Contents

The sports

Aquathlon

Aquathlon (also known as underwater wrestling) is an underwater sport
where two competitors wearing masks and fins wrestle underwater in an
attempt to remove a ribbon from each other’s ankle band in order to win
the bout. The “combat” takes place in a 5-metre (16 ft) square ring
within a swimming pool, and is made up of three 30-second rounds, with a
fourth round played in the event of a tie. The sport originated during
the 1980s in the former USSR (now Russia) and was first played at international level in 1993. It was recognised by Confédération Mondiale des Activités Subaquatiques (CMAS) in 2008.^[1][2][3][4]

Finswimming

Finswimming is an underwater sport consisting of four techniques involving swimming with the use of fins either on the water’s surface using a snorkel using either monofins or bifins (i.e. one fin for each foot) or underwater with monofin either by holding one’s breathe or underwater using open circuit scuba diving equipment. Events exist over distances similar to swimming competitions for both swimming pool and open water
venues. Competition at world and continental level is organised by
CMAS. The sport’s first world championship was held in 1976. It also
has been featured at the World Games as a trend sport since 1981 and was demonstrated at the 2013 Summer Universiade in July 2013.^[5][6][7][8]

Freediving

Competitive freediving is currently governed by two world associations: AIDA International
(International Association for Development of Apnea) and CMAS. Most
types of competitive freediving have in common that it is an individual
sport based on the best individual achievement. An exception to this
rule is the bi-annual World Championship for Teams, held by AIDA, where
the combined score of the team members makes up the team’s total points.
There are currently nine disciplines used by official governing bodies
and a dozen disciplines that are only practiced locally. In this
article, the recognized disciplines of AIDA and CMAS will be described.
All disciplines can be done by both men and women and, while done
outdoors, no differences in the environment between records are
recognized any longer. The disciplines of AIDA can be done both in
competition and as a record attempt, with the exception of Variable
Weight and No limits, which are both done solely as record attempts.^[9]

Spearfishing

Spearfishing
(also known as competition spearfishing) as an underwater sport
involves the hunting and capture of fish underwater using breath-hold
technique and a tackle system such as a speargun as part of a tournament
of fixed duration involving other competitors.^[10]

Sport diving

Sport Diving is an underwater sport that uses recreational open
circuit scuba diving equipment and consists of a set of individual and
team events conducted in a swimming pool that test the competitors’
competency in recreational scuba diving technique. The sport was
developed in Spain during the late 1990s and is currently played mainly
in Europe. It is known as Plongée Sportive in French and as Buceo De
Competición in Spanish.^[11]

Underwater football

Underwater football is a two-team underwater sport that shares common
elements with underwater hockey and underwater rugby. As with both of
those games, it is played in a swimming pool with snorkelling equipment
(mask, snorkel, and fins).^[12]

Underwater hockey

Underwater hockey (UWH; also called Octopush and Water Hockey
locally) is a globally played limited-contact sport in which two teams
compete to manoeuvre a puck across the bottom of a swimming pool into
the opposing team’s goal by propelling it with a stick.^[13] It originated in England in 1954 when the founder of the newly formed Southsea
Sub-Aqua Club invented the game as a means of keeping the club’s
members interested and active over the cold winter months when
open-water diving lost its appeal. Underwater hockey was first played as
a world championship in Canada in 1980 after a false start brought
about by international politics in 1979. CMAS is the world governing
body for this sport.^{[citation needed]}

Underwater ice hockey

Underwater ice hockey (also called sub-aqua ice hockey) is a minor extreme sport
that is a variant of ice hockey. It is played upside-down underneath
frozen pools or ponds. Participants wear diving masks, fins and wetsuits
and use the underside of the frozen surface as the playing area for a
floating puck. Competitors do not utilize any breathing apparatuses, but
instead surface for air every 30 seconds.^[14][15]

Underwater orienteering

Underwater orienteering is an underwater sport that uses recreational
open circuit scuba diving equipment and consists of a set of individual
and team events conducted in both sheltered and open water that test
the competitors’ competency in underwater navigation. The competition is
principally concerned with the effectiveness of navigation technique
used by competitors to swim an underwater course following a route
marked on a map prepared by the competition organisers, a compass and a
counter meter to measure the distance covered. The sport was developed
in the USSR during the late 1950s and is currently played mainly in
Europe. It is known as Orientation Sub in French and as La Orientación
Subacuática in Spanish. Historically, the sport has also been known as
Technical Disciplines.^[16]

Underwater photography

Underwater photography is an scuba-based underwater sport governed by
CMAS where teams of competitors using digital underwater camera systems
all dive at the same saltwater ocean sites at the same time over a
two-day period. The submitted digital images are then assessed and
ranked by a jury using a maximum of five photographic categories as well
as an overall score. The sport was developed prior to 1985 as a
photographic film-based event and is currently mainly practised in
non-English speaking countries.^[17]

Underwater rugby

Underwater rugby (UWR) is an underwater sport whose play involves two
teams seeking to gain control of a slightly negatively buoyant ball
(filled with saltwater) and passing it into a heavy metal bucket serving
as the opponents’ goal at the bottom of a swimming pool. It originated from within the physical fitness training regime existing in German diving clubs during the early 1960s and has little in common with rugby football except for the name. It was recognised by CMAS in 1978 and was first played as a world championship in 1980.^[18]

Underwater target shooting

Underwater target shooting is an underwater sport that tests a
competitors’ ability to accurately use a speargun via a set of
individual and team events conducted in a swimming pool using free
diving or Apnoea technique. The sport was developed in France during the
early 1980s and is currently practised mainly in Europe. It is known as
Tir sur cible subaquatique in French and as Tiro al Blanco Subacuático
in Spanish.^[19]

Underwater video

Underwater
video is an scuba-based underwater sport governed by CMAS where teams
of competitors using digital underwater video systems all dive at the
same saltwater ocean sites at the same time over a two-day period. The
submitted digital video are then assessed and ranked by a jury.^[20][21]

Governance

The
majority of the sporting disciplines listed above are governed by CMAS.
Other organisations involved in governance of underwater sports
include AIDA International^[22] and the World Aquachallenge Association^[23]
which also respectively govern Freediving and Underwater Hockey in
competition with CMAS while the Manitoba Underwater Council governs
Underwater Football.^[24] As of July 2013, it is not known who governs Underwater Ice Hockey.

Competition at international level

Olympic Games

As of 2013, there has been no competition at an Olympic Games by any underwater sport, even as a demonstration, although the following breath-hold events have been conducted as part of the swimming competition - underwater swimming event at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris and a plunge for distance event at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri.^[25] During the 1950s and the 1960s, various parties including the Amateur Athletic Union of the United States
and the International Underwater Spearfishing Association lobbied for
the admission of spearfishing to the Olympics. It is reported that in
1968, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) voted in favour of synchronized swimming over spearfishing.^[26][27][28] In 1999, finswimming was reported as being considered for inclusion in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece.^[29] In 2002, Underwater sports was one of the sports considered by the IOC for addition to the programme of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China. It and eight other sports were declined admission on the basis of:^[30]

Statistics
reviewed on federation affiliation, nations competing in major events
and broadcast and press coverage of major events for most requested
sports did not indicate a higher level of global participation and
interest than sports currently in the Programme, and
therefore could not be considered to bring additional value.

Paralympic Games

As August 2013, there has been no Paralympic competition by any underwater sport, even as a demonstration.^{[citation needed]}

World championships and world cups

World championships and world cups

Sport	Body	Year	Event type	Location	Nations
Aquathlon	CMAS	2009	World Cup	Not known	Not known
Finswimming	CMAS	1976	World Championship	Hanover, Germany[31]	Not known
Freediving	AIDA	1996	World Championship	Nice, France[citation needed]	Not known
Spearfishing	CMAS	1957	World Championship	Mali Losinj, Yugoslavia[32]	Not known
Sport Diving	CMAS	2013	World Championship	Kazan, Russia[33]	8
Underwater football	MUC	2015[citation needed]	World Championship[citation needed]	Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada[citation needed]	not known
Underwater hockey	CMAS	1980	World Championship	Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada[34]	5
Underwater Ice Hockey	Not known	2007	World Cup	Weissensee, Austria[35]	8
Underwater orienteering	CMAS	1973	World Championship	Lokve, Yugoslavia [36]	Not known
Underwater photography	CMAS	1985	World Championship	Genoa, Italy[37]	Not known
Underwater rugby	CMAS	1980	World Championship	Mullheim, Germany [38]	Not known
Underwater target shooting	CMAS	1999[39]	World Championship	Not known	Not known
Underwater video	CMAS	2010	World Championship	Fuerteventura, Canary Island, Spain[40]	7

World Games

Finswimming has been featured at the World Games as a trend sport since the inaugural games in 1981.^[7][41]

Commonwealth Games

As of August 2013, no underwater sport has been conducted at a Commonwealth Games or is currently listed as an optional sport. However, a group of countries belonging to the Commonwealth of Nations
has conducted at least one finswimming championship under the title of
the Commonwealth Finswimming Championships and which was held in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia during February 2007.^{[42][citation needed]}

Universiade

Finswimming became the first underwater sport to be demonstrated at an Universiade with an appearance at the 27th Summer Universiade in July 2013.^[8]

Other multi-sport events

The following underwater sports has been offered at the following multi-sport events:

• Finswimming - the Asian Indoor Games since 2005, the Southeast Asian Games in 2009 and 2011, the Bolivarian Games in 2013 and the 2014 Bolivarian Beach Games.^{[43][citation needed][44][45]}
• Freediving - 2013 Bolivarian Games and the 2014 Bolivarian Beach Games.^[46][45]
• Spearfishing - the Micronesian Games since 2006, the 2013 Bolivarian Games and the 2014 Bolivarian Beach Games.^{[46][47][48][45]}
• Underwater orienteering - the 1986 South American Games.^[49]

Gallery

• 

  Freediver using monofin in pool competition in London, 2009.
  

• 

  Freediver using monofin in depth competition (location & date not known).
  

• 

  Two players compete for the puck at the GB Underwater Hockey
  University Student Nationals 2009, held at Bangor University, Wales.
  

• 

  Underwater rugby match (location & date not known).
  

• 

  Underwater football match involving USN personnel in Panama City, Florida on June 3, 2011
  

See also

Championships and other international events

• Finswimming at the World Games – A trend sport at the World Games
• Finswimming World Championships – International event for the underwater sport of finswimming
• Underwater Hockey World Championships – International event for the sport of Underwater Hockey
• Underwater Orienteering World Championships – International event for the underwater sport of underwater orienteering
• Underwater Photography World Championships – International event for the sport of underwater photography
• Underwater Rugby World Championships – International event for the sport of underwater rugby
• Underwater sports at the 2013 Bolivarian Games – Finswimming, free-diving and spearfishing events

Equipment

• Monofin – Single blade swimfin attached to both feet
• Speargun – Underwater fishing implement
• Water polo cap – Headgear used in water polo and a number of underwater sports

References