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Wisdom-1)Right View-The Ten Fetters((Sa.myojana)-
2) Right Intention(Right Thought)(Sammaa-sankappa)
2.1 Right Intention (mundane): At low level Right Intention means having the wholesome intention to be generous, keep the Five Precepts, renounce the world to become a monk, avoid taking advantage of other people or animals.
2.2 Right Intention (transcendental): At high level Right Intention means the intention to dedicate oneself entirely to the attainment of Nibbana.
Ethical Conduct-
3) Right Speech(Sammaa-vaacaa)
3. Right Speech: Right Speech means avoiding the four types of False Speech:
1. Telling Lies [musaavaada];
2. Divisive Speech [pisu.naavaacaa];
3. Harsh Speech [pharusavaacaa];
4. Idle Chatter [samphapphalaapa].
66 Buddha’s Most Best Powerful Positive Own Words
https://tenor.com/view/lamp-
Nibbāna) is “blowing out” or “quenching” of the activities of the worldly mind and its related suffering
Nibbāna is the goal of the Buddhist path, and marks the soteriological release from worldly suffering and rebirths in saṃsāra.
Nibbāna is part of the Third Truth on “cessation of dukkha” in the Four Noble Truths, and the “summum bonum of Buddhism and goal of the Eightfold Path.
In the Buddhist tradition, Nibbāna has commonly been interpreted as the extinction of the “three fires”, or “three poisons”, greed (raga), aversion (dvesha) and ignorance (moha).When these fires are extinguished, release from the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra) is attained.
Nibbāna has also been claimed by some scholars to be identical with anatta (non-self) and sunyata
(emptiness) states though this is hotly contested by other scholars and
practicing monks. In time, with the development of the Buddhist
doctrine, other interpretations were given, such as the absence of the
weaving (vana) of activity of the mind, the elimination of desire, and
escape from the woods, cq. the five skandhas or aggregates.
Buddhist scholastic tradition identifies two types of Nibbāna: sopadhishesa-Nibbāna (Nibbāna with a remainder), and pariNibbāna or anupadhishesa-nirvana (Nibbāna without remainder, or final Nibbāna). The founder of Buddhism, the Buddha, is believed to have reached both these states.
Nibbāna, or the liberation from cycles of rebirth, is the highest aim of the Theravada tradition. In the Mahayana tradition, the highest goal is Buddhahood, in which there is no abiding in Nibbāna. Buddha helps liberate beings from saṃsāra
by teaching the Buddhist path. There is no rebirth for Buddha or people
who attain Nibbāna. But his teachings remain in the world for a certain
time as a guidance to attain Nibbāna.
Lab
Ethical Conduct-3) Right Speech(Sammaa-vaacaa)-
4) Right Action(Sammaa-kammanta)
4. Right Action: Right Action means practising the three wholesome physical deeds [kaayasucarita], namely:
1. Refraining from killing or physically torturing other living beings [paa.naatipaataa];
2. Refraining from stealing or obtaining things in a dishonest way [adinnaadaanaa];
3. Refraining from sexual relations outside marriage (committing adultery) [kaamesumicchaaraa].
Furthemore, one must not consume intoxicants such as alcohol that lead to heedlessness
65 Buddha’s Most Best, Positive, Powerful Own Words
Please take cognizance! Respect our religious sentiments.We Buddhist followers are being deprived of meditation/worship at the preaching place of Tathagat Buddha, Sarnath.
Ethical Conduct-3) Right Speech(Sammaa-vaacaa)-4) Right Action(Sammaa-kammanta)-
5) Right Livelihood(Sammaa-aajiva)
5. Right Livelihood: Right Livelihood means earning one’s living in an honest way - and in a way that avoids evils like telling lies or deception. In the Tipi.taka, in many places2, the Buddha exhorts even his monks, to earn their living by the monk’s equivalent of Right Livelihood, by avoiding such evils as fortune telling, sacrifices or interpreting dreams, because these are all ‘low arts’ [tiracchaanavijjaa]. The Buddha even prohibited monks from making medicines or from earning their living as a physician. As for householders, in the Va.nijja Sutta, the Buddha prohibits Buddhist laypeople from the following trades:
1. Selling weapons;
2. Selling people (as slaves);
3. Selling animals (live ones for slaughter);
4. Selling alcohol or drugs;
5. Selling poison.
Hong Kong and Overseas Chinese Areas
53) Classical Japanese-古典的なイタリア語,
106) Classical Turkish-Klasik Türk,
https://tenor.com/view/lamp-
Nibbāna) is “blowing out” or “quenching” of the activities of the worldly mind and its related suffering
Nibbāna is the goal of the Buddhist path, and marks the soteriological release from worldly suffering and rebirths in saṃsāra.
Nibbāna is part of the Third Truth on “cessation of dukkha” in the Four Noble Truths, and the “summum bonum of Buddhism and goal of the Eightfold Path.
In the Buddhist tradition, Nibbāna has commonly been interpreted as the extinction of the “three fires”, or “three poisons”, greed (raga), aversion (dvesha) and ignorance (moha).When these fires are extinguished, release from the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra) is attained.
Nibbāna has also been claimed by some scholars to be identical with anatta (non-self) and sunyata
(emptiness) states though this is hotly contested by other scholars and
practicing monks. In time, with the development of the Buddhist
doctrine, other interpretations were given, such as the absence of the
weaving (vana) of activity of the mind, the elimination of desire, and
escape from the woods, cq. the five skandhas or aggregates.
Buddhist scholastic tradition identifies two types of Nibbāna: sopadhishesa-Nibbāna (Nibbāna with a remainder), and pariNibbāna or anupadhishesa-nirvana (Nibbāna without remainder, or final Nibbāna). The founder of Buddhism, the Buddha, is believed to have reached both these states.
Nibbāna, or the liberation from cycles of rebirth, is the highest aim of the Theravada tradition. In the Mahayana tradition, the highest goal is Buddhahood, in which there is no abiding in Nibbāna. Buddha helps liberate beings from saṃsāra
by teaching the Buddhist path. There is no rebirth for Buddha or people
who attain Nibbāna. But his teachings remain in the world for a certain
time as a guidance to attain Nibbāna.
Lab
Mental Development-
6) Right Effort(Sammaa-vaayaama)
6. Right Effort: Right Effort means endowing oneself with four sorts of striving:
1. Avoidance of evils not yet done;
2. Abandonment of evils already done;
3. Development of virtues not yet done;
4. Maintenance of virtues already mastered.
76) Classical Nepali-शास्त्रीय म्यांमार (बर्मा),
93)
Classical Sinhala-සම්භාව්ය සිංහල,
Hong Kong and Overseas Chinese Areas
53)
Classical Japanese-古典的なイタリア語,
106)
Classical Turkish-Klasik Türk,
74)
Classical Mongolian-Сонгодог Монгол,
Mental Development-6) Right Effort(Sammaa-vaayaama)-7) Right Mindfulness(Sammaa-sati)-
8) Right Concentration(Sammaa-samaadhi)
7.1 Right Concentration (mundane): At low level Right Concentration means determination of mind to be generous, keep the Precepts, meditate or listen to Dhamma sermons. Such determination is a precursor of concentration called ‘kha.nika-samaadhi’.
7.2 Right Concentration (transcendental): At high level Right Concentration means attaining neighbourhood concentration [upacaara-samaadhi] and access concentration [appanaa-samaadhi] - the former means concentrating the mind to the degree that it is so stable that it rests on the brink of the ‘absorptions’ and the latter means attaining the absorptions, from the first absorption upwards.
What, now, is Right Concentration?
Having the mind fixed to a single object (cittekeggataa, lit. `One-pointedness of mind’): this is concentration.
`Right Concentration’ (sammaa-samaadhi), in its widest sense, is the kind of mental concentration which is present in every wholesome state of consciousness (kusala-citta), and hence is accompanied by at least Right Thought (2nd factor), Right Effort (6th factor) and Right Mindfulness (7th factor). `Wrong Concentration’ is present in unwholesome states of consciousness, and hence is only possible in the sensuous, not in a higher sphere. Samaadhi, used alone, always stands in the Sutta, for sammaa-samaadhi, or Right Concentration.
The four `Foundations of Mindfulness’ (7th factor): these are the objects of concentration.
The four `Great Efforts’ (6th factor): these are the requisites for concentration.
The practising, developing and cultivating of these things: this is the development (bhaavanaa) of concentration.
Right Concentration (sammaa-samaadhi) has two degrees of development; 1. `Neighborhood Concentration’ (upacaarasamaadhi). which approaches the first absorption without, however, attaining it; 2. `Attainment Concentration’ (appanaasamaadhi), which is the concentration present in the four Absorptions (jhaana). These Absorptions are mental states beyond the reach of the fivefold sense-activity, attainable only in solitude and by unremitting perseverance in the practice of concentration. In these states all activity of the five senses is suspended. No visual or audible impressions arise at such a time, no bodily feeling is felt. But, although all outer sense-impressions have ceased, yet the mind remains active, perfectly alert, fully awake.
The attainment of these Absorptions, however, is not a requisite for the realization of the four Supermundane Paths of Holiness; and neither Neighborhood-Concentration nor Attainment-Concentration, as such, possesses the power of conferring entry to the four Supermundane Paths: hence they really have no power to free one permanently from evil things. The realization of the Four Supermundane Paths is possible only at the moment of deep `Insight’ (vipassanaa) into the Impermanency (aniccataa), Miserable Nature (dukkhataa) and Impersonality (anattataa) of this whole phenomenal process of existence. This Insight, again, is attainable only during Neighborhood-Concentration, not during Attainment Concentration.
He who has realized one or other of the Four Supermundane Paths without ever having attained the Absorptions, is called Sukkha-vipassaka, or Suddhavipassanaa-yaanika, i.e. `one who has taken merely Insight (vipassanaa) as his vehicle’. He, however, who, after cultivating the Absorptions, has reached one of the Supermundane Paths is called Saniathayaanika, or `one who has taken Tranquillity (samatha) as his vehicle (yaana)’.
For samatha and vipassanaa see Fund IV. and B. Diet.
Detached from sensual objects, detached from evil things, the disciple enters into the first Absorption, which is accompanied by Thought Conception and Discursive Thinking, is born of detachment, and filled with Rapture and Happiness.
This is the first of the Absorptions belonging to the Fine-Material Sphere (rupaavacarajjhaana). It is attained when, through the strength of concentration, the fivefold sense activity is temporarily suspended, and the five Hindrances are likewise eliminated.
See B. Dict.: kasina, nimitta, samaadhi.
This first Absorption is free from five things, and five things are present. When the disciple enters the first Absorption, there have vanished (the five Hindrances): Lust, Ill-Will, Torpor and Sloth, Restlessness and Mental Worry, Doubts; and there are present: Thought Conception (vitakka), Discursive Thinking (vicaara), Rapture (piiti), Happiness (sukha), Concentration (citt’ekaggataa = samaadhi).
These five mental factors present in the first Absorption, are called Factors (or Constituents) of Absorption (jhaananga). Vitakka (initial formation of an abstract thought) and vicaara (discursive thinking, rumination) are called `verbal functions’ (vaci-sankhaara) of the mind; hence they are something secondary compared with consciousness.
In Visuddhi-Magga, vitakka is compared with the taking hold of a pot, and vicaara with the wiping of it. In the first Absorption both are present, but are exclusively focussed on the subject of meditation, vicaara being here not discursive, but of an `exploring’ nature. Both are entirely absent in the following Absorptions.
And further: after the subsiding of Thought-Conception and Discursive Thinking, and by the gaining of inner tranquillity and oneness of mind, he enters into a state free from Thought-Conception and Discursive Thinking, the second Absorption, which is born of concentration (samaadhi), and filled with Rapture (piti) and Happiness (sukha).
In the second Absorption, there are three Factors of Absorption: Rapture, Happiness, and Concentration.
And further: after the fading away of Rapture, he dwells in equanimity, mindful, with clear awareness: and he experiences in his own person that feeling of which the Noble Ones say: `Happy lives he who is equanimous and mindful’-thus he enters the third Absorption.
In the third Absorption there are two Factors of Absorption: equanimous Happiness (upekkhaa-sukha) and Concentration (citt’ekaggataa).
And further: after the giving up of pleasure and pain, and through the disappearance of previous joy and grief, he enters into a state beyond pleasure and pain, into the fourth Absorption, which is purified by equanimity and mindfulness.
In the fourth Absorption there are two Factors of Absorp-tion: Concentration and Equanimity (upekkhaa).
In Visuddhi-magga forty subjects of meditation (kamma.t.thaana) are enumerated and treated in detail. By their successful practice the following Absorptions may be attained:
All four Absorptions. through Mindfulness of Breathing (see Vis. M. VIII. 3), the ten Kasina-exercises (Vis. M. IV, V. and B. Dict.); the contemplation of Equanimity (upekkhaa), being the practice of the fourth Brahma-vihaara (Vis. M. IX. 4).
The first three Absorptions: through the development of Loving-Kindness (mettaa), Compassion (karunaa) and Sympathetic Joy (muditaa), being the practice of the first three Brahma-vihaaras (Vis. M. IX. 1-3,).
The first Absorption: through the ten Contemplations of Impurity (asubha-bhaavanaa; i.e. the Cemetery Contemplations, which are ten according to the enumeration in Vis. M. VI); the contemplation of the Body (i.e. the 32 parts of the body; Vis. M. VIII, 2); `Neighborhood-Concentration’ (upacaara-samaadhi): through the Recollections on Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha, on Morality, Liberality, Heavenly Beings, Peace (=Nibbaana) and death (Vis. M. VI. VII); the Contemplation on the Loathsomeness of Food (Vis. M. XI. I); the Analysis of the Four Elements (Vis. M. IX. 2).
The four Immaterial Absorptions (aruupa-jjhaana or aaruppa), which are based on the fourth Absorption, are produced by meditating on their respective objects from which they derive their names; Sphere of Unbounded Space, of Unbounded Consciousness, of Nothingness, and of Neither-Perception-Nor-Non-Perception.
The entire object of concentration and meditation is treated in Vis M. III-XIII; see also Fund. IV.
Develop your concentration: for he who has concentration, understands things according to their reality. And what are these things? The arising and passing away of corporeality, of feeling, perception, mental formations and consciousness.
Thus, these five Groups of Existence must be wisely penetrated; Ignorance and Craving must be wisely abandoned; Tranquillity (samatha) and Insight (vipassanaa) must be wisely developed.
This is the Middle Path which the Perfect One has discovered, which makes one both to see and to know, and which leads to peace, to discernment, to enlightenment, to Nibbaana.
“And following upon this path, you will put an end to suffering.
Jhaanas-Stream-enterer
“There is the case where a monk — quite withdrawn from sensuality, withdrawn from unskillful qualities — enters and remains in the first jhana: rapture and pleasure born from withdrawal, accompanied by directed thought and evaluation. He permeates and pervades, suffuses and fills this very body with the rapture and pleasure born from withdrawal. There is nothing of his entire body unpervaded by rapture and pleasure born from withdrawal.
“Just as if a skilled bathman or bathman’s apprentice would pour bath powder into a brass basin and knead it together, sprinkling it again and again with water, so that his ball of bath powder — saturated, moisture-laden, permeated within and without — would nevertheless not drip; even so, the monk permeates, suffuses and fills this very body with the rapture and pleasure born of withdrawal. There is nothing of his entire body unpervaded by rapture and pleasure born from withdrawal…
What is Sotapanna, Stream Entry?
February 10, 2004
By the contemplative recluse monk Sotapanna Jhanananda (Jeffrey S, Brooks)
(copyright 2004 all rights reserved)
I have read a wide range of dogma, concepts and beliefs regarding the Buddha’s idea behind Stream-Entry (Sotapanna). After reading the three published volumes of the Nikayas (Discourses of the Buddha), the Digha, Majjhima, and Samyutta Nikayas, I can say the Buddha considered anyone who actually lived the Noble Eightfold Path had in fact entered the stream. The stream, according to him was the Noble Eightfold Path. To understand what the Noble Eightfold Path is, I would suggest you read the Nikayas (the discourses of the Buddha).
One will find an excellent suite of discourses of the Buddha on the very topic of Stream-Entry in the Samyutta Nikaya in Chapter XI, 55 Sotapattisamyutta, pages 1788 to 1837 in the Samyutta Nikaya, translated by Bhikkhu Bodhi, published by Wisdom Publishing, Boston, 2000.
Samyutta Nikaya, Chapter XI, 55 SotapattisamyuttaI Bamboo Gate“At Savatthi the Blessed One said this:”2 Grounded
“(Monks), a noble disciple who possesses four things is a stream-enterer, no longer bound to the nether world…with enlightenment as (his/her) destinationÉ” “What four? …confirmed confidence in the Buddha…dhamma…sangha…possesses virtues dear to the noble ones, unbroken…leading to (absorption)” (page 1789).3 Dighavu
“Therefore, Dighavu, established upon these four factors of stream-entry, you should develop further six things that partake of true knowledge. Here Dighavu, dwell contemplating impermanence in all formations, perceiving suffering in what is impermanent, perceiving non self in what is suffering, perceiving abandonment, perceiving fading away, perceiving cessation. It is in such a way that you should train yourself” (page 1791).5 Sariputta
“Then the Venerable Sariputta approached the Blessed One…the Blessed One then said to him, “What now, Sariputta, is a factor for stream-entry?”Sariputta said, “Association with superior persons (enlightened ones)…hear the true dhamma…careful attention…practice in accordance with the Dhamma…(are) factor(s) for stream-entry.”The Blessed One asked, “What now, Sariputta, is the stream?”Sariputta said, “This Noble Eightfold Path, venerable sir, is the stream; that is right view, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, right (absorption).”The Blessed One asked, “What now, Sariputta, is a stream-enterer?”Sariputta said, “One who possesses this Noble Eightfold Path, venerable sir, is called a stream-enterer…” (pages 1792-93).
Additional instructions to householders were offered to the Chamberlains:
6 The Chamberlains
(In addition to confidence in the Buddha, dhamma and sangha a house holder also had…”He dwells at home with a mind devoid of the stains of stinginess, freely generous, open-handed, delighting in relinquishment, one devoted to charity, delighting in giving and sharing…Moreover, whatever there is in your family that is suitable for giving, all that you share unreservedly among those who are virtuous and of good character.” (pages 1795-96).7 The People of the Bamboo Gate
(Thus) “when householders…possess these seven good qualities (following the Noble Eightfold Path and Precepts) and these four desirable states (confidence in the 3 gems plus virtues leading to absorption)…(one) could declare “I am one finished with hell…I am a stream-enterer, no longer bound to the nether world, fixed in destiny, with enlightenment as my destination” (pages 1798-99).8 The Brick Hall
The Blessed One said, “Ananda, I will teach you a philosophical exposition called the “Mirror of the Dhamma,” equipped with which a noble disciple…could declare him (her) self “I am finished with hell…I am a stream-enterer, no longer bound to the nether world, fixed in destiny, with enlightenment as my destination.” It is “a noble disciple possesses confirmed confidence in the Buddha…in the Dhamma…in the Sangha…possesses virtues dear to the noble ones, unbroken…leading to (absorption)” (page 1800).40 (10) Nandiya“…not content with that confirmed confidence in the Buddha, he (she) makes further effort for solitude by day and for seclusion by night. When he (she) dwells diligently, gladness is born. When he (she) is gladdened, (bliss/piiti) is born. When the mind is uplifted by (bliss/piiti), body becomes tranquil. One tranquil in body experiences happiness. The mind of one who is happy becomes (absorbed). When the mind is (absorbed), phenomena become manifest. Because phenomena becomes manifest, he (she) is reckoned as one who dwells diligently.”54 (4) Ill“Then Mahanama the Sakyan approached the Blessed One…and asked, ‘I have not heard (from) …the Blessed One how a lay follower who is ill…should be exhorted by another…follower.’”After a long sequence going through the 4 basic requirements of stream entry, as well as all of the absorption states, then he concludes with:“If he says, “My mind has been withdrawn from the Brahma world; I have directed my mind to the cessation of identity.” Then, Mahanama, I say there is no difference between a lay follower who is thus liberated in mind and a monk who has been liberated in mind for a hundred years, that is, between one liberation and another.”
Thus in conclusion we can say the Buddha considered anyone who actually lived the Noble Eightfold Path had in fact entered the stream. The stream, according to him was the Noble Eightfold Path. To understand what the Noble Eightfold Path is, I would suggest you read the Nikayas (the discourses of the Buddha).
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61 Buddha’s Own Words - Most Best Powerful Positive from Theravada Tipitaka
https://tenor.com/view/lamp-
Nibbāna) is “blowing out” or “quenching” of the activities of the worldly mind and its related suffering
Nibbāna is the goal of the Buddhist path, and marks the soteriological release from worldly suffering and rebirths in saṃsāra.
Nibbāna is part of the Third Truth on “cessation of dukkha” in the Four Noble Truths, and the “summum bonum of Buddhism and goal of the Eightfold Path.
In the Buddhist tradition, Nibbāna has commonly been interpreted as the extinction of the “three fires”, or “three poisons”, greed (raga), aversion (dvesha) and ignorance (moha).When these fires are extinguished, release from the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra) is attained.
Nibbāna has also been claimed by some scholars to be identical with anatta (non-self) and sunyata
(emptiness) states though this is hotly contested by other scholars and
practicing monks. In time, with the development of the Buddhist
doctrine, other interpretations were given, such as the absence of the
weaving (vana) of activity of the mind, the elimination of desire, and
escape from the woods, cq. the five skandhas or aggregates.
Buddhist scholastic tradition identifies two types of Nibbāna: sopadhishesa-Nibbāna (Nibbāna with a remainder), and pariNibbāna or anupadhishesa-nirvana (Nibbāna without remainder, or final Nibbāna). The founder of Buddhism, the Buddha, is believed to have reached both these states.
Nibbāna, or the liberation from cycles of rebirth, is the highest aim of the Theravada tradition. In the Mahayana tradition, the highest goal is Buddhahood, in which there is no abiding in Nibbāna. Buddha helps liberate beings from saṃsāra
by teaching the Buddhist path. There is no rebirth for Buddha or people
who attain Nibbāna. But his teachings remain in the world for a certain
time as a guidance to attain Nibbāna.
White Home
Lab
76) Classical Nepali-शास्त्रीय म्यांमार (बर्मा),
93)
Classical Sinhala-සම්භාව්ය සිංහල,
Hong Kong and Overseas Chinese Areas
53)
Classical Japanese-古典的なイタリア語,
106)
Classical Turkish-Klasik Türk,
74)
Classical Mongolian-Сонгодог Монгол,
Jhaanas-Once-returner
“Furthermore, with the stilling of directed thoughts & evaluations, he enters and remains in the second jhana: rapture and pleasure born of composure, unification of awareness free from directed thought and evaluation — internal assurance. He permeates and pervades, suffuses and fills this very body with the rapture and pleasure born of composure. There is nothing of his entire body unpervaded by rapture and pleasure born of composure.
“Just like a lake with spring-water welling up from within, having no inflow from east, west, north, or south, and with the skies periodically supplying abundant showers, so that the cool fount of water welling up from within the lake would permeate and pervade, suffuse and fill it with cool waters, there being no part of the lake unpervaded by the cool waters; even so, the monk permeates and pervades, suffuses and fills this very body with the rapture and pleasure born of composure. There is nothing of his entire body unpervaded by rapture and pleasure born of composure…
60 Buddha’s Own Words
https://in.pinterest.com/pin/828662400165319037/
DO GOODPURIFY MIND SAID RECLINING BUDDHA of Prabuddha Universe in Classical Telugu- క్లాసికల్ తెలుగు,
సానుకూలమైన స్విమ్మింగ్ మరియు వారి ఆనందం, సంక్షేమ కోసం అన్ని సమాజాలను
మేల్కొల్పడానికి మరియు ఏకం చేసే శక్తిని కలిగి ఉండటం, మరియు వాటిని
కూరగాయలు పెరగడం ద్వారా శాంతి మరియు పండు
మరియు స్పేస్ అన్ని 117 లో 75% రోజుకు 75% మంది జీవనశైలిని కలిగి ఉంటారు.
2020.Let యొక్క పేదరికం ఒక ఆరోగ్యకరమైన గ్రహం మీద శాంతి, గౌరవం మరియు
సమానత్వం కలిగి. సంతోషంగా మేల్కొనే యువతను సృష్టించడానికి
తన మాజీ నర్సు ఎనిమిది ప్రమాణాలకు ఇచ్చాడు, ఇచ్చిన ప్రకటన తన బోధనకు
చెందినదా అని వివరింపజేయడం లేదా ఈ రోజుల్లో ఇది జరుగుతుంది.
ధర్మాస్, గోదా, దీనిలో మీకు తెలుసా: ‘ఈ ధర్మాస్ విరాళ్కు, అభిరుచికి కాదు;
సంక్లిష్టంగా ఉండకూడదు; తగ్గింపు, చేరడం కాదు; appicchata, కాదు మహుచాటా;
సంతృప్తి, అసంతృప్తి కాదు; ఒంటరిగా, సాంఘికీకరణకు కాదు; vīriya యొక్క
అప్లికేషన్, సోమరితనం కాదు; బిరుదుగా ఉండటం కాదు, మీరు ఖచ్చితంగా
పట్టుకోలేరు ‘,’ ఇది ధర్మ, ఇది వినయ, ఇది ఉపాధ్యాయుడు యొక్క సూచన.
သူ့သင်ကြားမှုသို့မဟုတ်မပိုင်ဆိုင်ခြင်းရှိမရှိခွဲခြားဖို့သူ့ယခင်သူနာပြုရှစ်စံရန်ဒီနေရာကိုပေးသည်။
Hong Kong and Overseas Chinese Areas
53)
Classical Japanese-古典的なイタリア語,
AppicChata、Mahicchataにはありません。不満のない、満足度。孤独にはない、孤独。怠惰ではなく、Vāriyaの適用。煩わしくなっていない、「これはDhammaです、これはヴィナヤです、これは教師の指示です
‘です。
106)
Classical Turkish-Klasik Türk,
74)
Classical Mongolian-Сонгодог Монгол,
Jhaanas- Non-returner
“And furthermore, with the fading of rapture, he remains in equanimity, is mindful & alert, and senses pleasure with the body. He enters & remains in the third jhana, of which the Noble Ones declare, ‘Equanimous & mindful, he has a pleasurable abiding.’ He permeates and pervades, suffuses and fills this very body with the pleasure divested of rapture, so that there is nothing of his entire body unpervaded with pleasure divested of rapture.
“Just as in a blue-, white-, or red-lotus pond, there may be some of the blue, white, or red lotuses which, born and growing in the water, stay immersed in the water and flourish without standing up out of the water, so that they are permeated and pervaded, suffused and filled with cool water from their roots to their tips, and nothing of those blue, white, or red lotuses would be unpervaded with cool water; even so, the monk permeates and pervades, suffuses and fills this very body with the pleasure divested of rapture. There is nothing of his entire body unpervaded with pleasure divested of rapture…
the ‘Non-Returner’, is a noble disciple (ariya-puggala) on the 3rd stage of holiness.
There are 5 classes of Non-Returners, as it is said (e.g. Pug. 42-46):
“A being, through the disappearing of the 5 lower fetters (samyojana), reappears in a higher world (amongst the devas of the Pure Abodes, suddhāvāsa), and without returning from that world (into the sensuous sphere) he there reaches Nibbāna.
(1) “He may, immediately after appearing there (in the Pure Abodes) or without having gone beyond half of the life-time, attain the holy path for the overcoming of the higher fetters. Such a being is called ‘one who reaches Nibbāna within the first half of the life’ (antarā-parinibbāyī).
(2) “Or, whilst living beyond half of the lifetime, or at the moment of death, he attains the holy path for the overcoming of the higher fetters. Such a being is called ‘one who reaches Nibbāna after crossing half the life-time’ (upahacca-parinibbāyī).
(3) “Or, with exertion he attains the holy path for the overcoming of the higher fetters. Such a being is called ‘one who reaches Nibbāna with exertion’ (sasankhāra-parinibbāyī).
(4) “Or, without exertion he attains the holy path for the overcoming of the higher fetters. Such a being is called ‘one who reaches Nibbāna without exertion’ (asankhāra-parinibbāyī).
(5) “Or, after vanishing from the heaven of the Aviha-gods (s. suddhāvāsa), he appears in the heaven of the unworried (atappa) gods. After vanishing from there he appears in the heaven of the clearly-visible (sudassa) gods, from there in the heaven of the clear-visioned (sudassī) gods, from there in the heaven of the highest (akanittha) gods. There he attains the holy path for the overcoming of the higher fetters. Such a being is called ‘one who passes up-stream to the highest gods’ (uddhamsota-akanittha-gāmī).”
59 Buddha’s own Words
Do Good. Grow Broccoli Pepper Cucumber Carrots Beans in Pots. Fruit Bearing Trees all over the world and in Space. Purify Mind. Lead Hilarious Happy Life to Attain Eternal Bliss as Final
Goal.-
Through
The term ‘autopilot’ has been used for decades within the aircraft
industry, enabling pilots to reduce their cognitive load by allowing an
aircraft to practically fly itself during “cruising” portions of the
trip. The same is now happening as cars with autopilot are rapidly
turning into more autonomous, self-driving vehicles, allowing drivers to
let the cars drive themselves on certain portions of the trip, like
freeways.
Tesla most famously branded its self-driving features as “Autopilot”,
but many other automakers are now including similar self-driving and
autonomous vehicle features as part of their driving assistance option
packages.
This article provides a breakdown of cars with autopilot and who
offers what, but first, we’ll go through a bit of background and
explanation of terms.
First, let’s define exactly what constitutes ‘autopilot’-like
features. Autonomous systems in cars and self-driving vehicles can take
many different forms, from basic driver assistance features, like cruise
control, to semi-autonomous, all the way to full self-driving
capabilities. The industry even has a set of levels to help classify
this automation.
Level 0 | No automation |
Level 1 | Semi-automated systems, like cruise control. |
Level 2 | Semi-automated systems, like steering, speed and braking. |
Level 3 | Primary driving functions are automated under some conditions. |
Level 4 | Primary driving functions are automated under most conditions. |
Level 5 | Primary driving functions are automated under all conditions. |
Learn more about this by reading our article on SAE self-driving levels for cars and autonomous vehicles.
Autopilot is a generic term used in multiple industries, particularly
aircraft, and generally means that something can guide itself without
human intervention. In relation to cars in 2022, most mainstream
carmakers are focused on, Level 2 autonomy. This level allows the vehicle to take over most steering, acceleration and
braking functions, but still requires that the driver remain fully
attentive to the driving situation and be able to intervene at any
moment. It is not driverless, fully autonomous driving, like robotaxis
from Waymo or Cruise (that are now testing in California).
That means, today, autopilot really means ‘assisted driving’ and not
‘self-driving’ since the driver still has to be alert and attentive at
all times. It won’t be until Level 4 or Level 5 fully autonomous cars
hit the roads that the true promise of full self-driving will be a
reality. Currently, that’s not expected to happen until later in 2022
(although the team at Tesla is pushing hard to do so as soon as
possible, as announced at Tesla Autonomy Day, since all new cars sold with Hardware 3 are much more powerful).
Learn more about autonomous Full Self-Driving capabilities that Tesla currently includes today.
Core AutoPilot Features
At minimum, we define autopilot (Level 2) to include the following
features for use on freeways and highways with “controlled access”
(i.e., they have on-ramps and off-ramps and no-cross traffic
intersections):
Other autopilot features that are useful, but not critical for the ‘autopilot’ designation, are:
Presently only Tesla is able to achieve the additional three
mentioned above with their Full Self-Driving and Enhanced Autopilot
options on ‘Hardware 2’ vehicles.
Isn’t This Just Automated Cruise Control with Lane Centering?
If you step back and look at the core of what’s being provided, we’re
really talking about automated cruise control with the ability to steer
itself (keep the vehicle centered in the lane). However, the second
part (steering) is critical and one of the most difficult tasks, which
we’ll explain below.
Lane Keeping Assist vs Automated Lane Centering (steering)
One of the most confusing aspects of choosing a good autopilot system
is understanding the difference between what’s often called “Lane
Keeping Assist” (LKA) and automated steering where the system is
actually keeping the car centered at all times with no driver input
(other than hands on the wheel, if the system requires it).
Almost all major car companies have some sort of LKA functionality,
however, that usually means helping to move the vehicle back to the
center of the lane if it drifts. Some systems are robust enough where
you could keep your hands off the wheel for a short period of time so it
feels like automated steering to a certain degree.
In reality, the future systems will be ones that can accurately
identify the road and combine that with map data to ensure the car can
steer itself on the road as good or better than a human driver. So far,
only Tesla and GM’s Super Cruise are able to do that, but only in
certain conditions (e.g. the road only has mild curves).
The bottom line is, if you see “Lane Keeping Assist”, be sure to dig
into that feature and test drive it on the freeway to understand whether
it automatically keeps the system centered in the lane automatically,
and how well it does it. The last thing you want is a false sense of
security and have the car drift into another lane or off the road.
What About Basic Safety Features?
Most all cars that have autopilot-like features, also have fairly
common automated safety systems included, called Advanced Driver
Assistance Systems (ADAS) within the industry. These core safety
features include:
All these features are “must-have” today and you should double-check
to ensure they are included with your vehicle and package options.
Historically, most auto-manufacturers have relied on Original
Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), like Mobileye, Delphi and Bosch, etc. to
provide autopilot parts and technologies for their cars, including
things like navigation systems. This allows the auto manufacturers to
concentrate on developing and marketing the core cars themselves while
other companies focus on specialized parts and technology.
Mobileye, which was purchased by Intel, is arguably the leading OEM
in providing autopilot technology, via their EyeQ line of visual
perception chips, to auto manufacturers. They famously provided
Autopilot technology for the first-generation Tesla Model S vehicles
that came with Enhanced Autopilot. Later, Tesla began to develop its own
technology as Elon Musk wanted to push autonomous driving technology
faster. Mobileye previously focused on perception technology (i.e.
identifying objects) with its EyeQ chips and it was up to the
manufacturers to integrate driving control hardware and software but now
Mobileye is also beginning to offer “full-stack” autopilot solutions.
Today Mobileye is providing autopilot-like technology to manufacturers
such as Audi, BMW and Nissan via their EyeQ 4 and EyeQ 5 chipsets.
NVIDIA is close behind Mobileye in developing autopilot features. In fact, their latest ADAS system is termed “Autopilot” (see this article).
NVIDIA comes from a gaming / AI chipset development background and
rightfully believes that more powerful AI-like system will be required
in cars to achieve reliable full-self driving. They are supplying
solutions to Volvo and Mercedes for their future vehicles.
Other startups and companies, like Cruise (GM), Aurora, Argo and Zoox
(now Amazon) are also gaining momentum, but are primarily focused on
robo-taxis and are in testing phases rather than large-scale rollouts.
That said, many car manufacturers are developing their own technology
as they feel it’s critical as a future differentiator. Tesla is most
famous in this regard, having created a sophisticated Autopilot system
using a neural network based on cameras. Toyota, Honda and Subaru have
also created their own systems.
Why does it matter? Generally speaking, dedicated OEMs like Mobileye
can innovate faster than auto manufacturers. However, some auto
manufacturers like Tesla are innovating so quickly
that they push over-the-air software updates to their cars, just like
your smartphone. Most traditional auto manufacturers don’t update
software, requiring you to purchase a new model year instead.
Regardless, all manufacturers are beholden to regulatory approval
before bringing new autonomous driving technology to the market.
For those automotive enthusiasts and tech-savvy tinkerers who want
cutting-edge autopilot features, there is another solution from comma.ai
using the open-source openpilot software. This taps into newer-model
vehicles with autopilot, like the ones below, but supercharges them with
advanced machine learning and neural network capabilities.
Learn more about the Comma.ai openpilot solution and even check out the openpilot vs Tesla Autopilot to see how they compare.
Most auto manufacturers claim to have some sort of self-driving
capability, whether it’s basic Adaptive Cruise Control or Lane Keeping
Assist, or a combination of both. However, simply having those features
doesn’t mean they work well.
These are generally the most important criteria for autopilot functionality:
While we have not personally tested each system, the criteria above
are what we watch out for in reviews and videos to understand how well
each autopilot system performs.
While there are many ‘autopilot’-like systems available from car
manufacturers today, they are generally a combination of Adaptive Cruise
Control (ACC) and Lane Keeping Assist (LKA). As mentioned previously
LKA by itself only nudges a car back to the center of the lane, but does
not keep it centered.
The cars below are ones that are generally considered the top cars
with autopilot and do a good job automatically keeping a car centered in
the lane.
Top Cars with AutoPilot features for 2021 and 2022:
We go into more detail on each one below, so read on.
Overview:
Tesla has long been a leader in terms of
autopilot functionality in cars, even calling their system ‘Autopilot’.
Not only is their system one of the most sophisticated and accurate on
the road, but it’s also continually updated over-the-air
(just like your smartphone), so the vehicles just keep getting better
and better. The biggest downside is that driver monitoring only uses
steering wheel inputs to determine whether the driver is paying
attention vs facial monitoring, for example.
What It’s Called:
Autopilot and Full-Self Driving options. For more information, read our detailed review on Tesla Autopilot and Full Self-Driving options.
Technology Used:
Tesla uses eight cameras around the
vehicle for a full 360 view, plus a front-facing radar and long-range
ultrasonic sensors. It uses a powerful machine learning computer (called
the Full Self-Driving Computer, aka Hardware 3) which began rolling out in early 2019.
Supported Models:
All current Tesla vehicles (the Tesla
Model S, Model X and Model 3) all support Autopilot and Full
Self-Driving features as an option, AP2 and above. Older Tesla models
(pre-2016) with AP1 have an older version of Autopilot that doesn’t have
all the current features.
Core Features:
Verdict:
The best of the best in terms of functionality, especially with the Full Self-Driving package that includes the ability to work on city streets and respond to traffic controls and has the Navigate-on-Autopilot
feature, that automatically routes the vehicle on closed-access freeway
systems (on-ramp to off-ramp). Tesla continually updates Autopilot
with powerful features rolling out
all the time. However it’s so powerful it can be used almost anywhere,
meaning it’s up to the driver to pay attention and use it properly as
driver monitoring is only via the steering wheel.
Overview:
General Motors is arguably one of the top innovators in self-driving technology, having
launched its highly-regarded Super Cruise technology on the Cadillac
CT6 and with its work on Cruise, a subdivision of GM, working on
creating fully-self driving fleet vehicles (like taxis). The new Chevy
Bolt also has a more limited version of Super Cruise.
What It’s Called:
Super Cruise
Technology Used:
Super Cruise packages a variety of
technology from suppliers including Intel’s Mobileye platform, Trimble
RTX for positioning, forward-facing cameras, side cameras, radar plus an
internal camera from FOVIO for eye tracking.
Supported Models:
Cadillac CT6, Cadillac Escalade, Chevy Bolt (limited version)
Core Features:
Verdict:
The Super Cruise system is at or right behind
Tesla Autopilot in our opinion. While Tesla Autopilot is more powerful
and sophisticated, the Super Cruise system is better suited to everyday
drivers since it restricts use to freeways it has mapped in the US (most
major ones) and strictly monitors driver attentiveness using
eye-tracking, therefore limiting mistakes that can be made by drivers,
particularly older drivers (Cadillac’s primary demographic). The driver
monitoring system is one of the reasons why Consumer Reports gives it
the highest rating, even about Tesla’s Autopilot system.
Note: A future version, launching in 2023, called “Ultra Cruise”
announced in October 2021, will be able to drive on a wider variety of
streets and will be based on the Qualcomm “Snapdragon Ride” platform.
Overview:
The Volkswagen Group is the parent company of
several brands, including VW, Audi, and Porsche. Audi has recently made
aggressive moves into self-driving, including touting a Level 3 system
in Europe which is unfortunately not yet in the US due to regulatory
concerns. So, for now autopilot functions in Audi are similar to others.
What It’s Called:
Active Lane Assist with Stop & Go (for higher speeds) and Traffic Jam Assist
(for lower speeds). The future, Level 3, version that will be
hands-off in speeds under 37 MPH, will be called “Traffic Jam Pilot”.
It’s currently available in some other countries, but not yet in the US.
There’s also a system called “Adaptive Drive Assist” for foreign
markets.
Technology Used:
Audi has recently made aggressive moves
into self-driving, including the first Lidar unit in a consumer vehicle,
the A8 (and now the A6 and Q8), in addition to its new zFAS controller
that integrates sensor inputs into a single computing unit. They also
work with Mobileye (EyeQ 4 chips) for perception inputs.
Supported Models:
Audi A8, A6 and Q8
Core Features:
Overview:
BMW has long had adaptive cruise control with
rudimentary lane centering, but starting with certain 2019 models, they
rolled out new technology. The system is not updated over the air and
must be taken into the dealer for updates.
What It’s Called:
Driving Assistant Pro with Extended Traffic Jam Assistant
Technology Used:
BMW utilizes the Mobileye EyeQ platform
in the Driving Assistant package with control software from ZF, and on
the newest models, the EyeQ 4 chip with a tri-focal camera set looking
forward. It also has forward and rear radar sensors. With some options,
it also includes an eye monitoring camera.
Supported Models:
Available on select models, including BMW X5 7 and 3 series.
Core Features:
Verdict:
The BMW system is loaded with features but its
lane centering (crucial for autopilot), leaves something to be desired
and isn’t nearly as robust as Tesla’s during our tests. That said, at
low speeds (under 40mph) in freeway traffic, the hands-free option
(using eye-monitoring) is a nice option.
Overview:
Ford offers basic driver assistance with many
of its current vehicles, like the Ford Explorer, called Co-Pilot 360,
which includes basic stop-and-go Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) with
basic Automatic Lane Centering (ALC) and Lane Keeping Assist (LKA).
However, where things really get interesting will be with the upcoming
Ford Co-Pilot 360 2.0, now called “BlueCruise” coming in 2022 on the Mach-E and the Ford F-150. This will include more advanced, Tesla-like Autopilot capabilities.
What It’s Called:
Co-Pilot 360 – today’s basic system with ACC, LC and LKA functions.
Co-Pilot 360 Plus – Lincoln’s version upgraded slightly.
Co-Pilot 360 2.0 (BlueCruise) – rolling out in 2022 with optional Active Driver Assist that includes more sophisticated Autopilot-like features and requires a subscription.
Technology Used:
Ford has partnered with Mobileye and utilizes the Mobileye EyeQ technology components.
Supported Models:
2020 vehicles like the Ford Explorer
and Lincoln Aviator that include the Co-Pilot 360 options have today’s
basic driver assistance. The newer Co-Pilot 360 2.0 with Active Driver
Assist is making its way into the Mach-E and Ford F-150 and will have more robust Tesla Autopilot-like features.
Core Features:
Verdict:
Overall the Ford / Lincoln Co-Pilot 360 system
as it stands today is a very capable Autopilot system. While the Lane
Centering won’t handle sharp turns, it does a great job on primarily
straight roads with gentle curves. This system will definitely help
with long commutes and freeway driving. The next version, Co-Pilot 360
2.0 / “BlueCruise”, coming with the Mach-E and Ford F-150 should be one to watch.
Overview:
The Hyundai Motor Group and Kia Motors are
jointly owned entities that produce distinct but similar vehicles using
common platforms and parts. In 2019 Hyundai invested in self-driving
startup Aurora, but that technology has not made it to public release
yet. Currently, Kia and Hyundai offer Level 2 technology in some of
their vehicles that is best-in-class outside of advanced systems like
Tesla and GM Supercruise.
What It’s Called:
Lane Following Assist (LFA) and Smart Cruise Control w/ Stop and Go (SCC)
Highway Drive Assist (HDA) combines LFA and SCC, plus automatically adjust to speed limits
Technology Used:
Currently, Hyundai / Kia used an
in-house technology called HDA2 (Highway Driving Assist), but may in the
future leverage technology from the Aurora investment. They also have
worked with Intel / Mobileye in the past as well and likely use their
EyeQ sensors.
Supported Models:
Hyundai Palisade, Sonata, Kia Telluride, plus others.
Core Features:
Verdict:
The Hyundai and Kia Level 2 driving-assist
implementations are incredibly impressive and have gotten very positive
reviews so far, with many people comparing it favorably to Tesla’s
Autopilot, at least as far as basic adaptive cruise control and lane
centering is concerned (although it can not handle sharp turns). For
someone looking for a system to take the edge of the daily commute, it’s
worth considering.
Overview:
Volvo
has always been a leader in safety technology and was one of the first
companies to bring advanced safety systems and lane centering to its
full lineup of vehicles. They recently have had some self-driving
setbacks as they’ve decided to switch platforms, delaying more
sophisticated autopilot-like features.
What It’s Called:
Pilot Assist (the latest version is technically Pilot Assist II)
Future 2022/2023 version will be called “Ride Assist” (or “Highway Assist”)
Technology Used:
Volvo currently leverages the Mobileye
EyeQ 3 platform and has a front-facing camera and radar (Delphi’s RaCAM –
Radar and Camera Sensor Fusion System, that sits on the windshield).
In the future with “Ride Assist” in 2022 or 2023, they plan to switch
from Mobileye to the NVIDIA Orin chipset and incorporate front-facing Luminar LiDAR as well with the help of Zenseact on the software side.
Supported Models:
All Volvo models including XC90 / XC60 / XC40 and sedans.
Core Features:
Verdict:
Volvo’s Pilot Assist II is only fair when it
comes to autopilot quality. It’s helpful in straight stop-and-go
traffic, but we wouldn’t trust the driving to Pilot Assist on roads with
curves as it has challenges staying in the lanes.
Overview:
Mercedes actually helped pioneer adaptive
cruise control in the late 1990s with its high-end S-class sedan. As a
luxury car provider, Mercedes has continually ensured that its vehicles
have the latest technology available, but has been a bit behind lately
in advancing autopilot features.
What It’s Called:
Driver Assistance Package PLUS
package that includes options like Active Distance Assist DISTRONIC,
Active Steering Assist, Active Lane Keeping Assist and Active Lane
Change Assist.
Technology Used:
Mercedes works with Bosch and NVIDIA to power its systems via a combination of camera and radar inputs.
Supported Models:
E-Class and S-Class sedans
Core Features:
Overview:
Nissan and Infiniti have come a long way in
bringing practical safety and self-driving technology to the masses. Its
Nissan ProPilot is available on lower-end models such as the Nissan
Rogue.
What It’s Called:
ProPilot Assist
Technology Used:
Nissan / Infiniti use the Mobileye EyeQ platform, leveraging forward camera and radar inputs.
Supported Models:
Nissan Rogue and Nissan LEAF
Infiniti QX50
Core Features:
Verdict:
Nissan and Infiniti’s ProPilot system does an
admiral job bringing basic autopilot features to the masses. Automated
lane centering is just fair. Nissan announced ProPILOT 2.0 for Japan,
which is much more advanced, but is unclear when it will come to the US
at this point.
Toyota has the Toyota Safety Sense (TSS) system, the
latest version being TSS 2.0. Lexus calls its system the Lexus Safety
System (LSS) and the automation Lexus CODRIVE. TSS 2.0 initially became
available in the 2020 RAV4 and 2020 Corolla and has since rolled out to
more vehicles. Both Lexus and Toyota use a feature called “Lane
Tracing Assist” which allows the vehicle to center itself in a lane, but
is not as robust as Tesla, Cadillac or BMW.
Honda has the Honda Sensing Suite that includes ACC
and Lane Keeping Assist System (LKAS). With Acura it’s called AcuraWatch
and also comes with LKAS. As with the Toyota / Lexus system, it allows
the vehicle to center itself in the lane but isn’t particularly
sophisticated and requires constant vigilance.
Subaru has offered their Eyesight technology for quite some time that
provides ACC and basic LKA. It uses two cameras above the windshield
for stereoscopic vision. While this does a decent job, it isn’t as
robust as other systems that use a combination of cameras and radar.
While not an auto manufacturer, Comma.ai has released a DIY autopilot kit based on the openpilot,
called Comma Two. It only works on certain, modern cars but is an
interesting alternative for those tech-savvy car enthusiasts who want to
hack their cars. Additionally, it won high praise from Consumer Reports
in terms of overall capabilities and functions.
Autopilot-like functions are becoming more and more mainstream as
technology improves. By late 2022, most car manufacturers will be
offering some sort of more advanced self-driving capabilities.
However, for now, if you want the most powerful AutoPilot-like functionality, we’d opt for a Tesla or GM vehicle with Super Cruise. That said, Ford has a great system with BlueCruise, Hyundai / Kia has a solid offering on their latest vehicles, Audi is coming on strong and BMW, Nissan/Infiniti,
and others will continue to expand their Mobileye offerings over the
next few years. All other systems are still fairly immature and require
heavy attentiveness, but will be improving quickly in 2022.
What’s Important to Know When
When evaluating autopilot-like self driving systems, the main thing
to look out for is Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and whether it handles
starting and stopping at all speeds and on what kinds of roads. Then
learn how well the vehicle can identify roads and stay in the center of
the lane, called Lane Centering. Most manufacturers tout “Lane Keeping
Assist” (LKA) as a way to help automate steering, but that’s different
from Lane Centering and often a far cry from something like Tesla’s
Autopilot system or Cadillac’s Super Cruise that are able to stay
steadily centered in the lanes while driving.
If you’re not sure, check out videos on YouTube – enthusiasts and
professionals often test out the systems to provide their opinions and
real-world examples.
Also, ask the dealer how the system can be updated since technology
and software changes so quickly. In Tesla’s case, the Autopilot system
is continually updated over-the-air with software updates. Most other
auto manufacturers require the updates to occur at the dealer during
regular service updates.
Either way, the good news is that more and more cars will have
autopilot features and help cars become much safer in the years to come.
Jhaanas-Arahant
“And furthermore, with the abandoning of pleasure and stress — as with the earlier disappearance of elation and distress — he enters and remains in the fourth jhana: purity of equanimity and mindfulness, neither-pleasure-nor-pain. He sits, permeating the body with a pure, bright awareness, so that there is nothing of his entire body unpervaded by pure, bright awareness.
“Just as if a man were sitting wrapped from head to foot with a white cloth so that there would be no part of his body to which the white cloth did not extend; even so, the monk sits, permeating his body with a pure, bright awareness. There is nothing of his entire body unpervaded by pure, bright awareness.”
What is the cause of anger
and how can one manage anger
so as not to harm others and oneself?
“Knowing that the other person is angry,
one who remains mindful and calm
acts for his own best interest
and for the other’s interest, too.
Samyutta Nikaya I, 162
Question - What is the cause of anger? What can we do to ensure that we manage our anger so that we do not hurt ourselves or others whilst working towards the total elimination of anger?
Answer - The cause of anger is craving or grasping and our belief in a self. On the surface this may not be very apparent. Most Buddhists are aware that intense craving leads to attachment and greed. However, intense craving also leads to ill-will, anger and hatred.
Just as strong attachment and greed arises because we seek our own happiness, ill-will and anger arise because we seek our own happiness. Just as we crave to hold on to happy sensations that form strong bonds which lead to greed, we crave to set aside unhappy situations or unpleasant sensations. And when we cannot set them aside or avoid them, we feel ill-will, anger and hatred. We also feel ill-will and anger when our happiness is taken away or thwarted. The stronger the craving, the greater will be the suffering resulting from ill-will and anger.
Anger is a normal emotion that all human beings feel, like sorrow and happiness. The emotion of anger is felt from the time one is born. How many of you have seen a little baby turn red and cry with his little face twisted with anger? How many have witnessed a two-year-old throw a temper tantrum? They are too young to have learned this behaviour from others. And yet it is obvious that they are experiencing intense anger. It is also obvious that they have not learned to manage their anger. Because of their young age they are often excused the temper tantrum.
Unfortunately, many adults too have never learned to manage their anger. And so, just like the two-year-old, when they are angry they throw a tantrum.
Maybe not in quite the same way as the two-year-old, but in a manner that is not acceptable for an adult - in a manner that is harmful to self and to others.
Reminding us that anger harms us more than it does those on whom anger is directed the Buddha advises against anger as follows:
“The person possessed of anger; discoloured,
Does not have sound sleep.
Even when experiencing the beneficial
He mistakes it as mischief.
Then he harms another
By thought, speech and deed
As result, he will suffer.
Loss of property (fines or punishment).
Crazed by wrath he behaves thus
That invites ill-repute.
His relatives, friends and acquaintance
Shun him, for his temper - hot.
Anger fathers misfortune
Anger maddens one’s mind
It is a danger that rises from within
But man realizes it not.
The angered knows not what is right
Nor does he see what really is
Surrounded by darkness he dwells
Who now does anger defeat?
Captivated and maddened by anger
He does what is unwholesome with ease
But in time when anger is spent
Regrets he, as one burnt by flames.”
Anguttara Nikaya
As the cause of anger is craving, one often finds that intense anger is felt towards those we love the most. As such it is most important that we learn how to manage our anger so as not to hurt the people we love. One should not assume that those we love will accept and excuse our inappropriate behaviour. Even if they do not tell us how they feel, one can be sure that over time they will not love or respect us for such behaviour.
What we are going to learn today are some techniques to help us manage this anger, and over time, some techniques which will help us to reduce and possibly eliminate anger. We will illustrate these concepts with two stories that occurred at the time of the Buddha.
The first story is an incident that occurred with Visakha, the Buddha’s chief female benefactor. One day she had come to the Buddha for solace as she was angered at some unfair taxes that had been levied on a gift she had mailed. Visakha had mailed a parcel to some relatives and the border guards had charged an unreasonably high levy on the goods. Visakha had complained to the king, but due to pressures of state affairs, he had ignored her complaint. Annoyed and angry, Visakha visited the Buddha for solace. The Buddha calmed her mind by saying:
“Painful is all subjection.
Blissful is complete control.
People are troubled by common concerns,
Hard to escape are the bonds (of craving).”
These words of wisdom from the Buddha helped Visakha put this minor irritation in perspective. The Buddha’s advice is as valid today as it was 2500 years ago. So strong are the bonds of craving and attachment that often we are angered and affected by small issues, many of which are outside our control and trivial when compared to other issues of greater consequence that afflict mankind.
Visakha, as she was only a Sotapanna, felt anger. She managed her anger by not lashing out and hurting anyone. She then went to the Buddha for support. Listening to the Buddha she realized very quickly that this was something outside her control and something that was not of great consequence. This helped to calm her mind.
The second story is about Sariputta, the Buddha’s chief male disciple. A group of men were praising the noble qualities of the elder when a young Brahmin challenged them saying the reason Sariputta had never shown anger was because he had never been provoked. To prove that Sariputta, like others, would resort to anger, he walked up behind the elder and dealt him a resounding blow. Sariputta said “what was that?” and then, without even turning around to find who had hit him, continued walking. The Brahmin was overcome with guilt and shame at his conduct. Falling on his knees he begged pardon and told Sariputta how he had hit him to provoke anger. Sariputta then forgave the Brahmin. The Brahmin, not satisfied with a verbal pardon, asked Sariputta to come to his home for the noonday meal to show that he bore no malice towards him. Sariputta accepted the invitation.
After the meal, as Sariputta was leaving, he saw that a mob of angry supporters had gathered with sticks and stones to punish the Brahmin. They had witnessed the Brahmin’s treatment of the elder whom they loved and respected. Sariputta asked them what the commotion was about. When informed he asked, ‘Whom did the Brahmin strike, you or me?” On being told that it was the Elder whom the Brahmin had struck, he dispersed the angry crowd by saying, “I have pardoned him. What cause is there for anger when I, whom he struck, feels none.”
Sariputta, being an Arahanth, had eradicated all craving and as such felt no anger. The only way we cannot feel anger is by destroying craving. As such it is only an Arahanth who will be completely free of anger. Since none of us are Arahanths we should not put ourselves down or feel guilty when we feel anger. We should, however, ensure that we manage it so that we do not hurt others.
And so we have our long-term goal and our short-term goal. The long-term goal of eliminating anger and the short-term goal of managing anger. Our long-term goal will be reached only through the practice of morality - infinite compassion to all living beings and meditation. Meditation on loving kindness, awareness of breathing (Anapansati) and insight (Vipassana). Over time, all of these will help reduce and finally eliminate anger. As we are aware of the purpose of meditation in relation to the Buddhist goal of Nibbana, we will concentrate on the short-term goal of anger management whilst keeping in mind the importance of eradicating the craving which leads to anger, which is the Buddhist goal.
It must be stressed, however, that meditation also helps in the short- term goal of anger management, as meditation teaches you:
compassion and loving kindness,
to be more aware of your feeling,
to reflect before you speak or act.
The Buddha encourages anger management as follows:
“He abused me, he ill-treated me
He defeated me, he robbed me.
Releasing such thoughts
Banishes hatred for all times.”
Dhammapada 4
“Repay not the angry with anger
And you will win the battle hard to win.
He who acknowledges the other’s anger
While maintaining peace mindfully,
Has worked for the well-being of both
Himself and the other.”
Samyutta Nikaya
“Everybody loves himself
Life is dear to all
Feeling for others as for yourself
One should refrain from harming others.”
Udana
“By not retaliating in anger
At one who gets angry
One wins the battle
That is hard to win.”
Samyutta Nikaya
As meditation helps anger management, we will relate back to meditation periodically throughout this lesson.
When we are in a situation which causes us unhappiness or distress we go through many different emotions. Especially if the incident is one that is outside our control and of significant importance. According to Dr. Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, when faced with grave personal loss we go through five stages - denial, anger, depression, bargaining and finally acceptance.
Denial because at first you don’t want to believe that this is true,
Anger because you feel hurt that this should happen to you,
Depression when you feel that nothing can be done about it,
Bargaining when you start to look for alternatives or opportunities to minimise or overcome the hurt and, finally,
Acceptance when you start to heal.
At times one may go through these very quickly. At times it may take months. At times one may go to acceptance and then relapse back to denial. These emotions are often felt when there is major personal loss. It could be an unexpected death, a job loss or a sudden diagnosis of a terminal illness. Academics say that it is normal for everybody to go through these stages. These feelings are not just unique to you. However, the anger felt at such times needs to be managed because if one cannot get past this stage in a reasonable time it could lead to hatred, long-term depression and emotional problems. If we can understand that everybody goes through these stages and that this situation is outside our control, we may, on our own, be able to manage it with time through acceptance and support from good friends. Some, however, may need professional help.
The majority of us, however, get angry because of day-to-day events and day-to-day stresses. What can we do to manage anger in these situations that occur daily? Anger manifests in two ways. Sometimes anger arises spontaneously, flares up, and then is spent. Sometimes anger flares up, then one holds the anger for days, weeks and maybe even for months. This is very dangerous as anger that is not managed can build to hatred. Both manifestations, which sometimes overlap, cause suffering to self and others. How do we manage this anger that we all feel so no one gets hurt? How do we ensure that anger does not escalate to hatred?
First we try to identify where anger starts, and secondly we identify where we hold anger. This may not be easy to do and at times you may need help from a loved one. What is your first sign of anger? Is it the clenching of your palms, the grinding of your teeth or is it your flushed face? Secondly, where do you hold the anger? Whilst there are some who blow over with anger, some retain it for days. Do you retain anger in the head with migraine headaches and thoughts that go on and on, in the chest with this consuming, burning heat, or in the stomach where it manifests as ulcers?
We begin by observing how we first express anger. Is it by yelling out hurtful words, throwing things, hitting, crying or running away? Or do we suppress our anger and hold on to it? Examine yourself and try to observe and know yourself.
In other words, with mindfulness we try to be aware of all our feelings and sensations at times of anger. Once you have identified the first external symptom of anger and consciously try to feel these sensations you will be able to identify when anger arises. Over time you will know and recognize the first signs of anger and suppressed anger. Mindfulness and insight meditation will help you very quickly to identify the first signs of anger. Being able to identify the first signs of anger, you can now start strategies to cope with or manage anger.
Anger that is held is more damaging in the long run as it can build to hatred. Unchecked, it can lead to unwholesome thoughts, speech and action, with grave consequences. As such, we will begin with some strategies for anger that has been held onto. The following have helped others:
Calm discussion with person (sometimes this may be through letters)
Exercise
Self care (do something special for yourself)
Deep breathing
Reading a book
Listening to soft music
Talking to a friend (support)
Reading or listening to the Dhamma
Daily meditation on compassion, mindfulness and insight
Add to this list by reflecting on what works for you. Incidently, these strategies also help to reduce spontaneous anger by reducing stress and promoting general well-being so that trivial things don’t result in anger.
Some strategies for dealing with spontaneous anger are:
Taking time out (walk out of the situation)
Practising deep listening
Reflecting before you speak
Developing compassion and kindness to other’s needs, frailties and differences .
Looking at the other point of view
Slowing down (cutting down on stressful commitments)
Daily meditation on compassion, mindfulness and insight
Add to this list by reflecting on what works for you. The majority of us express anger in words, and so we will concentrate on words that will heal and reduce conflict as opposed to words that will hurt and escalate conflict. The Buddha has advised us to speak words that instil confidence and cause happiness, hope and joy. If we are mindful of our precepts we can, over time, move towards refraining from words that hurt, cause disharmony and suffering. With effort we can move towards words that being hope, joy, peace and harmony.
Some words and action you should avoid using when you are angry are:
Words of accusation
Old history
Personal traits
Comparisons
Pointing fingers
Hurtful words such as:
You are stupid
You are dumb
You are selfish
You are vicious
You are cruel
and definitive words such as:
You always…
You never…
Instead, learn to express anger by sharing how you feel and how the other person’s actions or words affect you. The following expressions will help to defuse anger without escalating anger. “I feel (insert specific feeling) when you (insert specific act). Instead I would like/ prefer (inserts specific preference).”
For example, the statements: “I feel hurt when you accuse me of lying. I would prefer that you hear my side of the story before you pass judgement”, defuses anger. Compare this with “You always call me a liar. You never believe what I say. I might as well lie to you. What is the use of telling the truth when you will never believe me anyway?” The first approach defuses anger and helps the situation, whereas the second escalates anger.
Reflect on the advice the Buddha gave Visaka. The following reflection when meditating on loving kindness may also be helpful.
“May I develop the equanimity
to accept things I cannot change,
The courage to change things I can
and the wisdom to know the difference.”
It is normal to feel annoyed when something unpleasant occurs. First, reflect on the issue and the magnitude of the action that has offended you. Is it really that important? If not, let it go. Do not let it escalate to anger, especially if the offender is a loved one. Instead, reflect on the positive things that the person has done for you. Also reflect as to whether this action is within your control. What is the use of getting angry and annoyed if you have lost your job and if there is nothing you can do to get your job back? Instead, spend your energy on changing or coping with the situation. Negotiate a severance package, ask for retraining, or look for other opportunities.
Remember that anger is your worst enemy. Anger harms you more than it does the person towards whom the anger is directed. The law of kamma operates despite the ignorance of man. Intentional actions by thought, word and deed will follow you and fruit at the opportune time. If you are a person who acts on anger through hitting and becoming abusive you need professional help. Spousal and child abuse is against the law. One must recognize that abuse can be both physical and through continuous harsh and threatening speech. Both leave scars. Often it is the mental scars that are harder to heal. They leave long-term emotional problems. Does your family love and respect you or are they afraid of you? One needs to earn love and respect. It cannot be got through fear. In fact, according to the Buddha’s teachings, continuous harsh words will result in aversion and ill-will in the mind of the recipient. Unchecked, aversion and ill-will in the mind of the recipient will lead to anger and hatred. And while you can change yourself and manage your own anger, you have no control over the minds of others:
The Buddha’s advice for anger management is boundless compassion and loving kindness through mental development. The Buddha said:
“Anger is never appeased by anger
Anger is appeased by loving kindness.
This is an eternal truth.”
Dhammapada 5
The Buddha encouraged others to destroy anger and hatred through loving kindness by describing the bliss of those who have conquered anger. He said:
“Truly we dwell in happiness,
as we do not hate, while others hate.
Amidst those who are filled with hatred
we live appeased,
free of hatred.”
Dhammapada 197
Statistics show that often persons are angry and abusive with their loved ones. The very same act performed by an acquaintance does not lead to anger. Most people with effort manage their anger in the workplace in order to appear professional, but vent at their loved ones. And yet it is those we love that we should treat with most tenderness. The damage done by anger cannot be measured. Reflecting on the following story may help to motivate anger management.
There was a little boy who had a bad temper. His father gave him a bag of nails and told him that every time he lost his temper, to hammer a nail in the back fence. The first day the boy had driven 37 nails into the fence. Then it gradually dwindled down. He discovered it was easier to manage his temper than to drive those nails into the fence. Finally the day came when the boy didn’t lose his temper at all. He told his father about it and the father suggested that the boy now pull out one nail for each day that he was able to manage his temper. The days passed and the young boy was finally able to tell his father that all the nails were gone. The father took his son by the hand and led him to the fence. He said, “You have done well, my son, but look at the holes in the fence. The fence will never be the same.”
When we say things in anger, we leave a scar just like this one. You can put a knife in a man and draw it out. It won’t matter how many times you say I’m sorry, the wound is still there. A verbal wound is as bad as a physical one. In fact it can be worse, for mental abuse takes longer to heal. Family and friends are like very rare jewels. They make us smile and encourage us to succeed. They lend an ear, they share a word of praise, and they always want to open their hearts to us to help us when we are hurt. Don’t scar your family and friends. Learn to manage your anger.