LESSON 70 MAHAYANA AND HINAYANA COMPARED 26 10 2010 FREE ONLINE eNālandā Research and Practice UNIVERSITY
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I.
KAMMA
AWAKEN-NESS
II.
ARHAT
TWELVEFOLD CONDITIONED ARISING
III.
IV.
FOUR APPLICATIONS OF MINDFULNESS
V.
FIVE TYPES OF BUDDHIST STUDY AND PRACTICE
MAHAYANA AND HINAYANA COMPARED
VI.
with
Level I: Introduction to Buddhism
Level II: Buddhist Studies
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Level V: Non-Returner
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MAHAYANA AND HINAYANA COMPARED
Alexander Berzin
Berlin, Germany, January 2002
[edited transcript]
The terms Hinayana (Lesser Vehicle or Modest Vehicle) andMahayana (Greater Vehicle or Vast Vehicle) originated in The Prajnaparamita Sutras (The Sutras on Far-Reaching Discriminating Awareness, The Perfection of Wisdom Sutras). They are a rather derogatory pair of words, aggrandizingMahayana and putting down Hinayana. Alternative terms for them, however, have many other shortcomings, and so therefore I shall use these more standard terms for them here.
[See: The Terms Hinayana and Mahayana.]
Hinayana encompasses eighteen schools. The most important for our purposes are Sarvastivada and Theravada. Theravada is the one extant today in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. Sarvastivada was widespread in Northern India when the Tibetans started to travel there and Buddhism began to be transplanted to Tibet.
There were two main divisions of Sarvastivada based on philosophical differences: Vaibhashika and Sautrantika. Hinayanatenet systems studied at the Indian monastic universities such as Nalanda, and later by the Tibetan Mahayanists, are from these two schools. The lineage of monastic vows followed in Tibet is from another Sarvastivada subdivision, Mulasarvastivada.
[See: A Brief History of Buddhism in India before the Thirteenth-Century Invasions.]
There is quite a significant difference between the Hinayana andMahayana presentations of arhats and Buddhas. Both agree that arhats, or liberated beings, are more limited than Buddhas, or enlightened beings, are. Mahayana formulates this difference in terms of two sets of obscurations: the emotional ones, which prevent liberation, and the cognitive ones, which prevent omniscience. Arhats are free of only the former, whereas Buddhas are free of both. This division is not found in Hinayana. It is purely a Mahayana formulation.
To gain liberation or enlightenment, both Hinayana andMahayana assert that one needs nonconceptual cognition of the lack of an impossible “soul.” Such a lack is often called “ selflessness,” anatma in Sanskrit, the main Indian scriptural language of Sarvastivada and Mahayana; anatta in Pali, the scriptural language of Theravada. The Hinayana schools assert this lack of an impossible “soul” with respect only to persons, not all phenomena. Persons lack a “soul,” an atman, that is unaffected by anything, partless, and separable from a body and a mind, and which can be cognized on its own. Such a “soul” is impossible. With just the understanding that there is no such thing as this type of “soul” with respect to persons, one can become either an arhat or a Buddha. The difference depends on how much positive force or so-called “ merit” one builds up. Because of their development of the enlightening aim ofbodhichitta, Buddhas have built up far more positive force than arhats have.
Mahayana asserts that Buddhas understand the lack of an impossible “soul” with respect to all phenomena as well as with respect to persons. They call this lack “voidness.” The various Indian schools of Mahayana differ regarding whether or not arhats also understand the voidness of phenomena. Within Mahayana, Prasangika Madhyamaka asserts that they do. However, the four Tibetan traditions explain this point differently regarding the Prasangika assertion. Some say that the voidness of phenomena understood by arhats is different from that understood by Buddhas; some assert the two voidnesses are the same. Some say that the scope of phenomena to which the voidness of phenomena applies is more limited for arhats than it is for Buddhas; some assert it is the same. There is no need to go into all the details here.
The assertions of Hinayana and Mahayana concerning arhats and Buddhas differ in many other ways. Theravada, for instance, asserts that one of the differences between a shravaka or “listener” striving toward the liberation of an arhat and abodhisattva striving toward the enlightenment of a Buddha is that shravakas study with Buddhist teachers, while bodhisattvas do not. The historical Buddha, Shakyamuni, for instance, did not study with another Buddha. He studied only with non-Buddhist teachers, whose methods he ultimately rejected. In the fact that Buddha’s understanding and attainment did not arise from reliance on a Buddhist teacher, Theravada asserts that a Buddha’s wisdom surpasses that of an arhat.
In addition, bodhisattvas work to become universal Buddhist teachers; shravakas do not, although as arhats they certainly teach disciples. Before passing away, Buddha himself deputed his arhat disciple Shariputra to continue “turning the wheel ofDharma.” According to Theravada, however, Buddhas excel arhats in being more skillful in methods for leading others to liberation and in the breadth of their conduct of teaching. This is the meaning of a Buddha’s being omniscient. However, according to this presentation, a Buddha would not know everyone’s address and would have to ask such information from others.
According to the Vaibhashika school of Hinayana, Buddhas are actually omniscient in knowing such information, but they only know one thing at a time. According to Mahayana, omniscience means knowing everything simultaneously. This follows from itsview that everything is interconnected and interdependent; we cannot speak of just one piece of information, totally unrelated to the rest.
Hinayana says that the historical Buddha achieved enlightenment in his lifetime and, like an arhat, when he died, his mental continuum came to an end. Therefore, according to Hinayana, Buddhas teach only for the rest of the lifetime in which they achieve enlightenment. They do not emanate to countless world systems and go on teaching forever, as Mahayana asserts. Only Mahayana asserts that the historical Buddha became enlightened in a previous lifetime many eons ago, by studying with Buddhist teachers. He was just demonstrated enlightenment under the bodhi tree as one of the twelve enlightening deeds of a Buddha. The precursor of this description of a Buddha is found in the Mahasanghika School of Hinayana, another of the eighteen Hinayana schools, but is not found in either Sarvastivada or Theravada.
[See: The Twelve Enlightening Deeds of a Buddha.]
Concerning Buddhas, another major difference is that onlyMahayana asserts the three corpuses or bodies of a Buddha – Nirmanakaya, Sambhogakaya, and Dharmakaya. Hinayana does not assert them. Thus, the concept of a Buddha is significantly different in Hinayana and Mahayana.
[See: Identifying the Objects of Safe Direction (Refuge).]
Hinayana and Mahayana both assert that the stages of progress to the purified state, or “bodhi,” of either an arhat or a Buddha entail developing five levels of pathway mind – the so-called “five paths.” These are a building-up pathway mind or path of accumulation, an applying pathway mind or path of preparation, a seeing pathway mind or path of seeing, an accustoming pathway mind or path of meditation, and a path needing no further training or path of no more learning. Shravakas and bodhisattvas who attain a seeing pathway of mind both becomearyas, highly realized beings. Both have nonconceptual cognition of the sixteen aspects of the four noble truths.
[See: The Five Pathway Minds: Basic Presentation. See also: The Sixteen Aspects and the Sixteen Distorted Ways of Embracing the Four Noble Truths.]
Both Hinayana and Mahayana agree that a seeing pathway mind rids both arya shravakas and arya bodhisattvas of doctrinally based disturbing emotions, while an accustoming pathway mind rids them of automatically arising disturbing emotions. The former are based on learning the set of assertions of one of the non-Buddhist Indian schools, while the latter arise automatically in everyone, including animals. The list of disturbing emotions that shravaka and bodhisattva aryas rid themselves of is part of a larger list of mental factors. Each of the Hinayana schools has its own list of mental factors, while Mahayana asserts yet another list. Many of the mental factors are defined differently in each list.
Both Hinayana and Mahayana agree that the course of progressing through the five pathway minds entails practicing the thirty-seven factors leading to a purified state. A “purified state” or “ bodhi” refers to either arhatship or Buddhahood. These thirty-seven factors include the four close placements of mindfulness, the eight branches of an arya pathway mind (the eightfold noble path), and so on. They are very important. Inanuttarayoga tantra, the thrity-seven are represented by Yamantaka’s thirty-four arms plus his body, speech and mind, as well as by the dakinis in the body mandala of Vajrayogini. The thirty-seven are a standard set of practices. The specifics of each practice, however, are often different in Hinayana and Mahayana.
[See: The Theravada Practice of the Four Close Placements of Mindfulness. See also: The Four Close Placements of Mindfulness According to Mahayana.]
Both Hinayana and Mahayana assert that the scheme of stream-enterer, once-returner, non-returner and arhat refers to stages of an arya shravaka’s path, but not to the path of an arya bodhisattva. Thus, stream-enterers have nonconceptual cognition of the sixteen aspects of the four noble truths, which include nonconceptual cognition of the lack of an impossible “soul” of persons. We should not think that stream-enterer is a beginner level. So if someone claims to have achieved the state of a stream-enterer, be suspicious.
Hinayana does not provide an extensive explanation of the bodhisattva pathway minds. Mahayana, however, explains that an arya bodhisattva’s path to enlightenment entails progressing through the development of ten levels of bhumi-mind. These levels of mind do not pertain to the path of shravakas.
Both Hinayana and Mahayana agree that traversing the bodhisattva path to enlightenment takes more time than traversing the shravaka one to arhatship. Only Mahayana, however, speaks of building up the two enlightenment-building networks – the two collections – for three zillion eons. “ Zillion,” usually translated as “countless,” means a finite number, though we would be unable to count it. Shravakas, on the other hand, can attain arhatship in as short as three lifetimes. In the first lifetime, one becomes a stream-enterer, in the next lifetime a once-returner, and in the third lifetime, one becomes a non-returner, achieves liberation, and becomes an arhat. This is quite tempting for many people.
The assertion that arhats are selfish is like bodhisattva propaganda. It is basically meant to point out an extreme to avoid. The sutras record that Buddha asked his sixty arhat disciples to teach. If they were truly selfish, they would not have agreed to do so. Arhats, however, can only help others to a more limited extent than Buddhas can. Both, however, can only help those with the karma to be helped by them.
It is important to realize that the Hinayana schools do assert that before becoming a Buddha, one follows the bodhisattva path. Both Hinayana and Mahayana have versions of the Jataka tales describing the previous lives of Buddha Shakyamuni as a bodhisattva. Starting with King Siri Sanghabodhi in the third century CE, many Sri Lankan kings even called themselves bodhisattvas. Of course, this is a little tricky to untangle because there was some Mahayana present in Sri Lanka at the time. Whether this idea of bodhisattva kings preexisted a Mahayana influence is hard to say, but it did happen. Even more surprisingly, in the fifth century CE, the elders at the Sri Lankan capital Anuradhapura declared Buddhaghosa, a great Theravada Abhidharma master, to be an incarnation of the bodhisattva Maitreya.
Mahayana asserts that there are a thousand Buddhas in this “fortunate eon” who will start universal religions, and there have been and will be many more Buddhas in other world ages. Mahayana also asserts that everyone can become a Buddha, because everyone has the Buddha-nature factors that enable this attainment. Hinayana does not discuss Buddha-nature. Nevertheless, Theravada does mention hundreds of Buddhas of the past. One Theravada sutta even lists twenty-seven by name. All of them were bodhisattvas before becoming Buddhas. Theravada asserts that there will be innumerable Buddhas in the future as well, including Maitreya as the next one, and that anyone can become a Buddha if they practice the ten far-reaching attitudes.
Mahayana says that the ten far-reaching attitudes are practiced only by bodhisattvas and not by shravakas. This is because Mahayana defines a far-reaching attitude or “perfection” as one that is held by the force of a bodhichitta aim.
According to Theravada, however, so long as the ten attitudes are held by the force of renunciation, the determination to be free, bodhichitta is not necessary for their practice to be far-reaching and act as a cause for liberation. Thus, Theravada asserts that both bodhisattvas and shravakas practice ten far-reaching attitudes. Aside from the different motivating aims behind them, the other main difference between a bodhisattva’s and a shravaka’s practice of the ten is the degree of their intensity. Thus, each of the ten far-reaching attitudes has three stages or degrees: ordinary, medium, and highest. For example, the highest practice of generosity would be giving one’s body to feed a hungry tigress, as Buddha did in a previous life as a bodhisattva.
The list of the ten far-reaching attitudes also differs slightly in Theravada and Mahayana. The Mahayana list is:
· generosity
· ethical self-discipline
· patience
· joyful perseverance
· mental stability
· discriminating awareness
· skill in means
· aspirational prayer
· strengthening
· deep awareness
The Theravada list omits mental stability, skill in means, aspirational prayer, strengthening, and deep awareness. It adds in their place
· renunciation
· being true to one’s word
· resolution
· love
· equanimity
[See: The Ten Far-Reaching Attitudes in Theravada, Mahayana, andBon.]
Both Hinayana and Mahayana teach the practice of the four immeasurable attitudes of love, compassion, joy, and equanimity. Both define love as the wish for others to have happiness and the causes of happiness, and compassion as the wish for them to be free of suffering and the causes of suffering. Hinayana, however, does not develop these immeasurable attitudes through a line of reasoning, such as that all beings have been our mother and so on. Rather, it starts by directing love at those whom we already love and then extending it, in stages, toward a widening range of others.
The definitions of immeasurable joy and equanimity are different in Hinayana and Mahayana. In Hinayana, immeasurable joy refers to rejoicing in the happiness of others, without anyjealousy, and wishing it to increase. In Mahayana, immeasurable joy is the wish that others have the joy of unending enlightenment.
Equanimity is the state of mind that is free from attachment, repulsion, and indifference. In Theravada, it is equanimity toward the outcome of our love, compassion, and rejoicing. The outcome of our attempts to help others really depends on their karma and their efforts; although, as with Mahayana, Theravada accepts the possibility of a transfer of positive force, “merit,” to others. We wish them to be happy and to be free from suffering, but have equanimity about what actually happens. This is because we know that they will have to do the work themselves. In Mahayana, immeasurable equanimity means wishing all others to be free of attachment, repulsion and indifference, because these disturbing emotions and attitudes bring them suffering.
Although reaching the liberated state of an arhat requires developing love and compassion, it does not entail developing anexceptional resolve or a bodhichitta aim. The exceptional resolve is the state of mind to take responsibility to help lead everyone to liberation and enlightenment. The bodhichitta aim is the state of mind to attain enlightenment oneself, in order to fulfill the goal of that exceptional resolve. Since Hinayana contains little elaboration on the bodhisattva path, it does not explain these two attitudes. Mahayana outlines in great detail the meditation practices for developing them.
[See: The Four Immeasurable Attitudes in Hinayana, Mahayana, and Bon.]
Although Hinayana does not assert the lack of an impossible “soul” of phenomena, or voidness, it is not the case that Hinayana does not discuss the nature of all phenomena in general. Hinayana does this with its presentation of the two truths concerning all phenomena. The precursor to gaining an understanding of the voidness of phenomena is an understanding the two truths. In Mahayana, the two truths are two facts concerning the same phenomenon. In Hinayana, the two truths are two sets of phenomena. There are superficial or conventionaltrue phenomena and deepest or ultimate true phenomena.
Within Sarvastivada, Vaibhashika asserts that the superficial true phenomena are physical objects and states of mind, ways of being aware. The deepest true phenomena are all the atoms making up physical objects and all the tiniest moments of cognition. It is important to realize that what we see are the superficially true phenomena, but that, on the deepest level, things are made of atoms. We can see how this leads to an understanding of the superficial level as being like an illusion.
According to Sautrantika, superficial true phenomena aremetaphysical entities, our projections onto objects; whereas the deepest true phenomena are the actual objective things themselves. Here, one begins to understand that one’s projections are like an illusion. If we get rid of the projections, we just see objectively what is there. Our projections are like an illusion.
[See: The Two Truths in Vaibhashika and Sautrantika.]
According to Theravada, superficial true phenomena are imputed phenomena. This refers to persons as well as physical objects, whether within the body or external. The deepest true phenomena are what they are imputed on. The body and physical objects are imputed on the elements and the sense fields that we perceive. What is an orange? Is it the sight, the smell, the taste, the physical sensation? An orange it what is imputed on all that. Likewise, a person is what can be imputed on the aggregatefactors of body and mind. The six types of primary consciousnessand the mental factors are the deepest true phenomena, because a person is labeled or imputed on them.
Although none of the Hinayana schools talk about the voidness of all phenomena, they do say that it is important to understand deepest true phenomena nonconceptually in order to gain liberation. The flavor is thus very much the same as theMahayana discussion.
Theravada also has a very different explanation of karma, which is not found in the Sarvastivada schools or in Mahayana, but we will not go into that now.
With this introduction, we can begin to appreciate how theHinayana schools of Theravada and Sarvastivada really are in the full flavor of the Buddhist teachings. This can help us to avoid making the mistake of forsaking the Dharma by saying that any of Buddha’s teachings are not Buddhist teachings. When we understand different schools properly from their own point of view, we develop a great deal of respect for all of the teachings of the Buddha. This is very important.
GOOD GOVERNANCE
Press Information Bureau< ?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = “urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office” />
(C.M. Information Campus)
Information & Public Relations Department, U.P.
Hon’ble Chief Minister writes letter to External Affairs Minister about Haj pilgrims’ problems
Lucknow: 24 October 2010
The Hon’ble Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Ms. Mayawati ji has
drawn the attention of External Affairs Minister Shri S.M. Krishna over
the negligent behaviour towards Haj pilgrims of Uttar Pradesh by Haj
Committee of India. She has written a letter in this connection to the
minister today. She said that Haj Committee of India, without any
reason had cancelled the selection of Haj pilgrims on internet who
were selected through lottery and deposited the entire amount, form
and international passport and received the visas from Saudi Embassy.
She has turned this decision as unilateral and discretionary.
Hon’ble Chief Minister said that the selected Haj pilgrims and
their family members including the entire muslim community have
resentment over this decision of Haj Committee of India. She has
apprised the External Affairs Minister that earlier, Haj Committee of
India, at its own level had fixed the dates from 18 October to 06
November, 2010 for flight, but suddenly without informing the State
Government these dates were preponed and fixed from 09 October to
28 October, 2010.
Ms. Mayawati ji as also said though the State Government had
told about the Navratri, Dussehra, Durga Puja etc. including the
panchayat elections were falling between the dates of 09 October and
17 October, 2010, Haj Committee of India did not send Haj pilgrims on
earlier fixed dates. Haj pilgrims and U.P. State Haj Committee faced
difficulties owing to this sudden change. Despite of it, State
Government keeping in view the interests of Haj pilgrims had made
arrangement, owing to which Haj Committee of India had sent the
pilgrims on revised dates.
Hon’ble Chief Minister said that about 30 per cent pilgrims go to
Haj from Uttar Pradesh out of the total pilgrims in the country. The
U.P. Cabinet Minister and Chairman, U.P. State Haj Committee Mr.
Naseemuddin Siddiqui had sent several letters for discriminatory and
negligent approach being adopted by the Central Government and Haj
Committee of India towards the Haj pilgrims of the State, but instead
of any improvement Haj Committee of India was bent upon the
harassment of Haj pilgrims.
Ms. Mayawati ji, in her letter has requested to the External
Affairs Minister to direct the Chairperson of Haj Committee of India
Mrs. Mohsina Kidwai to restore all cancellation and fix the flight
schedule for Haj pilgrims in such a way, so that all selected pilgrims of
the State could be sent to Haj timely.
Hon’ble Chief Minister reviews cleanliness and pure drinking water supply situation of all Nagar Nigams and Urban bodies of State
Lucknow: 24 October 2010
The Hon’ble Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh Ms. Mayawati
ji has directed the officers to make improvement in cleanliness
and supply of pure drinking water in all urban areas of the
State. She said that Nagar Nigam and Urban bodies of district
headquarters should prepare an action plan and implement
this plan in effective manner by launching special drive. She
said that proper supervision of sanitary workers should be
done to improve cleanliness in every ward. If, Nagar
Nigam/Urban bodies had shortage of sanitary workers, then
institutions willing for cleanliness should be engaged on the
basis of work contract fixing the quality norms during the
period of drive. She said that all senior/junior officers and
employees of Nagar Nigam/Urban bodies related to cleanliness
should be made responsible towards their work. She said that
sanitation system of the city should be done in such a manner,
so that people could feel the real change.
Before going to address election meetings in Bihar, the
Hon’ble Chief Minister held a high-level meeting to review the
action being taken by Nagar Nigams/Urban bodies especially
in Lucknow city regarding dengue and other fever oriented
diseases. The Cabinet Secretary Mr. Shashank Shekhar Singh,
Additional Cabinet Secretary Mr. Net Ram, Principal Secretary
to C.M. Mr. Durga Shankar Mishra, Commissioner Lucknow Mr.
Prashant Trivedi, DM Lucknow Mr. Anil Sagar and Municipal
Commissioner Mr. Shailesh Kumar Singh were present in the
meeting.
Hon’ble Chief Minister directed the Lucknow DM to recruit
100 officers for supervision of cleanliness works in the city.
She said that these officers would make surprise inspection
regarding cleanliness of wards of their recruitment place
between 7:00 AM and 1:00 PM. If the sanitation was not found
according to norms during inspection, then stringent action
should be taken against the concerning officers/employees.
She said that dumping ground on Mohaan road and waste land
of agriculture department at Mohaan road for the construction of Solid Waste Management Plant should be made immediately
available to Jal Nigam. Construction work of Solid Waste
Management Plant should be immediately started after
availability of the land, she added.
Hon’ble Chief Minister emphasised on disposal of waste,
drainage of stagnated water, cleanliness of drains and sewer
lines, spreading of pesticide and anti-larva and fogging. She
directed the commissioner and municipal commissioner to take
stringent action against the careless persons in this regard.
Hon’ble Chief Minister said that surprise checking of
drinking water supply should also be made in urban areas for
which besides Nagar Nigam, District Magistrate should
constitute a team of officers and they should check the quality
of drinking water by taking samples. If quality was not found
upto the mark, then necessary action should be taken in this
connection.
Hon’ble Chief Minister directed the officers that special
drive should be launched for next two months in the entire
State under the supervision of District Magistrates. Special cell
should be constituted by the District Magistrate to supervise
cleanliness and pure drinking water supply and if any
slackness was found by the concerning officers during surprise
inspection, then stringent action should be taken. The
Municipal Commissioner, Chief Medical Officer, Executive
Officers of Urban bodies, Officers of Jal Nigam and Jal
Sansthan would co-operate the District Magistrate in this
work. District Magistrate would review on daily basis during
the period of drive, so that cleanliness and drinking water
supply could be improved.
Hon’ble Chief Minister also directed the commissioners to
make surprise checking by constituting divisional teams and if
any slackness was found in this regard, then action should be
taken after fixing the responsibility. Officers should also be
sent from the State headquarters to cities for surprise
checking. She said that fortnightly progress report regarding
cleanliness and pure drinking water supply would be sent by
the District Magistrates to Urban Development Department.
Principal Secretary to C.M. Mr. Durga Shankar Mishra would
review the progress of this drive on first and third Monday of
every month.
[sakya] Fwd: [IHRO] Re: [humanrightsactivist] BJP- DRS Buy EVMs to Win Local Elections
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From: |
chunnu prasad Add to Contacts |
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To: |
humanhorizons@yahoogroups.co.uk; sakyagroup@yahoogroups.com |
———- Forwarded message ———-
From: प्रिय रंजन Priya Ranjan <pranjan@gmail.com>
Date: 2010/10/25
Subject: [IHRO] Re: [humanrightsactivist] BJP- Dirty Rotten Scoundrels Buy EVMs to Win Local Elections
To: humanrightsactivist@yahoogroups.com
Cc: dsgill4@gmail.com, IHRO@yahoogroups.com, awakening_india@yahoogroups.com, indiathinkersnet@yahoogroups.com, PWAP@yahoogroups.com, Branded_Indian@yahoogroups.com, Humane-Rights-Agenda@yahoogroups.com, issuesonline_worldwide@yahoogroups.com
One DRS knows the other
On Mon, Oct 25, 2010 at 10:53 AM, Ravinder Singh <progressindia008@yahoo.com> wrote:
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BJP- DRS Buy EVMs to Win Local Elections I always maintain BJP RSS are DRS with no character and ethics. They will tell you 70% of budget and bank credits will go to farmers and villages but actually reduce it 8%. BJP had hired experts to ‘Temper’ with EVMs for three years. When EC introduced secure EVMs that has sealed processor and memory module these were tried in few bye elections over years, code of EVM use was evolved to ensure EVMs are distributed randomly and list of the candidates too was not predetermined. BJP may be number 1 in one constituency, no 2 in other etc to make sure no one could fix these machines in advance. DRS bought and introduced the machines without prior testing and trials. Ravinder Singh October25, 2010 Congress Alleges Tampering of EVMs Ahmedabad Oct 21, 2010 Gujarat Congress has written a letter to the State Election Commission alleging that the ruling party has tried to manipulate the results of civic elections held today by tampering electronic voting machines (EVMs). “The ruling party (BJP) has tried to manipulate result of the elections by tampering EVMs by usage of laptops,” Congress general secretary Girish Parmar said in the letter to Chief Election Commissioner K C Kapoor. “Some technocrats along with laptops have been sent by the BJP party to polling booths to tamper with the EVMs by use of blue tooth technology,” Parmar said in the letter. Parmar requested that laptops or computers should be banned in the 100 meter area of polling booths. “Even after polling is completed, no computers or laptops should be permitted within or outside the premises where EVMs are stored”, Parmar further said. “We expect nonprejudicial role of SEC in larger interest of upholding democratic value,” Parmar further said in the letter. The election commission was of the view that the EVMs cannot be tampered with by using blue tooth technology but agreed that it will look in the complaint of the opposition party. “We will look into the complaint of the Congress party,” SEC secretary P S Shah said Gujarat procured EVMs on its own: EC Express news service Posted online: Mon Oct 25 2010, 02:02 hrs New Delhi : Adding fuel to the controversy over the Congress’s allegation that the Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) used in the Gujarat local bodies polls were tampered with, the Election Commission has said that the machines were not provided by the Centre but procured by the state election commission. “Let me make it clear that the EVMs used in the recent Gujarat local bodies elections were not provided by the Election Commission. The state had procured these on its own,” a senior Election Commission of India officer said on Sunday. The Congress, which had months ago scoffed at L K Advani’s apprehensions about EVMs saying it hoped the BJP leader’s fears “do not betray a lack of grace over the loss of elections”, had complained to the Gujarat State Election Commission that the BJP was “tampering” with EVMs to “manipulate” the results of panchayat polls. The BJP swept the local bodies elections, which were held earlier this month.
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