was at this time that Tamil Nadu gave some of its greatest scholars
(both Theravada and Mahayana) to the Buddhist world. Tamil Nadu boasted
of outstanding Buddhist monks, who had made remarkable contributions to
Buddhist thought and learning. Three of the greatest Pali scholars of
this period were Buddhaghosa, Buddhadatta, and Dhammapala and all three
of them were associated with Buddhist establishments in the Tamil
kingdoms.
Buddhadatta
or Thera Buddhaatta as he is called lived during the time of
Accyutarikkanta, the Kalabra ruler of the Cola-Nadu; was a senior
contemporary of Buddhaghosa. He was born in the Cola kingdom and lived
in the 5th Century AD. Under the patronage of this ruler, Buddhadatta
wrote many books. Among his best known Pali writings are the
Vinaya-Vinicchaya, the Uttara-Vinicchaya and the Jinalankara-Kavya.
Among the commentaries written by him are the Madhurattha-Vilasini and
the Abhidhammavatara. In the Abhidhammaratara he gives a glowing account
at Kaveripattinum, Uragapuram, Bhutamangalam and Kanchipuram and the
Mahavihara at Anuradapura, (Sri Lanka).
While he was at Sri Lanka, he
composed many Buddhist works such as Uttara-viniccaya Ruparupa Vibhaga
Jinalankara etc. Buddhaghosha, contemporary of Buddhadatta also composed
many Buddhist commentaries.
Buddhaghosha
is a Tamil monk, who made a remarkable contribution to Buddhism in Sri
Lanka. He stayed and studied Buddhist precepts at Mahavihara in
Anuradhapura. The Visuddhimagga was the first work of Buddhaghosha which
was written while he was in Sri Lanka.
After
Buddhaghosha, the important Theravada monk from the Tamil country was
Dhammapala. Dhammapala lived in the Mahavihara at Anuradhapura. He
composed paramathadipani which was a commentary on Buddhaghoshaâs work
on Khuddaka Nikaya and Paramathamanjusa, which was a commentary on
Buddhaghosha’s Visuddhimagga. A close study of the three Buddhist monks
viz Buddhadatta, Buddhaghosha and Dhammapala shows that Tamil Buddhists
were closely associated with the Sri Lankan Buddhists around the 5th
century AD.
The
author of Nettipakarana is another Dhammapala who was a resident of a
monastery in Nagapattinam, another important Buddhist centre from
ancient times. One more example is the Cola monk Kassapa, in his Pali
work, Vimatti-Vinodani, this Tamil monk provides interesting information
about the rise of heretical views in the Cola Sangha and the consequent
purification that took place. There are so many other Tamil monks who
are attributed to the Pali works some of them were resident at
Mayura-rupa-pattana (Mylapore, Madras) along with Buddhagosha.
The
Tamil Buddhist monks used Pali languages in preference to Tamil in
their writings. This is because the Buddha spoke in Magadi Prakrit
(Pali). Sanskrit is the sacred language of the Hindus, and similarly
Pali is considered as the sacred language of the Buddhists. The well
known Tamil Buddhist epics found were Manimekalai, Silappadhikaram,
Valaiyapathi, Kundalakesi, and Jivaka Cintamani. Manimekalai, a purely
Buddhist work of the 3rd Sangam period in Tamil literature is the most
supreme and famous among the Buddhist work done in Tamil Nadu. It is a
work expounding the doctrines and propagating the values of Buddhism.
The interaction between Tamil Nadu and Sri Lankan monks finds mention in
Manimekalai, which is set in the Tamil towns of Kaveipumpattinam,
Kanchi, and Vanchi. There is mention about the presence of wondering
monks of Sri Lanka in Vanchi, which was the capital of the Chera Kings
of Tamil Nadu. The Chinese traveller, Tsuan Tsang, wrote that there were
around 300 Sri Lankan monks in the monastery at the Southern sector of
Kanchipuram. Ancient Kanchipuram, the capital of Tondaimandalam, ruled
by the Tamil Pallava dynasty, an offshoot of Chola rulers was the major
seat of Tamil learning and is also known as the city of thousand
temples. Even Thirukkural, the ancient Tamil couplets/aphorisms
celebrated by Tamils is based on Buddhist principals. Although Buddhism
has become almost extinct from Tamil Nadu, it has contributed a great
deal to the enrichment of Tamil culture and has exerted a significant
influence, both directly and indirectly, on the Tamil religious and
spiritual consciousness, present as well as past.
Tamil Buddhism in Sri Lanka
As
Buddhism was one of the dominant religions in both Tamil Nadu and Sri
Lanka, naturally there were very close relations between the two
regions. The monks from Sri Lanka, too, went across to the Tamil kingdom
and stayed in the monasteries. As Dr. Leslie Gunawardana says, `The
co-operation between the Buddhist Sangha of South India and Sri Lanka
produced important results which are evident in the Pali works of this
period`. He also says that the Tamil Buddhist monks were more orthodox
than their counterparts in Sri Lanka. Indeed, the relations between the
Tamil and Sinhala Buddhist monks were so close that the latter sought
the assistance of the former in political turmoil.
In
Sri Lanka, the Tamil Buddhists who followed Theravada Buddhism shared
the common places of worship with the Sinhalese, but there were also
Tamil Buddhists who were following the Mahayana Buddhism and they had
their own Mahayana temples. There are still some Tamil Mahayana Buddhist
establishments (Palli) in the east and possibly in the Jaffna
peninsula. The best known was Velgam Vehera (see details below), which
was renamed Rajaraja-perumpalli after the Cola emperor. Another was the
Vikkirama-calamekan-perumpalli.
Some
ten miles northwest of Trincomalee off the Trincomalee - Horowupothana
road is an ancient Buddhist shrine with origins dating back to the years
before the second century. It is a historical fact that among the many
ancient Buddhist shrines in Sri Lanka Velgam Vehera which was renamed
Rajaraja-perumpalli, also called Natanar Kovil by the present day Tamils
stands out as the only known example of a `Tamil Vihare or Buddhist
Palli` or as the late Dr. Senerath Paranavithana described it in his
book `Glimpses of Ceylon`s Past` as an `Ancient Buddhist shrine of the
Tamil people`. Some of the Tamil inscriptions found at the site record
donations to this shrine and are dated in the reigns of the Chola Kings,
Rajaraja and Rajendradeva. It was his view that the date of the
original foundation of the vihare was no doubt considerably earlier than
the reign of King Bhatika Tissa II.
The
situation in Tamil Nadu, however, began to change towards the beginning
of the 7th Century AD when the rise of Vaishnavism and Saivism posed a
serious challenge to Buddhism and Jainism. There was a significant
increase in Hindu/Brahmanical influence and soon the worship of Siva and
Visnu began to gain prominence. The Buddhist and Jaina institutions in
Tamil Nadu came under attack when they began to lose popular support and
the patronage from the rulers. One result of this was the migration of
Buddhist and Jaina monks and devoted lay members to kingdoms where they
could find refuge. While the Jainas and Buddhists (mostly Mahayana) were
able to go to Kannada and Andhra/Telugu regions, a large part of the
Buddhists (Theravada) turned to Sri Lanka and assimilated with the local
Buddhist population.
Mahavihara monks of Anuradapura and the Pali chronicles
Although
Buddhism flourished in South India in ancient times, the 5th century AD
Pali chronicles such as the Dipavamsa and Mahavamsa written by the
Mahavihara monks of Anuradapura (Sri Lanka) remained silent about the
introduction of Buddhism to South India. This is because, when
Hindu/Brahmanism started reappearing in India and posed a threat to
Buddhism, the Mahavihara monks of Anuradapura (Sri Lanka) due to their
strong devotion to Buddhism and desire to consolidate and protect this
religion in Sri Lanka wrote the Pali chronicles Deepavamsa/Mahavamsa
just to glorify Buddhism and the Buddhist kings of Sri Lanka and not to
record objectively what happened. The `Lion Ancestry` and the myths
about the origin of the Sinhala race as pre-destined, true custodians of
the island of Sri Lanka and guardians of Buddhism is a myth of the
creative authors to protect Buddhism and is not the common true history.
The ancient Sri Lankan Kingdom (Anuradapura) was ruled by both Buddhist
and Hindu kings. There is no evidence what so ever to prove that they
were Sinhala. An analysis of the Pali chronicles (Deepavamsa/Mahavamsa)
makes it very clear that the Mahavihara monks who authored them in the
5th century AD have created the ethnic identity Sinhala, yoked it with
Buddhism and created a new ethno-religious identity in Sri Lanka known
as Sinhala-Buddhist to sustain the religion in the country for 5000
years.
The
ancient Brahmi inscriptions (before 7th century AD) in Tamil Nadu are
in old Tamil where the Tamil names did not end with an âNâ or an âMâ,
but were very similar to those Sanskrit/Pali names. It was only after
the 7th century AD, that the Tamil language adopted some changes to its
Grammar, script, etc. and evolved into the present form. This might have
happened after the Tamils developing what is commonly called as the
pulli (dot) system which is peculiar to Tamils in particular among the
Indian languages and due to this dot system the words/names ending with
âAâ ends up with âNâ and âMâ. This is the reason why, in the Pali
chronicles and in the Brahmi stone inscriptions the names of the Tamil
Kings of Anuradhapura were referred to as Sena, Guttika, Elara,
Pulahatha, Bahiya, Panayamara, Parinda, Dathiya, etc and not as Senan,
Guttikan, Ellalan, etc. Similarly in Tamil Nadu, the names of the
ancient kings were referred to as Kulothunga Chola, Vikrma Chola, Aditya
Chola, Kulasekara Pandya, Vira Wickrama Pandya, Parakrama Pandya,
Sundara Pandya, etc.
It
is believed that most of the Tamil Buddhist literary work has been
destroyed during religious controversies. The loss of Tamil Buddhist
literature was a death blow to Tamil Buddhism. Apart from the Brahmi
inscriptions and other archeological evidence found in Tamil Nadu and
the available Tamil literary works, the Rock-Edicts of King Asoka also
sheds much light on this subject. Even though the Pali chronicles did
not mention the ethnic background of the ancient Sri Lankan Buddhists
and the Buddhist kings right from Devanampiya Tissa, the Mahavamsa
referred to the Non-Buddhist kings as Tamils (invaders).
The above facts and
the non-existence of Tamil Buddhists during the colonial period (due to
the 10th century Chola invasion) led the 19th century European Pali
scholars who translated the Pali chronicles to assume and subsequently
the present day Sri Lankans to believe that the ancient Buddhists and
the Buddhists Kings of Sri Lanka were Sinhalese.
Unfortunately,
today there are no Tamil Buddhists in Sri Lanka but the majority of the
early Tamils of Sri Lanka (before the 10th century Chola invasion) were
Buddhists. The ancient Buddhist remains in the North and East of Sri
Lanka are the remnants left by the Tamil Buddhists and not anybody else.
They are part of the heritage of Sri Lankan Tamils. Only the Buddhist
temples, statues and structures build in the recent past and present in
the North and East remain as Sinhala-Buddhist.
Sri
Lankans must be aware of their past and open to its own people. Sri
Lankans must believe that the Buddhist sites in Sri Lanka belongs to all
people ove the world. They must be aware about the early Tamil
Buddhists of Sri Lanka and Tamil Nadu.In Sri Lanka a Buddhist should be a
Sinhalese and a Tamil.
Not
only the Indians but even the Sri Lankan Tamils must not give up
Buddhism. For them to go back to Buddhism, has 2500 years of Buddhism in
Sri Lanka (the so called Dhammadveepa) influenced any major changes in
the Sinhala society (the so called guardians of Buddhism chosen by none
other than the Buddha) in terms of attitude, character, behavior,
morality and so on. Buddhist monks practicing Ahimsa (non-violence),
Karuna (compassion), Metta (affection), and Maithriya (loving-kindness)
towards fellow humans (irrespective of race/religion).
Prof.
Sunil Ariyaratneâs dream of future Tamil Buddhists is very genuine and
apt during this period. As he says, it may recreate the togetherness,
the common bond that once existed between the Sinhalese and Tamils. It
will not be a surprise if Nanda Malini sings about the Damila Buddhayo
of the past and the future but can his dream materialize? Of course,
miracles do happen; Martin Luther King Juniorâs dream came true so let
us have some hope.
The
great Maurya emperor Ashoka had erected a Buddhist stupa in present-day
Kancheepuram in the third century BC when the city was an early
Buddhist settlement.
A
seven-foot high Buddha sculpture in the Kamakshi temple stands
testimony to the strong influence of Buddhismin the region. The
stylistic pattern shows that itâs from the third century BC.
The
city of Kanchi was known as âKanchimudurâ under the chieftain
Thondaiman Ilanthiryan who ruled the region during the first century AD.
A
long Tamil poem âPerumpanarupadaiâ sung by poet Kadiyalur Rudran
Kannanar gives a graphic description of Kanchi city. Karikala Chola
brought Kanchi under his control in the second century and it was from
the third century that the Pallavas started ruling Kancheepuram.
The
most ancient temple still surviving here is the Kailasantha temple
built by Narasimhavarman during the seventh century AD. âIn 1961, some
beautiful pillars inside the temple,with inscriptions, were pulled down.
To prevent further damage to the structure. The pillars are in the Government Museum in Egmore at the entrance.
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Buddha’s
own words from Theravada Tipitaka has the power to unite all the
sentient and non-sentient beings in the universe. I wish to be part of
your efforts on 7-11-21 at Kancipuram. From 2nd to 7th November I will
be in West Tambaram and leave Kancipuram on 7th Nov to Bengaluru. Kindly
inform the address and the time of the event. Hunger is the worst
kind of illness said the Buddha
May we propagate to Grow Broccoli, pepper,cucumber,Beans in Pots,
Sujata fed Buddha to overcome His hunger, Ashoka planted fruit bearing trees all over his empire.
All Aboriginal Awakened Societies Thunder â Hum Prapanch Prabuddha
Prapanchmay karunge.â We will make the whole universe are Prabuddha Prapanch.