Lessons 4681 Tue 17 Jan 2023
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,
NOW IS ALL THAT YOU HAVE
DO GOOD PURIFY MIND
This is for BODY
Wise,Intelligent
people of All Major religions in the world of
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,
grows vegetables
&
Fruits
Plants
in pots
which tastes the same for all including haters to live
like free birds to overcome Hunger on Good Earth and SPACE.
After
getting up at 3:45 AM take bath and do Buddhists Patanjali Yogic
Meditation inhaling and exhaling in all positions of the body.
Do Meditative Mindful Swimming from 5 am to 6:30 AM
This is for MIND
We were in
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BEN
We are in
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BEN
We continue to be in
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BEN
NOW IS ALL THAT YOU HAVE
DO GOOD PURIFY MIND
This is for BODY
Wise,Intelligent
people of All Major religions in the world of
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BENEVOLENT,COMPASSIONATE EMPOWERED JAMBUDIPA
UNIVERSE grows vegetables
& Fruits
Plants
in pots
which tastes the same for all including haters to live like free birds
to overcome Hunger on Good Earth and SPACE.After getting up at 3:45 AM
take bath & do Buddhists Patanjali Yogic Meditation inhaling &
exhaling in all positions of the body.
Do Meditative Mindful Swimming
This is for MIND
We were in
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BENEVOLENT,COMPASSIONATE EMPOWERED JAMBUDIPA
We are in
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BENEVOLENT,COMPASSIONATE EMPOWERED JAMBUDIPA
We continue to be in
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BENEVOLENT,COMPASSIONATE EMPOWERED JAMBUDIPA
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BENEVOLENT,COMPASSIONATE
EMPOWERED JAMBUDIPA Maha Mayawati ji said she will bring back Ashokan
rule Jambudīpa is also known as Jambusanda which grows Jambu-tree
derives its name from the (Naga) which grows there to represent his
realm in 3rd century BC
Empowered Aboriginal of JAMBUDIPA
Scheduled Caste leader and former Uttar Pradesh chief minister
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BENEVOLENT,COMPASSIONATE
Empowered Aboriginal of JAMBUDIPA
Maha Mayawati said that rival parties are using all tricks to stop BSP from coming to power.
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BENEVOLENT,COMPASSIONATE
Empowered Aboriginal of JAMBUDIPA
Maha
Mayawati also raised concerns over the use of Electronic Voting
Machines. “Since 1984, ballot paper use, the vote percentage not
decreased. With the use of EVM, the party voting percentage has gone
down. In various countries the EVM had been withdrawn and ballot papers
is being used. It’s the work of the EVM that BSP vote has decreased. I
have urged the Election Commission to use ballot paper,” she said.
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BENEVOLENT,COMPASSIONATE Empowered Aboriginal of JAMBUDIPA
Maha
Mayawati said that her BSP won’t forge an alliance with any party for
the upcoming state elections or the 2024 national polls.
“The BSP
will not form alliance with any party in the Rajasthan,Chhattisgarh and
Karnataka assembly election as well as the 2024 Lok Sabha election,”
she said.
She also launched a fresh attack against the Foreigners
kicked out from Bene Israel, Tibet, Africa, Western Europe, Eastern
Germeny, South Russia, Eastern Europe,Hungary chitpavan brahmin
Rowdy
Swayam Sevaks number one terrorists practicing hatred, anger, jealousy,
delusion, stupidity which are defilement of the mind requiring mental
treatment at mental asylums for the saffron party
“Due to wrong
policies of the BJP government the people are facing natural disaster,”
she further said in an apparent reference to the sinking of the
Joshimath town in Uttarakhand.
“The central agencies have been politicized,” the
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BENEVOLENT,COMPASSIONATE
Empowered Aboriginal of JAMBUDIPA
leader said.
She
also targeted the Congress and SP: “The reservation for the OBC, SC/ST
is not being implemented by the BJP government. The Congress and
Samajwadi Party has also cheated the OBC, SC and ST community.”
Mayawati celebrates 67th birthday, optimistic for 2024
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BENEVOLENT,COMPASSIONATE
Empowered Aboriginal of JAMBUDIPA
Scheduled
Caste Maha Mayawati, the head of the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) and
four-time chief minister of Uttar Pradesh, was born on 15 January 1956
in Delhi in a
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BENEVOLENT,COMPASSIONATE Empowered Aboriginal of JAMBUDIPA
Awakened Aboriginal Scheduled Caste family.
Besides
being among the most important political leaders of Uttar Pradesh, she
is a Empowered Awakened Aboriginal Scheduled Caste icon and her clout
extends far beyond the boundaries of
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BENEVOLENT,COMPASSIONATE Empowered Aboriginal of JAMBUDIPA
Aboriginal Scheduled Caste Prabuddha Bharat’s most populous state.
——–1
In September 1977, during a conference on
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BENEVOLENT,COMPASSIONATE Empowered Aboriginal of JAMBUDIPA
Scheduled
Caste organised by the Janata Party’s Raj Narain, who had defeated
Indira Gandhi in the Lok Sabha polls from Rae Bareilly, repeatedly
referred to
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BENEVOLENT,COMPASSIONATE Empowered Aboriginal of JAMBUDIPA
Scheduled Castes as Harijans.
This angered the young
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BENEVOLENT,COMPASSIONATE
Empowered Aboriginal of JAMBUDIPA
Scheduled
Caste Maha Mayawati, who was present at the event. As the journalist
Bhupesh Bhandari wrote in the Business Standard in December 2011:
“Even
in those early days she used to find the term [Harijan], coined by
Mahatma Gandhi, condescending and thus hugely offensive. She walked up
to the stage and tore into Raj Narain. A couple of months later, on a
cold
winter night,
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BENEVOLENT,COMPASSIONATE
Empowered Aboriginal of JAMBUDIPA
Scheduled Caste Maha Manyawar Kanshi Ram [founder of the BSP] visited her at home.
The
burly Sikh [his family belonged to a Empowered Awakened Aboriginal
Scheduled Caste community but had converted to Sikhism] had quit his
government job to fight the cause of the Empowered Awakened Aboriginal
Scheduled Caste community.
He reportedly told her that if she
followed him, one day she would be giving orders to IAS officers. It was
a prediction that would come true.
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BENEVOLENT,COMPASSIONATE Empowered Aboriginal of JAMBUDIPA
Scheduled
Caste Maha Manyawar Kanshi Ram founded the BSP in 1984,he made
ETERNAL,GLORIFIED,FRIENDLY,BENEVOLENT,C Empowered Aboriginal of
JAMBUDIPA Maha Mayawati a member of his core team.
This is
Jambudīpa a name often used to describe the territory of Greater
Prabuddha BHARAT in Ancient sources.The term is based on the concept of
dvīpa, meaning “island” or “continent” in Ancient cosmogony.
The term Jambudvipa was used by Ashoka to represent his Aboriginal realm.
The
Buddhist cosmology divides the bhūmaṇḍala (circle of the earth) into
three separate levels: Kāmadhātu (Desire realm), Rūpadhātu (Form
realm),and Ārūpyadhātu (Formless realm). In the Kāmadhātu is located
Mount Sumeru which is said to be surrounded by four island-continents.
“The
southernmost island is called Jambudīpa”. The other three continents of
Buddhist accounts around Sumeru are not accessible to humans from
Jambudīpa.
Jambudīpa is shaped like a triangle with a blunted point facing south, somewhat like the Indian subcontinent. In its center is a
gigantic Jambu tree from which the continent takes its name, meaning “Jambu Island”.
Jambudipa, one of the four Mahādīpas, or great continents, which are included in the Cakkavāla and are ruled by a Cakkavatti.
They are grouped round Mount Sumeru.In Jambudīpa is Himavā with its eighty-four thousand peaks,its lakes, mountain ranges, etc.
This
continent derives its name from the Jambu-tree (also called Naga) which
grows there, its trunk fifteen yojanas in girth, its outspreading
branches fifty yojanas in length, its shade one hundred yojanas in
extent and its height one hundred yojanas
On account of this
tree, Jambudīpa is also known as Jambusanda .The continent is ten
thousand yojanas in extent; of these ten thousand,four thousand are
covered by the ocean, three thousand by the Himālaya mountains, while
three thousand are inhabited by men
Jambudīpa is the region where
the humans live and is the only place where a being may become awakened
by being born as a human being.
It is in Jambudīpa that one may
receive the gift of Dhamma and come to understand the Four Noble Truths,
the Noble Eightfold Path and ultimately
realize the liberation from the cycle of life and death.
Another
reference is from the Buddhist text Mahavamsa, where the emperor
Ashoka’s son Mahinda introduces himself to the Sri Lankan king
Devanampiyatissa as from Jambudīpa, referring to what is now the
Prabuddha Bharatian subcontinent. This is Based In the Kṣitigarbha Sūtra in the Mahayana.
——————-2
for instance Mysorean inscription from the tenth century AD which also describes the region, presumably India, as Jambudīpa.
‘the
Kuntala country (which included the north-western parts of Mysore and
the southern parts of the Bombay Presidency) was ruled by the
nava-Nanda,
Gupta-kula,Mauryya kings ;then the Rattas ruled it :
after whom were the Chalukyas; then the Kalachuryya family; and after
them the (Hoysala) Ballalas.’Another, at Kubatur,expressly states that
Chandra Gupta ruled the Naga-khanda in the south of the Bharata-kshetra
of Jambudīpa :
this is the Nagara-khanda Seventy of so many
inscriptions, of which Bandanikke (Bandalike in Shimoga) seems to have
been the chief town.
And further,a record to be noticed below says that the daughters of the Kadamba king were given in marriage to the Guptas.
Report Of Mysore
Mount
Meru (also Sumeru (Sanskrit) or Sineru (Pāli) or Kangrinboqe) is the
name of the central world-mountain in Buddhist cosmology.
Etymologically, the proper name of the mountain is Meru (Pāli Meru), to which is added the approbatory prefix su-,
resulting in the meaning “excellent Meru” or “wonderful Meru”.
EMPOWERED JAMBUDIPA UNIVERSE
Jambudīpa
(Jpn: 閻浮提 Enbudai) one of the four continents, which is situated to the
south of Mount Meru.) is is located in the south and is the dwelling of
ordinary human beings.
Its shape is trapezoidal or resembling the shape of an axe-head. It is the human world in which we live.
It is said to be shaped “like a cart”, or rather a blunt-nosed triangle with the point facing south.
(This description probably echoes the shape of the coastline of southern Prabuddha Bharat.
Karnataka
Jambudvipa in geopolitical sense
The
term Jambudvipa is used by Ashoka perhaps to represent his realm in 3rd
century BC, same terminology is then repeated in subsequent
inscriptions for instance Mysorean inscription from the tenth century AD
which also describes the region, presumably Prabuddha Bharat as
Jambudvipa.
‘ the Kuntala country (which included the
north-western parts of Mysore and the southern parts of the Bombay
Presidency) was ruled by the nava-Nanda, Gupta-kula, Mauryya kings ;
then the Rattas ruled it : after whom were the Chalukyas; then the
Kalachuryya family;
After them the (Hoysala) Ballalas.
Jambudīpa)
is a name often used to describe the territory of Greater Prabuddha
Bharat in Ancient Indian sources. The term is based on the concept of
dvīpa, meaning “island” or “continent” in Ancient Prabuddha Bharatian
cosmogony.
The term Jambudvipa was used by Ashoka to represent
his realm in the third century BCE.The same terminology was used in
subsequent texts, for instance Kannada inscriptions from the tenth
century CE which also described the region, presumably Ancient Prabuddha
Bharat,as Jambudipa
The Prakrit name Jambudīpasi for “Prabuddha Bharat ” in the Sahasram Minor Rock Edict of Ashoka, circa 250 BCE (Brahmi script).
It
is 10,000 yojanas in extent (Vibhajyavāda tradition) or has a perimeter
of 6,000 yojanas (Sarvāstivāda tradition) to which can be added the
southern coast of only 3 1⁄2 yojanas’ length.
The continent takes
its name from a giant Jambu tree (Syzygium cumini), 100 yojanas tall,
which grows in the middle of the continent.
Every continent has one of these giant trees.
All Awakened One Buddhas appear in Jambudīpa
The
people here are five to six feet tall and their length of life varies
between 10 to power 140 years (Asankya Aayu) and 10 years.
“Since this continent is adorned by a k km Jambubriksha jambu tree, it is known as the ‘Continent of Jambu’, or Jambudīpa.
The jambu tree is presumed by some to be the rose-apple tree (Eugenia jambolana).
More recent scholarship suggests that it may be a variety of plum.
However, legend says that only one jambu tree exists, which is not visible to ordinary persons but only to Awakened beings.
The
Buddhist cosmology divides the bhūmaṇḍala (circle of the earth) into
three separate levels: Kāmadhātu (Desire realm), Rūpadhātu (Form
realm),and Ārūpyadhātu (Formless realm). In the Kāmadhātu is located
Mount Sumeru which is said to be surrounded by four island-continents.
“The
southernmost island is called Jambudīpa”. The other three continents of
Buddhist accounts around Sumeru are not accessible to humans from
Jambudīpa.
Jambudīpa is shaped like a triangle with a blunted point
facing south, somewhat like the Indian subcontinent.
In its center is a gigantic Jambu tree from which the continent takes its name, meaning “Jambu Island”.
Jambudipa, one of the four Mahādīpas, or great continents, which are included in the Cakkavāla and are ruled by a
Cakkavatti.
They are grouped round Mount Sumeru. In Jambudīpa is Himavā
with its eighty-four thousand peaks, its lakes, mountain ranges, etc.
——-3
The
Buddhist cosmology divides the bhūmaṇḍala (circle of the earth) into
three separate levels: Kāmadhātu (Desire realm), Rūpadhātu (Form
realm),and Ārūpyadhātu (Formless realm). In the Kāmadhātu is located
Mount Sumeru which is said to be surrounded by four island-continents.
“The
southernmost island is called Jambudīpa”. The other three continents of
Buddhist accounts around Sumeru are not accessible to humans from
Jambudīpa.
Jambudīpa is shaped like a triangle with a blunted point
facing south, somewhat like the Indian subcontinent.
In its center is a gigantic Jambu tree from which the continent takes its name, meaning “Jambu Island”.
Jambudipa, one of the four Mahādīpas, or great continents, which are included in the Cakkavāla and are ruled by a
Cakkavatti.
They are grouped round Mount Sumeru. In Jambudīpa is Himavā
with its eighty-four thousand peaks, its lakes, mountain ranges, etc.
However, legend says that only one jambu tree exists, which is not visible to ordinary persons but only to Awakened beings.
The
Buddhist cosmology divides the bhūmaṇḍala (circle of the earth) into
three separate levels: Kāmadhātu (Desire realm), Rūpadhātu (Form
realm),and Ārūpyadhātu (Formless realm). In the Kāmadhātu is located
Mount Sumeru which is said to be surrounded by four island-continents.
“The
southernmost island is called Jambudīpa”. The other three continents of
Buddhist accounts around Sumeru are not accessible to humans from
Jambudīpa.
Jambudīpa is shaped like a triangle with a blunted point
facing south, somewhat like the Indian subcontinent.
In its center is a gigantic Jambu tree from which the continent takes its name, meaning “Jambu Island”.
Jambudipa, one of the four Mahādīpas, or great continents, which are included in the Cakkavāla and are ruled by a
Cakkavatti.
They are grouped round Mount Sumeru. In Jambudīpa is Himavā
with its eighty-four thousand peaks, its lakes, mountain ranges, etc.
This continent derives its name from the Jambu-tree (also called Naga) which grows there, its trunk fifteen yojanas in girth,
its
outspreading branches fifty yojanas in length, its shade one
hundredyojanas in extent and its height one hundred yojanas (Vin.i.30;
SNA.ii.443;
On account of this tree, Jambudīpa is also known as Jambusanda (SN.vs.552; SNA.i.121).
The
continent is ten thousand yojanas in extent; of these ten thousand,four
thousand are covered by the ocean,three thousand by the Himālaya
mountains,while three thousand are inhabited by men Jambudīpa is the
region where the humans live and is the only place where a being may
become enlightened by being born as a human being.
This is Based In the Kṣitigarbha Sūtra in the Mahayana.
Jambudīpa in geopolitical sense The term Jambudīpa is used by Ashoka perhaps to represent his realm in 3rd century BC,
same terminology is then repeated in subsequent inscriptions for instance
Mysorean
inscription from the tenth century AD which also describes the
region,presumably India,as Jambudīpa.the Kuntala country (which included
the north-western parts of Mysore and the southern parts of the Bombay
Presidency) was ruled by the nava-Nanda,Gupta-kula,Mauryya kings
then the Rattas ruled it :after whom were the Chalukyas; then the
Kalachuryya
family; and after them the (Hoysala) Ballalas.’’ Another, at Kubatur,
expressly states that Chandra Gupta ruled the Naga-khanda in the south
of the Bharata-kshetra of Jambudīpa :
this is the Nagara-khanda
Seventy of so many inscriptions,of which Bandanikke(Bandalike in
Shimoga)seems to have been the chief town.And fuidher, a record to be
noticed below says that the daughters of the Kadamba king were given in
marriage to the Guptas. Annual Report Of Mysore
Mount Meru (also
Sumeru (Sanskrit)or Sineru (Pāli) or Kangrinboqe) is the name of the
central world-mountain in Buddhist cosmology.
Etymologically, the
proper name of the mountain is Meru (Pāli Meru), to which is added the
approbatory prefix su-, resulting in the meaning “excellent Meru” or
“wonderful Meru”.
——4
“The
southernmost island is called Jambudīpa”. The other three continents of
Buddhist accounts around Sumeru are not accessible to humans from
Jambudīpa. Jambudīpa is shaped like a triangle with a blunted point
facing south, somewhat like the Prabuddha Bharatian subcontinent.
In its center is a gigantic Jambu tree from which the continent takes its name, meaning “Jambu Island”.
Jambudipa,
one of the four Mahādīpas, or great continents, which are included in
the Cakkavāla and are ruled by a Cakkavatti. They are grouped round
Mount Sumeru.
In Jambudīpa is Himavā with its eighty-four thousand peaks, its lakes, mountain ranges, etc.
This
continent derives its name from the Jambu-tree (also called Naga) which
grows there, its trunk fifteen yojanas in girth, its outspreading
branches fifty yojanas in length,
its shade one hundred yojanas in extent and its height one hundred yojanas (Vin.i.30; SNA.ii.443; Vsm.i.205f; Sp.i.119, etc.)
On account of this tree, Jambudīpa is also known as Jambusanda (SN.vs.552; SNA.i.121).
The
continent is ten thousand yojanas in extent; of these ten thousand,
four thousand are covered by the ocean, three thousand by the Himālaya
mountains, while three thousand are inhabited by men (SNA.ii.437;
UdA.300).
Jambudvīpa is the region where the humans live and is
the only place where a being may become enlightened by being born as a
human being.
It is in Jambudvīpa that one may receive the gift of
Dharma and come to understand the Four Noble Truths, the Noble
Eightfold Path and ultimately realize the liberation from the cycle of
life and death.
Another reference is from the Buddhist text
Mahavamsa, where the emperor Ashoka’s son Mahinda introduces himself to
the Sri Lankan king Devanampiyatissa as from Jambudvipa, referring to
what is now the Indian subcontinent. This is Based In the Kṣitigarbha
Sūtra in the Mahayana.
According to a Survey, If Jains in India Go from 0.3% to 3% then we will overtake America & China.
So let’s us talk about some FACTS :
● National Avg Literacy Rate 65%, Jains Avg Literacy Rate 94%.
● Female National Avg Literacy Rate 54%, Jains Female Avg Literacy Rate 91%.
● 50% of the Total CAs are Jains.
● According to Forbes, Jains are the Wealthiest People of India & Belgium.
● Jains are 0.3% of the Indian Population but pay 24% of Income Tax. [In 2009 Jains have paid even 42% of Income Tax]
● Jains Contribute 25% towards National Development.
● 65% of Diamond & Gold business in the World are done by Jains.
● 62% Charity is done by Jains.
● 46% Stock brokers are Jains.
● 33% of the Airline Industry is controlled by Jains.
● 20% of the Pharmaceuticals & Textiles are controlled by Jains.
● Jains have the Highest Life Expectancy of 71 age.
● Out of 16,000 Gaushalas 9,600 are run by Jains.
● Alber Einstein once said that I don’t know Whether there is reincarnation or not but if it happens then I want to be a Jain.
●
According to Annual Summit of World Environment Committee, Germany in
2010 “If We have to Save the Earth from Global Warming We have to Follow
Jain’s Lifestyle & Principles.”
● Never plays any Minority Card like others.
●
Jains are not taught how to do business, it is in our genes. [You don’t
teach the child of a Lion how to hunt and in the same way Child of a
Jain is also not taught how to do a Business].
● Jains are not Job Seekers, we are Job Givers.
●
Lawyers, Doctors live on the sadness of others whereas CAs live on the
Growth or Happiness of others. [That’s how we choose business].
● We don’t love dogs and then kill mosquitoes.
● Others are doing this Vegan- Dietician- Mind Control - Wearing Masks. Jains have been doing these for Centuries.
● We believe in Live & Let Live. [Mukesh Ambami Says Jio we say Jio & Jene do]
● We don’t believe in ‘I’. We believe in ‘US’.
● Biggest Fights happen because of You are wrong and I’m Right. Jains say you are Right & I’m also Right. (Mutual Respect).
So Why are Jains so Rich & Great ???
Reasons -
● Jains are Dynamites Not Parasites
● Succession Planning
● Supreme Wisdom (Kaivalya Gyan)
● Vow OF “AHIMSA Vrat” (No Himsa whether Mentally, Orally or Physically.)
● Life Kindness (Jiv Daya)
● Conscious Capitalism (Don’t do - Parties, Politics, Enjoyment, Clubbing, Acting)
(We do Prayer, Meditation, Spirituality, Forgiveness).
● Community is Family.
● Very High on Integrity
● Anekantavada (Mutual Respect)
● Chaturvidha Dana (4-fold charity of Food, Medicine, Protection, Knowledge).
————–5
At
present, the EC’s VVPAT auditing is restricted to one randomly chosen
polling booth per constituency. In a recent essay, K. Ashok Vardhan
Shetty , a former IAS officer, demonstrates that this sample size will
fail to detect faulty EVMs 98-99% of the time. He also shows that VVPATs
can be an effective deterrent to fraud only on the condition that the
detection of even one faulty EVM in a constituency must entail the VVPAT
hand-counting of all the EVMs in that constituency. Without this
proviso, VVPATs would merely provide the sheen of integrity without its
substance.
The third criterion is secrecy. Here too, EVMs
disappoint. With the paper ballot, the EC could mix ballot papers from
different booths before counting, so that voting preferences could not
be connected to a given locality. But with EVMs, we are back to
booth-wise counting, which allows one to discern voting patterns and
renders marginalised communities vulnerable to pressure. Totaliser
machines can remedy this, but the EC has shown no intent to adopt them.
So,
on all three counts — transparency, verifiability and secrecy — EVMs
are flawed. VVPATs are not the answer either, given the sheer magnitude
of the logistical challenges. The recent track record of EVMs indicates
that the number of malfunctions in a national election will be high. For
that very reason, the EC is unlikely to adopt a policy of hand-counting
all EVMs in constituencies where faulty machines are reported, as this
might entail hand-counting on a scale that defeats the very purpose of
EVMs. And yet, this is a principle without which the use of VVPATs is
meaningless.
Unjustified suspicions
Despite these issues, EVMs
continue to enjoy the confidence of the EC, which insists that Indian
EVMs, unlike the Western ones, are tamper-proof. But this is a matter of
trust. Even if the software has been burnt into the microchip, neither
the EC nor the voter knows for sure what software is running in a
particular EVM. One has to simply trust the manufacturer and the EC. But
as the German court observed, the precondition of this trust is the
verifiability of election events, whereas in the case of EVMs, “the
calculation of the election result is based on a calculation act which
cannot be examined from outside”.
While it is true that the
results come quicker and the process is cheaper with EVMs as compared to
paper ballot, both these considerations are undeniably secondary to the
integrity of the election. Another argument made in favour of the EVM
is that it eliminates malpractices such as booth-capturing and
ballot-box stuffing. In the age of the smartphone, however, the
opportunity costs of ballot-box-stuffing and the risk of exposure are
prohibitively high. In contrast, tampering with code could accomplish
rigging on a scale unimaginable for booth-capturers. Moreover, it is
nearly impossible to detect EVM-tampering. As a result, suspicions of
tampering in the tallying of votes — as opposed to malfunction in
registering the votes, which alone is detectable — are destined to
remain in the realm of speculation. The absence of proven fraud might
save the EVM for now, but its survival comes at a dangerous cost — the
corrosion of people’s faith in the electoral process.
Yet there
doesn’t have to be incontrovertible evidence of EVM-tampering for a
nation to return to paper ballot. Suspicion is enough, and there is
enough of it already. As the German court put it, “The democratic
legitimacy of the election demands that the election events be
controllable so that… unjustified suspicion can be refuted.” The
phrase “unjustified suspicion” is pertinent. The EC has always
maintained that suspicions against EVMs are unjustified. Clearly, the
solution is not to dismiss EVM-sceptics as ignorant technophobes.
Rather, the EC is obliged to provide the people of India a polling
process capable of refuting unjustified suspicion, as this is a basic
requirement for democratic legitimacy, not an optional accessory.
Jagatheesan Chandrasekharan, [Dec 30, 2022 at 9:05 AM]
A
/ One cannot describe Bhakti movement in a single category. The Bhakti
movement has several aspects. On the one side, there was dissent against
the established order of things in relation to the Vedic practice. At
the same time, there was considerable conformism to the Puranic kind of
religion. If you look at the songs of these saints — Saiva Nayanars and
Vaishnava Alwars — most of them are addressed to Puranic deities, who
are consecrated at temples.
A / In a paper which I along with my
Professor M.G.S. Narayanan published some 45 years ago, we argued that
the Bhakti movement was propagation of the temple cult, which meant the
propagation of the kind of ideology represented by the landed magnates
who were managing the temples. So, a new social formation was coming
into existence and this was the ideological justification for that. The
Bhakti movement was not this or that but it was this, that and the
others. You cannot give a single explanation for the movement. But the
Bhakti movement further developed more conformists. Brahminical
orthodoxy is also the child of Bhakti movement. What began by breaking
fences eventually ended up building walls.
Q / What is your view on
the argument that the writing of the history of India should start from
the south and not from the north?
A / This question comes only when
you accept the notion of India. If you accept the notion of India, you
could ask whether it should start from north India or south India. When
does this notion of India come into existence? Let us say in the 19th
century, with the Indian national movement during the British rule.
Before that, there was no India. Then, what Indian history are you
talking about?
1) Kedri (Central) Chhattisgarhi
2) Utti (Eastern) Chhattisgarhi
3) Budati / Khaltahi (Western) Chhattisgarhi
4) Bhandar (Northern) Chhattisgarhi
5) Rakshahun (Southern) Chhattisgarhi
Article 343 of the Constitution of India stated that the official language of the Union is Hindi in Devanagari script, with official use of English to continue for 15 years from 1947. Later, a constitutional amendment, The Official Languages Act, 1963, allowed for the continuation of English alongside Hindi in the Indian government indefinitely until legislation decides to change it.[3] The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union are “the international form of Indian numerals“,[13][14] which are referred to as Arabic numerals in most English-speaking countries.[1] Despite the misconceptions, Hindi is not the national language of India; the Constitution of India does not give any language the status of national language.[15][16]
The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution lists 22 languages,[17] which have been referred to as scheduled
languages and given recognition, status and official encouragement. In
addition, the Government of India has awarded the distinction of classical language to Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Sanskrit, Tamil and Telugu. Classical language status is given to languages which have a rich heritage and independent nature.
According to the Census of India of 2001,
India has 122 major languages and 1599 other languages. However,
figures from other sources vary, primarily due to differences in
definition of the terms “language” and “dialect”. The 2001 Census
recorded 30 languages which were spoken by more than a million native
speakers and 122 which were spoken by more than 10,000 people.[18] Two contact languages have played an important role in the history of India: Persian[19] and English.[20] Persian was the court language during the Mughal period in India. It reigned as an administrative language for several centuries until the era of British colonisation.[21]
English continues to be an important language in India. It is used in
higher education and in some areas of the Indian government. Hindi, which has the largest number of first-language speakers in India today,[22] serves as the lingua franca across much of North and Central India. However, there have been concerns raised with Hindi being imposed in South India, most notably in the states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka,[23][24] Maharashtra, West Bengal, Assam, Punjab and other non-Hindi regions have also started to voice concerns about Hindi.[25] Bengali is the second most spoken and understood language in the country with a significant amount of speakers in eastern and northeastern regions. Marathi is the third most spoken and understood language in the country with a significant amount of speakers in South-Western regions.